Jane Goodall: Beauty and the Beasts


Jane Goodall: Beauty and the Beasts

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In July 1960, a 26-year-old secretary from Bournemouth

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entered a remote forest in Africa in search of wild chimpanzees.

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The whole business of wandering about in Africa,

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in the wilds of Africa, was in itself extraordinary

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and here was a girl from southern England brought up in, you know,

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what did she know about Africa?

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And how could she survive?

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But within a few months, Jane Goodall was making

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discoveries that would help change our entire understanding

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of the species closest to us

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and challenge the science of what differentiates human from animal.

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Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique.

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Absolutely extraordinary because she has made everybody

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aware of chimpanzees and aware of the closeness between us and chimpanzees.

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Where male scientists had floundered, she became accepted

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by a group of wild apes

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and revealed the unknown world of chimpanzee behaviour.

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For many people, Jane has been a major, major inspiration.

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You know, I think a lot of young people,

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but particularly young women, must have seen

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those films and thought, what a wonderful thing to do with your life.

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"The soft pressure of his fingers spoke to me,

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"not through my intellect,

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"but through a more primitive emotional channel.

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"The barrier of untold centuries,

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"which has grown up during the separate evolution

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"of man and chimpanzee was, for those few seconds, broken down.

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"It was a reward far beyond my greatest hopes."

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Then the notion that, not only was she surviving,

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but that she was living alongside these extraordinary animals,

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and that they were accepting her, was fabulous.

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I mean, in an almost literary sense

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that it became a fable of Beauty and the Beast.

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Gombe Stream Forest Reserve borders the Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika

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in what is now Tanzania.

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Although the reserve had been created to protect

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its population of chimpanzees, they had never been studied.

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When Jane Goodall arrived in July 1960,

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she had enough finances to last six months.

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Six months to get close to a shy,

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yet potentially violent species of wild animal.

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She recorded her experiences in a set of remarkable journals,

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which would eventually be crafted into the bestseller

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In The Shadow Of Man.

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Since dawn I had climbed up and down the steep mountain slopes

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and pushed my way through the dense valley forests.

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Again and again I had stopped to listen or to gaze through binoculars

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at the surrounding countryside.

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In two hours, darkness would fall

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over the rugged terrain of the Gombe Stream Reserve.

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I settled down at my favourite vantage point, the peak,"

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hoping that at least I might see a chimpanzee make its nest

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for the night before I had to stop work for the day.

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The first few weeks it was day after day,

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every day, no Saturdays, no Sundays, in fact, after a while

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I didn't know when Saturdays and Sundays were.

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Up at dawn, down at dusk.

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I would sit up on this peak and look out with my binoculars.

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I had a little tin trunk and a kettle on a wire and a blanket.

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That was it.

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For three and a half months, she failed to get closer than 50 yards.

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It was a bitter disappointment.

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I felt frustration, even despair.

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There were times when I wondered

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if they would ever permit me to approach them.

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Then, early one afternoon,

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she encountered the chimpanzee who would change her life.

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Nothing happened until 1.30, then I heard a measured tread

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and down the hill, straight towards me, came a very handsome male chimp.

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White beard, paleish face, long, black shining hair.

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He got to within ten yards and suddenly saw me.

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His expression was one of amazement.

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He stopped abruptly, stared, put his head on one side

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and then on the other,

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and then turned and continued off into the undergrowth.

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David Greybeard was, without doubt,

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the chimpanzee I remember with the most affection.

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He was the first one who lost his fear of me.

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He was the one who really helped me go into a magic world,

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the world of the wild chimpanzees.

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David Greybeard opened up to Jane Goodall what would become known as

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the Kasekela community, named after the valley where she set up camp.

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Instinctively, she concentrated on them as individuals.

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Over the next 50 years, they would yield up a gold seam

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of scientific revelation that is as rich today as it was then.

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Flo and Olly were the two females

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that spent a lot of time together

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and I learned a lot about mothering skills from them and the close bonds

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between mothers and offspring, between brothers and sisters.

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Flo was to become the matriarch of successive generations

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of what Goodall termed the F family.

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Their unfolding relationships and real-life dramas

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would turn them into household names.

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Flint, Flo's son, was the first infant

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whose development in the wild

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could be recorded step by step and just about day by day.

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Flint was seven, eight years old when I was there.

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He behaved like a four or five year old.

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He tried to ride on her,

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he succeeded in riding on her, this poor old woman,

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her son who was about half her body weight,

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would sometimes whimper and beg her for a ride

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and she didn't have the psychological strength to say no.

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Fifi and I had a special relationship and she always seemed

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to know when I was coming

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and, sure enough, Fifi would somehow be there.

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The mother-child relationship

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is one of the strongest bonds in chimp society.

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Their relationship remains close throughout their lives.

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My mother had a huge influence on me,

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I mean, I think everything I've done that I am a bit proud of is,

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she was so wise, the way she brought us up.

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For example, you know, the sorrows of childhood that seem so huge,

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she would say, "Well, go and get a book, go and lose yourself in a book

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"and then, when you come out of that world, you'll find it's better."

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So that was one piece of advice.

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My father couldn't have had influence on me because he wasn't

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there while I was growing up because my parents divorced when I was 12

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and that was the end of the war, and he went off when I was five.

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Though they play little part in the raising of their infants,

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male chimpanzees form strong ties with each other.

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Well, it is interesting that two brothers

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who were adjacent in the birth order

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could be so different,

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in the sense that Freud was always the thoughtful one,

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the one who achieved what he achieved quietly and,

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apparently with more planning,

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whereas Frodo has always been the tough guy,

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the problem chimp, if you will.

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Frodo is a particularly rough character.

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He's so tough, he's like the big bully at school

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who is so individually powerful,

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that it's as if he doesn't need his allies so much.

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Then, of course, he went on and took over the alpha male

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from his older brother and then, when he was alpha male,

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there was nothing you could do except pray, really,

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hold on a tree trunk if he charged you.

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CHIMPS SCREAM

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I think I'm the first one who used the term soap opera

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to describe what's going on.

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Well, this person hates that person

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and this person wants to have sex with that person

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and this person feels like he would be,

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like to be good friends with that person,

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but is afraid because that other person is higher ranking.

