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Over 2,000 years ago, the Romans first arrived in Britain. | 0:00:17 | 0:00:22 | |
Although that was way back in the past, many clues still | 0:00:22 | 0:00:25 | |
survive which tell us what life was like during Roman times. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:29 | |
From the remains of ancient forts to the jewellery, letters | 0:00:29 | 0:00:33 | |
and household items still being dug up by archaeologists today. | 0:00:33 | 0:00:37 | |
We can find out brilliant details of what they ate, | 0:00:38 | 0:00:43 | |
what their homes looked like and even what they did for fun. | 0:00:43 | 0:00:47 | |
And thanks to a book written all those years ago by the famous | 0:00:48 | 0:00:51 | |
Roman Commander, Julius Caesar, we also know one reason why | 0:00:51 | 0:00:55 | |
the Romans wanted to come to Britain in the first place - they wanted | 0:00:55 | 0:00:59 | |
to make use of the amazing natural resources to be found here. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:04 | |
Caesar wrote... | 0:01:04 | 0:01:06 | |
"The Britons have a huge number of cattle. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
"They use gold coins or iron bars as their money, | 0:01:09 | 0:01:12 | |
"and produce tin and iron." | 0:01:12 | 0:01:14 | |
That description helps to explain why Caesar | 0:01:16 | 0:01:19 | |
and his army decided to pile over here to Britain to try to invade. | 0:01:19 | 0:01:23 | |
Rome wanted to get its hand on all those British resources to | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
make itself even richer. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:30 | |
Back then, before the Romans invaded, we didn't have one | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
king or queen ruling over the nation. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:39 | |
Britain was made up of different groups, or tribes, | 0:01:40 | 0:01:43 | |
known as the Celts or native Britons. | 0:01:43 | 0:01:46 | |
We get an idea of what the native Britons looked like thanks to | 0:01:49 | 0:01:52 | |
a description of them in here. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:54 | |
But do remember, of course, they were Caesar's enemy, | 0:01:54 | 0:01:57 | |
so his opinion might be a little bit one-sided. | 0:01:57 | 0:01:59 | |
"All Britons used woad to dye their bodies a blue colour, | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
"which makes them terrifying when they are fighting in battle." | 0:02:05 | 0:02:08 | |
The Celts also put lime in their hair to make it stiff | 0:02:09 | 0:02:12 | |
and thick, which made them look even more ferocious. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
"They used their chariots in battle, | 0:02:17 | 0:02:19 | |
"steering them in all directions while hurling their weapons, | 0:02:19 | 0:02:23 | |
"generally causing the enemy to separate apart. | 0:02:23 | 0:02:27 | |
"Then one of the warriors leaps from the chariot and fights on foot." | 0:02:27 | 0:02:31 | |
It was all just too much for Caesar. He invaded the country twice, | 0:02:32 | 0:02:36 | |
but he never actually managed to take over. | 0:02:36 | 0:02:39 | |
That would have to wait until 100 years later | 0:02:39 | 0:02:42 | |
when the Emperor Claudius tried again and this time, he succeeded. | 0:02:42 | 0:02:47 | |
And that is how we became part of the Roman Empire. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:51 | |
'But what exactly was the Roman Empire?' | 0:02:51 | 0:02:54 | |
The Romans actually started out in life as just a small tribe in Italy. | 0:02:55 | 0:02:59 | |
They fought battles with local people and took over their land. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:03 | |
And then they wanted more, so they could become super rich. | 0:03:03 | 0:03:08 | |
Eventually, the Roman tribe grew to be in charge of vast areas | 0:03:09 | 0:03:14 | |
across Asia, Africa and Europe, | 0:03:14 | 0:03:16 | |
including Britain. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:18 | |
And all the land they controlled came to be known | 0:03:18 | 0:03:21 | |
as the Roman Empire. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:23 | |
This is the great city of Rome, in Italy. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:28 | |
It was once the capital of the Roman Empire | 0:03:28 | 0:03:31 | |
and this is what it looks like today. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
The remains of the town, built thousands of years ago, | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
are still there for us to see, giving us | 0:03:36 | 0:03:39 | |
great clues as to how the Romans lived their lives. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:43 | |
At the centre of ancient Rome was the Forum - a big, | 0:03:43 | 0:03:45 | |
open area where markets took place and people heard the latest news, | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
a bit like a modern-day shopping centre. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
People living and working in Rome worshipped at temples or visited | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
the amphitheatres to watch animals and gladiators fight to the death. | 0:03:56 | 0:04:00 | |
The Romans believed in this way of life so deeply | 0:04:01 | 0:04:05 | |
