0:00:05 > 0:00:08# If you've got a question and you don't know where to go
0:00:08 > 0:00:11# Ask Nina for some help cos she's got a science show
0:00:11 > 0:00:14# She makes sense of her senses by helping all her fans
0:00:14 > 0:00:17# By doing her experiments with potions and with bangs
0:00:17 > 0:00:19- # Touch your tongue - # Tongue
0:00:19 > 0:00:20- # Fingers - # Fingers
0:00:20 > 0:00:22- # Eyes, ears - # Eyes, ears
0:00:22 > 0:00:23- # Nose - # Nose
0:00:23 > 0:00:26# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:26 > 0:00:29# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:29 > 0:00:32# Luke he helps us with our eyes and Felix with our touch
0:00:32 > 0:00:36# Ollie sniffs out smells and scents and Belle she hears so much
0:00:36 > 0:00:38# Bud is Ollie's brother He helps us with our taste
0:00:38 > 0:00:41# They're Nina's little Neurons and they're coming to your place
0:00:41 > 0:00:43- # Touch your tongue - # Tongue
0:00:43 > 0:00:44# Fingers
0:00:44 > 0:00:46# Eyes, ears
0:00:46 > 0:00:47- # Nose - # Nose
0:00:47 > 0:00:50# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know, yeah!
0:00:50 > 0:00:53# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:53 > 0:00:55# Oh, yeah! #
0:00:56 > 0:00:59Hello. I'm just counting balloons for an experiment.
0:00:59 > 0:01:03And when counting, I find it helps to write things down.
0:01:03 > 0:01:06So two blue balloons, two red balloons
0:01:06 > 0:01:08and two plus two is four.
0:01:08 > 0:01:12Oh, here's a little yellow balloon hiding over here.
0:01:12 > 0:01:14So that's another one.
0:01:19 > 0:01:22And altogether that makes...
0:01:22 > 0:01:25Five balloons. Perfect!
0:01:25 > 0:01:27- BEEPING - Oh!
0:01:27 > 0:01:31I hear a beep, I see a flash, I wonder what they're going to ask.
0:01:35 > 0:01:37- ALL: Hi, Nina.- Hi!
0:01:37 > 0:01:40We've got a question for you.
0:01:40 > 0:01:43Why are cliffs shaped like this?
0:01:43 > 0:01:47That's a great question. Why are cliffs shaped like this?
0:01:47 > 0:01:50Now, we usually find cliffs near the seaside
0:01:50 > 0:01:52and they do go straight down.
0:01:52 > 0:01:54This'll be a very interesting subject.
0:01:54 > 0:01:56Why don't you come to my workshop
0:01:56 > 0:02:01- and we'll investigate. - See you soon, Nina. Bye.
0:02:01 > 0:02:04Bye! Well, I'm going to need some help to answer this one
0:02:04 > 0:02:06and I know just who to ask.
0:02:06 > 0:02:09OK, Neurons, time to get to work.
0:02:23 > 0:02:26NEURONS: Neurons at the ready, Nina.
0:02:26 > 0:02:29OK, today's question is "Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:02:29 > 0:02:32Which Neuron do you think will be most useful
0:02:32 > 0:02:36- in helping us find the answer? - Me!- Me!- Me!- Oh, me!- Me.
0:02:36 > 0:02:39Will it be fabulous Felix?
0:02:39 > 0:02:43I can help so very much, if you need the sense of touch.
0:02:43 > 0:02:45Will it be beautiful Belle?
0:02:45 > 0:02:47I send messages to brain from ear.
0:02:47 > 0:02:49If there's a sound, I'll help you hear.
0:02:49 > 0:02:51Will it be lovely Luke?
0:02:51 > 0:02:53For looking and seeing, day or night,
0:02:53 > 0:02:56I'll help you with your sense of sight.
0:02:56 > 0:02:58Will it be awesome Ollie?
0:02:58 > 0:03:00If it's pongy or whiffy but you can't tell,
0:03:00 > 0:03:03my messages help your sense of smell.
0:03:03 > 0:03:04Or will it be baby Bud?
0:03:04 > 0:03:07Sour, salty, bitter or sweet,
0:03:07 > 0:03:09I'm your taste buddy whenever you eat.
0:03:14 > 0:03:17It's Belle and Luke!
