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APPLAUSE How lovely.

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How very nice.

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Hello!

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Good evening, and a very warm welcome to the next episode of QI.

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Next to me tonight are the next best thing, Ross Noble.

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APPLAUSE

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Who's next? Lucy Porter.

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APPLAUSE

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Whatever next? It's Frankie Boyle.

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APPLAUSE

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And, better luck next time, Alan Davies.

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APPLAUSE

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Next, let's hear their buzzers. Ross goes...

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# I wanna get next to you. #

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Ooh. Cocktails, half price.

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Frankie goes...

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-# And the next step is love

-The next step is love. #

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Aww. Lucy goes...

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# For 24 years, I've been living next door to Alice. #

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-Alice...

-And...

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Alan goes...

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-BELL DINGS

-'Next!'

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Right, what's the difference between the next big thing and a turkey?

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Well, a turkey is sometimes a disaster.

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Yes, it's an American show business term for a flop.

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-A terrible show.

-Yeah.

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So, the difference between the next big thing and abject failure.

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It can be the length of the first half of the show.

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By the interval, the next big thing was a turkey.

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The worst show in the West End, the shortest show in the West End

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where the iron - you know the thing that they to put in in the interval?

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It got stuck in the interval and they thought,

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"Oh, can't be arsed." And they never did the second half.

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It got to the interval and even the theatre went, "No."

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So, how can we tell? How can we tell that something is going to be

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a big thing, or it's going to be a failure?

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-Well, we don't know.

-Yeah.

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Till the curtain goes up and the audience comes in, who knows?

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-But maybe you can know...

-Well, here's the extraordinary thing.

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There are certain people, consumers,

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who systematically buy products that go on to fail.

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And their lack of popular taste is unerringly reliable.

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And they are called "harbingers of failure."

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It doesn't conform to any pattern, age, sex, culture,

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anything like that, or the region.

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Unless he's the bloke... You know like on cop shows

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where they drive through the boxes?

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And he keeps getting hit by Starsky and Hutch

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on a regular basis.

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"I'm wearing the hi-viz, love. I'm sick of it."

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But they did some research,

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the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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They analysed ten million transactions

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at a chain of convenience stores, and what they discovered was,

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people who buy the nail polish that fails

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are also the people buying the ice cream that fails.

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And there's some fantastic products that have been snapped up

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by harbingers in the past. Watermelon-flavoured Oreo biscuits.

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This is my favourite, there was a range of ready meals

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made by a toothpaste manufacturer called Colgate's Kitchen Entrees.

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-ROSS:

-Oh, that, I would've bought that!

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Would you have bought that, cleaned your teeth

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-while you're eating?

-You're eating the spaghetti

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and flossing at the same time. That's genius!

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But if you can find these people who've got what they call

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a "flop affinity", then it's fantastic for market research.

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There's a PH Wodehouse story, isn't there? About a producer

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who brings his ten-year-old child to every show

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and everyone thinks he's a really doting father,

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but it's just that he thinks the public's expectations

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are the same as a ten-year-old child.

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And it helps him judge whether the show is going to be any good or not.

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That's how Mork And Mindy got made.

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-Because, erm, the guy that did Happy Days...

-Yeah?

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..his kid wanted an alien in Happy Days.

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And he went, "Oh, yeah, go on, then. Put an alien in it."

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So they put Robin Williams in as Mork in Happy Days,

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and he was so successful, they did a spin-off series.

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Biggest thing on telly.

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-I'll tell you two things those harbingers have bought.

-Yeah.

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My book and my last DVD.

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APPLAUSE

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Well, I've got both those, so I feel terrible now!

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90% of all new products fail,

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and there is a Museum of Failed Products in Michigan.

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It was meant to be a reference library of consumer goods,

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but the vast majority are failures, and there's some fantastic things.

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This is one of my favourites.

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Pre-scrambled eggs in a cardboard tube,

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designed to be eaten in the car.

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I'll have that!

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Breath mints that look like crack cocaine.

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This is very good.

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100% recycled pillow-soft "Shit Be Gone" loo paper.

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"Shit be gone!"

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You have to do that when you use it.

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"Whack Off insect repellent."

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We've all done that!

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It's a funny way to get rid of insects!

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Can I just say, I have got some fabulous information about turkeys

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which is not totally relevant? But you know when you learn something,

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and you just think, "I totally have to share this," OK?

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So, in the 1950s, they discovered that males would mate

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with a lifelike model of a female turkey as eagerly

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as they would mate with the real thing. So, of course,

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they decided to try and find out what was the minimal stimulus

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that would get a turkey going, OK?

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They gradually stripped the model of its tail, its feet and its wings.

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This did not deter the male bird in any way.

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When there was just a head left on a stick, they were still up for it!

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That is why my range of turkey sex toys never took off.

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They were too lifelike.

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Yes, well...

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A freshly-severed head on a stick was the most effective,

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like, the sexiest thing.

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That was followed by a dried male head.

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And in third place, a two-year-old withered female head.

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And in last place, but still eliciting a sexual response,

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a plain balsawood model of a head.

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I don't know if you've ever taken a turkey to a Punch and Judy show.

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It's horrific.

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Unbelievable.

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-That's all I want to do now.

-Yeah!

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Anyway, the last people you want to buy your next big thing

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are the first people to buy it.

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Which of these would be nice next-door neighbours?

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Galaxies, hyenas, newlyweds, octopuses or burglars?

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That's more of a mime artist than a burglar.

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It is, yes.

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I imagine that burglars don't burgle their neighbours?

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-Yes, that's absolutely right.

-They go further afield?

-Yeah.

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-They're nice.

-I won't do the neighbours.

-They're not lazy,

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-that's something in their defence.

-No.

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-FRANKIE:

-It could be selfishness, though, couldn't it?

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It could be that they just don't want to put

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their own insurance premium up.

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That's a very good point.

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But you are right. Burglars are very good neighbours,

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in that they're not going to burgle you.

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Galaxies are bad neighbours.

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So what happens, when they reach a certain age,

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a galaxy stops spawning new stars

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and they just swallow smaller galaxies.

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So our own home galaxy, the Milky Way, is expected quite soon,

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this is in astronomical terms, four billion years from now,

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to eat two of its neighbours, the large and small Magellanic Clouds.

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And then, about a billion years after that,

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the Milky Way will get eaten itself by the Andromeda galaxy.

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-Andromeda, yeah.

-Yeah. What about hyenas?

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-Good neighbours, bad neighbours?

-All that laughing.