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Absolutely, it's what happens,

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and it's also absolutely the material of chimp drama.

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It's really quite the same.

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It is around this group of chimpanzees

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that Jane Goodall has built her extraordinary career.

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Over the last 50 years, Gombe has become a world famous National Park.

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And Dr Goodall still maintains her relationship with it

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and the people who live on its borders.

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So, first of all, how did I ever come to Africa

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when I was born far away in England?

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HE TRANSLATES

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When I was eight years old, and some of you here are eight years old,

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I knew I wanted to go to Africa.

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All that I remember of my childhood was loving animals

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and wanting more and more animals and reading books about animals.

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The first book I ever owned of my own was the story of Doctor Dolittle

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and, in that book, he takes animals from the circus back to Africa.

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There's a picture, still in my mind,

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of Doctor Dolittle walking across this bridge of monkeys,

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they're holding hands with each other, to escape an enemy

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and, I don't know, that just got me into Africa.

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And then, of course, Tarzan, Tarzan of the Apes,

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marrying that other stupid wimpy Jane,

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of whom I was frightfully jealous.

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I didn't want to be Tarzan,

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I wanted to be a proper mate for him, which I new I could have been,

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and as he existed as reality in my mind,

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there's no point my trying to be him, so what can I be?

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I can be a decent mate for him.

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HE TRANSLATES

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But everybody laughed at me.

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How would I get to Africa when we had no money?

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And back then, we didn't know very much about Africa

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and it was a very faraway place,

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and going to Africa would be a big adventure,

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and girls didn't have big adventures like that, it was only the boys.

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When I left school we had no money for university,

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so I learned how to be a secretary,

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because my mother said maybe then you get a job in Africa.

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The next thing that happened was I had a letter from a school friend

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whose parents had gone to Africa and she invited me for a holiday.

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Yes, so there was an opportunity and I worked and I worked and I worked

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and after months, I had enough money to go to Africa by boat.

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HE TRANSLATES

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The Africa that Goodall went to in the late '50s

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was still under British colonial rule.

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There were opportunities for anyone with aspirations

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to get close to wildlife.

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And after a little while,

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I heard about a man who was very famous, called Louis Leakey,

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and he knew a lot about animals.

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So I went to see Louis Leakey

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and he asked me many, many questions about animals.

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Louis Leakey was the foremost

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primate palaeontologist in the 1950s,

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that's to say, he was the one who was looking for fossil evidence

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of mankind's ancestry

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and he discovered this one site, the Olduvai Gorge,

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where there were a whole succession of rock beds going through the

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critical period of history when humanity was just emerging.

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And he it was, who saw the value of looking at other living primates,

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to shed light on what the fossils were telling him.

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Leakey's belief in humankind shared ancestry with the great apes

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has been borne out by science.

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Now what we know, as a result of the genetic discoveries,

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is that something around five million years ago,

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we shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees.

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When we go into any of these forests with chimpanzees,

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it's like a time machine.

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We're going in and seeing a species that is really quite similar

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to the one that gave rise to our lineage five million years ago,

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so that means that it tells us something about

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the likely kinds of social relationships

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that our species had then, our ancestors, and more confidently,

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about their capacities, their cognitive capacities.

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So these amazing beasts are telling us how we got started.

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They're telling us where we came from.

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Jane Goodall would be the first of three women who Dr Leakey launched

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on missions to study our closest relatives.

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Later known as Leakey's Angels,

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they were to become international celebrities,

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more famous than the man himself.

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Birute Galdikas was sent off on a quest

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to study orang-utans in Borneo, where she still works today.

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Dian Fossey was despatched to the mountains of Virunga

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to follow mountain gorillas.

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She was later murdered

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before the making of the film Gorillas In The Mist.

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People often ask why Leakey chose young women.

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I think he felt that a human female

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would be somehow less threatening to a male gorilla or a male chimpanzee.

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I'm not sure whether that was true, I think it's to do with personality.

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It's to do with the ability to sit quietly and not make a fuss.

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And there's one more thing, and I've had this proved, that our voice

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is less threatening to a chimpanzee than the voice of a man.

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A man's voice is more like their threat bark

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and a woman's is, generally...well, certainly if it's a voice like mine,

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is much more peaceful and, and less agitating.

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He was taking a risk with them because, you know,

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Jane could easily have been killed by one of her, the big male chimpanzees,

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so being one of Leakey's Angels was quite a risky business.

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When it came to Louis Leakey, there were other risks involved.

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He invited her over and, so you can ask, well, you know,

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what was Leakey thinking?

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And I think there were two levels of thought.

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One was, "Hmm, this is an attractive young woman here."

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Leakey was a lecher,

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he was, you know, he had just had an affair with his previous secretary

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and he was attracted to young women.

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It was very difficult because, you know, I was terrified

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that if I kept saying no, that that would ruin my chances

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of going to study the chimpanzees.

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It was a very difficult time.

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'I stayed firm and, by this time,

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'he was well committed to finding the money to send me to Gombe.'

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And so he told me I could come to Gombe National Park

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and try and learn about chimpanzees.

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And this was amazing because chimpanzees are more like

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human beings than any other animal in the world.

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'Louis particularly chose me because I hadn't got a degree of any sort.'

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He felt that, you know, the ethologists at the time

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were very rigid and very reductionist

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and, you know, he wanted somebody who saw things as they were.

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Jane finally arrived at what was then Gombe Stream Nature Reserve

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on 14th July, 1960.

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When I arrived, I felt that at long last my childhood ambition

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was being realised.

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But when I looked at the wild and rugged mountains

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where the chimpanzees lived,

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I knew that my task was not going to be easy.

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My mother was with me those first four months

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because I wasn't allowed to be on my own by the British authorities

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and she volunteered to come.

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Louis Leakey was very anxious that it was somebody

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who wouldn't be competitive, but who would be totally supportive.

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He felt that that was a prerequisite for whoever came

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and, of course, she more than filled the bill.

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And the person who helped me lived right here in Mwamgongo.

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HE TRANSLATES

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And that was Jumanne Kikwale's father, Rashidi.

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Jumanne was seven years old when I came to Gombe.

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I first met Jane in 1960.