0:03:17 > 0:03:21Go Belle, go Luke! Go Belle, go Luke!
0:03:21 > 0:03:24Go Belle, go Belle, go Luke!
0:03:24 > 0:03:27Today's question is "Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:03:27 > 0:03:30To explore cliffs, we'll be using our eyes and ears
0:03:30 > 0:03:33so Luke and Belle will be helping today.
0:03:33 > 0:03:36But stand by, Neurons, I may need help from all of you.
0:03:36 > 0:03:40Right, I need to get the workshop ready before the explorers arrive.
0:03:43 > 0:03:45Sonny likes colouring in.
0:03:45 > 0:03:47Olivia loves jumping on her trampoline.
0:03:47 > 0:03:50And Ben likes camping.
0:03:50 > 0:03:53But they all want to know "Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:03:53 > 0:03:56We saw the cliff at the beach.
0:03:56 > 0:03:58It looked like a big wall.
0:03:58 > 0:04:00Why is it shaped like this?
0:04:02 > 0:04:04So today, for one day only,
0:04:04 > 0:04:08Sonny, Olivia and Ben become the explorers.
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- Hi, guys.- ALL:- Hi, Nina.
0:04:15 > 0:04:19Welcome to my workshop and thank you for your great question
0:04:19 > 0:04:21"Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:04:21 > 0:04:24To find the answer, let's start by using our senses.
0:04:24 > 0:04:28- ALL:- Woop-woo, a senses experiment. We're ready, Nina.
0:04:28 > 0:04:31Have a look at these pictures.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33So how would you describe the pictures?
0:04:33 > 0:04:37- That's a hill, that's a big cliff.- Yes.
0:04:37 > 0:04:40And how is the cliff different to the hill?
0:04:40 > 0:04:42The cliff is near the sea.
0:04:42 > 0:04:44The cliff is like a wall.
0:04:44 > 0:04:47Yes, cliffs are usually found near the seaside.
0:04:47 > 0:04:51And they're different to hills because they don't slope gently.
0:04:51 > 0:04:53They just go straight down, like a big wall.
0:04:53 > 0:04:56Cliffs can be very dangerous.
0:04:56 > 0:04:58It's important to stay away from the edge.
0:04:58 > 0:05:00That's a very good point, Felix.
0:05:00 > 0:05:03Now, what do you think cliffs are made of?
0:05:03 > 0:05:04Rock.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08Yes, cliffs can be made of lots of different types of rock
0:05:08 > 0:05:10depending on where they are.
0:05:10 > 0:05:12This white cliff is made of chalk.
0:05:12 > 0:05:14Chalk? Like we use on blackboards, Nina?
0:05:14 > 0:05:18Yes, Belle. But the chalk we write on blackboards with
0:05:18 > 0:05:22has other things added to it to make it different colours.
0:05:22 > 0:05:24This is natural chalk.
0:05:24 > 0:05:25It's a kind of rock.
0:05:25 > 0:05:27It's made of tiny shells
0:05:27 > 0:05:30from sea creatures that lived a very, very long time ago.
0:05:30 > 0:05:34When the sea creatures died, they fell to the bottom of the sea
0:05:34 > 0:05:37and their tiny shells piled up on top of each other,
0:05:37 > 0:05:39a bit like this.
0:05:39 > 0:05:43And over time, more and more shells piled up. Oh!
0:05:43 > 0:05:46And the shells at the very bottom got squashed
0:05:46 > 0:05:49because there were so many shells on top of them.
0:05:49 > 0:05:52And after a while, the shells got so squashed
0:05:52 > 0:05:55they became white rock, like chalk.
0:05:55 > 0:05:59The ground all over the earth is moving really, really slowly
0:05:59 > 0:06:01and over many, many years,
0:06:01 > 0:06:04the chalk got lifted up from under the sea
0:06:04 > 0:06:05and it made a cliff.
0:06:05 > 0:06:08Now, you've got some chalk in front of you
0:06:08 > 0:06:10so pick it up and have a feel.
0:06:11 > 0:06:12Yeah.
0:06:17 > 0:06:18How does it feel?
0:06:18 > 0:06:19Hard.
0:06:19 > 0:06:21A bit rough.
0:06:21 > 0:06:24Hmm, it feels quite hard and firm.
