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In July 1960, a 26-year-old secretary from Bournemouth | 0:00:07 | 0:00:12 | |
entered a remote forest in Africa in search of wild chimpanzees. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:16 | |
The whole business of wandering about in Africa, | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
in the wilds of Africa, was in itself extraordinary | 0:00:21 | 0:00:24 | |
and here was a girl from southern England brought up in, you know, | 0:00:24 | 0:00:28 | |
what did she know about Africa? | 0:00:28 | 0:00:30 | |
And how could she survive? | 0:00:30 | 0:00:32 | |
But within a few months, Jane Goodall was making | 0:00:33 | 0:00:36 | |
discoveries that would help change our entire understanding | 0:00:36 | 0:00:39 | |
of the species closest to us | 0:00:39 | 0:00:41 | |
and challenge the science of what differentiates human from animal. | 0:00:41 | 0:00:46 | |
Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique. | 0:00:46 | 0:00:49 | |
Absolutely extraordinary because she has made everybody | 0:00:49 | 0:00:54 | |
aware of chimpanzees and aware of the closeness between us and chimpanzees. | 0:00:54 | 0:01:01 | |
Where male scientists had floundered, she became accepted | 0:01:03 | 0:01:07 | |
by a group of wild apes | 0:01:07 | 0:01:09 | |
and revealed the unknown world of chimpanzee behaviour. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:12 | |
For many people, Jane has been a major, major inspiration. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:21 | |
You know, I think a lot of young people, | 0:01:21 | 0:01:25 | |
but particularly young women, must have seen | 0:01:25 | 0:01:27 | |
those films and thought, what a wonderful thing to do with your life. | 0:01:27 | 0:01:34 | |
"The soft pressure of his fingers spoke to me, | 0:01:34 | 0:01:38 | |
"not through my intellect, | 0:01:38 | 0:01:40 | |
"but through a more primitive emotional channel. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
"The barrier of untold centuries, | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
"which has grown up during the separate evolution | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
"of man and chimpanzee was, for those few seconds, broken down. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:53 | |
"It was a reward far beyond my greatest hopes." | 0:01:53 | 0:01:56 | |
Then the notion that, not only was she surviving, | 0:01:59 | 0:02:03 | |
but that she was living alongside these extraordinary animals, | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
and that they were accepting her, was fabulous. | 0:02:07 | 0:02:11 | |
I mean, in an almost literary sense | 0:02:11 | 0:02:14 | |
that it became a fable of Beauty and the Beast. | 0:02:14 | 0:02:19 | |
Gombe Stream Forest Reserve borders the Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika | 0:02:31 | 0:02:37 | |
in what is now Tanzania. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:39 | |
Although the reserve had been created to protect | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
its population of chimpanzees, they had never been studied. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:47 | |
When Jane Goodall arrived in July 1960, | 0:02:47 | 0:02:51 | |
she had enough finances to last six months. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:55 | |
Six months to get close to a shy, | 0:02:55 | 0:02:58 | |
yet potentially violent species of wild animal. | 0:02:58 | 0:03:01 | |
She recorded her experiences in a set of remarkable journals, | 0:03:06 | 0:03:10 | |
which would eventually be crafted into the bestseller | 0:03:10 | 0:03:13 | |
In The Shadow Of Man. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:15 | |
Since dawn I had climbed up and down the steep mountain slopes | 0:03:17 | 0:03:21 | |
and pushed my way through the dense valley forests. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
Again and again I had stopped to listen or to gaze through binoculars | 0:03:24 | 0:03:29 | |
at the surrounding countryside. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:31 | |
In two hours, darkness would fall | 0:03:33 | 0:03:35 | |
over the rugged terrain of the Gombe Stream Reserve. | 0:03:35 | 0:03:39 | |
I settled down at my favourite vantage point, the peak," | 0:03:39 | 0:03:43 | |
hoping that at least I might see a chimpanzee make its nest | 0:03:43 | 0:03:46 | |
for the night before I had to stop work for the day. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
The first few weeks it was day after day, | 0:03:51 | 0:03:54 | |
every day, no Saturdays, no Sundays, in fact, after a while | 0:03:54 | 0:03:58 | |
I didn't know when Saturdays and Sundays were. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:00 | |
Up at dawn, down at dusk. | 0:04:00 | 0:04:04 | |
I would sit up on this peak and look out with my binoculars. | 0:04:04 | 0:04:10 | |
I had a little tin trunk and a kettle on a wire and a blanket. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:15 | |
That was it. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:17 | |
For three and a half months, she failed to get closer than 50 yards. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:23 | |
It was a bitter disappointment. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
I felt frustration, even despair. | 0:04:26 | 0:04:29 | |
There were times when I wondered | 0:04:29 | 0:04:30 | |
if they would ever permit me to approach them. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:33 | |
Then, early one afternoon, | 0:04:33 | 0:04:35 | |
she encountered the chimpanzee who would change her life. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:40 | |
Nothing happened until 1.30, then I heard a measured tread | 0:04:40 | 0:04:45 | |
and down the hill, straight towards me, came a very handsome male chimp. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:50 | |
White beard, paleish face, long, black shining hair. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:55 | |
He got to within ten yards and suddenly saw me. | 0:04:55 | 0:04:58 | |
His expression was one of amazement. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:01 | |
He stopped abruptly, stared, put his head on one side | 0:05:01 | 0:05:05 | |
and then on the other, | 0:05:05 | 0:05:07 | |
and then turned and continued off into the undergrowth. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:11 | |
David Greybeard was, without doubt, | 0:05:11 | 0:05:14 | |
the chimpanzee I remember with the most affection. | 0:05:14 | 0:05:19 | |
He was the first one who lost his fear of me. | 0:05:19 | 0:05:22 | |
He was the one who really helped me go into a magic world, | 0:05:22 | 0:05:28 | |
the world of the wild chimpanzees. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:31 | |
David Greybeard opened up to Jane Goodall what would become known as | 0:05:31 | 0:05:35 | |
the Kasekela community, named after the valley where she set up camp. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:40 | |
Instinctively, she concentrated on them as individuals. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:45 | |
Over the next 50 years, they would yield up a gold seam | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
of scientific revelation that is as rich today as it was then. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:54 | |
Flo and Olly were the two females | 0:05:57 | 0:06:00 | |
that spent a lot of time together | 0:06:00 | 0:06:03 | |
and I learned a lot about mothering skills from them and the close bonds | 0:06:03 | 0:06:08 | |
between mothers and offspring, between brothers and sisters. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:12 | |
Flo was to become the matriarch of successive generations | 0:06:12 | 0:06:16 | |
of what Goodall termed the F family. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:19 | |
Their unfolding relationships and real-life dramas | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
would turn them into household names. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:25 | |
Flint, Flo's son, was the first infant | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
whose development in the wild | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
could be recorded step by step and just about day by day. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:37 | |
Flint was seven, eight years old when I was there. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:43 | |
He behaved like a four or five year old. | 0:06:43 | 0:06:45 | |
He tried to ride on her, | 0:06:49 | 0:06:50 | |
he succeeded in riding on her, this poor old woman, | 0:06:50 | 0:06:53 | |