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When Mrs Brown's Boys is on, it's probably a nightmare.

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That's actually what they do in the studio audience.

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They don't use canned laughter on that show, they have live hyenas.

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The trouble with hyenas is,

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-you spend days and days stalking your deer.

-Yeah.

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And then they just come and rob it off you.

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So I bet they're terrible neighbours.

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Terrible neighbours. Any more for any more, Frankie?

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I just think, although you'd know that they weren't laughing at you,

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-it'd be hard not to be a little paranoid.

-Yeah.

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They're extraordinary creatures, they're so aggressive.

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There's so much testosterone in a hyena

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that, when a baby hyena is born, the first thing it does

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is it turns around and tries to kill the next one

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that's trying to be born. So, they're really aggressive.

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-However, very good neighbours.

-Ah.

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Most people who live in hyena-prone areas, in fact encourage hyenas,

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because they control pests

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and they clear up all diseased animal carcasses.

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And they don't attack humans as much as that photograph might suggest.

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That one's wearing a John Lydon wig.

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What about newlyweds?

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What do you think, good neighbours, bad neighbours?

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Well, I enjoy hearing other people making love.

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I so rarely do it myself these days.

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Since my husband got a turkey's head on a stick,

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he's not interested any more but...

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-ROSS:

-But also, all the wedding gifts,

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all the boxes from the wedding,

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they leave them in the garden, don't they?

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So, yes, you get to hear the lovemaking,

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but there's discarded boxes.

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So, a tick in each column.

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Anything else?

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They did a survey in Colorado,

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and they found that people are much happier if they think

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they're having more sex than their neighbours.

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That's a thing. And so, having a honeymoon couple move in next door

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-makes you feel depressed.

-But I would sort of think

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that society's moved on.

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So, like, in the old days, that would be the first time

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they're having sex, when they get married.

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Whereas now, they get married to try and save the relationship,

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because the sex is gone.

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What about gloomy octopuses? Good neighbours, bad neighbours?

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They'd have lovely gardens.

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Well, yes and no is the weird thing.

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It's the common Sydney octopus, but it's known as the gloomy octopus.

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Look at those eyes! Aren't they fantastic?

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What it does is, it throws rubbish at its neighbours.

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It lives in Jervis Bay in Australia, and it gathers debris into its arms,

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and then it uses the jet propulsion siphons on the sides of its body

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to hurl it at the neighbours.

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It's really unusual to find projectile weapons in animals.

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So it may just be over-enthusiastic housework, I don't know.

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-Is it cos the octopuses next door are having more sex?

-Yeah.

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-LUCY:

-The sound of the suckers...

-SHE MAKES SUCKER SOUNDS

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OK, that thought is never going to leave me now.

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Now, the next question isn't a next question,

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it's a NECKS question.

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So, I have...

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I think that would look nice on you.

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-And you can have this one here.

-Lovely.

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And there we go.

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This one there. Right, make yourselves a prat.

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Now, who knows how to make a prat?

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What have you done, darling, what knot have you done?

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I don't know. It's what I used to do at school.

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Did you ever have that thing called "peanutting" at school?

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-When people pull your tie tight?

-They pull it really tight

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-and then you can't get it undone.

-Yes, that happened a lot.

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OK, do you know the answer to stop that happening?

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Oh, I wish you'd been around in 1976!

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If you put a 2p coin inside the knot,

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then it's impossible to peanut somebody.

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-I shall tell my boys.

-Pass it on.

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So, the prat, basically you have to have it back to front,

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like this, in order to tie it.

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I haven't worn a tie since I gave up the pipe. Erm...

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Like this.

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And this is a self-releasing version of the prat,

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it's called a Nicky knot.

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And the reason it's self-releasing,

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is that, when you pull it out like that, you can just let it go.

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And it won't end up in a knot.

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APPLAUSE Thank you very much!

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They're difficult to follow. So, here's what happened.

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1999, there were two Cambridge mathematicians,

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Thomas Fink and Yong Mao,

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and they calculated the maximum number of ways to tie a tie.

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They worked out it was 85.

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And then there was a Swedish mathematician watching

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The Matrix Reloaded - came out in 2003.

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-Fantastic film. It's great.

-Amazing.

-Slow-motion bullet avoiding?

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Brilliant.

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LAUGHTER

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I absolutely loved it.

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But he's watching this film and instead of thinking,

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"Here's a great film for learning how to..."

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And it gets so much better in a chair.

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This Swedish mathematician called Mikael Vejdemo-Johansson,

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he's watching it and he realises that there is a tie

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tied in a knot that isn't on the main list of 85.

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And so, he re-worked the list and he came up

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with a total number of ways to tie a normal tie -

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177,147.

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He did slightly change the rules,

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but every time you face having to put on a tie,

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177,147 different ways in which you might decide to tie it.

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I hate ties.

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I just sort of think the minute you get a really depressing job,

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the one thing you have to wear is a sort of suicide kit.

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Anybody know how long we've been wearing ties for?

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-How long they've been around?

-About five minutes, now.

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We've had ties since the Thirty Years' War, which was 1618.

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It was the Croatians who first brought the notion

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of wearing something. They wore a little small, knotted...

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Am I a time traveller?

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Just turn sideways. Turn this...

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APPLAUSE

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-That is quite spooky.

-My God, they've found out my secret!

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Fire up the machine, we must travel back!

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It's where we get "cravat" from. It's from the Croatians.

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Then it took off, and the Parisians loved it.

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King Louis XIV was so obsessed with his cravats,

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he had a cravateur who used to lay out cravats for him to choose.

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God, I've put on a bit of weight, haven't I?!

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We could do a show with you just being characters from history!

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Somebody once heckled me by saying,

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"You look like every single character from Lord Of the Rings."

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While we're doing knots, now, I've been practising this,

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and I can do it about one in three.

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So, you've all got an opportunity to give this a go.

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There we go. That was pretty cool!

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APPLAUSE

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OK, so, it is just a length of chain,

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and then you place the ring up in like this...

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Now, if you hold it with your thumb,

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and then hold it with one of your fingers and, what you need to do,

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you just let the finger go and not the thumb.

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Just try and let the... Yeah, Ross has got it!

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APPLAUSE

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-Just a few more goes...

-All right, you're determined.

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Put the chain... OK.

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Don't make me get up and show you!

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So, make your hand wide like this, OK?

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And then, hook your thumb like this, but don't hook the chain.

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Just hold that like that and only let your finger go.

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LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE

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I feel like a teaching assistant.