that they brought it right across the Empire, | 0:04:05 | 0:04:07 | |
even the gladiatorial fights. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:10 | |
The Romans didn't just bring their way of life to Britain, | 0:04:10 | 0:04:12 | |
they also brought their Roman-style buildings too, | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
creating whole new towns, almost like mini versions of Rome. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:20 | |
Many of the cities we live in today were once Roman towns | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
with Roman names. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:26 | |
The town of Corinium Dobunnorum | 0:04:26 | 0:04:30 | |
is now modern-day Cirencester. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:32 | |
This is what Cirencester looks like today. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
The people living in these new Roman towns had to obey Roman laws | 0:04:38 | 0:04:42 | |
and pay money to the Roman Empire, known as taxes. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:46 | |
But it wasn't all bad. | 0:04:46 | 0:04:48 | |
Wealthy people and those with important jobs | 0:04:48 | 0:04:50 | |
lived in posh Roman houses known as villas, | 0:04:50 | 0:04:53 | |
with new types of decoration and sophisticated technology. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:57 | |
It's still possible to see some of the clever technology | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
they had in Roman houses. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:02 | |
In this museum in Cirencester, | 0:05:02 | 0:05:04 | |
there's an example of Roman underfloor heating. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:07 | |
It's called a hypocaust and it's a brilliant idea, | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
cos we all know how chilly it can get here in Britain. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:15 | |
Now, this is how it worked. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:17 | |
The floor was built on top of these piles of tiles and then, | 0:05:17 | 0:05:21 | |
down in that little hole there, a fire would be lit. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:25 | |
The fire would push out hot air and smoke under the ground, and up | 0:05:25 | 0:05:29 | |
through these kind of clay tubes that went through the hollow walls. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
There'd be slaves down there keeping the fire going the whole time, | 0:05:33 | 0:05:36 | |
so the house stayed warm. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
But they also constantly had to keep a watch out that the fire | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
didn't go out of control and burn the whole house down. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
And in some villas, if you could afford it, then you'd have | 0:05:47 | 0:05:51 | |
had one of these beautiful things called a mosaic on your floor. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:55 | |
Now, mosaics are made up of lots of tiny little bits of coloured | 0:05:55 | 0:05:58 | |
stone, or sometimes glass, and they usually tell a story. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:03 | |
And the story that's being told here is about a man called Orpheus, | 0:06:03 | 0:06:06 | |
that's Orpheus in the middle there, | 0:06:06 | 0:06:08 | |
and he's playing an instrument called the lyre and, | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
as he does so, he's charming all of these animals around him. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:15 | |
This one was actually found 200 years ago, | 0:06:15 | 0:06:18 | |
very close to Cirencester. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:20 | |
And isn't it fantastic to think that, somewhere near you, | 0:06:20 | 0:06:25 | |
there might still be a Roman mosaic under the ground, | 0:06:25 | 0:06:28 | |
just waiting to be discovered? | 0:06:28 | 0:06:30 | |
Close on 2,000 years ago, the Romans arrived in Britain. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:44 | |
They ruled over our nation for almost 400 years, | 0:06:44 | 0:06:47 | |
bringing with them Roman soldiers with deadly weaponry to build | 0:06:47 | 0:06:51 | |
defensive walls and stone forts to protect their new territory. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:55 | |
We can still see the remains of some of their building work today, | 0:06:55 | 0:06:59 | |
including these stones, which are all that's left of the famous | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
Hadrian's Wall, which once stretched right across Northern Britain. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:07 | |
Built around 200 years after they first arrived, | 0:07:07 | 0:07:11 | |
the wall was protected by a number | 0:07:11 | 0:07:12 | |
of specially built forts, like | 0:07:12 | 0:07:14 | |
this one at Vindolanda, which were heavily guarded by Roman soldiers. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:19 | |
Hadrian's Wall marked the northern frontier, | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
the northernmost point of the Roman Empire. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:25 | |