her son who was about half her body weight, | 0:06:53 | 0:06:56 | |
would sometimes whimper and beg her for a ride | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
and she didn't have the psychological strength to say no. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
Fifi and I had a special relationship and she always seemed | 0:07:06 | 0:07:09 | |
to know when I was coming | 0:07:09 | 0:07:11 | |
and, sure enough, Fifi would somehow be there. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:15 | |
The mother-child relationship | 0:07:16 | 0:07:17 | |
is one of the strongest bonds in chimp society. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:21 | |
Their relationship remains close throughout their lives. | 0:07:23 | 0:07:26 | |
My mother had a huge influence on me, | 0:07:30 | 0:07:32 | |
I mean, I think everything I've done that I am a bit proud of is, | 0:07:32 | 0:07:36 | |
she was so wise, the way she brought us up. | 0:07:36 | 0:07:39 | |
For example, you know, the sorrows of childhood that seem so huge, | 0:07:39 | 0:07:43 | |
she would say, "Well, go and get a book, go and lose yourself in a book | 0:07:43 | 0:07:48 | |
"and then, when you come out of that world, you'll find it's better." | 0:07:48 | 0:07:52 | |
So that was one piece of advice. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:54 | |
My father couldn't have had influence on me because he wasn't | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
there while I was growing up because my parents divorced when I was 12 | 0:08:00 | 0:08:04 | |
and that was the end of the war, and he went off when I was five. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:08 | |
Though they play little part in the raising of their infants, | 0:08:12 | 0:08:16 | |
male chimpanzees form strong ties with each other. | 0:08:16 | 0:08:19 | |
Well, it is interesting that two brothers | 0:08:24 | 0:08:26 | |
who were adjacent in the birth order | 0:08:26 | 0:08:28 | |
could be so different, | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
in the sense that Freud was always the thoughtful one, | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
the one who achieved what he achieved quietly and, | 0:08:34 | 0:08:38 | |
apparently with more planning, | 0:08:38 | 0:08:40 | |
whereas Frodo has always been the tough guy, | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
the problem chimp, if you will. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:45 | |
Frodo is a particularly rough character. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:51 | |
He's so tough, he's like the big bully at school | 0:08:55 | 0:08:59 | |
who is so individually powerful, | 0:08:59 | 0:09:01 | |
that it's as if he doesn't need his allies so much. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:05 | |
Then, of course, he went on and took over the alpha male | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
from his older brother and then, when he was alpha male, | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
there was nothing you could do except pray, really, | 0:09:15 | 0:09:18 | |
hold on a tree trunk if he charged you. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:21 | |
CHIMPS SCREAM | 0:09:21 | 0:09:23 | |
I think I'm the first one who used the term soap opera | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
to describe what's going on. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:35 | |
Well, this person hates that person | 0:09:36 | 0:09:38 | |
and this person wants to have sex with that person | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
and this person feels like he would be, | 0:09:42 | 0:09:45 | |
like to be good friends with that person, | 0:09:45 | 0:09:48 | |
but is afraid because that other person is higher ranking. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:52 | |
Absolutely, it's what happens, | 0:09:53 | 0:09:55 | |
and it's also absolutely the material of chimp drama. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:59 | |
It's really quite the same. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:01 | |
It is around this group of chimpanzees | 0:10:05 | 0:10:07 | |
that Jane Goodall has built her extraordinary career. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:10 | |
Over the last 50 years, Gombe has become a world famous National Park. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:18 | |
And Dr Goodall still maintains her relationship with it | 0:10:18 | 0:10:22 | |
and the people who live on its borders. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:26 | |
So, first of all, how did I ever come to Africa | 0:10:46 | 0:10:49 | |
when I was born far away in England? | 0:10:49 | 0:10:52 | |
HE TRANSLATES | 0:10:52 | 0:10:54 | |
When I was eight years old, and some of you here are eight years old, | 0:10:54 | 0:10:58 | |
I knew I wanted to go to Africa. | 0:10:58 | 0:11:01 | |
All that I remember of my childhood was loving animals | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
and wanting more and more animals and reading books about animals. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:23 | |
The first book I ever owned of my own was the story of Doctor Dolittle | 0:11:23 | 0:11:29 | |
and, in that book, he takes animals from the circus back to Africa. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:34 | |
There's a picture, still in my mind, | 0:11:36 | 0:11:38 | |
of Doctor Dolittle walking across this bridge of monkeys, | 0:11:38 | 0:11:41 | |
they're holding hands with each other, to escape an enemy | 0:11:41 | 0:11:44 | |
and, I don't know, that just got me into Africa. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:47 | |
And then, of course, Tarzan, Tarzan of the Apes, | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
marrying that other stupid wimpy Jane, | 0:11:55 | 0:11:57 | |
of whom I was frightfully jealous. | 0:11:57 | 0:12:00 | |
I didn't want to be Tarzan, | 0:12:01 | 0:12:02 | |
I wanted to be a proper mate for him, which I new I could have been, | 0:12:02 | 0:12:07 | |
and as he existed as reality in my mind, | 0:12:07 | 0:12:10 | |
there's no point my trying to be him, so what can I be? | 0:12:10 | 0:12:13 | |
I can be a decent mate for him. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
HE TRANSLATES | 0:12:26 | 0:12:28 | |
But everybody laughed at me. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:30 | |
How would I get to Africa when we had no money? | 0:12:30 | 0:12:33 | |
And back then, we didn't know very much about Africa | 0:12:33 | 0:12:35 | |
and it was a very faraway place, | 0:12:35 | 0:12:37 | |
and going to Africa would be a big adventure, | 0:12:37 | 0:12:40 | |
and girls didn't have big adventures like that, it was only the boys. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
When I left school we had no money for university, | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
so I learned how to be a secretary, | 0:12:47 | 0:12:50 | |
because my mother said maybe then you get a job in Africa. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:54 | |
The next thing that happened was I had a letter from a school friend | 0:12:54 | 0:12:58 | |
whose parents had gone to Africa and she invited me for a holiday. | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
Yes, so there was an opportunity and I worked and I worked and I worked | 0:13:02 | 0:13:07 | |
and after months, I had enough money to go to Africa by boat. | 0:13:07 | 0:13:11 | |
HE TRANSLATES | 0:13:11 | 0:13:13 | |
The Africa that Goodall went to in the late '50s | 0:13:20 | 0:13:24 | |
was still under British colonial rule. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:26 | |
There were opportunities for anyone with aspirations | 0:13:26 | 0:13:28 | |
to get close to wildlife. | 0:13:28 | 0:13:30 | |
And after a little while, | 0:13:31 | 0:13:33 | |
I heard about a man who was very famous, called Louis Leakey, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:39 | |
and he knew a lot about animals. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:42 | |
So I went to see Louis Leakey | 0:13:42 | 0:13:44 | |
and he asked me many, many questions about animals. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
Louis Leakey was the foremost | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
primate palaeontologist in the 1950s, | 0:13:53 | 0:13:58 | |
that's to say, he was the one who was looking for fossil evidence | 0:13:58 | 0:14:04 | |
of mankind's ancestry | 0:14:04 | 0:14:05 | |
and he discovered this one site, the Olduvai Gorge, | 0:14:05 | 0:14:09 | |
where there were a whole succession of rock beds going through the | 0:14:09 | 0:14:15 | |