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And where can you get one of those, this time of day?

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Oh, yes! APPLAUSE AND CHEERING

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I feel my time here has been worthwhile.

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Right. Is this the neck verse thing?

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CHORAL SINGING

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Isn't it beautiful?

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It's not worth losing your nuts for, though, is it?

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Well, you might lose more than that...

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Really? Is it about hanging?

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It is about dying, certainly.

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It's known as the neck verse. Does anybody know why?

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-FRANKIE:

-The neck verse is how a German doctor tells you

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you have whiplash.

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-I do know this.

-Yes?

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-There used to be a thing called benefit of clergy.

-Yep.

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Where if people could prove that they were in the clergy

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-by reciting a verse of the Bible...

-Yep.

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..then they were tried under ecclesiastical law

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instead of normal law, where they'd be more likely to get hung.

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Yeah, you're absolutely right, it's brilliant.

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APPLAUSE

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It's Psalm 51 and it was known as the neck verse,

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and you had to be able to recite it in Latin.

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"O God, have mercy upon me,

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"according to thine heartfelt mercifulness."

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And, the benefit of the clergy, it existed for about 600 years,

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from about the 12th century to 1841.

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And some crimes, the clergy would get lesser sentences.

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And so it used to be you had to prove you were clergy.

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But over time, it was enough to prove you were literate,

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so, obviously, in Latin, and this created a loophole.

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So, illiterate people could learn that verse by heart,

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and the courts were happy to go along with this legal fiction,

0:17:250:17:28

because there were many crimes which it was felt

0:17:280:17:30

that the punishment was too harsh. So, they would allow this fiction

0:17:300:17:33

that you were a member of the clergy,

0:17:330:17:35

and therefore you could get away with it.

0:17:350:17:37

In fact, Ben Jonson, the playwright, in 1598,

0:17:370:17:39

he avoided being hanged for killing an actor in a duel,

0:17:390:17:42

an actor called Gabriel Spenser, by pleading benefit of clergy.

0:17:420:17:45

I know a bit about Ben Jonson.

0:17:450:17:47

He murdered someone that he acted in a play with,

0:17:470:17:50

the play was called The Isle Of Dogs.

0:17:500:17:52

And it was so offensive that it was suppressed so completely

0:17:520:17:56

nobody's ever worked out what it was about.

0:17:560:17:58

-We don't even have a record of the script or anything?

-No.

0:17:580:18:00

-And then you released it on DVD!

-Yeah!

0:18:000:18:03

APPLAUSE

0:18:030:18:05

Do you know why priests wear a dog collar?

0:18:080:18:10

It's something that we associate with the clergy,

0:18:100:18:12

-but it's fairly recent.

-I mean, I am going grey, I'll give you that.

0:18:120:18:16

You need to do that double chin a bit more.

0:18:160:18:19

That's it.

0:18:190:18:20

Is it just for ID?

0:18:200:18:21

It's just for ID. It's a Scottish Presbyterian invention

0:18:210:18:24

that was then adopted by the Anglicans in the 1840s.

0:18:240:18:26

So, it didn't really become widespread until the 1880s

0:18:260:18:29

and those bands that hang down, they're called preaching bands.

0:18:290:18:32

So it's like an early bar code?

0:18:320:18:34

Yes. Exactly like, exactly like that.

0:18:340:18:37

We don't have them in Denmark.

0:18:370:18:38

In Denmark, it's a Lutheran church, so they wear the Elizabethan ruff.

0:18:380:18:41

-Still got the ruff going on?

-Yeah, going on. Oh, yeah.

0:18:410:18:43

Bring back the ruff!

0:18:430:18:44

-Very forgiving, a ruff. Very, erm...

-But the vicar now would get a lot

0:18:440:18:48

of biscuit crumbs in the ruff, wouldn't he?

0:18:480:18:50

So, what's the best thing about clickbait?

0:18:510:18:55

There's nothing good about it at all, it's horrifying.

0:18:550:18:59

Why would you think it's horrifying?

0:18:590:19:00

Because there's nothing about me taking a quiz

0:19:000:19:03

saying which Game Of Thrones character I am

0:19:030:19:06

that suggests that I am in the market for a brand-new Lexus.

0:19:060:19:10

But why do you do it? That's the question, why do you do it?

0:19:100:19:13

Boredom. I think it's also the internet tries to sell itself as,

0:19:130:19:17

oh, it's connective, you're connecting with people

0:19:170:19:19

and you're not. The other day, I saw a thing about the FA Cup Final

0:19:190:19:22

on the BBC website and, at the bottom, it said "Get involved."

0:19:220:19:25

What, in the FA Cup Final?!

0:19:250:19:27

How?!

0:19:290:19:31

Can somebody describe clickbait for anybody who doesn't know what it is?

0:19:310:19:34

-LUCY:

-The worst ones are the...

0:19:340:19:35

"23 things you never knew about ducks.

0:19:350:19:38

-"Number 12 will astonish you!"

-Yeah.

0:19:380:19:41

They call them "listicles,"

0:19:410:19:42

which is portmanteau of "list" and "testicles" cos...

0:19:420:19:46

..they're all complete bollocks.

0:19:470:19:49

So, here's the weird thing.

0:19:490:19:50

The research suggests that the pleasure we get

0:19:500:19:52

from cute and funny or shocking videos,

0:19:520:19:54

the ones that do the rounds on the internet,

0:19:540:19:56

we get the pleasure from anticipating them

0:19:560:19:58

and not from actually seeing them.

0:19:580:20:00

So it releases dopamine when we think we're going to see something.

0:20:000:20:03

So dopamine... This is a neuroscientist put it this way -

0:20:030:20:05

dopamine is not about pleasure, it's about the anticipation of pleasure.

0:20:050:20:09

It's about the pursuit of happiness rather than happiness itself.

0:20:090:20:11

That's quite interesting, because, if you click on one of those things,

0:20:110:20:14

like, sometimes it will say,

0:20:140:20:16

"40 actresses, you won't believe what they look like now.

0:20:160:20:19

"Number 37 is amazing!"

0:20:190:20:21

-But you have to go through...

-By the time you get to about 19,

0:20:210:20:25

the dopamine's worn off.

0:20:250:20:27

You never get to 37.

0:20:270:20:29

And people seldom get what's promised,

0:20:290:20:31

but we carry on and it's called intermittent re-enforcement.

0:20:310:20:35

And we keep getting more dopamine,

0:20:350:20:37

it's more addictive as you keep going through.

0:20:370:20:39

We're slaves to curiosity.