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At the time, I was seven years old and I was living with my father,

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so they arrived and we pull out the boat and we greeted them and we

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helped them carrying their goods to where they are going to stay.

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Jane's mother, to make a good relationship with the people,

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she set up a small clinic to help them.

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I was helping her, giving people medicine.

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Mum set up this little clinic.

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She made some amazing cures,

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she cured tropical ulcers, became known as a white witch doctor.

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So she established this great relationship

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with all the local people

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and that was an enormous help to me and the students who came after me.

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When I first got to Gombe,

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my concern was that the chimpanzees are very conservative,

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they've never seen a white ape before and they just ran away.

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So my concern was, there I was in my beautiful forest world,

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that I dreamed of as a child,

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and yet, I knew that if I didn't make some kind of breakthrough,

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we only had money for six months,

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and not only would it be the end of the study,

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but I would have let Louis Leakey down, you know, my mentor.

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Wild chimpanzees were still an unknown entity in 1960.

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Earlier research projects by male academics

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had produced little useful information.

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There were a couple of Americans who had studied wild apes,

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and Adrian Kortland, who preceded Jane in the study of chimps

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by about two or three months,

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spent the equivalent of about eight weeks, total,

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watching chimps from inside blinds

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because he felt they were too dangerous to show himself to.

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But Jane did something very different,

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she studied them always showing herself, not trying to hide,

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but instead, trying to overcome their fear by gradually getting closer

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and also trying to look as boring as possible when she watched them.

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Now, the really shocking thing was that here was this young girl

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going to Africa in a pair of shorts and a shirt,

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wandering around in full view of the chimpanzees

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and actually making contact with them and becoming friendly with them.

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Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique.

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Absolutely extraordinary because chimpanzees can tear you,

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literally tear you, limb from limb.

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Chimpanzees, amongst the general public, have a reputation

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of being charming and funny and so on,

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but that's because you nearly always, in zoos,

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saw young chimpanzees, baby chimpanzees.

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But anybody who's seen chimpanzees in the wild

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know that when they grow up, and particularly the males,

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they are very, very strong animals and can often be very aggressive.

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It let Jane do something that nobody else had done

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and that was to make really detailed,

0:23:250:23:28

close studies of chimpanzees in the wild.

0:23:280:23:30

It was at this time that I began to recognise a number

0:23:320:23:35

of different individuals.

0:23:350:23:37

As soon as I was sure of knowing a chimpanzee,

0:23:370:23:40

if I saw it again, I named it.

0:23:400:23:43

Some scientists feel that animals should be labelled by numbers,

0:23:430:23:47

that to name them is anthropomorphic,

0:23:470:23:49

but I've always been interested in the differences between individuals

0:23:490:23:53

and a name is not only more individual than a number,

0:23:530:23:57

but also far easier to remember.

0:23:570:24:00

It was her favourite, David Greybeard,

0:24:000:24:03

who would lead Goodall to the discoveries

0:24:030:24:06

which would change science.

0:24:060:24:07

I saw this dark shape hunched over a termite mound.

0:24:090:24:14

I could see the hand reach out and pick a piece of grass.

0:24:140:24:18

He was making arm movements as though he's sliding it across

0:24:180:24:23

the ground or something like that, and obviously eating.

0:24:230:24:26

But that was all I saw and then when he left, I saw it was David,

0:24:260:24:31

I saw this white beard, and I went up to the heap

0:24:310:24:35

and there were the pieces of grass lying there,

0:24:350:24:37

termites moving about the surface.

0:24:370:24:39

So I picked up one of these abandoned tools and pushed it

0:24:390:24:42

into the mound and the termites bit on and it was pretty obvious.

0:24:420:24:47

And at that time we were defined as man the toolmaker

0:24:510:24:54

and it was supposed to make us more different than anything else

0:24:540:24:58

from the rest of the animal kingdom.

0:24:580:25:01

People were saying, you know, man the toolmaker,

0:25:030:25:06

that was the de facto definition of humans,

0:25:060:25:09

we're these animals who make tools,

0:25:090:25:12

and then we discovered another set of animals who make tools,

0:25:120:25:16

in fact, there are lots of animals that make and use tools,

0:25:160:25:21

so now it's not unusual,

0:25:210:25:23

but it was an amazing discovery and it really did launch her career.

0:25:230:25:28

I sent Louis Leakey a telegram and he sent his famous reply,

0:25:310:25:36

"Now we have to redefine man,

0:25:360:25:38

"redefine tool or accept chimpanzees as humans."

0:25:380:25:41

But what is so remarkable about Jane Goodall's first six months in Gombe

0:25:430:25:47

was that she made not just one ground-breaking discovery but two.

0:25:470:25:51

She also demolished the belief of the time

0:25:510:25:54

that chimps were peaceful herbivores.

0:25:540:25:56

I was sitting on the peak, as I did for hours every day.

0:26:000:26:04

I looked across, and a chimpanzee climbed up a tree

0:26:040:26:08

with something in his mouth.

0:26:080:26:10

It looked as though he was licking this pink thing,

0:26:100:26:13

and my binoculars just weren't powerful enough,

0:26:130:26:15

I really couldn't see,

0:26:150:26:16

but there were a couple of bush pigs down below,

0:26:160:26:21

and when the juvenile would climb down,

0:26:210:26:23

one of the pigs would charge the child,

0:26:230:26:27

and I put two and two together and thought,

0:26:270:26:30

"Well, this must be a little pig."

0:26:300:26:32

So I wasn't positive, that first time.

0:26:320:26:36

I think the next thing I saw was a chimpanzee hunting a red colobus.

0:26:370:26:42

There were two colobus,

0:26:470:26:49

one of whom was a female with a baby up a tree, emerging from the canopy,

0:26:490:26:54

and there were three or four adults and an adolescent.

0:26:540:26:59

The adolescent was creeping up the trunk

0:27:000:27:03

towards these two adult monkeys,

0:27:030:27:06

and the other adult chimps were sitting around.

0:27:060:27:11

Clearly, they were stationing themselves

0:27:110:27:14

so wherever those monkeys jumped, there would be a chimp to intercept.

0:27:140:27:18

But, in fact, the adolescent grabbed the infant from the mother

0:27:290:27:35

and raced down the tree, and I could see them eating it.