critical period of history when humanity was just emerging. | 0:14:15 | 0:14:20 | |
And he it was, who saw the value of looking at other living primates, | 0:14:20 | 0:14:26 | |
to shed light on what the fossils were telling him. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
Leakey's belief in humankind shared ancestry with the great apes | 0:14:33 | 0:14:36 | |
has been borne out by science. | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
Now what we know, as a result of the genetic discoveries, | 0:14:40 | 0:14:45 | |
is that something around five million years ago, | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
we shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
When we go into any of these forests with chimpanzees, | 0:14:52 | 0:14:55 | |
it's like a time machine. | 0:14:55 | 0:14:57 | |
We're going in and seeing a species that is really quite similar | 0:14:57 | 0:15:01 | |
to the one that gave rise to our lineage five million years ago, | 0:15:01 | 0:15:05 | |
so that means that it tells us something about | 0:15:05 | 0:15:08 | |
the likely kinds of social relationships | 0:15:08 | 0:15:10 | |
that our species had then, our ancestors, and more confidently, | 0:15:10 | 0:15:14 | |
about their capacities, their cognitive capacities. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:17 | |
So these amazing beasts are telling us how we got started. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:25 | |
They're telling us where we came from. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:27 | |
Jane Goodall would be the first of three women who Dr Leakey launched | 0:15:29 | 0:15:33 | |
on missions to study our closest relatives. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:36 | |
Later known as Leakey's Angels, | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
they were to become international celebrities, | 0:15:39 | 0:15:41 | |
more famous than the man himself. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
Birute Galdikas was sent off on a quest | 0:15:44 | 0:15:48 | |
to study orang-utans in Borneo, where she still works today. | 0:15:48 | 0:15:53 | |
Dian Fossey was despatched to the mountains of Virunga | 0:15:53 | 0:15:57 | |
to follow mountain gorillas. | 0:15:57 | 0:15:59 | |
She was later murdered | 0:15:59 | 0:16:01 | |
before the making of the film Gorillas In The Mist. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
People often ask why Leakey chose young women. | 0:16:06 | 0:16:10 | |
I think he felt that a human female | 0:16:10 | 0:16:14 | |
would be somehow less threatening to a male gorilla or a male chimpanzee. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:21 | |
I'm not sure whether that was true, I think it's to do with personality. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:25 | |
It's to do with the ability to sit quietly and not make a fuss. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:30 | |
And there's one more thing, and I've had this proved, that our voice | 0:16:32 | 0:16:35 | |
is less threatening to a chimpanzee than the voice of a man. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:40 | |
A man's voice is more like their threat bark | 0:16:40 | 0:16:43 | |
and a woman's is, generally...well, certainly if it's a voice like mine, | 0:16:43 | 0:16:48 | |
is much more peaceful and, and less agitating. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:52 | |
He was taking a risk with them because, you know, | 0:16:54 | 0:16:58 | |
Jane could easily have been killed by one of her, the big male chimpanzees, | 0:16:58 | 0:17:03 | |
so being one of Leakey's Angels was quite a risky business. | 0:17:03 | 0:17:07 | |
When it came to Louis Leakey, there were other risks involved. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:13 | |
He invited her over and, so you can ask, well, you know, | 0:17:13 | 0:17:18 | |
what was Leakey thinking? | 0:17:18 | 0:17:19 | |
And I think there were two levels of thought. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
One was, "Hmm, this is an attractive young woman here." | 0:17:22 | 0:17:26 | |
Leakey was a lecher, | 0:17:26 | 0:17:29 | |
he was, you know, he had just had an affair with his previous secretary | 0:17:29 | 0:17:33 | |
and he was attracted to young women. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:37 | |
It was very difficult because, you know, I was terrified | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
that if I kept saying no, that that would ruin my chances | 0:17:40 | 0:17:44 | |
of going to study the chimpanzees. | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
It was a very difficult time. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:49 | |
'I stayed firm and, by this time, | 0:17:50 | 0:17:52 | |
'he was well committed to finding the money to send me to Gombe.' | 0:17:52 | 0:17:56 | |
And so he told me I could come to Gombe National Park | 0:17:56 | 0:18:01 | |
and try and learn about chimpanzees. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:04 | |
And this was amazing because chimpanzees are more like | 0:18:04 | 0:18:08 | |
human beings than any other animal in the world. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
'Louis particularly chose me because I hadn't got a degree of any sort.' | 0:18:12 | 0:18:19 | |
He felt that, you know, the ethologists at the time | 0:18:19 | 0:18:23 | |
were very rigid and very reductionist | 0:18:23 | 0:18:26 | |
and, you know, he wanted somebody who saw things as they were. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:31 | |
Jane finally arrived at what was then Gombe Stream Nature Reserve | 0:18:39 | 0:18:44 | |
on 14th July, 1960. | 0:18:44 | 0:18:46 | |
When I arrived, I felt that at long last my childhood ambition | 0:18:47 | 0:18:52 | |
was being realised. | 0:18:52 | 0:18:54 | |
But when I looked at the wild and rugged mountains | 0:18:54 | 0:18:57 | |
where the chimpanzees lived, | 0:18:57 | 0:18:58 | |
I knew that my task was not going to be easy. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:01 | |
My mother was with me those first four months | 0:19:04 | 0:19:08 | |
because I wasn't allowed to be on my own by the British authorities | 0:19:08 | 0:19:12 | |
and she volunteered to come. | 0:19:12 | 0:19:14 | |
Louis Leakey was very anxious that it was somebody | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
who wouldn't be competitive, but who would be totally supportive. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
He felt that that was a prerequisite for whoever came | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
and, of course, she more than filled the bill. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:27 | |
And the person who helped me lived right here in Mwamgongo. | 0:19:27 | 0:19:33 | |
HE TRANSLATES | 0:19:33 | 0:19:35 | |
And that was Jumanne Kikwale's father, Rashidi. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
Jumanne was seven years old when I came to Gombe. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:51 | |
I first met Jane in 1960. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:54 | |
At the time, I was seven years old and I was living with my father, | 0:19:54 | 0:20:01 | |
so they arrived and we pull out the boat and we greeted them and we | 0:20:01 | 0:20:07 | |
helped them carrying their goods to where they are going to stay. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:13 | |
Jane's mother, to make a good relationship with the people, | 0:20:16 | 0:20:20 | |
she set up a small clinic to help them. | 0:20:20 | 0:20:24 | |
I was helping her, giving people medicine. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:33 | |
Mum set up this little clinic. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
She made some amazing cures, | 0:20:35 | 0:20:37 | |
she cured tropical ulcers, became known as a white witch doctor. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:42 | |
So she established this great relationship | 0:20:44 | 0:20:46 | |
with all the local people | 0:20:46 | 0:20:48 | |
and that was an enormous help to me and the students who came after me. | 0:20:48 | 0:20:54 | |
When I first got to Gombe, | 0:21:01 | 0:21:03 | |
my concern was that the chimpanzees are very conservative, | 0:21:03 | 0:21:07 | |
they've never seen a white ape before and they just ran away. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:11 | |
So my concern was, there I was in my beautiful forest world, | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
that I dreamed of as a child, | 0:21:15 | 0:21:18 | |
and yet, I knew that if I didn't make some kind of breakthrough, | 0:21:18 | 0:21:22 | |
we only had money for six months, | 0:21:22 | 0:21:24 | |
