:00:21. > :00:25.Hello and welcome to the The One Show with Matt Baker. And Alex
:00:25. > :00:30.Jones. With us tonight is a man who has
:00:30. > :00:36.politicians quirking and Mastermind contestants panicking.
:00:36. > :00:40.He started so I will finish. It is John Humphrys. Welcome to the show.
:00:41. > :00:46.I thought something had gone wrong there. You know the difference
:00:46. > :00:48.between asking Masterminded people questions and politician, on
:00:48. > :00:54.Mastermind they want to answer the questions.
:00:54. > :00:57.You have got Chris Moyles shaking in his his boots this morning.
:00:58. > :01:05.I am glad you mentioned that because I wasn't going to bring it
:01:05. > :01:08.Only 700,000 listeners behind. It is the most we have ever had for
:01:08. > :01:15.the Today Programme. Are you going to overtake Chris
:01:15. > :01:19.Moyles? What's your plan? destroy him. To have him wimpering.
:01:19. > :01:26.He nearly didn't go on this morning because he was so intimidated!
:01:26. > :01:28.Not! Do you think this outfit will help overtake Chris Moyles?
:01:28. > :01:34.LAUGHTER What's this about John? What are
:01:34. > :01:39.you going in a leopard print outfit? That's a good question. I
:01:39. > :01:45.was being nice to one of our newsreaders and she said, "I'm
:01:45. > :01:50.getting everybody to wear it. Do you mind doing it? ." I said I
:01:50. > :01:56.would put it on as a special favour and the next day I opened the paper
:01:56. > :02:01.and - the moral is never do a friend a favour!
:02:01. > :02:08.But they are cosy! John, later on we will be talking about your other
:02:08. > :02:13.day job which is Mastermind. Six months ago thousands of
:02:13. > :02:18.Southern Cross home residents were left with an uncertain future when
:02:18. > :02:24.the care home collapsed. Justin Rowlatt has been to meet the woman
:02:24. > :02:27.helping to run 241 care homes to see if she learnt from Southern
:02:27. > :02:35.Cross's mistakes. Elderly residents found on the
:02:35. > :02:38.floor covered in bruises. One woman said "please take us
:02:38. > :02:43.home.". Residents left for hours in soiled clothes.
:02:43. > :02:46.The level of care that was given from practically the the time my
:02:46. > :02:49.father went into that nursing home was sub-standard.
:02:49. > :02:53.With stories of neglect like this and financial problems, last year
:02:53. > :02:58.it became obvious that Britain's biggest care home provider Southern
:02:58. > :03:02.Cross was in dire difficulty. Southern Cross the troubled firm
:03:02. > :03:08.which runs 750 residential care homes is to close.
:03:08. > :03:14.When it finally announced its closure last July, the 31,000
:03:14. > :03:17.elderly residents who lived its homes were left facing an uncertain
:03:17. > :03:22.future. Southern Cross's homes have been
:03:22. > :03:25.transferred to other operators. 241 have gone to HC1.
:03:25. > :03:31.At a time when the industry's reputation has taken a battering,
:03:31. > :03:34.can public sector champion and the Government's former learning
:03:34. > :03:41.disability tsar help turn around the image of private care in her
:03:41. > :03:45.new role at HC1? How can you persuade me that homes that
:03:45. > :03:54.delivered such poor care really very recently are good enough for
:03:54. > :04:00.me to want to put my mum or my dad in there? To be fair, we have
:04:00. > :04:04.inherited a spectrum of homes and we have spent the last three months
:04:04. > :04:09.getting to know which are the ones that need special attention. The
:04:09. > :04:15.ones that the programme exposed under Southern Cross.
:04:15. > :04:20.In our original report last year, we featured the case of Avis who
:04:20. > :04:27.was placed in a Southern Cross care home in Durham by her son, Brian.
:04:27. > :04:30.Within a month Avis sustained a number of suspicious injuries which
:04:30. > :04:33.Brian believes could have been avoided if properly trained staff
:04:33. > :04:37.were on duty. One of the problems was a shortage
:04:37. > :04:42.of staff. I asked the manager how many there were up there. She said
:04:42. > :04:47.there was 18 and I said, "Well, only two staff to look after 18."