0:27:350:27:39

Fascinated. Because, after all, Louis sent me there,

0:27:460:27:52

because he believed that we might learn something

0:27:520:27:55

about how our earliest ancestors might have behaved and, of course,

0:27:550:28:00

we all know that they were hunters and there were chimpanzees -

0:28:000:28:03

thought to be vegetarians - actually hunting,

0:28:030:28:06

so they were hunting and they were using and making tools.

0:28:060:28:10

That was exactly perfect for Louis Leakey's ideas.

0:28:100:28:14

These discoveries won her the extra funding

0:28:190:28:22

she needed to continue researching at Gombe.

0:28:220:28:25

Louis Leakey had enticed the National Geographic Society

0:28:250:28:28

to come up with a grant.

0:28:280:28:30

The National Geographic saw, early on, that this...English...girl,

0:28:300:28:37

beautiful girl,

0:28:370:28:39

wandering about Africa, was extremely newsworthy

0:28:390:28:43

and was very exciting,

0:28:430:28:44

and so they not only had...

0:28:440:28:50

articles about her, photographs of her,

0:28:500:28:53

but they commissioned a film.

0:28:530:28:56

The cameraman they sent was a young Dutchman, Baron Hugo Van Lawick.

0:28:560:29:03

The National Geographic wanted a lecture film,

0:29:030:29:06

which would be used by Jane,

0:29:060:29:09

and they warned me

0:29:090:29:10

that I probably wouldn't get any material on chimps,

0:29:100:29:12

cos they were very shy.

0:29:120:29:13

But that didn't matter,

0:29:130:29:15

as long as I got material on her and how she lived there and so on.

0:29:150:29:19

Of course, personally, I wanted to get the material on chimps.

0:29:190:29:23

Now, they sent me there for six weeks, that was the brief,

0:29:230:29:28

but I actually stayed for three months.

0:29:280:29:31

I very well remember the day Hugo arrived. I'd never met him

0:29:330:29:37

and I came down from the hills, and there had been a fire,

0:29:370:29:42

and I was all black, and Hugo told me afterwards

0:29:420:29:45

he thought that I'd done it for show,

0:29:450:29:47

that I'd sort of made myself all black,

0:29:470:29:49

until he climbed up and found out that that wasn't true.

0:29:490:29:52

Anyway, there was this young, extremely handsome,

0:29:520:29:55

Dutch nobleman, and I thought, "Well, this is going to be OK."

0:29:550:29:58

Their shared interest in wildlife blossomed into love

0:30:010:30:05

and subsequently marriage.

0:30:050:30:06

And I remember getting a telegram saying, "Do you like emeralds?"

0:30:080:30:12

And I sent a telegram back saying, "Love emeralds, love you."

0:30:120:30:17

Meanwhile, Goodall's discoveries were stirring up interest

0:30:230:30:27

among the great and good of the British zoological establishment

0:30:270:30:31

and ruffling some feathers.

0:30:310:30:33

Early in 1962, there was a conference at the London Zoo

0:30:330:30:37

on the behaviour of primates, and Jane was present.

0:30:370:30:41

Her first results were in and they were very exciting.

0:30:410:30:44

In one particular respect, she had given us some new ideas

0:30:440:30:49

about the sexual behaviour of chimpanzees.

0:30:490:30:52

Chimps are very promiscuous. What she first observed

0:30:520:30:56

was that there were many females and many males,

0:30:560:31:00

and the females mated with all the males,

0:31:000:31:01

and the males mated with all the females.

0:31:010:31:04

But it's different from gorillas, for example,

0:31:040:31:07

where, in general, you have several females

0:31:070:31:09

and just one silver-backed male,

0:31:090:31:11

and he is the one who mates with the females.

0:31:110:31:14

But in groups like baboons,

0:31:140:31:16

where there are many males and many females,

0:31:160:31:19

it not just the alpha male fathering the infants,

0:31:190:31:23

although he has the advantage, as they do in chimps.

0:31:230:31:26

Goodall's observations contradicted

0:31:260:31:28

another accepted belief about primates -

0:31:280:31:31

that the dominant male in a group had exclusive access to the females.

0:31:310:31:35

The main proponent of the idea that alpha males had harems

0:31:380:31:42

was the kingpin of British science, Sir Solly Zuckerman.

0:31:420:31:47

'He's called the Chief Scientific Adviser,

0:31:470:31:49

'but he's really much more than that.

0:31:490:31:51

'He's the main ambassador of scientists to the Government,

0:31:510:31:54

'and all through Whitehall, you'll hear people saying,

0:31:540:31:58

' "Sir Solly says..." '

0:31:580:31:59

Solly Zuckerman was Louis Leakey's bete noire, for one.

0:31:590:32:02

He studied hamadryas baboons in the zoo. Therefore, they had...

0:32:020:32:07

all monkeys, and the chimpanzees as well, had a harem system,

0:32:070:32:11

he was convinced.

0:32:110:32:12

And when I was giving my first paper, he was chairman.

0:32:120:32:18

We were outraged when one of the elderly primatologists present

0:32:200:32:24

suggested that this somehow reflected Jane's sexual behaviour,

0:32:240:32:27

that she was simply seeing the chimpanzee as a reflection

0:32:270:32:31

of her own sexual behaviour,

0:32:310:32:33

which we thought was absolutely outrageous,

0:32:330:32:35

and I remember getting up and asking a question and trying

0:32:350:32:39

to get Jane to defend herself against these...scurrilous remarks.

0:32:390:32:44

Desmond Morris, who believed that chimpanzees didn't have harems

0:32:440:32:49

and now had me to prove it, asked me this question,

0:32:490:32:52

and Solly turned and asked somebody else for a question.

0:32:520:32:55

This happened three times, and the third time, Desmond turned

0:32:550:32:59

and asked me directly, which was against all protocol.

0:32:590:33:02

So I didn't quite know what to do, but I answered.

0:33:020:33:05

I remember coming out of that conference seething with anger

0:33:050:33:09

and afterwards, I got a letter

0:33:090:33:12

from Solly Zuckerman, and it ends with this sentence.