and not only would it be the end of the study, | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
but I would have let Louis Leakey down, you know, my mentor. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:31 | |
Wild chimpanzees were still an unknown entity in 1960. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:37 | |
Earlier research projects by male academics | 0:21:37 | 0:21:41 | |
had produced little useful information. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:44 | |
There were a couple of Americans who had studied wild apes, | 0:21:44 | 0:21:48 | |
and Adrian Kortland, who preceded Jane in the study of chimps | 0:21:48 | 0:21:53 | |
by about two or three months, | 0:21:53 | 0:21:56 | |
spent the equivalent of about eight weeks, total, | 0:21:56 | 0:21:59 | |
watching chimps from inside blinds | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
because he felt they were too dangerous to show himself to. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:05 | |
But Jane did something very different, | 0:22:07 | 0:22:10 | |
she studied them always showing herself, not trying to hide, | 0:22:10 | 0:22:13 | |
but instead, trying to overcome their fear by gradually getting closer | 0:22:13 | 0:22:17 | |
and also trying to look as boring as possible when she watched them. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:22 | |
Now, the really shocking thing was that here was this young girl | 0:22:25 | 0:22:31 | |
going to Africa in a pair of shorts and a shirt, | 0:22:31 | 0:22:35 | |
wandering around in full view of the chimpanzees | 0:22:35 | 0:22:37 | |
and actually making contact with them and becoming friendly with them. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:42 | |
Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:46 | |
Absolutely extraordinary because chimpanzees can tear you, | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
literally tear you, limb from limb. | 0:22:48 | 0:22:50 | |
Chimpanzees, amongst the general public, have a reputation | 0:22:54 | 0:22:57 | |
of being charming and funny and so on, | 0:22:57 | 0:23:00 | |
but that's because you nearly always, in zoos, | 0:23:00 | 0:23:03 | |
saw young chimpanzees, baby chimpanzees. | 0:23:03 | 0:23:05 | |
But anybody who's seen chimpanzees in the wild | 0:23:05 | 0:23:08 | |
know that when they grow up, and particularly the males, | 0:23:08 | 0:23:11 | |
they are very, very strong animals and can often be very aggressive. | 0:23:11 | 0:23:16 | |
It let Jane do something that nobody else had done | 0:23:21 | 0:23:25 | |
and that was to make really detailed, | 0:23:25 | 0:23:28 | |
close studies of chimpanzees in the wild. | 0:23:28 | 0:23:30 | |
It was at this time that I began to recognise a number | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
of different individuals. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:37 | |
As soon as I was sure of knowing a chimpanzee, | 0:23:37 | 0:23:40 | |
if I saw it again, I named it. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
Some scientists feel that animals should be labelled by numbers, | 0:23:43 | 0:23:47 | |
that to name them is anthropomorphic, | 0:23:47 | 0:23:49 | |
but I've always been interested in the differences between individuals | 0:23:49 | 0:23:53 | |
and a name is not only more individual than a number, | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
but also far easier to remember. | 0:23:57 | 0:24:00 | |
It was her favourite, David Greybeard, | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
who would lead Goodall to the discoveries | 0:24:03 | 0:24:06 | |
which would change science. | 0:24:06 | 0:24:07 | |
I saw this dark shape hunched over a termite mound. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:14 | |
I could see the hand reach out and pick a piece of grass. | 0:24:14 | 0:24:18 | |
He was making arm movements as though he's sliding it across | 0:24:18 | 0:24:23 | |
the ground or something like that, and obviously eating. | 0:24:23 | 0:24:26 | |
But that was all I saw and then when he left, I saw it was David, | 0:24:26 | 0:24:31 | |
I saw this white beard, and I went up to the heap | 0:24:31 | 0:24:35 | |
and there were the pieces of grass lying there, | 0:24:35 | 0:24:37 | |
termites moving about the surface. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:39 | |
So I picked up one of these abandoned tools and pushed it | 0:24:39 | 0:24:42 | |
into the mound and the termites bit on and it was pretty obvious. | 0:24:42 | 0:24:47 | |
And at that time we were defined as man the toolmaker | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
and it was supposed to make us more different than anything else | 0:24:54 | 0:24:58 | |
from the rest of the animal kingdom. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
People were saying, you know, man the toolmaker, | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
that was the de facto definition of humans, | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
we're these animals who make tools, | 0:25:09 | 0:25:12 | |
and then we discovered another set of animals who make tools, | 0:25:12 | 0:25:16 | |
in fact, there are lots of animals that make and use tools, | 0:25:16 | 0:25:21 | |
so now it's not unusual, | 0:25:21 | 0:25:23 | |
but it was an amazing discovery and it really did launch her career. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:28 | |
I sent Louis Leakey a telegram and he sent his famous reply, | 0:25:31 | 0:25:36 | |
"Now we have to redefine man, | 0:25:36 | 0:25:38 | |
"redefine tool or accept chimpanzees as humans." | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
But what is so remarkable about Jane Goodall's first six months in Gombe | 0:25:43 | 0:25:47 | |
was that she made not just one ground-breaking discovery but two. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:51 | |
She also demolished the belief of the time | 0:25:51 | 0:25:54 | |
that chimps were peaceful herbivores. | 0:25:54 | 0:25:56 | |
I was sitting on the peak, as I did for hours every day. | 0:26:00 | 0:26:04 | |
I looked across, and a chimpanzee climbed up a tree | 0:26:04 | 0:26:08 | |
with something in his mouth. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:10 | |
It looked as though he was licking this pink thing, | 0:26:10 | 0:26:13 | |
and my binoculars just weren't powerful enough, | 0:26:13 | 0:26:15 | |
I really couldn't see, | 0:26:15 | 0:26:16 | |
but there were a couple of bush pigs down below, | 0:26:16 | 0:26:21 | |
and when the juvenile would climb down, | 0:26:21 | 0:26:23 | |
one of the pigs would charge the child, | 0:26:23 | 0:26:27 | |
and I put two and two together and thought, | 0:26:27 | 0:26:30 | |
"Well, this must be a little pig." | 0:26:30 | 0:26:32 | |
So I wasn't positive, that first time. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:36 | |
I think the next thing I saw was a chimpanzee hunting a red colobus. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:42 | |
There were two colobus, | 0:26:47 | 0:26:49 | |
one of whom was a female with a baby up a tree, emerging from the canopy, | 0:26:49 | 0:26:54 | |
and there were three or four adults and an adolescent. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:59 | |
The adolescent was creeping up the trunk | 0:27:00 | 0:27:03 | |
towards these two adult monkeys, | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
and the other adult chimps were sitting around. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:11 | |
Clearly, they were stationing themselves | 0:27:11 | 0:27:14 | |
so wherever those monkeys jumped, there would be a chimp to intercept. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:18 | |
But, in fact, the adolescent grabbed the infant from the mother | 0:27:29 | 0:27:35 | |
and raced down the tree, and I could see them eating it. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:39 | |
Fascinated. Because, after all, Louis sent me there, | 0:27:46 | 0:27:52 | |
because he believed that we might learn something | 0:27:52 | 0:27:55 | |
about how our earliest ancestors might have behaved and, of course, | 0:27:55 | 0:28:00 | |
we all know that they were hunters and there were chimpanzees - | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
thought to be vegetarians - actually hunting, | 0:28:03 | 0:28:06 | |
so they were hunting and they were using and making tools. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:10 | |
That was exactly perfect for Louis Leakey's ideas. | 0:28:10 | 0:28:14 | |
These discoveries won her the extra funding | 0:28:19 | 0:28:22 | |
she needed to continue researching at Gombe. | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