:04:47. > :04:53.The answer I got was, "Well, we are short of staff." I wished I had
:04:53. > :04:58.never ever sent her there. Although HC1 hasn't taken over the
:04:58. > :05:01.Southern Cross home where Avis stayed, there were staffing issues
:05:01. > :05:04.in many of its homes. It is a problem the new company says it
:05:04. > :05:06.will address. How can you effect change if you
:05:06. > :05:12.have got the same people who were running this failing business
:05:12. > :05:22.before? We have had brought in additional staff to strengthen
:05:22. > :05:28.quality assurance, turn around teams, the in-house inspection
:05:28. > :05:33.service to those are a mixture of existing staff and new appointments
:05:33. > :05:39.and we are appointing a significant number of new home managers for
:05:39. > :05:42.these homes. The stories of neglect started to
:05:42. > :05:48.surface some local authorities became unwilling to place residents
:05:48. > :05:54.in Southern Cross homes. HC1 says it is going to spend money to boost
:05:54. > :05:59.standards. We are investing �30 million into
:05:59. > :06:03.the homes directly into training and development, into the structure
:06:03. > :06:08.of the buildings, into equipment, all those things.
:06:08. > :06:11.I mean which all sounds wonderful, but Southern Cross cut costs and
:06:11. > :06:16.failed. You are saying you are going to increase costs and that's
:06:16. > :06:21.an a viable model tor a sustainable business, how does that work?
:06:21. > :06:26.works because homes have to deliver high quality care that people
:06:26. > :06:31.choose, that families tell each other, that my mum is really being
:06:31. > :06:36.looked after there and if that happens, then homes are full.
:06:36. > :06:40.Despite the assurances, some believe that without better and
:06:40. > :06:42.tighter regulation, residents in private care homes will always be
:06:42. > :06:47.vulnerable to companies who have to make money.
:06:47. > :06:50.The private companies are making a profit on the back of of elderly
:06:50. > :06:54.care and that's always been our issue.
:06:54. > :06:59.It would be much better if there wasn't private care homes that it
:06:59. > :07:03.was under local authority control and the public were running them.
:07:03. > :07:07.Because the public sector can't provide care for everyone who needs
:07:07. > :07:13.it, for the foreseeable future, many of us will have no choice but
:07:13. > :07:16.to rely on companies like HC1 to look after us or our elderly
:07:16. > :07:23.relatives. The really important thing, whoever
:07:24. > :07:28.delivers care, is that it is the best quality. Justin is here. The
:07:28. > :07:32.down fall of Southern Cross meant that it caused stress and heartache
:07:32. > :07:34.to lots of people. What actions are being taken to make sure this
:07:34. > :07:38.doesn't happen again? In the light of what happened at Southern Cross,
:07:38. > :07:41.the Government is reviewing the way it regulates the care industry. It
:07:41. > :07:44.says it wants to put in place safeguards to ensure this never
:07:44. > :07:48.happens again. They are putting together a white paper which will
:07:48. > :07:51.be published in the spring, the Public Accounts Committee, the kind
:07:51. > :07:55.of Parliamentary Committee that tries to make sure that governments
:07:55. > :07:59.don't waste money has been looking at the sector and it raised a
:07:59. > :08:03.series of problems. It says it is worried the Government don't have
:08:03. > :08:07.enough financial insight, it can't open up the books of the companies
:08:07. > :08:11.and find out if there are financial problems such as Southern Cross had.