And you mustn't forget that the Roman Empire was massive. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
If you imagine you were standing here, | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
then you could travel 2,500 kilometres to the south, | 0:07:32 | 0:07:35 | |
to the Sahara Desert, in Africa, | 0:07:35 | 0:07:37 | |
and 4,000 kilometres to the Middle East, to modern-day Iraq, | 0:07:37 | 0:07:41 | |
and you'd still be in the Roman Empire. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:43 | |
Because the wall's so old, a lot of it has crumbled away, | 0:07:43 | 0:07:47 | |
and so, this is a copy, or a replica. | 0:07:47 | 0:07:49 | |
But it gives you a really good impression of what it would | 0:07:49 | 0:07:51 | |
have been like originally. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
Because, when it was first built, Hadrian's Wall was | 0:07:53 | 0:07:57 | |
almost as wide and almost as tall as a double-decker bus. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:02 | |
Even more impressive was the massive Roman Army. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:09 | |
This was divided into groups called Legions, | 0:08:09 | 0:08:12 | |
which were based right across the Roman Empire, including Britain. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:17 | |
Each one was made up of around 6,000 soldiers, known as Legionaries. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:21 | |
The Legionaries didn't just fight big battles, | 0:08:24 | 0:08:26 | |
they had other jobs too | 0:08:26 | 0:08:28 | |
and one of them was to collect money called a tax | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
to help pay for the work of the Roman Empire. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
Now, as you can probably imagine, | 0:08:34 | 0:08:36 | |
the locals were often not very happy about that. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:40 | |
They hadn't asked the Romans here in the first place, | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
so why should they pay them money? | 0:08:43 | 0:08:44 | |
But did the Romans care? | 0:08:44 | 0:08:47 | |
No, they did not. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:49 | |
If you stepped out of line, then you could have your head | 0:08:49 | 0:08:52 | |
chopped off and it could be stuck on the top of the fort walls, | 0:08:52 | 0:08:56 | |
which is exactly what happened to this poor lad here. | 0:08:56 | 0:08:59 | |
The fort here, at Vindolanda, was the home to 800 soldiers | 0:09:01 | 0:09:05 | |
and their job was to guard the wall | 0:09:05 | 0:09:07 | |
against people they described as "barbarians". | 0:09:07 | 0:09:12 | |
Now, for the Romans, barbarians were local tribes who lived the | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
other side of the wall in what's now northern England and Scotland. | 0:09:15 | 0:09:19 | |
But it wasn't the Legionaries who guarded the wall. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
This was the job of auxiliary soldiers who | 0:09:24 | 0:09:27 | |
came from right across the Roman Empire, | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
places like Belgium, Spain, Greece and even as far away as Africa. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:35 | |
After 25 years working as an auxiliary, | 0:09:36 | 0:09:40 | |
you could become a Roman citizen. | 0:09:40 | 0:09:42 | |
And when the soldiers weren't on duty guarding the wall, | 0:09:44 | 0:09:47 | |
they lived here with their families. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:49 | |
These are their barracks and we can still see their remains today. | 0:09:49 | 0:09:52 | |
Barracks are soldiers' homes. | 0:09:54 | 0:09:57 | |
These ones at Vindolanda used to have two floors and an attic on top. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:02 | |
This was the main road in the middle | 0:10:02 | 0:10:04 | |
and it would have been humming with activity, with the soldiers coming | 0:10:04 | 0:10:08 | |
out and washing themselves in the morning and at the end of the day. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:11 | |
That big building that you can see at the end there, | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
that was basically the posh bit. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:16 | |
That was where the Centurions slept, so they were the bosses | 0:10:16 | 0:10:19 | |
keeping their eyes on all the soldiers down here. | 0:10:19 | 0:10:22 | |
This is one of the three public loos | 0:10:26 | 0:10:28 | |
that's been left here, at Vindolanda. | 0:10:28 | 0:10:30 | |
You'd have had 12 wooden seats along here, you'd sit down, | 0:10:30 | 0:10:34 | |
do your business straight into the drain below, | 0:10:34 | 0:10:37 | |
and probably have a chat with some of your friends as you did so. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:40 | |
And I know it looks a bit odd, but that's because, in Roman | 0:10:40 | 0:10:43 | |
times, people all used to go to the loo at the same time together, | 0:10:43 | 0:10:47 | |
so it wasn't very private. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:49 | |
For the last 40 years, archaeologists, | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
who are really like detectives, | 0:10:54 | 0:10:56 | |
have been digging carefully through layers of soil, | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
finding extraordinary evidence of the lives | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
of the soldiers who'd once lived here. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:05 | |
What we're looking for are the little things | 0:11:05 | 0:11:07 | |
that they dropped and left behind - | 0:11:07 | 0:11:08 | |
shoes, writing tablets, | 0:11:08 | 0:11:10 | |
little bits of weapons and armour. | 0:11:10 | 0:11:11 | |
And like a detective, those are the clues that we use to find | 0:11:11 | 0:11:14 | |
out what the Roman people were doing here all that time ago. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
And what's particularly special about what's being found here? | 0:11:18 | 0:11:21 | |
The undoubted highlight from Vindolanda are the amazing | 0:11:21 | 0:11:24 | |
writing tablets that we find. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:26 | |
And these are tiny little postcard-sized scraps of birch | 0:11:26 | 0:11:30 | |
and alder wood that the Roman soldiers had written | 0:11:30 | 0:11:32 | |
to each other, and further afield, with an old-fashioned iron pen that | 0:11:32 | 0:11:35 | |
they'd dip into the ink and write straight on top of the bits of wood. | 0:11:35 | 0:11:39 | |
And, from those letters, | 0:11:39 | 0:11:40 | |
we just have an enormous amount of information about the Roman | 0:11:40 | 0:11:44 | |
soldiers, but others as well, and exactly what they thought | 0:11:44 | 0:11:46 | |
about living right at the edge of the Empire, on Hadrian's Wall. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:50 | |
These letters are very fragile and difficult to read, | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
but special infrared photographs of them show up the text, | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
which has been written in the Roman language - Latin. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:02 | |
"The Britons do not protect themselves by wearing armour..." | 0:12:03 | 0:12:06 | |
"Farewell, my sister, my dearest and most longed-for soul..." | 0:12:06 | 0:12:10 | |
"I implore you not to allow me, an innocent man from overseas, | 0:12:10 | 0:12:12 | |
"to be beaten by rods..." | 0:12:12 | 0:12:13 | |
"Make sure that you send me cash, so that I may buy grain..." | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
"I pray that you are enjoying the best of fortune | 0:12:16 | 0:12:18 | |
"and are in good health." | 0:12:18 | 0:12:20 | |
The letters reveal the most fantastic | 0:12:20 | 0:12:22 | |
details about the soldiers' lives, how they missed their friends | 0:12:22 | 0:12:26 | |
and their families, and the good wine back at home. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:29 | |
But the main thing that they seem to moan about is the freezing cold | 0:12:29 | 0:12:34 | |
up here, in the north of England. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
Luckily, some of their mates could send them supplies. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
"I have sent you some pairs of socks from Satua, | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
"two pairs of sandals and two pairs of underpants. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
"I pray that you live in the greatest of good fortune." | 0:12:47 | 0:12:52 | |
Well, it's good to know that even the Romans had to wear pants. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
The brilliant thing about the discoveries here | 0:12:58 | 0:13:00 | |
is that they don't just give you the kind of | 0:13:00 | 0:13:02 | |
official version of what life was like in the Roman Army. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
The letters that were dug up here were written by ordinary | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
soldiers, men who were bothered by what they had for dinner, | 0:13:09 | 0:13:13 | |
how cold it was and whether or not they had damp socks. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:17 | |
So, these letters give us a wonderful opportunity | 0:13:17 | 0:13:20 | |
to read the actual words of the men who lived here with their families, | 0:13:20 | 0:13:24 | |
bringing their intriguing world back to life. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:27 | |
"Claudia Severa to her Lepidina. Greetings. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
"On the 11th of September, sister, the day I celebrate my birthday, | 0:13:35 | 0:13:40 | |
"I send you this warm invitation to make sure you come to ours. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:44 | |
"I will enjoy the day so much more if you are there. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
"Farewell, sister, my dearest soul, as I hope to prosper and hail." | 0:13:47 | 0:13:52 | |
It's incredible to think that this invitation, almost 2,000 years | 0:13:54 | 0:13:59 | |
old, was dug out of the ground at this Roman fort here, at Vindolanda. | 0:13:59 | 0:14:04 | |
It was written by the wife of one of the camp commanders. | 0:14:04 | 0:14:08 | |
Now, the fantastic thing about it is it tells us | 0:14:08 | 0:14:11 | |
that, at these Roman forts, there weren't just male, | 0:14:11 | 0:14:14 | |
muscly soldiers, there were also women and children here too. | 0:14:14 | 0:14:18 | |
This is a copy of that letter and it tells us | 0:14:25 | 0:14:27 | |