Louis Leakey had enticed the National Geographic Society | 0:28:25 | 0:28:28 | |
to come up with a grant. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:30 | |
The National Geographic saw, early on, that this...English...girl, | 0:28:30 | 0:28:37 | |
beautiful girl, | 0:28:37 | 0:28:39 | |
wandering about Africa, was extremely newsworthy | 0:28:39 | 0:28:43 | |
and was very exciting, | 0:28:43 | 0:28:44 | |
and so they not only had... | 0:28:44 | 0:28:50 | |
articles about her, photographs of her, | 0:28:50 | 0:28:53 | |
but they commissioned a film. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:56 | |
The cameraman they sent was a young Dutchman, Baron Hugo Van Lawick. | 0:28:56 | 0:29:03 | |
The National Geographic wanted a lecture film, | 0:29:03 | 0:29:06 | |
which would be used by Jane, | 0:29:06 | 0:29:09 | |
and they warned me | 0:29:09 | 0:29:10 | |
that I probably wouldn't get any material on chimps, | 0:29:10 | 0:29:12 | |
cos they were very shy. | 0:29:12 | 0:29:13 | |
But that didn't matter, | 0:29:13 | 0:29:15 | |
as long as I got material on her and how she lived there and so on. | 0:29:15 | 0:29:19 | |
Of course, personally, I wanted to get the material on chimps. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:23 | |
Now, they sent me there for six weeks, that was the brief, | 0:29:23 | 0:29:28 | |
but I actually stayed for three months. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:31 | |
I very well remember the day Hugo arrived. I'd never met him | 0:29:33 | 0:29:37 | |
and I came down from the hills, and there had been a fire, | 0:29:37 | 0:29:42 | |
and I was all black, and Hugo told me afterwards | 0:29:42 | 0:29:45 | |
he thought that I'd done it for show, | 0:29:45 | 0:29:47 | |
that I'd sort of made myself all black, | 0:29:47 | 0:29:49 | |
until he climbed up and found out that that wasn't true. | 0:29:49 | 0:29:52 | |
Anyway, there was this young, extremely handsome, | 0:29:52 | 0:29:55 | |
Dutch nobleman, and I thought, "Well, this is going to be OK." | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
Their shared interest in wildlife blossomed into love | 0:30:01 | 0:30:05 | |
and subsequently marriage. | 0:30:05 | 0:30:06 | |
And I remember getting a telegram saying, "Do you like emeralds?" | 0:30:08 | 0:30:12 | |
And I sent a telegram back saying, "Love emeralds, love you." | 0:30:12 | 0:30:17 | |
Meanwhile, Goodall's discoveries were stirring up interest | 0:30:23 | 0:30:27 | |
among the great and good of the British zoological establishment | 0:30:27 | 0:30:31 | |
and ruffling some feathers. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:33 | |
Early in 1962, there was a conference at the London Zoo | 0:30:33 | 0:30:37 | |
on the behaviour of primates, and Jane was present. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:41 | |
Her first results were in and they were very exciting. | 0:30:41 | 0:30:44 | |
In one particular respect, she had given us some new ideas | 0:30:44 | 0:30:49 | |
about the sexual behaviour of chimpanzees. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:52 | |
Chimps are very promiscuous. What she first observed | 0:30:52 | 0:30:56 | |
was that there were many females and many males, | 0:30:56 | 0:31:00 | |
and the females mated with all the males, | 0:31:00 | 0:31:01 | |
and the males mated with all the females. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:04 | |
But it's different from gorillas, for example, | 0:31:04 | 0:31:07 | |
where, in general, you have several females | 0:31:07 | 0:31:09 | |
and just one silver-backed male, | 0:31:09 | 0:31:11 | |
and he is the one who mates with the females. | 0:31:11 | 0:31:14 | |
But in groups like baboons, | 0:31:14 | 0:31:16 | |
where there are many males and many females, | 0:31:16 | 0:31:19 | |
it not just the alpha male fathering the infants, | 0:31:19 | 0:31:23 | |
although he has the advantage, as they do in chimps. | 0:31:23 | 0:31:26 | |
Goodall's observations contradicted | 0:31:26 | 0:31:28 | |
another accepted belief about primates - | 0:31:28 | 0:31:31 | |
that the dominant male in a group had exclusive access to the females. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:35 | |
The main proponent of the idea that alpha males had harems | 0:31:38 | 0:31:42 | |
was the kingpin of British science, Sir Solly Zuckerman. | 0:31:42 | 0:31:47 | |
'He's called the Chief Scientific Adviser, | 0:31:47 | 0:31:49 | |
'but he's really much more than that. | 0:31:49 | 0:31:51 | |
'He's the main ambassador of scientists to the Government, | 0:31:51 | 0:31:54 | |
'and all through Whitehall, you'll hear people saying, | 0:31:54 | 0:31:58 | |
' "Sir Solly says..." ' | 0:31:58 | 0:31:59 | |
Solly Zuckerman was Louis Leakey's bete noire, for one. | 0:31:59 | 0:32:02 | |
He studied hamadryas baboons in the zoo. Therefore, they had... | 0:32:02 | 0:32:07 | |
all monkeys, and the chimpanzees as well, had a harem system, | 0:32:07 | 0:32:11 | |
he was convinced. | 0:32:11 | 0:32:12 | |
And when I was giving my first paper, he was chairman. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:18 | |
We were outraged when one of the elderly primatologists present | 0:32:20 | 0:32:24 | |
suggested that this somehow reflected Jane's sexual behaviour, | 0:32:24 | 0:32:27 | |
that she was simply seeing the chimpanzee as a reflection | 0:32:27 | 0:32:31 | |
of her own sexual behaviour, | 0:32:31 | 0:32:33 | |
which we thought was absolutely outrageous, | 0:32:33 | 0:32:35 | |
and I remember getting up and asking a question and trying | 0:32:35 | 0:32:39 | |
to get Jane to defend herself against these...scurrilous remarks. | 0:32:39 | 0:32:44 | |
Desmond Morris, who believed that chimpanzees didn't have harems | 0:32:44 | 0:32:49 | |
and now had me to prove it, asked me this question, | 0:32:49 | 0:32:52 | |
and Solly turned and asked somebody else for a question. | 0:32:52 | 0:32:55 | |
This happened three times, and the third time, Desmond turned | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
and asked me directly, which was against all protocol. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:02 | |
So I didn't quite know what to do, but I answered. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:05 | |
I remember coming out of that conference seething with anger | 0:33:05 | 0:33:09 | |
and afterwards, I got a letter | 0:33:09 | 0:33:12 | |
from Solly Zuckerman, and it ends with this sentence. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:17 | |
He said, | 0:33:17 | 0:33:18 | |
"I want you to know about my anxiety, lest a subject which has been usually | 0:33:18 | 0:33:23 | |
"marked by unscientific treatment | 0:33:23 | 0:33:25 | |
"should continue in the unscientific shadows because of glamour." | 0:33:25 | 0:33:31 | |
He was telling me that I was being led astray by glamour - | 0:33:31 | 0:33:33 | |
this beautiful young blonde - who was out there with, you know, sort of... | 0:33:33 | 0:33:37 | |
Beauty and the Beast, Tarzan and the Apes and so on, | 0:33:37 | 0:33:42 | |
and was accusing me of being led astray by Jane's glamorous appearance | 0:33:42 | 0:33:47 | |
and was accusing her | 0:33:47 | 0:33:48 | |
of misinterpreting the chimpanzees' behaviour. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:52 | |
Which, you know, I think's very funny. | 0:33:55 | 0:33:59 | |
Today it's considered... I mean, oh, it's awful | 0:33:59 | 0:34:01 | |
and it's cos Jane's a girl and it's got all these twists to it, | 0:34:01 | 0:34:06 | |
but I just found it funny. | 0:34:06 | 0:34:07 | |
In 1965, National Geographic launched its new star on television. | 0:34:10 | 0:34:17 | |
20 million homes tuned in to the first showing | 0:34:17 | 0:34:20 | |
of Miss Goodall And The Wild Chimpanzees. | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
It was to be the first of many documentaries. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:25 | |
One of the reasons that people did romanticise Jane and her work | 0:34:27 | 0:34:31 | |
is because of those early National Geographic films | 0:34:31 | 0:34:33 | |
that just show her kind of wandering through forested glades | 0:34:33 | 0:34:38 | |
with kind of beams of sunlight kind of shining | 0:34:38 | 0:34:41 | |
on her beautiful blonde hair. | 0:34:41 | 0:34:43 | |
It was all kind of rather Timotei shampoo advertisement, | 0:34:43 | 0:34:49 | |
in some ways, whereas it's not quite the reality of it! | 0:34:49 | 0:34:53 | |
I've often thought that it was just one of the other gifts | 0:34:55 | 0:34:59 | |
my parents - combined, I suppose - gave me... | 0:34:59 | 0:35:01 | |
a certain attractive appearance, which served | 0:35:01 | 0:35:05 | |
the Geographic very well, served Louis Leakey very well | 0:35:05 | 0:35:08 | |