:08:11. > :08:14.They are worried if another company goes bust like Southern Cross, they
:08:14. > :08:18.don't have a viable plan in place to deal with the consequences if
:08:18. > :08:22.that happens. It is hard to detect. Is there any
:08:22. > :08:28.thoughts on how healthy the private care home sectors is at the moment
:08:28. > :08:33.There is a lot of bory. Age -- worry. Age Concern said the amount
:08:33. > :08:37.of money money being spent on the care of the elderly has gone down
:08:37. > :08:42.at a time when the number of elderly is going up. Although the
:08:42. > :08:48.Government doesn't have the power to open up the books of private
:08:48. > :08:54.companies, but has opened its books. It has shown, it is a company
:08:54. > :09:01.called Four Seasons, it is another provider of care in Britain. They
:09:01. > :09:04.have �780 million of debt. The One Show have spoken to them and they
:09:04. > :09:07.have emphasised their business model is different to that of
:09:08. > :09:14.Southern Cross, but there are still problems in the sector. It is
:09:14. > :09:17.something to worry about there. John, your dad spent a lot of time
:09:17. > :09:22.in care homes because he suffered from dementia. What are your views
:09:23. > :09:26.It was a horrible experience and in his case he wanted to die. We
:09:26. > :09:29.couldn't care for him any longer and then he went into a private
:09:29. > :09:33.home and that was a disaster, he went into a state home and that was
:09:34. > :09:39.worse. They didn't know what kind of dementia he had, he ended up in
:09:39. > :09:43.a good home, but my concern is when people develop dementia like that,
:09:43. > :09:47.they have sane, rational periods and they have periods of dementia
:09:47. > :09:53.and in his case, in his sane, rational periods, he wanted to be
:09:53. > :09:58.allowed to die. He collapsed in my view, in our view, he should have
:09:58. > :10:02.been allowed to die, but they brought him back. For what? He kept
:10:02. > :10:04.saying, "I want to die." We have got to take another look at this
:10:04. > :10:08.hole question. -- whole question.
:10:08. > :10:13.Thank you very much indeed. A change of topic now. I can't end
:10:13. > :10:19.the day without a lovely, nice, soak in the bath. Are you a bath or
:10:19. > :10:22.shower man? Shower. Justin? I am a bath man.
:10:22. > :10:26.I have come up with a lot of good ideas in the bath.
:10:26. > :10:31.Well, you are not the only one. Marty Jopson explains how a man
:10:31. > :10:37.helped turned the tide of World War II whilst having a soak in the tub.
:10:37. > :10:40.The 6th June 1944, deDay when the allies began their assault of
:10:40. > :10:47.mainland Europe, it was the beginning of the end of World War
:10:47. > :10:51.After the allies had been pushed into the sea at Dunkirk in 19 1940,
:10:51. > :10:55.they planned to return to Europe, but key to this was having control
:10:55. > :10:58.of a harbour. A problem was the Germans were dug in in all the
:10:58. > :11:06.ports along the coast here and they were they were prepared to destroy
:11:06. > :11:11.them in the event of an invasion. In May 1942, Mr Churchill wrote a
:11:11. > :11:16.memorandum. A harbour was essential, but if we could not capture one, we
:11:16. > :11:22.must build our own. A plan was hatched to build
:11:22. > :11:27.temporary floating harbours, codenamed mull better bury --
:11:27. > :11:30.Mulberry. They were to allow ships to off load vital supplies and
:11:30. > :11:36.troops. But there was a snag, the treacherous conditions of the
:11:36. > :11:39.English Channel could make mooring and unloading the ships impossible.
:11:39. > :11:45.So before the invasion could happen, a means of protecting those
:11:45. > :11:49.floating harbours needed to be invented.
:11:49. > :11:59.Several designs were tried, all of which failed. The answer came in
:11:59. > :12:00.
:12:00. > :12:04.the spring of 1943 when Robert Locknear lay flu ridden in this
:12:04. > :12:14.bath. As he was splashing with one hand, he noticed the water on the
:12:14. > :12:19.other side of his his flannel was calm. This was his eureka moment!
:12:19. > :12:28.His daughter still lives at her father's house in Haslemere.
:12:28. > :12:37.He leapt out of the bath saying, "Eureka, I have got it." He shouted,
:12:37. > :12:44."Get a Lilo, get a cricket bat." We went down to the pond and we
:12:44. > :12:51.experimented with her holding a lino. This was the start of what
:12:51. > :12:55.was to become the break waters. It would go on to be the floating
:12:55. > :13:00.harbour's first line of defence. To understand how the invention worked,
:13:00. > :13:05.I'm meeting Thomas at the University of Oxford who is an
:13:05. > :13:13.expert in the science of waves and built a model of the break water
:13:13. > :13:17.for us in a wave tank. This is a bit different to a lilo then?
:13:17. > :13:22.is a load of weight at the bottom. This is similar who what was used
:13:22. > :13:26.in the harbours. With this model, we can put the
:13:26. > :13:32.invention to the test, but first, we're going to need a boat.
:13:32. > :13:35.With the help of my human wave machine, I want to see what happens
:13:35. > :13:39.without any protection from the break water.