0:06:24 > 0:06:26Chalk may feel like a hard rock
0:06:26 > 0:06:28but it's much softer than other rocks.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31Try rubbing the chalk on to these boards
0:06:31 > 0:06:33and we'll see what happens.
0:06:37 > 0:06:39Oh! Go for it, Ben.
0:06:41 > 0:06:43Nice stripes.
0:06:46 > 0:06:48Now, what happened?
0:06:48 > 0:06:49- It left a white mark.- Yes!
0:06:49 > 0:06:51Because it's quite soft,
0:06:51 > 0:06:55tiny bits of the chalk flaked off when you rubbed it onto the boards.
0:06:55 > 0:06:58- LUKE:- Cliffs are like big high walls of rock.
0:06:58 > 0:07:02BELLE: It's amazing that chalk cliffs are made of tiny seashells.
0:07:02 > 0:07:05All squashed down over many, many years.
0:07:05 > 0:07:07This chalk is very small.
0:07:07 > 0:07:11To see some big cliff chalk, we need to go on a special journey.
0:07:14 > 0:07:17- FELIX:- Oh, goody. I love this bit.
0:07:17 > 0:07:19I wonder where Nina is taking us.
0:07:19 > 0:07:23Nina said we are going on a special journey.
0:07:23 > 0:07:28Maybe it's a hot-air balloon ride, way up to the sky!
0:07:28 > 0:07:31I'm getting salty wafts of the seaside.
0:07:31 > 0:07:35Your question was "Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:07:35 > 0:07:37And we've looked at small pieces of chalk
0:07:37 > 0:07:40but what is cliff chalk like up close?
0:07:40 > 0:07:44Let's get exploring. Can you see any cliffs from here?
0:07:44 > 0:07:45Yes, over there.
0:07:45 > 0:07:48Those huge white cliffs are awesome.
0:07:48 > 0:07:53Yes, there are lots of big white cliffs made of chalk, around here.
0:07:53 > 0:07:56Oh! Remember to keep well away from the edge, Nina.
0:07:56 > 0:08:00You're right, we need to be careful near the edge of cliffs.
0:08:00 > 0:08:03But we're safe here, behind this barrier.
0:08:03 > 0:08:05What can you see from here, explorers?
0:08:05 > 0:08:10- There are some big white rocks sticking out of the sea, Nina.- Yes!
0:08:10 > 0:08:14And those special chalk cliffs are called The Needles.
0:08:14 > 0:08:16Now, needles are long, thin, sharp things
0:08:16 > 0:08:19that we can use for sewing clothes.
0:08:19 > 0:08:22So why do you think those are called The Needles?
0:08:22 > 0:08:25- Because they are long and thin?- Yes!
0:08:25 > 0:08:28Can you see how The Needles stretch out from the main cliff?
0:08:28 > 0:08:32The Needles used to be a long cliff that stretched out into the sea.
0:08:32 > 0:08:34But the sea washed bits of it away
0:08:34 > 0:08:37and now there are gaps where rock used to be.
0:08:37 > 0:08:41- And when this happens, we call it erosion.- Erosion.
0:08:41 > 0:08:44That's an interesting word.
0:08:44 > 0:08:46Let's take a closer look at The Needles
0:08:46 > 0:08:48to see what erosion has done.
0:08:59 > 0:09:06Way-hey! Fresh, salty, seaweedy smells. My favourite.
0:09:06 > 0:09:09Oh, I do love feeling the sea breeze.
0:09:35 > 0:09:38Listen carefully.
0:09:38 > 0:09:40- WAVES CRASH - What can you hear?
0:09:40 > 0:09:44- The sea!- I can hear waves hitting off the cliffs.
0:09:44 > 0:09:49Yeah, the waves are constantly back and forth, hitting the chalk cliffs.
0:09:49 > 0:09:50And look at the bottom -
0:09:50 > 0:09:54you can see the sea has started to wash the chalk away.
0:09:54 > 0:09:58- And this is called erosion. - That's right. Well done, Belle.
0:09:58 > 0:10:00Erosion over many, many years
0:10:00 > 0:10:03has changed the way these cliffs look.
0:10:03 > 0:10:06But how has erosion made the cliffs this shape?
0:10:06 > 0:10:09Time for another experiment. Let's go, explorers.
0:10:12 > 0:10:14Look - our very own cliff!
0:10:14 > 0:10:17Now, let's make some waves to hit the cliffs,
0:10:17 > 0:10:20just like at The Needles. And we'll use these.