and probably helped to spread the message. | 0:35:08 | 0:35:11 | |
So if you get a gift, use it. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:13 | |
While National Geographic helped to provide the fame and glamour, | 0:35:13 | 0:35:18 | |
Jane Goodall also received the academic recognition | 0:35:18 | 0:35:21 | |
that had been denied her a few years earlier. | 0:35:21 | 0:35:23 | |
In 1966, Cambridge University awarded her | 0:35:26 | 0:35:30 | |
a doctorate for the contribution to the science of chimpanzee behaviour. | 0:35:30 | 0:35:34 | |
Her studies had been made a great deal easier | 0:35:34 | 0:35:38 | |
when the chimps began to visit her camp in search of bananas. | 0:35:38 | 0:35:44 | |
Provisioning wild chimps | 0:35:46 | 0:35:47 | |
with bananas would later prove to be a controversial decision. | 0:35:47 | 0:35:51 | |
It was accepted practice at the time | 0:35:51 | 0:35:54 | |
and greatly enhanced the study of chimp behaviour. | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
It is the easiest way to communicate with an animal to offer it food. | 0:35:57 | 0:36:04 | |
One is you drawing it in, | 0:36:04 | 0:36:06 | |
but you also saying, "I don't want to hurt you." | 0:36:06 | 0:36:10 | |
So it's a kind of universal language amongst all animals, isn't it? | 0:36:10 | 0:36:14 | |
To be honest, it would take decades | 0:36:14 | 0:36:19 | |
to get that kind of proximity | 0:36:19 | 0:36:22 | |
to chimps without using bananas to speed up the process. | 0:36:22 | 0:36:27 | |
Jane and Hugo's son was born in 1967. | 0:36:36 | 0:36:40 | |
Christened Hugo, it wasn't long before they renamed him Grub. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:44 | |
When Grub was very little, he didn't want to eat solid foods. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:50 | |
At the time, the chimp Goblin was about the same age | 0:36:50 | 0:36:54 | |
and Goblin always was covered with straw and earth | 0:36:54 | 0:36:58 | |
and banana all over himself, so he became known as Goblin Grub | 0:36:58 | 0:37:02 | |
and so Grub became known as Grublin Gob. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:05 | |
That was his original name. | 0:37:05 | 0:37:07 | |
'When I was very young,' | 0:37:08 | 0:37:10 | |
up to the age of four, | 0:37:10 | 0:37:12 | |
I spent most of my time up at chimp camp in... | 0:37:12 | 0:37:17 | |
in a cage, basically. | 0:37:17 | 0:37:20 | |
We, unfortunately, know that chimpanzees | 0:37:22 | 0:37:25 | |
occasionally eat human babies. | 0:37:25 | 0:37:27 | |
Their favourite prey, at least in our area, is other primates | 0:37:27 | 0:37:32 | |
and so we built a cage, | 0:37:32 | 0:37:35 | |
it was a very safe, strong cage, and that was | 0:37:35 | 0:37:40 | |
inside the room up at the chimp camp | 0:37:40 | 0:37:42 | |
and that's where Grub was before he could walk and then we had | 0:37:42 | 0:37:47 | |
a caged-in veranda down on the beach | 0:37:47 | 0:37:49 | |
where the chimps don't go very often for when he was older. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:52 | |
But he never could be outside that cage without responsible adults. | 0:37:52 | 0:37:58 | |
And I remember the feeding time for the chimps, | 0:37:58 | 0:38:01 | |
when the bananas were being fed to the chimps | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
because they always became very excited at that point | 0:38:04 | 0:38:06 | |
and that was always | 0:38:06 | 0:38:08 | |
when I became fearful because they'd make a lot of noise. | 0:38:08 | 0:38:10 | |
CHIMPS SCREAM | 0:38:10 | 0:38:13 | |
And display outside the window | 0:38:13 | 0:38:15 | |
and jump up on the bars | 0:38:15 | 0:38:18 | |
and to me, it was like they were trying to get in to attack me, | 0:38:18 | 0:38:22 | |
so for me it was quite scary at the time. | 0:38:22 | 0:38:27 | |
CHIMPS SCREAM | 0:38:27 | 0:38:30 | |
The sound is really very terrifying when the chimps become excited and, | 0:38:30 | 0:38:37 | |
you know, at Gombe, with the hills around, the sounds echo. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:41 | |
SCREAMS ECHO | 0:38:41 | 0:38:43 | |
You know, the sounds are coming | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
from everywhere and it's very, very frightening. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:49 | |
Grub's experiences at chimp-feeding time lead to a strong preference | 0:38:51 | 0:38:55 | |
for the house beside the lake. | 0:38:55 | 0:38:57 | |
After that time, of course, I'd see the chimps | 0:38:57 | 0:38:59 | |
from time to time down on the beach, but I would never go back up | 0:38:59 | 0:39:05 | |
to chimp camp up in the forest | 0:39:05 | 0:39:07 | |
and basically, once I could put my foot down and say no, | 0:39:07 | 0:39:10 | |
that's what I said was no and "I'll stay down on the beach | 0:39:10 | 0:39:14 | |
"and keep away from them, basically". | 0:39:14 | 0:39:16 | |
I always had this fear of chimps until, I mean, even now, | 0:39:18 | 0:39:22 | |
I don't feel comfortable | 0:39:22 | 0:39:23 | |
going up into the forest with the chimps. | 0:39:23 | 0:39:27 | |
It's not exactly a phobia, | 0:39:27 | 0:39:29 | |
but I definitely don't feel comfortable around the chimps. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:33 | |
Apart from raising a child, and running an expanding team | 0:39:34 | 0:39:38 | |
of young researchers, Goodall wrote In The Shadow of Man, | 0:39:38 | 0:39:42 | |
an immediate bestseller. | 0:39:42 | 0:39:44 | |
She's a natural storyteller. She manages to | 0:39:46 | 0:39:49 | |
assemble a very diverse set of confusing information | 0:39:49 | 0:39:55 | |
into elegantly-described accounts that fit stories. | 0:39:55 | 0:40:03 | |
"Old Flo lay on her back in the early morning sunshine, | 0:40:04 | 0:40:07 | |
"her belly full of palm nuts | 0:40:07 | 0:40:10 | |
"and suspended Flint above her, | 0:40:10 | 0:40:12 | |
"grasping one of his minute wrists | 0:40:12 | 0:40:14 | |
"with her large horny foot." | 0:40:14 | 0:40:16 | |
"As he dangled, gently waving his free arm and kicking with his legs, | 0:40:16 | 0:40:21 | |
"she reached up and tickled him | 0:40:21 | 0:40:23 | |
"in his groin and his neck | 0:40:23 | 0:40:25 | |
"until he opened his mouth in the play face or chimpanzee smile." | 0:40:25 | 0:40:29 | |
After In The Shadow Of Man came out, | 0:40:31 | 0:40:34 | |
I think it made her so famous she was | 0:40:34 | 0:40:37 | |
getting stacks of fan mail every time the mail boat came. | 0:40:37 | 0:40:41 | |
And I remember seeing this one particular picture in it, | 0:40:42 | 0:40:44 | |
which I still have quite vividly in my mind, | 0:40:44 | 0:40:47 | |
of her camp that she set up with her mother Vanne | 0:40:47 | 0:40:50 | |
when she first arrived | 0:40:50 | 0:40:51 | |
and I remember just thinking, now, that's where I want to live. | 0:40:51 | 0:40:57 | |
That's my ideal home, | 0:40:57 | 0:40:59 | |
bit of washing and a cooking pot outside | 0:40:59 | 0:41:03 | |
and I thought that was just fantastic. | 0:41:03 | 0:41:05 | |
It was not long after publication | 0:41:07 | 0:41:09 | |
that one of the book principal characters died. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:12 | |
"Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed, | 0:41:18 | 0:41:22 | |
"it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream. | 0:41:22 | 0:41:27 | |
"For me, it was like losing an old friend." | 0:41:27 | 0:41:31 | |
Jane was certainly very upset | 0:41:31 | 0:41:33 | |
because she had known Flo for so long | 0:41:33 | 0:41:35 | |
and more than that, Flo had meant so much | 0:41:35 | 0:41:38 | |
because it was the introduction | 0:41:38 | 0:41:40 | |
to the Flo family that had really been the breakthrough | 0:41:40 | 0:41:43 | |
in terms of getting to know individual differences so very well. | 0:41:43 | 0:41:47 | |
Flo had an obituary in the Sunday Times, which I wrote. | 0:41:49 | 0:41:53 | |
I think it was one of the very, very few obituaries | 0:41:53 | 0:41:56 | |
to a non-human or other than human animal. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
I just wrote that, that there was this wild chimpanzee that | 0:42:00 | 0:42:06 | |
I'd learned so much about and spent so many wonderful hours with | 0:42:06 | 0:42:10 | |
and she taught me such a lot | 0:42:10 | 0:42:13 | |
and it was sad from the point of view of what we were learning, | 0:42:13 | 0:42:17 | |
but also, you know, she had her own wild individuality | 0:42:17 | 0:42:21 | |
and person and that I would mourn that. | 0:42:21 | 0:42:25 | |
But the sense of loss was felt most by Flo's son, Flint. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:32 | |