0:33:120:33:17

He said,

0:33:170:33:18

"I want you to know about my anxiety, lest a subject which has been usually

0:33:180:33:23

"marked by unscientific treatment

0:33:230:33:25

"should continue in the unscientific shadows because of glamour."

0:33:250:33:31

He was telling me that I was being led astray by glamour -

0:33:310:33:33

this beautiful young blonde - who was out there with, you know, sort of...

0:33:330:33:37

Beauty and the Beast, Tarzan and the Apes and so on,

0:33:370:33:42

and was accusing me of being led astray by Jane's glamorous appearance

0:33:420:33:47

and was accusing her

0:33:470:33:48

of misinterpreting the chimpanzees' behaviour.

0:33:480:33:52

Which, you know, I think's very funny.

0:33:550:33:59

Today it's considered... I mean, oh, it's awful

0:33:590:34:01

and it's cos Jane's a girl and it's got all these twists to it,

0:34:010:34:06

but I just found it funny.

0:34:060:34:07

In 1965, National Geographic launched its new star on television.

0:34:100:34:17

20 million homes tuned in to the first showing

0:34:170:34:20

of Miss Goodall And The Wild Chimpanzees.

0:34:200:34:23

It was to be the first of many documentaries.

0:34:230:34:25

One of the reasons that people did romanticise Jane and her work

0:34:270:34:31

is because of those early National Geographic films

0:34:310:34:33

that just show her kind of wandering through forested glades

0:34:330:34:38

with kind of beams of sunlight kind of shining

0:34:380:34:41

on her beautiful blonde hair.

0:34:410:34:43

It was all kind of rather Timotei shampoo advertisement,

0:34:430:34:49

in some ways, whereas it's not quite the reality of it!

0:34:490:34:53

I've often thought that it was just one of the other gifts

0:34:550:34:59

my parents - combined, I suppose - gave me...

0:34:590:35:01

a certain attractive appearance, which served

0:35:010:35:05

the Geographic very well, served Louis Leakey very well

0:35:050:35:08

and probably helped to spread the message.

0:35:080:35:11

So if you get a gift, use it.

0:35:110:35:13

While National Geographic helped to provide the fame and glamour,

0:35:130:35:18

Jane Goodall also received the academic recognition

0:35:180:35:21

that had been denied her a few years earlier.

0:35:210:35:23

In 1966, Cambridge University awarded her

0:35:260:35:30

a doctorate for the contribution to the science of chimpanzee behaviour.

0:35:300:35:34

Her studies had been made a great deal easier

0:35:340:35:38

when the chimps began to visit her camp in search of bananas.

0:35:380:35:44

Provisioning wild chimps

0:35:460:35:47

with bananas would later prove to be a controversial decision.

0:35:470:35:51

It was accepted practice at the time

0:35:510:35:54

and greatly enhanced the study of chimp behaviour.

0:35:540:35:57

It is the easiest way to communicate with an animal to offer it food.

0:35:570:36:04

One is you drawing it in,

0:36:040:36:06

but you also saying, "I don't want to hurt you."

0:36:060:36:10

So it's a kind of universal language amongst all animals, isn't it?

0:36:100:36:14

To be honest, it would take decades

0:36:140:36:19

to get that kind of proximity

0:36:190:36:22

to chimps without using bananas to speed up the process.

0:36:220:36:27

Jane and Hugo's son was born in 1967.

0:36:360:36:40

Christened Hugo, it wasn't long before they renamed him Grub.

0:36:400:36:44

When Grub was very little, he didn't want to eat solid foods.

0:36:440:36:50

At the time, the chimp Goblin was about the same age

0:36:500:36:54

and Goblin always was covered with straw and earth

0:36:540:36:58

and banana all over himself, so he became known as Goblin Grub

0:36:580:37:02

and so Grub became known as Grublin Gob.

0:37:020:37:05

That was his original name.

0:37:050:37:07

'When I was very young,'

0:37:080:37:10

up to the age of four,

0:37:100:37:12

I spent most of my time up at chimp camp in...

0:37:120:37:17

in a cage, basically.

0:37:170:37:20

We, unfortunately, know that chimpanzees

0:37:220:37:25

occasionally eat human babies.

0:37:250:37:27

Their favourite prey, at least in our area, is other primates

0:37:270:37:32

and so we built a cage,

0:37:320:37:35

it was a very safe, strong cage, and that was

0:37:350:37:40

inside the room up at the chimp camp

0:37:400:37:42

and that's where Grub was before he could walk and then we had

0:37:420:37:47

a caged-in veranda down on the beach

0:37:470:37:49

where the chimps don't go very often for when he was older.

0:37:490:37:52

But he never could be outside that cage without responsible adults.

0:37:520:37:58

And I remember the feeding time for the chimps,

0:37:580:38:01

when the bananas were being fed to the chimps

0:38:010:38:04

because they always became very excited at that point

0:38:040:38:06

and that was always

0:38:060:38:08

when I became fearful because they'd make a lot of noise.

0:38:080:38:10

CHIMPS SCREAM

0:38:100:38:13

And display outside the window

0:38:130:38:15

and jump up on the bars

0:38:150:38:18

and to me, it was like they were trying to get in to attack me,

0:38:180:38:22

so for me it was quite scary at the time.

0:38:220:38:27

CHIMPS SCREAM

0:38:270:38:30

The sound is really very terrifying when the chimps become excited and,

0:38:300:38:37

you know, at Gombe, with the hills around, the sounds echo.

0:38:370:38:41

SCREAMS ECHO

0:38:410:38:43

You know, the sounds are coming

0:38:430:38:46

from everywhere and it's very, very frightening.

0:38:460:38:49

Grub's experiences at chimp-feeding time lead to a strong preference

0:38:510:38:55

for the house beside the lake.

0:38:550:38:57

After that time, of course, I'd see the chimps

0:38:570:38:59

from time to time down on the beach, but I would never go back up

0:38:590:39:05

to chimp camp up in the forest

0:39:050:39:07

and basically, once I could put my foot down and say no,

0:39:070:39:10

that's what I said was no and "I'll stay down on the beach

0:39:100:39:14

"and keep away from them, basically".

0:39:140:39:16

I always had this fear of chimps until, I mean, even now,

0:39:180:39:22

I don't feel comfortable

0:39:220:39:23

going up into the forest with the chimps.