0:20:390:20:41

I find this profoundly depressing.

0:20:410:20:43

-I think so too.

-All we're ever doing is anticipating stuff

0:20:430:20:46

and the only thing that's really going to deliver is Tinder

0:20:460:20:49

and the actual relationship is going to be terrible.

0:20:490:20:51

And we sort of know that's true, don't we?

0:20:510:20:54

But I don't think it's a new thing. I mean, "To travel hopefully

0:20:540:20:56

"is better than to arrive" is an old idea.

0:20:560:20:58

There's also a thing called the spoiler paradox,

0:20:580:21:00

which has a similar effect. People enjoy a story more,

0:21:000:21:03

when they know how it's going to turn out.

0:21:030:21:05

And we think maybe the story's easier for the brain to process,

0:21:050:21:08

without the distraction of wondering how it's going to end.

0:21:080:21:11

So, spoiler alert, Alan's going to come last today.

0:21:110:21:14

Already, the audience having a much better time!

0:21:160:21:19

Looking forward to something is more than half the fun, it seems.

0:21:200:21:24

And the next question is absolutely fantastic!

0:21:240:21:28

Who has green sponge balls?

0:21:280:21:31

-FRANKIE:

-Is it...?

-MAN:

-SpongeBob SquarePants!

-Ah...

0:21:330:21:36

KLAXON

0:21:360:21:38

APPLAUSE

0:21:380:21:41

That's why you're sitting over there!

0:21:450:21:47

-ROSS:

-Can you imagine that bloke, for the rest of his life,

0:21:470:21:51

he's going to go, "And I knew the answer, and I shouted it...

0:21:510:21:53

-"Oh, God!"

-Who was it? Hand up, hand up, who was it?

0:21:530:21:57

-Welcome to my world.

-Let's have a clear shot of you.

0:21:570:21:59

-What's your name?

-Nick!

-You're going to be so sorry. OK.

0:21:590:22:03

You're a harbinger of failure, Nick.

0:22:050:22:07

-Anybody else know? OK. So...

-Green sponge balls...

0:22:090:22:12

-Green sponge balls.

-..is what they have on a snooker table

0:22:120:22:14

in a tinnitus clinic.

0:22:140:22:16

So, who has, in the UK, who has green sponge balls?

0:22:200:22:26

-LUCY:

-Erm...

-Is it a medical thing?

-No, it's a species.

0:22:260:22:29

Would it be a sponge?

0:22:290:22:31

-It's not a sponge, but is in the sea.

-Seaweed?

0:22:310:22:33

It is seaweed. It is a kind of seaweed. Absolutely right.

0:22:330:22:36

APPLAUSE

0:22:360:22:38

But you know, what's sad is that there isn't any any more.

0:22:400:22:43

It's all gone,

0:22:430:22:44

but it used to be one of the must-have species

0:22:440:22:47

in the mid-19th century for seaweed collectors.

0:22:470:22:50

So there was a brief craze,

0:22:500:22:51

it gripped the daughters of Victorian well-to-do.

0:22:510:22:54

In fact, even Queen Victoria herself had a seaweed album.

0:22:540:22:57

-FRANKIE:

-Before TV, people were just so bored.

0:22:570:23:00

They were just sitting there going,

0:23:000:23:01

-"Collect some seaweed, invade India..."

-Yeah.

0:23:010:23:03

"Let's just try and get through this."

0:23:030:23:06

But it was a bit like pressed flowers.

0:23:060:23:08

You placed the seaweed onto the page, you weighted it down,

0:23:080:23:11

and then some gelatinous matter oozed out

0:23:110:23:13

and that stuck the seaweed to the paper.

0:23:130:23:16

But it was a huge thing. There were hobby shops

0:23:160:23:18

that sold specialist equipment, you could get special scissors

0:23:180:23:21

and pliers and stick with a needle on the end and all kinds of things.

0:23:210:23:24

For really lazy daughters,

0:23:240:23:26

there were ready-made seaweed albums available.

0:23:260:23:29

What happened - it was a bit like egg collecting and butterflies,

0:23:290:23:32

it caused the depletion of certain species,

0:23:320:23:34

some of which still have never recovered

0:23:340:23:35

and the green sponge ball is thought to be extinct because of that.

0:23:350:23:39

At least in the UK.

0:23:390:23:40

"Thought to be extinct"?

0:23:400:23:42

Ah, well, I've not done the whole coastline of Britain looking.

0:23:420:23:45

So there's a possibility.

0:23:450:23:46

-Yeah, I suppose there must be.

-Well, the anticipation

0:23:460:23:49

of the green sponge ball is out there somewhere.

0:23:490:23:53

-Oh...

-I tell you what's great about this story.

0:23:530:23:56

The very first book of photographs ever published in the world

0:23:560:23:59

is called Photographs Of British Algae

0:23:590:24:01

by Anna Atkins.

0:24:010:24:03

And she's thought to be the very first female photographer

0:24:030:24:06

and she did this wonderful... It's in the British Library.

0:24:060:24:09

I mean, seaweed's amazing.

0:24:090:24:10

There's thought to be 200,000-800,000 species

0:24:100:24:13

of micro-algae, which we can't even see.

0:24:130:24:15

-Too small to see with the naked eye.

-That was a rubbish book.

-Yeah.

0:24:150:24:20

Tiny book with nothing in it.

0:24:200:24:23

Incidentally, do you know why there's been a huge increase

0:24:230:24:26

in seaweed farming recently?

0:24:260:24:28

Sushi? People like the sushi?

0:24:280:24:30

KLAXON

0:24:300:24:33

Quick on it, aren't they?

0:24:330:24:35

Is it to do with Ben and Jerry?

0:24:350:24:38

Well, there is certainly seaweed in ice cream,

0:24:380:24:40

that is absolutely correct.

0:24:400:24:41

-LUCY:

-Is it fuel?

0:24:410:24:42

Bio-fuel is exactly right.

0:24:420:24:44

It's very important as a renewable fuel.

0:24:440:24:46

The leading nations are China and Japan, South Korea,

0:24:460:24:49

but it is part of the UK's renewable energy strategy,

0:24:490:24:52

so we have farms that have been started off the Scottish coast.

0:24:520:24:55

And, in fact, there's an incredible seaweed farm in China

0:24:550:24:58

called the Sangou Bay.

0:24:580:25:00

It stretches for 10km out to sea and, unlike the wall,

0:25:000:25:04

it can be seen from space.

0:25:040:25:05

It is so huge, this seaweed farm.