all kinds of useful things, that the Romans wrote in Latin, that they | 0:14:27 | 0:14:31 | |
celebrated birthday parties and that the woman who wrote it was obviously | 0:14:31 | 0:14:36 | |
rich enough to be educated, in that she could read and write. | 0:14:36 | 0:14:39 | |
And it's really fantastic, | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
cos most of this has been written by a kind of official scribe, | 0:14:41 | 0:14:44 | |
and then you've got her actual handwriting here in the corner. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:47 | |
And this is the oldest handwriting of a woman from anywhere | 0:14:47 | 0:14:52 | |
in the Western world. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:54 | |
After the Romans took control of Britain, | 0:14:56 | 0:14:58 | |
with the exception of a few religious roles, | 0:14:58 | 0:15:00 | |
a woman's job was pretty much to run the household. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
Of course, if you were rich, you had slaves to help you clean, | 0:15:05 | 0:15:09 | |
look after your children and prepare and serve food. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:13 | |
Before the Roman invasion, the locals mainly ate | 0:15:13 | 0:15:15 | |
a kind of porridge with either vegetables or nuts or berries. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:21 | |
But the Romans introduced all kinds of different foods that, | 0:15:21 | 0:15:23 | |
funny enough, we now think of as being typically British, | 0:15:23 | 0:15:27 | |
things like lettuce and cabbage and apples and even peas. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:33 | |
Now, when they had a banquet, they really let rip. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:38 | |
Then they'd eat roasted swans, pig udders, | 0:15:38 | 0:15:42 | |
dormice sprinkled with honey or poppy seeds. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:45 | |
They also used to eat a really disgusting kind of fermented | 0:15:45 | 0:15:49 | |
fish sauce - there's actually some in here. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:52 | |
Ooh! Even the smell makes me want to gag. | 0:15:52 | 0:15:56 | |
And if you did feel a bit queasy or if you had tummy trouble, | 0:15:56 | 0:16:00 | |
then the Romans recommended pickled cabbage. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:04 | |
Urgh! | 0:16:04 | 0:16:06 | |
As well as eating new foods, women in Britain, at this time, | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
began to wear the latest trends that the Romans had introduced to | 0:16:10 | 0:16:13 | |
this country. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:15 | |
We know this from looking at statues, mosaics and paintings, | 0:16:15 | 0:16:19 | |
but we can also get clues from artefacts that have been | 0:16:19 | 0:16:22 | |
excavated, like this shoe. | 0:16:22 | 0:16:24 | |
This is such a beautiful little piece. How old is this? | 0:16:24 | 0:16:29 | |
This shoe is, actually, almost 2,000 years old. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:34 | |
It's a wonderful, wonderful piece. | 0:16:34 | 0:16:36 | |
It's a lady's slipper, probably used indoors, erm, | 0:16:36 | 0:16:40 | |
and here and here, you can just make out the stamps of the maker. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:45 | |
Amazing. So it's like a branding... | 0:16:45 | 0:16:46 | |
-It is. -..like we'd have on a trainer today. -It is. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:49 | |
But this is the kind of very high fashion, sort of, piece. | 0:16:49 | 0:16:53 | |
It would have been very expensive. | 0:16:53 | 0:16:55 | |
But the interesting thing is you can see, just here, it's broke, | 0:16:55 | 0:16:58 | |
just in between the toe | 0:16:58 | 0:17:00 | |
and so, she had enough money that she just threw it away. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:04 | |
Most of our shoes show evidence of repair, | 0:17:04 | 0:17:07 | |
so not everyone had the money that she did. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
This is an example of one of our finger rings. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:14 | |
It's made of silver, and we do have a few silver rings | 0:17:14 | 0:17:17 | |
and a few gold rings, but not very many. | 0:17:17 | 0:17:20 | |
This one has been inscribed with "Matri, Patri" - mum and dad. | 0:17:20 | 0:17:25 | |
Ah! And that's somebody who's missing their mum and dad, is it? | 0:17:25 | 0:17:28 | |
Yes, yes. Well, that's what we can interpret from it. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:31 | |
It really makes you feel close to them, | 0:17:31 | 0:17:33 | |
to those people who lived all that time ago. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:35 | |
When you start to look at their stuff, you start to feel that | 0:17:35 | 0:17:37 | |
you, you begin to know them. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
Archaeological discoveries also reveal | 0:17:40 | 0:17:42 | |
the kind of hairstyles some women had. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:45 | |
This stone carving is the head of a woman from Roman Britain and, | 0:17:46 | 0:17:50 | |
because it was made close on 2,000 years ago, it's got very worn. | 0:17:50 | 0:17:55 | |