0:39:230:39:27

It's not exactly a phobia,

0:39:270:39:29

but I definitely don't feel comfortable around the chimps.

0:39:290:39:33

Apart from raising a child, and running an expanding team

0:39:340:39:38

of young researchers, Goodall wrote In The Shadow of Man,

0:39:380:39:42

an immediate bestseller.

0:39:420:39:44

She's a natural storyteller. She manages to

0:39:460:39:49

assemble a very diverse set of confusing information

0:39:490:39:55

into elegantly-described accounts that fit stories.

0:39:550:40:03

"Old Flo lay on her back in the early morning sunshine,

0:40:040:40:07

"her belly full of palm nuts

0:40:070:40:10

"and suspended Flint above her,

0:40:100:40:12

"grasping one of his minute wrists

0:40:120:40:14

"with her large horny foot."

0:40:140:40:16

"As he dangled, gently waving his free arm and kicking with his legs,

0:40:160:40:21

"she reached up and tickled him

0:40:210:40:23

"in his groin and his neck

0:40:230:40:25

"until he opened his mouth in the play face or chimpanzee smile."

0:40:250:40:29

After In The Shadow Of Man came out,

0:40:310:40:34

I think it made her so famous she was

0:40:340:40:37

getting stacks of fan mail every time the mail boat came.

0:40:370:40:41

And I remember seeing this one particular picture in it,

0:40:420:40:44

which I still have quite vividly in my mind,

0:40:440:40:47

of her camp that she set up with her mother Vanne

0:40:470:40:50

when she first arrived

0:40:500:40:51

and I remember just thinking, now, that's where I want to live.

0:40:510:40:57

That's my ideal home,

0:40:570:40:59

bit of washing and a cooking pot outside

0:40:590:41:03

and I thought that was just fantastic.

0:41:030:41:05

It was not long after publication

0:41:070:41:09

that one of the book principal characters died.

0:41:090:41:12

"Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed,

0:41:180:41:22

"it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream.

0:41:220:41:27

"For me, it was like losing an old friend."

0:41:270:41:31

Jane was certainly very upset

0:41:310:41:33

because she had known Flo for so long

0:41:330:41:35

and more than that, Flo had meant so much

0:41:350:41:38

because it was the introduction

0:41:380:41:40

to the Flo family that had really been the breakthrough

0:41:400:41:43

in terms of getting to know individual differences so very well.

0:41:430:41:47

Flo had an obituary in the Sunday Times, which I wrote.

0:41:490:41:53

I think it was one of the very, very few obituaries

0:41:530:41:56

to a non-human or other than human animal.

0:41:560:41:59

I just wrote that, that there was this wild chimpanzee that

0:42:000:42:06

I'd learned so much about and spent so many wonderful hours with

0:42:060:42:10

and she taught me such a lot

0:42:100:42:13

and it was sad from the point of view of what we were learning,

0:42:130:42:17

but also, you know, she had her own wild individuality

0:42:170:42:21

and person and that I would mourn that.

0:42:210:42:25

But the sense of loss was felt most by Flo's son, Flint.

0:42:260:42:32

For Flint, of course, even though he'd been, you know, mean to her,

0:42:320:42:36

was desperately psychologically attached to her

0:42:360:42:40

and then there was the extraordinary three weeks

0:42:400:42:43

when Flint barely moved more than

0:42:430:42:46

15 yards away from where her body had collapsed on the edge of the stream.

0:42:460:42:51

Astonishingly, he just grew weaker and weaker and died.

0:42:530:42:57

When the people doing the postmortem

0:42:590:43:03

could find no particular problem with him,

0:43:030:43:06

then the concept of him dying

0:43:060:43:09

from a broken heart seemed really perfectly reasonable.

0:43:090:43:12

Until now, Hugo's camerawork

0:43:160:43:18

had captured many of the key events at Gombe,

0:43:180:43:22

but the pursuit of their separate career paths led to estrangement

0:43:220:43:27

and eventually divorce in 1974.

0:43:270:43:30

The remote forest that Goodall once explored alone

0:43:320:43:35

was now filled with young

0:43:350:43:37

researchers from the universities of the United States and Europe.

0:43:370:43:41

Gombe had also been made a National Park

0:43:410:43:45

with the help of the man who became her second husband, Derek Bryceson.

0:43:450:43:50

She was to nurse him through a long period of cancer

0:43:500:43:54

before he died in 1980.

0:43:540:43:56

In her absence, researchers continued to record

0:43:570:44:01

the succeeding generations of Gombe chimps.

0:44:010:44:03

Flo's daughter Fifi

0:44:030:44:04

was to be the mother of yet more charismatic members of the F family.

0:44:040:44:10

The family line is very, very plentiful.

0:44:120:44:15

Fifi had nine infants.

0:44:150:44:19

Only two of those died,

0:44:190:44:21

so she's now got five or six completely adult offspring,

0:44:210:44:27

children, grandchildren and even a couple of great-grandchildren.

0:44:270:44:32

But now this community of world famous chimps

0:44:350:44:38

began to reveal a more sinister side.

0:44:380:44:41

Having shown themselves to be voracious hunters of other primates,

0:44:440:44:49

they now began to slaughter their own kind.

0:44:490:44:52

The main study community, the Kasekela community, got rather

0:44:550:45:00

a lot of males, there were like 17 and normally, you know, 10 was big.

0:45:000:45:05

So the community began to divide

0:45:070:45:09

for whatever reason and a smaller part of it was seven males

0:45:090:45:14

and four adult females moved off to the south

0:45:140:45:17

and gradually kind of took over part of the range

0:45:170:45:21

they all had once shared.

0:45:210:45:23

And then the males of the larger Kasekela community

0:45:230:45:29

began systematically invading the heart of this territory

0:45:290:45:32

the southerners had carved out for themselves

0:45:320:45:35

and if they found an individual, attacking

0:45:350:45:38

and attacking brutally and leaving them to die of their wounds.

0:45:380:45:41

They annihilated an entire community that way.