:13:39. > :13:47.Wave on! Blimey, look at them. They are
:13:47. > :13:52.getting quite steep. She has gone over.
:13:52. > :13:58.Man the lifeboats, oh dear. If we try it on this side.
:13:59. > :14:01.Here come the waves again. Now we see your boat where the
:14:01. > :14:05.water is calmer and our ship is fine.
:14:05. > :14:09.What's going on here? Well, if we look, we can see the waves coming
:14:09. > :14:12.in this side and they are coming in and hitting the break water and
:14:12. > :14:22.most of the energy is being reflected back out to sea, leaving
:14:22. > :14:26.
:14:26. > :14:31.this relatively calm water for These formed the outer protection
:14:31. > :14:37.for two mulberry floating harbours. Each were a huge, one Square Mile
:14:37. > :14:42.in size. It took one of a larger storms on record to break or one of
:14:42. > :14:46.them up. But the other survived and over 10 months landed over half a
:14:46. > :14:52.million vehicles, 2.5 million soldiers and 4 million tons of
:14:52. > :14:57.supplies. It was a significant factor in the allies's victory in
:14:57. > :15:03.World War II and all because of a man claiming about in his bath!
:15:03. > :15:07.It all came from the flannel. is brilliant. John, the series
:15:07. > :15:13.marks 40 years of Mastermind. Not that you have been there for 40
:15:13. > :15:18.years! You have seen lots of contestants sit in the famous chair.
:15:18. > :15:24.How do they describe the experience? It must be highly
:15:24. > :15:30.intimidating? There are two sorts of contenders. There are those who
:15:30. > :15:37.are regulars, they are the quiz. And all people who think let's have
:15:37. > :15:42.a go at it. At the beginning, they are terrified, most of them. Almost
:15:42. > :15:49.trembling. At the end of it, they think it is great. Even if they do
:15:49. > :15:54.badly, they enjoy it. I am amazed by it. It is intimidating. I have
:15:54. > :15:59.sat in the chair. You just have the light and me staring at you. Well
:15:59. > :16:04.actually, not staring at you, I am staring at the questions and I
:16:04. > :16:10.never look up at them. Do you read them all beforehand? The s, I
:16:10. > :16:15.checked them. What I found fascinating, the creator leant on
:16:15. > :16:23.his experience from prisoner of war comes to create this atmosphere,
:16:23. > :16:29.the interrogation with the solitary chair, a lighting and a whole lot.
:16:29. > :16:37.We don't allow the audience to applaud as they walk out. And the
:16:38. > :16:44.opening music. The name of the theme tune is "approaching menace".
:16:44. > :16:52.It is crawls. Of all those questions, which question have you
:16:52. > :16:59.most like? There was a very nice one that said, what is the
:16:59. > :17:06.inscription on the front door above the letterbox of Number Ten Downing
:17:06. > :17:13.Street? You think it will be something profound. What does it
:17:13. > :17:19.say? Very near, go around the back please. You would want it to be
:17:19. > :17:25.mementos, but it is not. Moving away from Mastermind. What about
:17:25. > :17:35.the deftest answer? Which breakfast cereal do you associate with
:17:35. > :17:36.
:17:36. > :17:40.prison? Cornflakes? Porridge. But he said she Rio's. We move on to
:17:40. > :17:48.the Today programme. Would you agreed there aren't enough women
:17:48. > :17:57.guests on your show? It depends what you mean by enough. At the
:17:57. > :18:03.moment it is 17%. The Government minister who attacked us for this,,
:18:03. > :18:07.Ed Vaizey, I would like to ask him how many ministers in his
:18:07. > :18:15.department's are women? The answer is zeros. What is the proportion of
:18:15. > :18:19.women MPs, roughly 20%. Cabinet ministers, under 20%. We have got
:18:19. > :18:24.to reflect. We have to talk to people who have something to say
:18:24. > :18:30.who are important, we can hold to account. If most of them happen to
:18:30. > :18:35.be men, overwhelmingly men. But the people who run our big companies
:18:35. > :18:42.are overwhelmingly men, I think there are two chief executives of
:18:42. > :18:46.the FTSE 100 companies. We really do try very hard. Redress the
:18:46. > :18:55.balance and get Alex on in the morning. I was told I had to invite
:18:55. > :19:01.you. You can both sit in the chair together. Mastermind is on Fridays
:19:01. > :19:05.at 8pm on BBC Two, except Wales, when it is on on a Sunday.
:19:05. > :19:11.The legal poaching of wild rhinos for their horns is big business in
:19:11. > :19:16.Africa and Asia. But rhino poaching is a threat in this country. As a
:19:16. > :19:20.Mike Dilger finds out, the poachers could already be here.
:19:20. > :19:24.In the dead of night, two men forced their way through a fire
:19:24. > :19:28.escape and into Ipswich Museum. The raiders were organised and
:19:28. > :19:34.professional, spending less than five minutes in the building before
:19:34. > :19:39.making off with their horns. It wasn't a lavish, gold Egyptian
:19:39. > :19:48.burial masks they were after, they were after something entirely
:19:48. > :19:54.unexpected. One night last July, the rhino horn was stolen by
:19:54. > :19:58.thieves. They took that and the skull of the shelf. The chances of
:19:58. > :20:08.getting back the original are minimal. We have had a replacement
:20:08. > :20:14.built so we can restore some of Rosie's dignity. This is it.
:20:14. > :20:21.quite the real McCoy, and she is an Indian rhinoceros, so she only has
:20:21. > :20:24.one. It is not a bad fit. With rhino horns affecting up to
:20:24. > :20:31.�50,000 per kilogram on the black market, it is almost twice the
:20:31. > :20:37.price of gold. It represents a one of 42 thefts of rhino ones that
:20:37. > :20:42.have blighted its museums and galleries across Europe in 2011.
:20:42. > :20:46.Intelligence suggests the problem could get worse in 2012. This
:20:46. > :20:51.business with rhinoceros horns is an ongoing concern in the UK?
:20:51. > :20:55.Absolutely, we seized two rhino horns last week. They were bound
:20:55. > :21:01.for the Chinese market. Some of these villains have gone to
:21:01. > :21:04.extraordinary lengths? People stealing them are ruthless
:21:04. > :21:09.criminals. People have been physically assaulted. They will go
:21:09. > :21:14.to any lengths they can to get their commodity. A few weeks ago,
:21:15. > :21:24.all 15 British zoos and safari parks were placed on high alert.
:21:25. > :21:26.
:21:26. > :21:31.Zoo-keeper Sofia live rhinos could be targeted next. This is that your
:21:31. > :21:35.writer others do. You don't expect it to happen in Essex. How would
:21:35. > :21:42.you go about removing a haunt of such a fantastic beasts? It is not
:21:42. > :21:47.going to give it up easily? One of the methods is a mobilising the
:21:47. > :21:53.animal with drunks. Take a chainsaw to the face of the rhino. It wakes
:21:53. > :21:57.up a few hours later in a terrible state. It is still alive. We cannot
:21:58. > :22:03.consider the thought of it happening. It is the fascinating
:22:03. > :22:06.element, but it is only like our fingernails and hair? There is no
:22:06. > :22:11.value to it, no medicinal properties and no function at all
:22:11. > :22:16.other than what it does for the rhino, which allows it to defend
:22:16. > :22:22.its territory and fight with other rhinos. It is crazy animals are
:22:22. > :22:26.being killed for this. How do you go about protecting a rhino,
:22:26. > :22:32.security wise here? We have installed a high-tech alarm system
:22:32. > :22:37.for this building. Scotland Yard have suggested museums should keep
:22:37. > :22:42.their rhino horns out of use. We cannot do that at a zoo? No, and I
:22:42. > :22:47.don't think we should. We are here to save the species, but educate
:22:47. > :22:52.the public. And one of the ways we are going to fight poaching in
:22:52. > :22:57.Africa is by educating the public and creating up wrath. If we take
:22:57. > :23:03.the rhinos away and people cannot see them, we lose the edge on it.
:23:03. > :23:12.Extraordinary figures, in 200730 miners were killed in South Africa.
:23:12. > :23:17.Last year, 448? It is hideous. This year, and we are at the start in
:23:17. > :23:23.February, 25 have already been killed in South Africa. It seems to
:23:23. > :23:33.come from an internet rumour. There is a Vietnamese official who is
:23:33. > :23:36.
:23:36. > :23:43.supposedly having his things secured by poaching. But it seems
:23:43. > :23:53.to be an urban myth. This is made a fingernail and it has no medicinal
:23:53. > :23:54.
:23:54. > :23:59.value. Be careful, it is pricey. How much? This has been brought in
:23:59. > :24:03.by the Met's wildlife crime unit. And this way is two kilograms and
:24:03. > :24:10.it is so valuable we have two police officers. They are not
:24:10. > :24:19.allowed to let it out of their side. Current market suggests it is worth
:24:19. > :24:25.about �100,000. And the same amount of gold is worth around �40,000
:24:25. > :24:29.less. The Royal Society for the Protection of animals are funding
:24:29. > :24:39.the wildlife crime unit to keep an officer going. Unveiling his on the
:24:39. > :24:46.website. Recently been ran a piece on how Wednesday got its name. We
:24:46. > :24:52.have had an angry e-mail from Mr Thor, threatening "threatening to
:24:52. > :24:58.smite you with the awesome power of my hammer and mercy do the same".
:24:58. > :25:07.We won't be intimidated by your threats.
:25:07. > :25:15.THUNDERING AND LIGHTNING. Thursday is named after the Norse
:25:16. > :25:21.god, the god of thunder. Who is thought and why is one of our days
:25:21. > :25:27.of the week named after him? Dr Chris Abraham teaches mythology at
:25:27. > :25:31.University College in London. Do we know how Thursday got its name?
:25:31. > :25:35.don't, not really. It is lost in the myths of time. But probably
:25:35. > :25:39.goes back to the Roman period because the Romans named the 4th
:25:39. > :25:44.day of the week after their thunder god, Jupiter. It was imitated by
:25:44. > :25:50.other people around Europe, including the Vikings. How can we
:25:50. > :25:56.be sure thought was the god of thunder? His name derives from the
:25:56. > :26:00.word meaning thunder. He has been connected with thunder. He just
:26:00. > :26:05.wasn't the God of Thunder, was God of all of the weather. He was
:26:05. > :26:10.important? He was important because the weather was so important for
:26:10. > :26:15.the Vikings. A thunderstorm was a threatening thing. It could sink a
:26:15. > :26:20.ship, the lightning could set fire to your house. Why did people
:26:20. > :26:25.believe so much in him as the god of thunder? Because they did not
:26:25. > :26:29.have any other way of explaining the weather. If you think of how
:26:29. > :26:38.dramatic a thunderstorm must appear, if you know nothing about where it
:26:38. > :26:43.comes from. Explains things of what people do not understand. People
:26:43. > :26:51.needed a God to explain something as powerful as a thunderstorm.
:26:51. > :26:56.Today, we turn to science or explanation. What we hear as
:26:56. > :27:01.thunder is the sound waves created by a lightning flash heating the
:27:01. > :27:04.air and causing it to explode outwards. Some people think who
:27:04. > :27:13.think they have been struck by lightning have been blown off their
:27:13. > :27:18.feet by the sound of thunder. To demonstrate, this doctor at
:27:18. > :27:22.Manchester University is going to use a testing laboratories to show
:27:22. > :27:27.us what the sound wave created by a lightning strike does to some
:27:27. > :27:32.candles and a tube of paper. How realistic do you think this
:27:32. > :27:36.experiment will be when you compare it to rely thunder? The energies
:27:36. > :27:43.inside this are quite a large. They are comparable with what you get in
:27:43. > :27:46.nature. Delight in in Channel we will produce is about 10
:27:46. > :27:53.centimetres or so. But in nature we have channels that are kilometres
:27:53. > :27:58.long. To capture the power and understand why the Vikings were so
:27:58. > :28:06.taken by thunder, we are filming with the ace super-fast camera
:28:06. > :28:11.which slows it down. THUNDER.
:28:11. > :28:17.These are candles being blown out by the sound of thunder travelling
:28:17. > :28:24.at around 330 metres per second. If you thought that was impressive,
:28:24. > :28:32.just watch what it does to the Tube of paper. In nature, this huge
:28:32. > :28:37.energy means the sound of thunder can be heard for many miles.
:28:37. > :28:41.Science may help us understand the real origin of thunder, but it has
:28:41. > :28:48.a power that strikes within us. It is no wonder the Vikings chose to