So, her nose has been chipped off and her chin's gone a bit peculiar. | 0:17:55 | 0:17:59 | |
But just come and have a look round here. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
This is just brilliant because you get a fantastic idea of what | 0:18:03 | 0:18:06 | |
her hairstyle would have been like. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:09 | |
She's got this great mass of curls up here and then the rest | 0:18:09 | 0:18:13 | |
of her hair has been wound round in a really elaborate kind of a bun. | 0:18:13 | 0:18:18 | |
I know it does look a bit odd but, believe it or not, | 0:18:18 | 0:18:21 | |
this was the height of fashion back then. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
Women have often been written out of history because, generally, | 0:18:28 | 0:18:31 | |
they didn't do the big stuff, like run countries or start wars, | 0:18:31 | 0:18:35 | |
but the brilliant thing about the discoveries here, | 0:18:35 | 0:18:38 | |
at Vindolanda, is that you do feel really close to them. | 0:18:38 | 0:18:42 | |
And thanks to those lovely letters from women like Claudia, | 0:18:42 | 0:18:46 | |
here, women have written themselves back into history itself. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:51 | |
"To the spirits of the departed. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:01 | |
"Mercatila, foster daughter of Magnus, | 0:19:01 | 0:19:05 | |
"who lived for one year, | 0:19:05 | 0:19:07 | |
"six months and 12 days." | 0:19:07 | 0:19:10 | |
Those words were written down almost 2,000 years ago on this Roman | 0:19:11 | 0:19:16 | |
tombstone and they celebrate the life of a little girl who was | 0:19:16 | 0:19:20 | |
called Mercatila. This is just the beginning of her name here, | 0:19:20 | 0:19:23 | |
"Merc", who died before she was two years old. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:28 | |
Lots of children died back in Roman times of disease or accident, | 0:19:28 | 0:19:33 | |
or just because they didn't have enough to eat. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:36 | |
Life was pretty tough then. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
Discipline for children was very firm in Roman times | 0:19:39 | 0:19:44 | |
as it was thought to make them strong, to improve | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
their character and, for boys, to prepare them for life in the Army. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:51 | |
Before the Roman invasion, most British children had | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
learnt about their histories and their tribal customs through | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
stories and songs shared with their families around a fire at night. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:04 | |
But once the Romans were here then, for the posh kids at any rate, | 0:20:04 | 0:20:08 | |
you had to learn to read and write. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:10 | |
And what they were learning to read and write was, of course, Latin. | 0:20:10 | 0:20:15 | |
This is a wax tablet and it's what school children in Roman Britain | 0:20:18 | 0:20:21 | |
would have used when they were learning to read and write. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:24 | |
Erm, it's really cleverly designed, | 0:20:24 | 0:20:26 | |
cos it's basically just two bits of wax put on top of some wood, | 0:20:26 | 0:20:30 | |
and they're joined together with a bit of string or leather here. | 0:20:30 | 0:20:33 | |
Erm, and this doesn't look like it, but this is a Roman-style pen - | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
it's just a bit of pointy metal. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:38 | |
And the very clever thing is that you could write down your word, | 0:20:38 | 0:20:41 | |
and I'm going to write a word, "Londinium", which is | 0:20:41 | 0:20:45 | |
what the Romans called London. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
But, if you made a mistake, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
then you could rub it out with this flat end of the pen. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
So, I'm writing Londinium | 0:20:53 | 0:20:57 | |
and it will look like I've made a mistake at the end, | 0:20:57 | 0:21:01 | |
because when they were writing capitals, | 0:21:01 | 0:21:03 | |
the Romans didn't use a U, like we use, they used a V instead. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:07 | |
So, it looks like I've written Londinivm, but I haven't. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:11 | |
I've actually written the Roman name for London - Londinium. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
Some girls were educated, but it was mainly the boys. | 0:21:17 | 0:21:21 | |
And if you were poor or a slave, then it was very, | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
very unlikely that you'd get the chance to be taught at all. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
Those children privileged enough to receive an education | 0:21:30 | 0:21:32 | |
learnt reading, writing and maths, as well as other subjects, | 0:21:32 | 0:21:38 | |
such as how to speak in front of an audience, which would | 0:21:38 | 0:21:41 | |
prepare them for important jobs, like being in the Roman Army. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:44 | |
Children didn't spend all their time studying, they did have fun too. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:50 | |
They had plenty of games, like knuckle bones, | 0:21:50 | 0:21:52 | |
played using the knuckle or ankle bones of a sheep. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:55 | |
These were thrown up and caught on the back of the hand. | 0:21:55 | 0:21:58 | |
Points were given to the side of the bone that landed upwards | 0:21:58 | 0:22:01 | |
and whoever got the highest score was the winner. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:04 | |
Roman children also played with toys and there have been | 0:22:04 | 0:22:07 | |
some incredible discoveries at Roman sites, like Vindolanda. | 0:22:07 | 0:22:11 | |
Have any toys actually survived in Vindolanda? | 0:22:13 | 0:22:16 | |
We have two examples of toys. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:18 | |
This one is a Roman toy, gladius, | 0:22:18 | 0:22:22 | |
or a sword. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:24 | |
It's made of wood and, you can see, it's quite thin. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:27 | |
Er, and it's very, very light | 0:22:27 | 0:22:30 | |
and would have been quite fun for the child to use. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:34 | |
And this one here is a toy dagger. | 0:22:34 | 0:22:38 | |
And would these just be a toy, or would they be ways that | 0:22:38 | 0:22:41 | |
children would be starting to learn about fighting properly? | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
Most...most children in the ancient world would grow up | 0:22:44 | 0:22:46 | |
and do what their parents did. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
And by handing a child, especially a boy child, a toy sword, | 0:22:48 | 0:22:52 | |
they were learning the basics about how to use a sword. | 0:22:52 | 0:22:56 | |
And is that another? Is that a little child's shoe, is it, there? | 0:22:56 | 0:23:00 | |
I love these. | 0:23:00 | 0:23:01 | |
These are children's shoes and, as you look at it, | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
-it almost fits in my palm. Would you like to hold it? -I'd love to. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
SHE GASPS | 0:23:07 | 0:23:08 | |
This child's shoe has fallen apart and now all that's left is the sole. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:13 | |
It would have looked a bit more like this before it broke. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
It's only about the size of a hand, | 0:23:16 | 0:23:18 | |
probably more than likely a toddler's shoe. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:22 | |
It's so amazing to think that this was first worn by a child | 0:23:22 | 0:23:27 | |
close on 2,000 years ago and yet I can hold it in my hand today. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:32 | |
It might just be a little shoe, but it's also a traveller in time. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:38 | |
"Docilianus, son of Brucerus, | 0:23:46 | 0:23:49 | |
"to the most holy Goddess, Sulis, I curse him who stole my hooded cloak. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:55 | |
"Whether he be man or woman, slave or free. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:58 | |
"Goddess Sulis, inflict death and not allow him sleep, now or in the | 0:23:59 | 0:24:04 | |
"future, until he brings my hooded cloak back to the Temple of Sulis." | 0:24:04 | 0:24:08 | |
Those bloodcurdling words were scratched out onto a thin | 0:24:10 | 0:24:14 | |
sheet of metal and tossed into the water here close on 2,000 | 0:24:14 | 0:24:19 | |
years ago, when most of Britain was part of the big Roman Empire. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
I'm in a city called Bath and it's named after these Roman Baths, | 0:24:24 | 0:24:28 | |
where ancient people used to come to get fit and to get clean, | 0:24:28 | 0:24:32 | |
to meet friends - a bit like a modern-day leisure centre. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:36 | |
So why then, was somebody writing such horrible words onto a | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
curse tablet and throwing it into that water? | 0:24:39 | 0:24:44 | |
The Romans believed the naturally warm water that bubbles | 0:24:44 | 0:24:47 | |
up from the ground had special magical powers. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:51 | |
The Romans called this place "Aquae Sulis" and they named it | 0:24:51 | 0:24:55 | |
after the Goddess Sulis, who was an ancient goddess from Britain. | 0:24:55 | 0:24:59 | |
She was thought to be terribly powerful and, in a way, | 0:24:59 | 0:25:03 | |
her power was thought to actually live in these waters themselves. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
And that's what explains these curse tablets. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
So, if somebody was really cross about something, | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
what they'd do is they'd get one of these bits of metal, | 0:25:11 | 0:25:14 | |
scratch out a message to Sulis, | 0:25:14 | 0:25:16 | |
then fold it all up into a kind of package and throw it into the water. | 0:25:16 | 0:25:21 | |
'And this is that actual curse, scratched out by one very | 0:25:21 | 0:25:25 | |
'angry person nearly 2,000 years ago.' | 0:25:25 | 0:25:29 | |
The man who wrote this one had obviously come here and had a | 0:25:29 | 0:25:31 | |
lovely afternoon. He'd met friends, he'd gone to the baths and then | 0:25:31 | 0:25:35 | |
he'd got out and got himself dry, and somebody had stolen his cloak. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
It was probably the only one he had and it was freezing outside. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
And he was in such a rage that he thought the only creature who | 0:25:44 | 0:25:47 | |
could help him get it back was the Goddess Sulis herself. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:52 | |
This was a job for her. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:54 | |
And this is what they thought she looked like. | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
She's pretty impressive, isn't she? | 0:25:59 | 0:26:02 | |
This head is made of bronze and it's been covered in pure gold leaf. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:07 | |
Originally, there'd have been a body too and the whole | 0:26:07 | 0:26:10 | |
statue would be housed in a special religious building called a temple. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:14 | |
And people would travel for miles | 0:26:14 | 0:26:16 | |
and miles just to pay their respects to her. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:20 | |
As well as taking revenge against people who'd been wicked, | 0:26:21 | 0:26:24 | |
Romans believed that the Goddess Sulis could cure them of illness. | 0:26:24 | 0:26:29 | |
The Romans came here to be cured of all kinds of things - from skin | 0:26:29 | 0:26:33 | |
diseases to just feeling troubled about life, and even constipation. | 0:26:33 | 0:26:38 | |
In return for Sulis' help, people threw gifts, | 0:26:39 | 0:26:42 | |
known as offerings, into the baths. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:45 | |
Over 12,000 of these Roman coins were found in the water. | 0:26:45 | 0:26:50 | |
And now, the brilliant thing about these coins is that, | 0:26:50 | 0:26:53 | |
when they were made, they had the face of the emperor who | 0:26:53 | 0:26:56 | |
was in charge put on one side, so we know exactly how old they were. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:01 | |
This one's got the face of the Emperor Hadrian on it, and you might | 0:27:01 | 0:27:05 | |
have heard of him because he's the man who built Hadrian's Wall. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:10 | |
Aquae Sulis was particularly important to Roman Britons, | 0:27:10 | 0:27:13 | |
but public baths like this were a popular part of everyday life | 0:27:13 | 0:27:17 | |
all across the Roman Empire. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:19 | |
Although, in some ways, these places were a bit like a modern-day | 0:27:19 | 0:27:23 | |
gymnasium or a leisure centre, | 0:27:23 | 0:27:25 | |
they used very different kinds | 0:27:25 | 0:27:27 | |
of equipment, didn't they? | 0:27:27 | 0:27:29 | |
Well, they did and erm, well, | 0:27:29 | 0:27:31 | |
this is certainly a very strange object, isn't it? | 0:27:31 | 0:27:33 | |
Er, it's something called a "strigil", | 0:27:33 | 0:27:35 | |
but it would be something that people used to clean themselves. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:39 | |
The way this would work is that, first of all, | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
-someone would pour oil over you. -Yep. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
-OK, thank you. -That's all right. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:45 | |
And you would then scrape down, like that, to remove the oil | 0:27:45 | 0:27:51 | |
but, in so doing, it would also remove all the dirt, | 0:27:51 | 0:27:55 | |
all the gunk, all the nastiness, all the dead skin. | 0:27:55 | 0:27:58 | |
That would all go, and slosh, away it would go. | 0:27:58 | 0:28:01 | |
And so, once you'd scraped yourself down would, | 0:28:01 | 0:28:03 | |
would you then end up in the water? | 0:28:03 | 0:28:05 | |
You would. At that point, you would go into the water, | 0:28:05 | 0:28:08 | |
you would rinse it all off. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:10 | |
And so, if lots of people were doing that, | 0:28:10 | 0:28:12 | |
you could end up with some pretty gunky water. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:15 | |
It must have been disgusting. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:17 | |
For people lucky enough to come here, | 0:28:19 | 0:28:21 | |
close on 2,000 years ago, Aquae Sulis was somewhere super special. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:27 | |
This was a place you came to get fit and clean, | 0:28:27 | 0:28:30 | |
to meet your friends, or to curse your enemies. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:34 | |
It was also somewhere you came to worship a great goddess, | 0:28:34 | 0:28:37 | |
for whom you had huge amounts of respect. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:42 | |
So, Aquae Sulis was somewhere you came to look after | 0:28:42 | 0:28:44 | |
both your body and your soul. | 0:28:44 | 0:28:48 | |
Subtitles By Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:29:12 | 0:29:15 |