0:25:050:25:07

The one that we eat, the red marine algae, Pyropia tenera,

0:25:070:25:11

that's been prized as a food since ancient times

0:25:110:25:13

in both Japan and Wales.

0:25:130:25:14

So in Japan, known as nori. What's it known as in Wales?

0:25:140:25:18

-WELSH ACCENT:

-Nor-ri.

0:25:180:25:19

-I'll have some nor-ri, if you don't mind.

-I like yours better.

0:25:210:25:23

-I love a bit of nor-ri.

-What did you say?

0:25:230:25:25

-It's laver in laver bread, isn't it?

-It is laver in laver bread.

0:25:250:25:28

So here's a great story. OK, so, for centuries, you could only harvest

0:25:280:25:31

seaweed from the wild, OK?

0:25:310:25:33

It couldn't be farmed.

0:25:330:25:34

And then there's an incredible woman in the 1940s

0:25:340:25:37

called Dr Kathleen Drew-Baker.

0:25:370:25:38

And she worked out the life cycle of laver and how it reproduced

0:25:380:25:42

and nobody in Britain paid any attention.

0:25:420:25:44

But the Japanese went crazy. It kick-started the gigantic

0:25:440:25:49

modern nori industry and thus the world-wide sushi craze.

0:25:490:25:53

It is because of Dr Kathleen Drew-Baker.

0:25:530:25:55

She never, ever went to Japan, but she is famous in Japan

0:25:550:25:58

as she's revered as the mother of the sea.

0:25:580:26:00

They hold a festival in her honour every April the 14th.

0:26:000:26:03

They sing songs at the Drew-Baker monument.

0:26:030:26:05

She didn't like posing for her picture, though, did she?

0:26:050:26:08

Also, what people don't know about her is that,

0:26:080:26:11

towards the end of her life,

0:26:110:26:12

she really angered Darth Vader.

0:26:120:26:15

LAUGHTER

0:26:150:26:17

That's very good.

0:26:190:26:21

Some years ago, an anthropologist asked Welsh youngsters

0:26:210:26:24

why they don't eat seaweed now,

0:26:240:26:25

and they said it's slimy, it's poor people's food, it's old-fashioned.

0:26:250:26:29

And so they were asked to name a fashionable food

0:26:290:26:31

and what did they say?

0:26:310:26:32

-ALL:

-Sushi.

-Sushi, yeah.

0:26:320:26:34

It's lovely, isn't it? But we probably eat it every day.

0:26:340:26:36

We eat it in ice cream, we have it in chocolate, toothpaste, beer...

0:26:360:26:39

-FRANKIE:

-They eat it in Donegal. Dulse, it's called.

0:26:390:26:41

-As a snack or with food?

-As a snack.

0:26:410:26:43

-Yeah.

-Raw off the beach!

0:26:430:26:45

On all fours.

0:26:450:26:47

That picture on the right is slightly worrying. Erm...

0:26:480:26:51

Hang on a second, didn't you market that?

0:26:540:26:56

It's a harbinger of something, anyway.

0:26:580:27:01

It's because seaweed is also used as a sexual lubricant.

0:27:010:27:04

-It's incredibly effective at...

-Seaweed?!

0:27:040:27:06

-Yes, seaweed.

-Good lord!

-Well, it's an extract called carrageenan.

0:27:060:27:09

It's incredibly effective at preventing

0:27:090:27:11

the spread of genital HPV, so, yeah.

0:27:110:27:13

That's worrying, if Godzilla actually exists,

0:27:130:27:15

that he's going to emerge already lubed up.

0:27:150:27:18

But handy if you're a little bit down there.

0:27:220:27:24

Just rub yourself against his foot.

0:27:240:27:28

"If you're a little bit down there"?

0:27:280:27:31

Come on, this is the BBC.

0:27:310:27:33

I can't say...

0:27:330:27:35

If you're a little bit down there

0:27:350:27:36

-and you've got a touch of the ahem...

-Ahem!

-And don't want to...

0:27:360:27:39

With the... Get the Godzilla and work with the, er, on the, er...

0:27:390:27:43

Yeah.

0:27:430:27:44

And this information video also available online.

0:27:440:27:47

A nuclear question for you next.

0:27:490:27:50

How does atomic gardening work?

0:27:500:27:53

Is that where you keep atomic kittens? In the atomic garden?

0:27:530:27:57

-That's so sweet, but no.

-No.

0:27:570:27:59

What is atomic gardening?

0:28:000:28:01

It's a new Chanel 5 format.

0:28:010:28:04

Starring Alan Titchmarsh

0:28:060:28:08

and the unquiet ghost of Robert Oppenheimer.

0:28:080:28:12

LAUGHTER

0:28:120:28:13

-LUCY:

-They're mutating Alan Titchmarsh. I love the idea.

0:28:170:28:20

We're going to have three heads on one Alan Titchmarsh.

0:28:200:28:23

-That's terrifying!

-That's like every old lady's dream.

0:28:230:28:26

So it was a thing, atomic gardening. It was a thing, in fact,

0:28:260:28:29

almost all the peppermint oil used around the world to flavour things

0:28:290:28:32

like chewing gum and toothpaste comes from one cultivar

0:28:320:28:35

of peppermint. It's this Todd's Mitcham

0:28:350:28:37

which resulted from a very odd episode in 20th-century science

0:28:370:28:40

called atomic gardening. It was also known as gamma gardening.

0:28:400:28:43

So, after the Second World War, there was an Atoms For Peace

0:28:430:28:45

programme and it sought peaceful use for the science

0:28:450:28:48

that had led to the atomic bombs.

0:28:480:28:49

And people thought, if they exposed plants and seeds to radiation,

0:28:490:28:52

maybe some interesting mutations would result and there were some.

0:28:520:28:56

Red grapefruits and super-sweet sweetcorn,

0:28:560:28:58

both resulted from atomic gardening.

0:28:580:29:00

So various ways you could do it. You could strap the packets of seeds

0:29:000:29:02

to the inside of a hospital X-ray machine.

0:29:020:29:05

You could leave them in the fallout zone of a nuclear testing site.

0:29:050:29:08

Or you could do this, which is a circular garden

0:29:080:29:11

with a source of radiation in the middle.

0:29:110:29:13

And so the plant seeds RADIATE out.

0:29:130:29:15

-FRANKIE:

-I think this could be an amazing episode of Countryfile.

0:29:150:29:20

"Welcome. I, John Craven, can now see through lead."

0:29:200:29:24

There was a wonderful woman called Muriel Howarth.

0:29:280:29:31

She was the doyenne of British nuclear gardening

0:29:310:29:33

and, in 1959, she grew the first atomic peanut.

0:29:330:29:38

It germinated in four days and was two foot tall.

0:29:380:29:41

I mean, sort of terrifying.

0:29:410:29:44

Wow. That's a hell of an M&M.

0:29:440:29:46

That is. Yeah.

0:29:460:29:48

There's an old movie, isn't there?

0:29:480:29:49

-The Effect Of Gamma Rays...

-On Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.

0:29:490:29:52

Do you know what's a really weird story about that film?

0:29:520:29:54

So, I was living in New York. Paul Newman directed it

0:29:540:29:56

and I auditioned to play the part of the daughter in the film.

0:29:560:29:59

-Really?

-And I didn't get it. I was second. And do you know who got it?

0:29:590:30:03

Paul Newman's daughter! LAUGHTER

0:30:030:30:06

-Wow, that's amazing.

-That is weird, isn't it?

0:30:080:30:10

So there are lots of things that we have today

0:30:100:30:12

which come from that period of gardening.

0:30:120:30:14

New varieties of rose and dahlias, snap dragons, carnations and so on.

0:30:140:30:17

There they were, Super Atomic Energized Seeds.

0:30:170:30:20

And so today, genetic engineering

0:30:200:30:22

has largely superseded the gamma garden.

0:30:220:30:24

Now to the NEST question.

0:30:240:30:26

Why would your mum have you for breakfast?

0:30:260:30:29

-Is there a species that eats its young?

-Yes.

0:30:310:30:34

-Not all of the young, I presume?

-Some.

-It would be short-lived.

0:30:340:30:37

But why might that be?

0:30:370:30:38

Is it that the babies are just particularly delicious?

0:30:380:30:42

You think they just can't resist that.

0:30:420:30:44

Yeah, exactly, like a little quail or something.

0:30:440:30:46

You go, "Ooh...

0:30:460:30:48

"Ooh, lovely. Lovely bit of butter on that."

0:30:480:30:50

Yeah, it's lucky that chickens don't like eggs, really, isn't it?

0:30:500:30:53

-Yeah, that's true.

-Yeah.

0:30:530:30:54

They're all sitting there eating omelettes and dying out.

0:30:540:30:57

Maybe it's that thing where you sniff your own baby

0:30:580:31:00

and they seem to you so delicious, you almost want to eat them.

0:31:000:31:03

-Yeah.

-Maybe insects just go,

0:31:030:31:05

"There's no society to hold me back, I'm going to follow through."

0:31:050:31:09

I often say I could eat my son with a spoon.

0:31:090:31:11

-I don't mean it, but... LUCY:

-Yeah. It's the knees.

0:31:110:31:13

I could just eat babies' knees all day long.

0:31:130:31:16

-I really could. Just the knees.

-They are just gorgeous.

0:31:160:31:18

-They could have the rest.

-Yeah. Even their feet are...

0:31:180:31:21

-Oh, yeah.

-Delicious.

0:31:210:31:22

No, we are talking about a burrowing beetle and its larva.

0:31:220:31:26

And it chooses to make its life in a rotting corpse

0:31:260:31:29

of some kind or other, and that's where it has its babies.

0:31:290:31:32

And it has to adjust the size of the brood to the size of the carcass.

0:31:320:31:36

There's got to be enough food.

0:31:360:31:38

And so, researchers at the University of Edinburgh

0:31:380:31:40

have established that she will choose to eat the ones

0:31:400:31:43

that nag her most.

0:31:430:31:44

-This is great parenting.

-Yeah.

-This is what we all need, isn't it?

0:31:470:31:50

So, the burrowing beetle baby that keeps going, "I want a snack,

0:31:500:31:53

"I want a snack..." Gone.

0:31:530:31:55

-Finished.

-If my children are watching, I am learning a lot.

0:31:560:31:59

Your children aren't watching,

0:32:010:32:02

they're in their bedrooms with their knees missing.

0:32:020:32:05

APPLAUSE

0:32:070:32:10

Are you a nagger, Lucy? Do you nag your children?

0:32:150:32:17

No, they nag me. Absolutely.

0:32:170:32:19

Well, apparently, nagging does work.

0:32:190:32:21

They did some research at Harvard Business School

0:32:210:32:23

and the best way for managers to get staff to do something

0:32:230:32:26

is to nag them continually.

0:32:260:32:28

They found the most effective managers repeat themselves

0:32:280:32:31

at least once and often in two different ways.

0:32:310:32:33

So you have a conversation and you follow it up by an e-mail.

0:32:330:32:36

So nagging your staff is hugely successful.

0:32:360:32:39

How irritating is that?

0:32:390:32:41

I read a parenting book that said,

0:32:410:32:43

instead of couching everything in words,

0:32:430:32:45

you just say the salient word. So if you want them to put their shoes on,

0:32:450:32:48

you just go, "Shoes!"

0:32:480:32:49

"Teeth!"

0:32:490:32:50

And, in the morning, it's like I've got some really weird Tourette's.

0:32:500:32:54

Just... "Shoes! Teeth! Mummy's gin!"

0:32:540:32:56

Apparently daughters nagged by their mothers grow up to be high earners.

0:32:580:33:02

The thing I like is, in Japan, men who are trying to diet

0:33:020:33:05

can subscribe to a virtual wife

0:33:050:33:08

and she will nag you four times a day by e-mail

0:33:080:33:12

and there's different wife varieties on offer.

0:33:120:33:14

You can have a maid, a businesswoman,

0:33:140:33:16

a nurse or a manicurist.

0:33:160:33:18

Any of you boys do half the housework in your homes?

0:33:200:33:22

Don't be stupid!

0:33:220:33:24

Because here's an extraordinary thing.

0:33:260:33:27

In heterosexual relationships, even if the man does half the housework,

0:33:270:33:31

it's usually the woman who's in charge of allocating the tasks,

0:33:310:33:34

and making sure it gets done.

0:33:340:33:36

So, in other words, nagging itself,

0:33:360:33:38

yet another job about the house which women are expected to do,

0:33:380:33:42

and men wriggle out of.

0:33:420:33:45

Moving on now. All the way from Pennsylvania,

0:33:450:33:48

the marvel from Philadelphia, Euphonia!

0:33:480:33:51

What's her act?

0:33:510:33:54

She removes her legs...

0:33:540:33:55

..and hovers above a man on a knitting machine.

0:33:560:34:00

Well, you're not far off. It is a machine.

0:34:000:34:03

She looks rather hirsute, doesn't she?

0:34:030:34:05

She's called Euphonia, she's from 1845.

0:34:050:34:08

-FRANKIE:

-Were they trying to do the turkey experiment with a human?

0:34:080:34:11

It's heading more and more towards the head.

0:34:130:34:15

She's stolen his beard, he's stolen her legs...

0:34:150:34:19

-Oh, that's scary.

-Yeah.

0:34:190:34:20

So, 1845, a German inventor called Joseph Faber

0:34:200:34:23

exhibited this incredible machine.

0:34:230:34:25

It could talk, it had bellows for lungs,

0:34:250:34:27

a tongue and a larynx made of wires and reeds and levers,

0:34:270:34:30

and it was operated by a piano-like keyboard.

0:34:300:34:32

So there were 16 keys, plus one to open the glottis, the vocal cords,

0:34:320:34:36

and foot pedals, and sounds came out of her mouth.

0:34:360:34:39

She could laugh, she could whisper, she could sing God Save The Queen.

0:34:390:34:42

But the fundamental problem with her is that she scared people.

0:34:420:34:45

-Yeah, she's scaring me now!

-Yeah. She had...

0:34:450:34:47

Urgh!

0:34:470:34:49

The turkeys have kicked off!

0:34:490:34:51

"That's the one."

0:34:530:34:54

HE IMITATES AN EXCITED TURKEY

0:34:540:34:56

It's like a frustrated turkey was in the room!

0:34:590:35:01

Apparently, her tongue lolled about in her mouth

0:35:030:35:05

-and her voice was awful.

-Oh, no.

0:35:050:35:07

It was as if it came from the depths of a tomb.

0:35:070:35:09

It was very, sort of, hoarse and hideous.

0:35:090:35:11

And Faber, who made it,

0:35:110:35:13

twice he destroyed the Euphonia out of frustration.

0:35:130:35:15

And the first time, he rebuilt it, and the second time, well,

0:35:150:35:18

-he took his own life.

-So it's basically like Siri.

0:35:180:35:21

It is a kind of Siri.

0:35:210:35:23

Now, how does a dog know another dog is a dog if it can't smell it?

0:35:230:35:29

It can see it?

0:35:290:35:30

-That's all there is too it.

-Really?

0:35:320:35:35

Sometimes, it's right. That's why I keep saying it!

0:35:350:35:38

Sometimes, it's just right.

0:35:380:35:39

So the extraordinary thing about dogs is they come in such a variety

0:35:390:35:42

of shapes and sizes, more so than really any other animal species.

0:35:420:35:46

But a Labrador knows that a Chihuahua or a Newfoundland

0:35:460:35:49

all belong in the same category. So smell and hearing help,

0:35:490:35:52

but they actually recognise one another by their faces.

0:35:520:35:55

So they can be shown a range of dog breeds

0:35:550:35:57

and they're able to indicate which ones are dogs.

0:35:570:36:00

They can see.

0:36:000:36:01

-ROSS:

-So is a dog more likely to buy car insurance...

0:36:010:36:05

off the one on the left?

0:36:050:36:06

Yes, that's right.

0:36:110:36:13

Do you think... Could a person tell another person by smell alone?

0:36:140:36:18

Ah, well, I could be blindfolded

0:36:180:36:19

and have my three children be in the room

0:36:190:36:22

and I would be able to know which one was which.

0:36:220:36:23

-You know if it's a human poo or a dog poo by smell.

-Yes.

0:36:230:36:28

And by the feel of it when you stand in it.

0:36:280:36:30

LAUGHTER AND GROANING

0:36:300:36:32

Dogs can tell that dogs are dogs just by looking at them.

0:36:340:36:37

Now, fingers next to buzzers, please,

0:36:370:36:39

for the General Ignorance round.

0:36:390:36:41

Why are dock leaves good for nettle stings?

0:36:410:36:43

# Next to you. #

0:36:430:36:45

-Ross?

-They're not.

0:36:450:36:47

You're absolutely right.

0:36:470:36:49

The fact is, we don't even know why nettle stings hurt quite so much,

0:36:490:36:52

or last so long. What we do know

0:36:520:36:54

is that nettles are covered with tiny little hollow hairs,

0:36:540:36:56

which break off when you touch them and they act like needles

0:36:560:36:59

and they inject, oh, it's a cocktail of unpleasantness into your skin...

0:36:590:37:03

But yet, delightful as soup.

0:37:030:37:06

Very good as soup and, in theory, very, very good medicine.

0:37:060:37:08

So, there's a thing called urtification,

0:37:080:37:10

-do you know what that is?

-I don't, no.

0:37:100:37:12

It's beating yourself with stinging nettles, fundamentally.

0:37:120:37:15

And the Romans used to do it in Britain, because there was damp

0:37:150:37:17

and it gave them arthritis.

0:37:170:37:19

And so urtification apparently got rid of it.

0:37:190:37:21

And they did a study in 2000,

0:37:210:37:23

and the Royal Society of Medicine confirmed it is a safe

0:37:230:37:25

and effective treatment for rheumatic pain, so you can use it.

0:37:250:37:29

-Not many people know that the actor John Nettles...

-Yes.

0:37:290:37:32

..you shake his hand, burns your skin.

0:37:320:37:34

-It's horrible, horrible.

-But if you throw yourself against him,

0:37:340:37:38

gets rid of your rheumatism.

0:37:380:37:40

Very much so. Romans can't help themselves.

0:37:400:37:43

Getting John Nettles to smack himself against them.

0:37:430:37:47

Old ladies, he's like a faith healer.

0:37:470:37:50

You know when they're like... "Have you got rheumatism in your body?

0:37:500:37:53

"I want you to come down."

0:37:530:37:54

John Nettles slaps you on the knees.

0:37:540:37:56

Your kids would like him.

0:37:580:37:59

The longer I work with Ross, the more I believe him,

0:38:020:38:04

which is... LAUGHTER DROWNS SPEECH

0:38:040:38:06

Now, what kind of questions are barristers never allowed

0:38:060:38:09

to ask the witness?

0:38:090:38:12

Leading questions.

0:38:120:38:14

KLAXON

0:38:140:38:16

# Next door... #

0:38:200:38:22

-Lucy?

-Multiple choice?

0:38:220:38:24

APPLAUSE

0:38:270:38:29

"Did you A, kill them, B, have a takeaway, C...?"