For Flint, of course, even though he'd been, you know, mean to her, | 0:42:32 | 0:42:36 | |
was desperately psychologically attached to her | 0:42:36 | 0:42:40 | |
and then there was the extraordinary three weeks | 0:42:40 | 0:42:43 | |
when Flint barely moved more than | 0:42:43 | 0:42:46 | |
15 yards away from where her body had collapsed on the edge of the stream. | 0:42:46 | 0:42:51 | |
Astonishingly, he just grew weaker and weaker and died. | 0:42:53 | 0:42:57 | |
When the people doing the postmortem | 0:42:59 | 0:43:03 | |
could find no particular problem with him, | 0:43:03 | 0:43:06 | |
then the concept of him dying | 0:43:06 | 0:43:09 | |
from a broken heart seemed really perfectly reasonable. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:12 | |
Until now, Hugo's camerawork | 0:43:16 | 0:43:18 | |
had captured many of the key events at Gombe, | 0:43:18 | 0:43:22 | |
but the pursuit of their separate career paths led to estrangement | 0:43:22 | 0:43:27 | |
and eventually divorce in 1974. | 0:43:27 | 0:43:30 | |
The remote forest that Goodall once explored alone | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
was now filled with young | 0:43:35 | 0:43:37 | |
researchers from the universities of the United States and Europe. | 0:43:37 | 0:43:41 | |
Gombe had also been made a National Park | 0:43:41 | 0:43:45 | |
with the help of the man who became her second husband, Derek Bryceson. | 0:43:45 | 0:43:50 | |
She was to nurse him through a long period of cancer | 0:43:50 | 0:43:54 | |
before he died in 1980. | 0:43:54 | 0:43:56 | |
In her absence, researchers continued to record | 0:43:57 | 0:44:01 | |
the succeeding generations of Gombe chimps. | 0:44:01 | 0:44:03 | |
Flo's daughter Fifi | 0:44:03 | 0:44:04 | |
was to be the mother of yet more charismatic members of the F family. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:10 | |
The family line is very, very plentiful. | 0:44:12 | 0:44:15 | |
Fifi had nine infants. | 0:44:15 | 0:44:19 | |
Only two of those died, | 0:44:19 | 0:44:21 | |
so she's now got five or six completely adult offspring, | 0:44:21 | 0:44:27 | |
children, grandchildren and even a couple of great-grandchildren. | 0:44:27 | 0:44:32 | |
But now this community of world famous chimps | 0:44:35 | 0:44:38 | |
began to reveal a more sinister side. | 0:44:38 | 0:44:41 | |
Having shown themselves to be voracious hunters of other primates, | 0:44:44 | 0:44:49 | |
they now began to slaughter their own kind. | 0:44:49 | 0:44:52 | |
The main study community, the Kasekela community, got rather | 0:44:55 | 0:45:00 | |
a lot of males, there were like 17 and normally, you know, 10 was big. | 0:45:00 | 0:45:05 | |
So the community began to divide | 0:45:07 | 0:45:09 | |
for whatever reason and a smaller part of it was seven males | 0:45:09 | 0:45:14 | |
and four adult females moved off to the south | 0:45:14 | 0:45:17 | |
and gradually kind of took over part of the range | 0:45:17 | 0:45:21 | |
they all had once shared. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:23 | |
And then the males of the larger Kasekela community | 0:45:23 | 0:45:29 | |
began systematically invading the heart of this territory | 0:45:29 | 0:45:32 | |
the southerners had carved out for themselves | 0:45:32 | 0:45:35 | |
and if they found an individual, attacking | 0:45:35 | 0:45:38 | |
and attacking brutally and leaving them to die of their wounds. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
They annihilated an entire community that way. | 0:45:41 | 0:45:45 | |
What was fascinating about it is that they clearly show | 0:45:51 | 0:45:55 | |
a differentiation between my group and the other group | 0:45:55 | 0:45:59 | |
and so the split off individuals, who they knew, | 0:45:59 | 0:46:03 | |
it was like a civil war, really. | 0:46:03 | 0:46:07 | |
They treated them in ways that we'd never seen them treat an individual | 0:46:07 | 0:46:12 | |
of their own community, ways which you see when they're hunting | 0:46:12 | 0:46:16 | |
and trying to kill an adult prey animal. | 0:46:16 | 0:46:19 | |
It was horrible, I mean, cupping the victim's head as he lay bleeding | 0:46:22 | 0:46:25 | |
with blood pouring from his nose and drinking the blood. | 0:46:25 | 0:46:28 | |
Twisting a limb to try and twist it off, | 0:46:28 | 0:46:31 | |
tearing pieces of skin with their teeth. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:34 | |
Never see that in a fight within a community | 0:46:34 | 0:46:37 | |
and yet these were individuals they travelled with, | 0:46:37 | 0:46:41 | |
fed with, played with, grown up with. | 0:46:41 | 0:46:43 | |
The chimp-on-chimp violence in Gombe was a sensation. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:52 | |
Some academics wanted to cover it up. | 0:46:52 | 0:46:54 | |
Others said it was something peculiar to Gombe. | 0:46:54 | 0:46:58 | |
They suggested that it arose from | 0:46:58 | 0:47:00 | |
the artificial conditions that came with the provisioning of bananas. | 0:47:00 | 0:47:03 | |
It was not a good idea to feed bananas to chimpanzees because it | 0:47:03 | 0:47:09 | |
distorts things from a situation, a context, | 0:47:09 | 0:47:12 | |
that you don't really have a good feeling for in the first place. | 0:47:12 | 0:47:17 | |
But how, my goodness, you know, here we have for the first time, | 0:47:17 | 0:47:22 | |
the opportunity for somebody to spend close time with a species | 0:47:22 | 0:47:27 | |
that she and no-one else in the world is recognising | 0:47:27 | 0:47:31 | |
to be astonishingly similar to humans. | 0:47:31 | 0:47:34 | |
We don't know if the banana-provisioning system | 0:47:36 | 0:47:39 | |
or some other feature of what Jane did in Gombe | 0:47:39 | 0:47:43 | |
could have affected the pattern of the killing, | 0:47:43 | 0:47:48 | |
but it is clear that it did not CREATE it. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:52 | |
Chimpanzees have a propensity to kill their neighbours. | 0:47:52 | 0:47:56 | |
Brutal forms of inter-communal violence have been observed among | 0:47:57 | 0:48:01 | |
communities that have never been provisioned with food. | 0:48:01 | 0:48:04 | |
The notion of chimpanzees being interested in the possibility | 0:48:04 | 0:48:10 | |
of being able to launch brutal attacks on a neighbouring male | 0:48:10 | 0:48:14 | |
is quite clearly supported by what we see in | 0:48:14 | 0:48:17 | |
the community that I and my group study | 0:48:17 | 0:48:20 | |
and also by the studies in a nearby community in Kibale at Ngogo. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:27 | |
They've seen many brutal and killing attacks. | 0:48:27 | 0:48:30 | |
At first, I didn't want to believe it. | 0:48:34 | 0:48:37 | |
It went against all that I'd always thought, | 0:48:37 | 0:48:39 | |
that they were like us, but nicer than us. | 0:48:39 | 0:48:42 | |
But at the same time, once I accepted it, | 0:48:44 | 0:48:48 | |
because of what was happening, it made them even more fascinating. | 0:48:48 | 0:48:54 | |
It helped us, I think, understand ourselves a bit better, | 0:48:54 | 0:48:57 | |
our evolutionary history. | 0:48:57 | 0:49:00 | |
At Gombe, ferocious attacks | 0:49:04 | 0:49:06 | |
on outsiders have continued spasmodically over the years. | 0:49:06 | 0:49:11 | |
And recently, the most notoriously brutal, even sadistic, | 0:49:11 | 0:49:15 | |
male has been Frodo, Fifi's second son. | 0:49:15 | 0:49:18 | |
Here seen mortally wounding a young adolescent. | 0:49:18 | 0:49:23 | |
In 2002, he brought Gombe back | 0:49:23 | 0:49:27 | |
into the international spotlight by killing | 0:49:27 | 0:49:30 | |
a human child. | 0:49:30 | 0:49:33 | |
TRANSLATION: I was overwhelmed by the sudden attack. | 0:49:36 | 0:49:38 | |
The chimpanzee started unwrapping the cloth | 0:49:38 | 0:49:40 | |
I'd tied my baby to my back with | 0:49:40 | 0:49:43 | |
and then ran off with my child. | 0:49:43 | 0:49:45 | |
Well, I was pretty horrified, | 0:49:48 | 0:49:50 | |
but it was something which we had predicted might happen. | 0:49:50 | 0:49:55 | |
Frodo was a great hunter. | 0:49:55 | 0:49:56 | |
Chimpanzees are known to hunt small human children, | 0:49:56 | 0:49:59 | |
just as they hunt small monkeys, and it was a shock, but, as I say, | 0:49:59 | 0:50:05 | |
we had actually thought it might happen and that's why | 0:50:05 | 0:50:07 | |
it was so unfortunate | 0:50:07 | 0:50:09 | |
that this woman felt she had to go through the park with her child, | 0:50:09 | 0:50:12 | |
which she wasn't allowed to do. | 0:50:12 | 0:50:14 | |
I was not particularly surprised because outside Kibale, in my own | 0:50:17 | 0:50:23 | |
area, we had had a male who had killed several babies | 0:50:23 | 0:50:28 | |
in the villages to eat them. | 0:50:28 | 0:50:31 | |
Although Frodo's killing of a human baby stirred | 0:50:33 | 0:50:36 | |