0:45:410:45:45

What was fascinating about it is that they clearly show

0:45:510:45:55

a differentiation between my group and the other group

0:45:550:45:59

and so the split off individuals, who they knew,

0:45:590:46:03

it was like a civil war, really.

0:46:030:46:07

They treated them in ways that we'd never seen them treat an individual

0:46:070:46:12

of their own community, ways which you see when they're hunting

0:46:120:46:16

and trying to kill an adult prey animal.

0:46:160:46:19

It was horrible, I mean, cupping the victim's head as he lay bleeding

0:46:220:46:25

with blood pouring from his nose and drinking the blood.

0:46:250:46:28

Twisting a limb to try and twist it off,

0:46:280:46:31

tearing pieces of skin with their teeth.

0:46:310:46:34

Never see that in a fight within a community

0:46:340:46:37

and yet these were individuals they travelled with,

0:46:370:46:41

fed with, played with, grown up with.

0:46:410:46:43

The chimp-on-chimp violence in Gombe was a sensation.

0:46:470:46:52

Some academics wanted to cover it up.

0:46:520:46:54

Others said it was something peculiar to Gombe.

0:46:540:46:58

They suggested that it arose from

0:46:580:47:00

the artificial conditions that came with the provisioning of bananas.

0:47:000:47:03

It was not a good idea to feed bananas to chimpanzees because it

0:47:030:47:09

distorts things from a situation, a context,

0:47:090:47:12

that you don't really have a good feeling for in the first place.

0:47:120:47:17

But how, my goodness, you know, here we have for the first time,

0:47:170:47:22

the opportunity for somebody to spend close time with a species

0:47:220:47:27

that she and no-one else in the world is recognising

0:47:270:47:31

to be astonishingly similar to humans.

0:47:310:47:34

We don't know if the banana-provisioning system

0:47:360:47:39

or some other feature of what Jane did in Gombe

0:47:390:47:43

could have affected the pattern of the killing,

0:47:430:47:48

but it is clear that it did not CREATE it.

0:47:480:47:52

Chimpanzees have a propensity to kill their neighbours.

0:47:520:47:56

Brutal forms of inter-communal violence have been observed among

0:47:570:48:01

communities that have never been provisioned with food.

0:48:010:48:04

The notion of chimpanzees being interested in the possibility

0:48:040:48:10

of being able to launch brutal attacks on a neighbouring male

0:48:100:48:14

is quite clearly supported by what we see in

0:48:140:48:17

the community that I and my group study

0:48:170:48:20

and also by the studies in a nearby community in Kibale at Ngogo.

0:48:200:48:27

They've seen many brutal and killing attacks.

0:48:270:48:30

At first, I didn't want to believe it.

0:48:340:48:37

It went against all that I'd always thought,

0:48:370:48:39

that they were like us, but nicer than us.

0:48:390:48:42

But at the same time, once I accepted it,

0:48:440:48:48

because of what was happening, it made them even more fascinating.

0:48:480:48:54

It helped us, I think, understand ourselves a bit better,

0:48:540:48:57

our evolutionary history.

0:48:570:49:00

At Gombe, ferocious attacks

0:49:040:49:06

on outsiders have continued spasmodically over the years.

0:49:060:49:11

And recently, the most notoriously brutal, even sadistic,

0:49:110:49:15

male has been Frodo, Fifi's second son.

0:49:150:49:18

Here seen mortally wounding a young adolescent.

0:49:180:49:23

In 2002, he brought Gombe back

0:49:230:49:27

into the international spotlight by killing

0:49:270:49:30

a human child.

0:49:300:49:33

TRANSLATION: I was overwhelmed by the sudden attack.

0:49:360:49:38

The chimpanzee started unwrapping the cloth

0:49:380:49:40

I'd tied my baby to my back with

0:49:400:49:43

and then ran off with my child.

0:49:430:49:45

Well, I was pretty horrified,

0:49:480:49:50

but it was something which we had predicted might happen.

0:49:500:49:55

Frodo was a great hunter.

0:49:550:49:56

Chimpanzees are known to hunt small human children,

0:49:560:49:59

just as they hunt small monkeys, and it was a shock, but, as I say,

0:49:590:50:05

we had actually thought it might happen and that's why

0:50:050:50:07

it was so unfortunate

0:50:070:50:09

that this woman felt she had to go through the park with her child,

0:50:090:50:12

which she wasn't allowed to do.

0:50:120:50:14

I was not particularly surprised because outside Kibale, in my own

0:50:170:50:23

area, we had had a male who had killed several babies

0:50:230:50:28

in the villages to eat them.

0:50:280:50:31

Although Frodo's killing of a human baby stirred

0:50:330:50:36

some interest in the British press,

0:50:360:50:39

neither Jane Goodall nor the Tanzanian authorities

0:50:390:50:42

saw any need to take any form of retribution on the chimpanzee.

0:50:420:50:46

Nobody ever suggested killing Frodo, not the national parks,

0:50:460:50:50

not anybody and I think even the family realised

0:50:500:50:54

that although it was a tragedy, it wasn't really Frodo's fault.

0:50:540:50:58

Frodo, a chimp capable of such bestial behaviour, is known

0:51:000:51:05

to be gentle and playful with the young chimps in his own community.

0:51:050:51:08

It seems that, as with humans,

0:51:100:51:12

an individual chimpanzee can be capable of terrible savagery

0:51:120:51:17

and yet, show apparent tenderness.

0:51:170:51:19

What we're learning from chimpanzees is what we see in humans

0:51:210:51:25

is very likely part of our biology.

0:51:250:51:28

When Dostoevsky says, "In every man a demon lies hidden",

0:51:280:51:33

that's what I feel about chimpanzees and the fact

0:51:330:51:37

that it's our closest relative

0:51:370:51:39

that is able to, on the one hand,

0:51:390:51:43

have extremely well-organised, courteous,

0:51:430:51:45

sensible relationships within groups and yet, at the same time is tempted,

0:51:450:51:50

as it were, to impose appalling

0:51:500:51:53

punishment on enemies,

0:51:530:51:54

the fact that you have this amazing combination

0:51:540:51:58

in our closest living relative,

0:51:580:52:01

and that it appears so vividly in ourselves,

0:52:010:52:04

clearly suggests that there is an underlying biology which is the same.