0:38:330:38:38

"Oh, mostly Cs, you're a Gemini!"

0:38:380:38:40

So, you can sometimes have leading questions.

0:38:420:38:45

They are allowed in cross-examination.

0:38:450:38:47

So, when you're questioning the other side's witness,

0:38:470:38:49

it's absolutely fine. They're not allowed in what's called

0:38:490:38:51

evidence in chief. So, that's when you're questioning your own side.

0:38:510:38:55

You couldn't, for example, say,

0:38:550:38:56

"And did the accused hit you about the buttocks with the cucumber?"

0:38:560:39:00

You're not allowed to say that...

0:39:000:39:02

-"Or, did he B..."

-Yeah.

-"..put the cucumber between the buttocks?"

0:39:040:39:08

"Or, was it C, the actor John Nettles,

0:39:080:39:12

-"who was just trying to help?"

-Yeah, you're not allowed to do that.

0:39:120:39:15

You have to say "what happened next", is basically the thing.

0:39:150:39:17

But, in cross-examination,

0:39:170:39:19

you're not only allowed to ask leading questions,

0:39:190:39:21

most people say you SHOULD ask them.

0:39:210:39:23

Is the fellow on the right, by any chance, saying "tattyfilarious"?

0:39:230:39:28

"Oh, what a lovely day, what a lovely day for committing murder."

0:39:280:39:32

That's why I didn't become a lawyer,

0:39:350:39:36

there's not enough funny voices in the law.

0:39:360:39:38

Now, what kind of evidence isn't going to get you convicted

0:39:400:39:43

under any circumstances?

0:39:430:39:46

Circumstantial.

0:39:460:39:48

KLAXON

0:39:480:39:50

And that was a leading question!

0:39:510:39:53

We think it's the case that you can't use circumstantial,

0:39:560:39:59

but in fact most convictions depend entirely on circumstantial evidence.

0:39:590:40:02

Because fingerprints and DNA samples and phone records,

0:40:020:40:06

credit card receipts, bloodstains, lack of an alibi,

0:40:060:40:09

that can all be circumstantial evidence,

0:40:090:40:11

stuff from which you can infer that somebody was present at a crime.

0:40:110:40:16

And finally, a male black widow spider

0:40:160:40:19

and a female black widow spider have just finished having sex.

0:40:190:40:23

What happens next?

0:40:230:40:25

-# Next to you. #

-Yeah, Ross?

0:40:250:40:28

Tiny cigarette.

0:40:280:40:30

APPLAUSE

0:40:300:40:33

-Oh, no, no! It wouldn't be a tiny cigarette, would it?

-No.

0:40:330:40:36

It'd be eight tiny cigarettes. Like that.

0:40:360:40:39

"Shall we do it again?"

0:40:480:40:49

Maybe she could try and kill him in that way, rather than by eating him,

0:40:510:40:53

which I think is the answer that we were being led towards.

0:40:530:40:56

Ah, she eats him.

0:40:560:40:58

KLAXON

0:40:580:41:00

No, she does not, if she's a black widow.

0:41:060:41:08

So, there is one species in the widow group in which the female,

0:41:080:41:12

let's say, routinely eats the male...

0:41:120:41:14

-Scottish widows?

-The Scottish widow!

0:41:140:41:16

Yes, but at least she's insured.

0:41:200:41:22

It's the redback spider of Australia, it's the only one.

0:41:230:41:26

There are three species found in North America

0:41:260:41:29

and post-coital cannibalism in one of the three is rare

0:41:290:41:32

and, in the other two, it's completely unknown.

0:41:320:41:34

And they get their name "widow"

0:41:340:41:35

probably because people have watched their behaviour in captivity,

0:41:350:41:39

when they're not behaving normally, I think.

0:41:390:41:40

So how dangerous do you think a black widow bite is to humans?

0:41:400:41:43

-Very.

-No.

0:41:430:41:45

It's almost unheard of, in fact, for anybody to die from it.

0:41:450:41:48

-Right.

-Bit of soap and water, that'll get rid of it.

0:41:480:41:50

Unless you have a particular allergic reaction to it.

0:41:500:41:52

Actually, it's surprisingly hard to get bitten in the first place,

0:41:520:41:55

because the venom is metabolically costly to the spider,

0:41:550:41:58

so she's not going to use it unless she absolutely has to.

0:41:580:42:00

And so they've done lots of tests and they've been poking and prodding

0:42:000:42:03

with jelly fingers and mostly it's a dry bite that you'd get,

0:42:030:42:06

so there's no venom in it. It's not, er...

0:42:060:42:09

Are they commercially available, the jelly fingers?

0:42:090:42:11

I think you could make your own.

0:42:140:42:15

Get that down! That'll be in that warehouse of things

0:42:150:42:18

that people don't buy.

0:42:180:42:19

The Museum of Failed Products.

0:42:190:42:22

Post-coital cannibalism amongst black widows is the exception,

0:42:220:42:25

not the rule. What usually happens is that the male says he'll text her

0:42:250:42:30

and then he never...

0:42:300:42:32

OK, next, it's the scores and, in first place,

0:42:320:42:34

with a magnificent 6 points, it's Ross!

0:42:340:42:36

APPLAUSE

0:42:360:42:38

And in second, just one point behind with 5, it's Frankie!

0:42:410:42:45

APPLAUSE

0:42:450:42:47

In third place, with -4, Lucy!

0:42:490:42:52

APPLAUSE

0:42:520:42:54

APPLAUSE DROWNS SPEECH

0:42:540:42:57

And in fourth place, with -10,

0:42:570:43:00

it's the audience!

0:43:000:43:02

Which means that, in last place of the next show, is, was,

0:43:070:43:12

or will be, with -25, Alan.

0:43:120:43:14

APPLAUSE

0:43:140:43:16

My thanks to Frankie, Ross, Lucy and Alan.

0:43:220:43:24

I leave you with this news from the Western Daily Press,

0:43:240:43:27

concerning what people plan to do next, after they retire.

0:43:270:43:31

A survey of 1,000 over-50-year-olds found that many

0:43:310:43:35

intended to travel more, write a book, do a parachute jump,

0:43:350:43:38

or take up a new hobby when they reach 60.

0:43:380:43:40

Some of those polled said they wanted to become a volunteer,

0:43:400:43:43

or raise money for charity.

0:43:430:43:45

While others just wanted to eat more cakes, and have more sex.

0:43:450:43:48

Until next time, goodbye.

0:43:480:43:50

APPLAUSE

0:43:500:43:53

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