some interest in the British press, | 0:50:36 | 0:50:39 | |
neither Jane Goodall nor the Tanzanian authorities | 0:50:39 | 0:50:42 | |
saw any need to take any form of retribution on the chimpanzee. | 0:50:42 | 0:50:46 | |
Nobody ever suggested killing Frodo, not the national parks, | 0:50:46 | 0:50:50 | |
not anybody and I think even the family realised | 0:50:50 | 0:50:54 | |
that although it was a tragedy, it wasn't really Frodo's fault. | 0:50:54 | 0:50:58 | |
Frodo, a chimp capable of such bestial behaviour, is known | 0:51:00 | 0:51:05 | |
to be gentle and playful with the young chimps in his own community. | 0:51:05 | 0:51:08 | |
It seems that, as with humans, | 0:51:10 | 0:51:12 | |
an individual chimpanzee can be capable of terrible savagery | 0:51:12 | 0:51:17 | |
and yet, show apparent tenderness. | 0:51:17 | 0:51:19 | |
What we're learning from chimpanzees is what we see in humans | 0:51:21 | 0:51:25 | |
is very likely part of our biology. | 0:51:25 | 0:51:28 | |
When Dostoevsky says, "In every man a demon lies hidden", | 0:51:28 | 0:51:33 | |
that's what I feel about chimpanzees and the fact | 0:51:33 | 0:51:37 | |
that it's our closest relative | 0:51:37 | 0:51:39 | |
that is able to, on the one hand, | 0:51:39 | 0:51:43 | |
have extremely well-organised, courteous, | 0:51:43 | 0:51:45 | |
sensible relationships within groups and yet, at the same time is tempted, | 0:51:45 | 0:51:50 | |
as it were, to impose appalling | 0:51:50 | 0:51:53 | |
punishment on enemies, | 0:51:53 | 0:51:54 | |
the fact that you have this amazing combination | 0:51:54 | 0:51:58 | |
in our closest living relative, | 0:51:58 | 0:52:01 | |
and that it appears so vividly in ourselves, | 0:52:01 | 0:52:04 | |
clearly suggests that there is an underlying biology which is the same. | 0:52:04 | 0:52:08 | |
Across Lake Tanganyika, in the Congo, the darker side | 0:52:13 | 0:52:17 | |
of our own human nature has led to social upheaval | 0:52:17 | 0:52:21 | |
and atrocities on a vast scale. | 0:52:21 | 0:52:24 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:52:24 | 0:52:26 | |
Protracted civil war in the Congo | 0:52:26 | 0:52:28 | |
and ethnic conflict in neighbouring Burundi | 0:52:28 | 0:52:30 | |
caused thousands of refugees to settle around Gombe. | 0:52:30 | 0:52:34 | |
Their desperate search for food and timber, accelerated a process | 0:52:34 | 0:52:39 | |
of environmental destruction | 0:52:39 | 0:52:40 | |
that was already underway around the borders of the park. | 0:52:40 | 0:52:45 | |
When I looked down from the plane and flew over Gombe and | 0:52:45 | 0:52:49 | |
the surrounding area, I was totally horrified by the devastation. | 0:52:49 | 0:52:53 | |
It seemed to me that all the trees | 0:52:53 | 0:52:56 | |
had gone except those that had been planted for shade, introduced trees | 0:52:56 | 0:52:59 | |
and those in the very, very steep ravines | 0:52:59 | 0:53:03 | |
where even desperate farmers couldn't try to cultivate. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:06 | |
The slopes in many cases were completely infertile | 0:53:06 | 0:53:10 | |
and in some cases, because it was the dry season, | 0:53:10 | 0:53:15 | |
it really looked as though we were flying over desert land. | 0:53:15 | 0:53:18 | |
It was very clear that this was because there were more | 0:53:22 | 0:53:26 | |
people living there than the land could support, | 0:53:26 | 0:53:29 | |
swelled by refugees coming from Burundi and Congo | 0:53:29 | 0:53:35 | |
and I realised that there was no way to save the precious chimpanzees | 0:53:35 | 0:53:39 | |
while people were struggling to survive. | 0:53:39 | 0:53:42 | |
It became clear that chimpanzee populations all over Africa were | 0:53:45 | 0:53:50 | |
being threatened by destruction of their habitat | 0:53:50 | 0:53:54 | |
as well as being hunted for their meat. | 0:53:54 | 0:53:57 | |
Jane Goodall began to use her fame to campaign for conservation. | 0:53:57 | 0:54:02 | |
It wasn't a question of asking myself, well, do I really | 0:54:05 | 0:54:07 | |
want to give all this up and change, I just changed, just like that. | 0:54:07 | 0:54:13 | |
Jane has spent the last 25 years on a non-stop global mission | 0:54:13 | 0:54:19 | |
to promote conservation and animal rights. | 0:54:19 | 0:54:22 | |
I've been on the road, I can't remember, forever. | 0:54:22 | 0:54:25 | |
At the moment, she's travelling | 0:54:25 | 0:54:28 | |
around, ooh, 275, 280 days a year, | 0:54:28 | 0:54:32 | |
non-stop. | 0:54:32 | 0:54:34 | |
Just in October this year, Lubbock, Los Angeles, Portland, | 0:54:34 | 0:54:40 | |
Eugene, Spokane, Edmonton, Toronto, London, Kitchener, Hamilton. | 0:54:40 | 0:54:45 | |
How are you? | 0:54:45 | 0:54:47 | |
It's moving, it's lecturing, it's talking, but most days start | 0:54:47 | 0:54:49 | |
around 6.30-7. they rarely finish before midnight or 1am. | 0:54:49 | 0:54:52 | |
Oh, what a pleasure to meet you. | 0:54:52 | 0:54:56 | |
I have been on the road approximately 300 days every year. | 0:54:56 | 0:55:00 | |
The entire package of going into the forest, a sort of beauty | 0:55:00 | 0:55:04 | |
and the beast kind of thing, | 0:55:04 | 0:55:07 | |
saving up the money, being picked up by National Geographic | 0:55:07 | 0:55:09 | |
and, yes, becoming a cover girl, | 0:55:09 | 0:55:13 | |
that's all tied up in giving a certain mystique | 0:55:13 | 0:55:16 | |
which is incredibly useful to open doors. | 0:55:16 | 0:55:20 | |
And I would like to bring you | 0:55:20 | 0:55:22 | |
the voice of these amazing beings with whom we share the planet | 0:55:22 | 0:55:27 | |
and I would like to bring you the sound which, | 0:55:27 | 0:55:30 | |
before too long, may not be heard any more in the forests of Africa, | 0:55:30 | 0:55:35 | |
the sound made by contented chimpanzees | 0:55:35 | 0:55:39 | |
when they've had a good day, their stomachs are full, | 0:55:39 | 0:55:42 | |
they're getting ready to spend the night | 0:55:42 | 0:55:44 | |
under the African stars or the moon, lying in their leafy tree top beds. | 0:55:44 | 0:55:50 | |
Hoo-hooo-hooo-hooo! | 0:55:50 | 0:55:57 | |
Haa! | 0:55:57 | 0:56:01 | |
This sound has not been heard before in this room, I'm sure of that. | 0:56:01 | 0:56:06 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:56:06 | 0:56:08 | |
But it needed to be heard. | 0:56:12 | 0:56:15 | |
It's a voice that is heard strongest around Gombe, the launch pad for her | 0:56:18 | 0:56:23 | |
Roots & Shoots youth movement, | 0:56:23 | 0:56:25 | |
promoting care for animals and the environment. | 0:56:25 | 0:56:28 | |
It has spread to over 120 countries. | 0:56:28 | 0:56:33 | |
The Jane Goodall Institute raises 15 million a year for Gombe, | 0:56:33 | 0:56:37 | |
Tanzania and conservation in general | 0:56:37 | 0:56:40 | |
and in 2002, the United Nation's Kofi Annan | 0:56:41 | 0:56:44 | |
made her a UN messenger of peace. | 0:56:44 | 0:56:48 | |
Yet above all, she still represents the chimpanzees. | 0:56:48 | 0:56:53 | |
Chimpanzees show so many amazing commonalities with humans. | 0:56:53 | 0:56:59 | |
The long-term friendly bonds between members of the family, | 0:56:59 | 0:57:04 | |
the communication patterns that include kissing, embracing, | 0:57:04 | 0:57:08 | |
holding hands, patting one another | 0:57:08 | 0:57:12 | |
on the back, the fact that they can co-operate to solve a problem, | 0:57:12 | 0:57:17 | |
they can use and even make tools. | 0:57:17 | 0:57:20 | |
Of course, | 0:57:20 | 0:57:22 | |
like us, they have a brutal side to their nature, | 0:57:22 | 0:57:25 | |
they are capable of behaviour like a kind of primitive war, | 0:57:25 | 0:57:28 | |
but they also show behaviour | 0:57:28 | 0:57:31 | |
that is like our compassion and love and altruism. | 0:57:31 | 0:57:37 | |
The unfolding drama of life among the chimps of Gombe | 0:57:42 | 0:57:45 | |
is still the inspiration for new ground-breaking research | 0:57:45 | 0:57:49 | |
and Dame Jane Goodall campaigning and fundraising | 0:57:49 | 0:57:53 | |
has now begun to reverse the environmental devastation | 0:57:53 | 0:57:56 | |
there and in other parts of Africa. | 0:57:56 | 0:57:58 | |
It is this absolute determination to succeed against the odds | 0:58:01 | 0:58:05 | |
which explains how half a century ago | 0:58:05 | 0:58:08 | |
she entered a remote African forest | 0:58:08 | 0:58:11 | |
and transformed our understanding of chimpanzees and ourselves. | 0:58:11 | 0:58:15 | |
What do you do when you've had enough of an interview? | 0:58:22 | 0:58:25 | |
Oh-ho! | 0:58:25 | 0:58:28 | |
That do? Oh-oh! | 0:58:28 | 0:58:30 | |
Oh-oh! | 0:58:30 | 0:58:32 | |
-And that means? -Go away! | 0:58:34 | 0:58:37 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:58 | 0:59:00 |