0:52:040:52:08

Across Lake Tanganyika, in the Congo, the darker side

0:52:130:52:17

of our own human nature has led to social upheaval

0:52:170:52:21

and atrocities on a vast scale.

0:52:210:52:24

GUNFIRE

0:52:240:52:26

Protracted civil war in the Congo

0:52:260:52:28

and ethnic conflict in neighbouring Burundi

0:52:280:52:30

caused thousands of refugees to settle around Gombe.

0:52:300:52:34

Their desperate search for food and timber, accelerated a process

0:52:340:52:39

of environmental destruction

0:52:390:52:40

that was already underway around the borders of the park.

0:52:400:52:45

When I looked down from the plane and flew over Gombe and

0:52:450:52:49

the surrounding area, I was totally horrified by the devastation.

0:52:490:52:53

It seemed to me that all the trees

0:52:530:52:56

had gone except those that had been planted for shade, introduced trees

0:52:560:52:59

and those in the very, very steep ravines

0:52:590:53:03

where even desperate farmers couldn't try to cultivate.

0:53:030:53:06

The slopes in many cases were completely infertile

0:53:060:53:10

and in some cases, because it was the dry season,

0:53:100:53:15

it really looked as though we were flying over desert land.

0:53:150:53:18

It was very clear that this was because there were more

0:53:220:53:26

people living there than the land could support,

0:53:260:53:29

swelled by refugees coming from Burundi and Congo

0:53:290:53:35

and I realised that there was no way to save the precious chimpanzees

0:53:350:53:39

while people were struggling to survive.

0:53:390:53:42

It became clear that chimpanzee populations all over Africa were

0:53:450:53:50

being threatened by destruction of their habitat

0:53:500:53:54

as well as being hunted for their meat.

0:53:540:53:57

Jane Goodall began to use her fame to campaign for conservation.

0:53:570:54:02

It wasn't a question of asking myself, well, do I really

0:54:050:54:07

want to give all this up and change, I just changed, just like that.

0:54:070:54:13

Jane has spent the last 25 years on a non-stop global mission

0:54:130:54:19

to promote conservation and animal rights.

0:54:190:54:22

I've been on the road, I can't remember, forever.

0:54:220:54:25

At the moment, she's travelling

0:54:250:54:28

around, ooh, 275, 280 days a year,

0:54:280:54:32

non-stop.

0:54:320:54:34

Just in October this year, Lubbock, Los Angeles, Portland,

0:54:340:54:40

Eugene, Spokane, Edmonton, Toronto, London, Kitchener, Hamilton.

0:54:400:54:45

How are you?

0:54:450:54:47

It's moving, it's lecturing, it's talking, but most days start

0:54:470:54:49

around 6.30-7. they rarely finish before midnight or 1am.

0:54:490:54:52

Oh, what a pleasure to meet you.

0:54:520:54:56

I have been on the road approximately 300 days every year.

0:54:560:55:00

The entire package of going into the forest, a sort of beauty

0:55:000:55:04

and the beast kind of thing,

0:55:040:55:07

saving up the money, being picked up by National Geographic

0:55:070:55:09

and, yes, becoming a cover girl,

0:55:090:55:13

that's all tied up in giving a certain mystique

0:55:130:55:16

which is incredibly useful to open doors.

0:55:160:55:20

And I would like to bring you

0:55:200:55:22

the voice of these amazing beings with whom we share the planet

0:55:220:55:27

and I would like to bring you the sound which,

0:55:270:55:30

before too long, may not be heard any more in the forests of Africa,

0:55:300:55:35

the sound made by contented chimpanzees

0:55:350:55:39

when they've had a good day, their stomachs are full,

0:55:390:55:42

they're getting ready to spend the night

0:55:420:55:44

under the African stars or the moon, lying in their leafy tree top beds.

0:55:440:55:50

Hoo-hooo-hooo-hooo!

0:55:500:55:57

Haa!

0:55:570:56:01

This sound has not been heard before in this room, I'm sure of that.

0:56:010:56:06

LAUGHTER

0:56:060:56:08

But it needed to be heard.

0:56:120:56:15

It's a voice that is heard strongest around Gombe, the launch pad for her

0:56:180:56:23

Roots & Shoots youth movement,

0:56:230:56:25

promoting care for animals and the environment.

0:56:250:56:28

It has spread to over 120 countries.

0:56:280:56:33

The Jane Goodall Institute raises 15 million a year for Gombe,

0:56:330:56:37

Tanzania and conservation in general

0:56:370:56:40

and in 2002, the United Nation's Kofi Annan

0:56:410:56:44

made her a UN messenger of peace.

0:56:440:56:48

Yet above all, she still represents the chimpanzees.

0:56:480:56:53

Chimpanzees show so many amazing commonalities with humans.

0:56:530:56:59

The long-term friendly bonds between members of the family,

0:56:590:57:04

the communication patterns that include kissing, embracing,

0:57:040:57:08

holding hands, patting one another

0:57:080:57:12

on the back, the fact that they can co-operate to solve a problem,

0:57:120:57:17

they can use and even make tools.

0:57:170:57:20

Of course,

0:57:200:57:22

like us, they have a brutal side to their nature,

0:57:220:57:25

they are capable of behaviour like a kind of primitive war,

0:57:250:57:28

but they also show behaviour

0:57:280:57:31

that is like our compassion and love and altruism.

0:57:310:57:37

The unfolding drama of life among the chimps of Gombe

0:57:420:57:45

is still the inspiration for new ground-breaking research

0:57:450:57:49

and Dame Jane Goodall campaigning and fundraising

0:57:490:57:53

has now begun to reverse the environmental devastation

0:57:530:57:56

there and in other parts of Africa.

0:57:560:57:58

It is this absolute determination to succeed against the odds

0:58:010:58:05

which explains how half a century ago

0:58:050:58:08

she entered a remote African forest

0:58:080:58:11

and transformed our understanding of chimpanzees and ourselves.

0:58:110:58:15

What do you do when you've had enough of an interview?

0:58:220:58:25

Oh-ho!

0:58:250:58:28

That do? Oh-oh!

0:58:280:58:30

Oh-oh!

0:58:300:58:32

-And that means?

-Go away!

0:58:340:58:37

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