0:10:20 > 0:10:23Oh! One for you.
0:10:24 > 0:10:26And one for me. Let's go.
0:10:34 > 0:10:36Oh! Ho-ho-ho-ho-ho!
0:10:40 > 0:10:42Look, Nina, it's working.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45Your waves are making the cliffs break away.
0:10:45 > 0:10:46You're right, Luke.
0:10:46 > 0:10:50The waves are washing the cliffs away, just like at The Needles.
0:10:50 > 0:10:54But The Needles have been eroded by the waves for many, many years.
0:10:54 > 0:10:56So we'd better keep going.
0:10:56 > 0:11:00A big bit of cliff fell away! Oh!
0:11:00 > 0:11:02Oh!
0:11:04 > 0:11:07Look, this rock's falling away into the sea.
0:11:29 > 0:11:33Ooh! Now, what do you notice about the cliff that's left?
0:11:33 > 0:11:34It goes straight down.
0:11:34 > 0:11:38Yes, sea waves kept crashing against the bottom of the cliff
0:11:38 > 0:11:40and the rocks eroded away.
0:11:40 > 0:11:43And because so much of the bottom of the cliff fell away,
0:11:43 > 0:11:45the top part fell away too
0:11:45 > 0:11:47and that's why cliffs are that shape.
0:11:47 > 0:11:51And it's also what happened at The Needles. Have a look.
0:11:54 > 0:11:57They eroded away so much, it made gaps in the cliff.
0:11:57 > 0:12:01It takes a long, long time for waves to wash away rocks
0:12:01 > 0:12:04which means cliffs don't fall down very often.
0:12:04 > 0:12:08# Nina and the Neurons. #
0:12:08 > 0:12:12So, your question was "Why are cliffs shaped like this?"
0:12:12 > 0:12:14And I think we've answered it.
0:12:14 > 0:12:18- LUKE:- Cliffs look like big high rocks - a bit like a wall.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- BELLE:- Cliffs are usually found near the sea.
0:12:21 > 0:12:23Waves crash against the bottom of the cliffs...
0:12:23 > 0:12:26Making the cliff break and fall away.
0:12:26 > 0:12:29And this is called erosion.
0:12:29 > 0:12:32So, I hope that's answered your question.
0:12:32 > 0:12:35- ALL:- Thanks, Nina. Bye. - You're welcome. Bye.
0:12:38 > 0:12:42If you want to know more about the science that's all around us,
0:12:42 > 0:12:46go to the Nina section on the CBeebies website. Have fun.
0:12:46 > 0:12:51# Every day the sun comes up It brightens up the sky
0:12:52 > 0:12:54# A brand-new day to understand
0:12:54 > 0:12:58- # A chance to ask ourselves why - # Why?
0:12:58 > 0:13:02# There's a world of possibilities outside our front door
0:13:02 > 0:13:04# Front door, front door
0:13:04 > 0:13:08# So every day, take a look around and explore
0:13:08 > 0:13:11- # Explore,- explore, - explore,- explore
0:13:11 > 0:13:14- # Exploring in the garden - # Grass
0:13:14 > 0:13:17- # Exploring in the park - # Rivers
0:13:17 > 0:13:20- # Exploring in the daytime - # Mountains
0:13:20 > 0:13:23- # And even when it's dark - # Planets
0:13:23 > 0:13:25# Look at the Earth, look at the sky
0:13:25 > 0:13:27# Look at the world before us
0:13:27 > 0:13:30- # Explore,- explore,- explore,- explore
0:13:30 > 0:13:33# We're always on the lookout
0:13:33 > 0:13:36- # We're Earth explorers - # O-oh, o-oh
0:13:36 > 0:13:40- # We're Earth explorers - # O-oh o-oh
0:13:40 > 0:13:43# We're Earth explorers. #
0:13:43 > 0:13:47Remember, exploring is about looking at the world around us,
0:13:47 > 0:13:49asking why and finding out the answer.
0:13:49 > 0:13:53Whether it's deep underground, at the end of your playground
0:13:53 > 0:13:57or way above the clouds, let's keep exploring our exciting world.
0:13:57 > 0:14:00See you again soon. Bye.
0:14:00 > 0:14:01ALL: Bye.
0:14:01 > 0:14:02Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd