0:00:05 > 0:00:08# If you've got a question and you don't know where to go
0:00:08 > 0:00:11# Ask Nina for some help because she's got a science show
0:00:11 > 0:00:14# She makes sense of our senses while helping all her fans
0:00:14 > 0:00:17# By doing her experiments with potions and with bangs
0:00:17 > 0:00:19- # Touch your tongue - Tongue
0:00:19 > 0:00:21- # Fingers- Fingers
0:00:21 > 0:00:22- # Eyes- Eyes - Ears- Ears
0:00:22 > 0:00:24- # Nose- Nose
0:00:24 > 0:00:26# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:26 > 0:00:29# Nina and The Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:29 > 0:00:32# Luke he helps us with our eyes and Felix with our touch
0:00:32 > 0:00:35# Ollie sniffs out smells and scents and Belle she hears so much
0:00:35 > 0:00:38# Bud is Ollie's brother He helps us with our taste
0:00:38 > 0:00:41# They're Nina's little Neurons and they're coming to your place
0:00:41 > 0:00:43- # Touch your tongue - Tongue
0:00:43 > 0:00:45- # Fingers- Fingers
0:00:45 > 0:00:47- # Eyes- Eyes - Ears- Ears
0:00:47 > 0:00:48- # Nose- Nose
0:00:48 > 0:00:51- # Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know- Yeah!
0:00:51 > 0:00:53# Nina and the Neurons find out what you need to know
0:00:53 > 0:00:56# Oh, yeah! #
0:00:56 > 0:00:58Brrtrrrr!
0:00:58 > 0:01:00Oh! Hello there!
0:01:00 > 0:01:04I'm just playing with my little boat and my lovely lighthouse.
0:01:04 > 0:01:08Look at this. There's a light at the top of the lighthouse that's
0:01:08 > 0:01:11telling my little boat to stay away from the rocks.
0:01:11 > 0:01:12Brrrrrrr.
0:01:12 > 0:01:15BEEPING
0:01:15 > 0:01:18I hear a beep, I see a flash. I wonder what they're going to ask.
0:01:21 > 0:01:24BOTH: Hi, Nina!
0:01:24 > 0:01:26Hi!
0:01:26 > 0:01:28We've got a question for you.
0:01:28 > 0:01:30How are lighthouses built?
0:01:30 > 0:01:32Oh, that's a great question!
0:01:32 > 0:01:34How are lighthouses built?
0:01:34 > 0:01:38Lighthouses are tall towers that are found by the sea with a big
0:01:38 > 0:01:40light at the very top.
0:01:40 > 0:01:43Come down to my workshop and we'll investigate.
0:01:43 > 0:01:45BOTH: See you soon, Nina. Bye!
0:01:45 > 0:01:47Bye!
0:01:47 > 0:01:50Well, I'm going to need some help to answer this one
0:01:50 > 0:01:52and I know just who to ask.
0:01:52 > 0:01:54OK, Neurons, time to get to work.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13ALL: Neurons at the ready, Nina.
0:02:13 > 0:02:16OK, today's question is, how are lighthouses built?
0:02:16 > 0:02:22Which Neuron will be most useful in helping us find the answer?
0:02:22 > 0:02:23It's Luke!
0:02:23 > 0:02:25CHEERING
0:02:25 > 0:02:27ALL: Go, Luke! Go, Luke! Go, Luke!
0:02:27 > 0:02:31Go, Luke! Go, Luke! Go, Luke!
0:02:31 > 0:02:32Go, Luke!
0:02:32 > 0:02:36Cool, Nina! I'll be looking out to help you!
0:02:36 > 0:02:39Today's question is, how are lighthouses built?
0:02:39 > 0:02:42Because ships see the light at the top of a lighthouse,
0:02:42 > 0:02:44Luke will be helping us today.
0:02:44 > 0:02:48Stand by, Neurons. I've a feeling I may need help from all of you.
0:02:48 > 0:02:52I need to get the workshop ready before the experimenters arrive.
0:02:54 > 0:02:56Livingstone loves going to karate.
0:02:56 > 0:02:59Oisin likes learning about volcanoes.
0:02:59 > 0:03:03But they both want to know, how are lighthouses built?
0:03:03 > 0:03:08So today, for one day only, Livingstone and Oisin
0:03:08 > 0:03:10become the experimenters.
0:03:16 > 0:03:18- Hi, guys!- BOTH: Hi, Nina!
0:03:18 > 0:03:21Welcome to my workshop and thank you for your great question,
0:03:21 > 0:03:24how are lighthouses built?
0:03:24 > 0:03:28Well, first, let's have a look at my cool toy lighthouse.
0:03:28 > 0:03:31- Now, what do you notice about it? - It's tall.
0:03:31 > 0:03:32It's stripy.
0:03:32 > 0:03:35That's right, it is tall and stripy.
0:03:35 > 0:03:39It looks just like a yummy ice lolly! Yum, yum, yum!
0:03:39 > 0:03:43Yeah, it does look a bit like an ice lolly, Bud.
0:03:43 > 0:03:46Some lighthouses, like this one, have stripes
0:03:46 > 0:03:49so they're much easier to see during the day.
0:03:49 > 0:03:50Now, have a look at this.
0:03:53 > 0:03:57Wow! You can see the light much better in the dark.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00It's especially important for ships to be able to see
0:04:00 > 0:04:05lighthouses at night because it's dark, so they can't see the land.
0:04:05 > 0:04:09Seeing the light at the top of the lighthouse helps ships to navigate,
0:04:09 > 0:04:14which means to find their way and make sure they don't hit any rocks.
0:04:14 > 0:04:18Now, what else do you notice about our lighthouse?
0:04:18 > 0:04:19It's round.
0:04:19 > 0:04:23It is round and most lighthouses are round, like a tube.
0:04:23 > 0:04:25Let's do an experiment to find out why.
0:04:25 > 0:04:30ALL: Whoop-whoop! An experiment! We're ready, Nina!
0:04:30 > 0:04:34We are going to pretend that these two towers are lighthouses.
0:04:34 > 0:04:38So this is our box lighthouse, it has flat sides
0:04:38 > 0:04:42and this here is our tube lighthouse, it has curved sides.
0:04:42 > 0:04:45Of course, lighthouses are built near the sea
0:04:45 > 0:04:49and it can often get windy and stormy, so let's put the wind on.
0:04:50 > 0:04:52Let's watch.
0:04:57 > 0:04:59Huh! Oh!
0:04:59 > 0:05:03- Hey! What's happened to the lighthouses?- It fell over.
0:05:03 > 0:05:05Yes, the box lighthouse fell over
0:05:05 > 0:05:09but the curved tube lighthouse stayed up.
0:05:09 > 0:05:11Let's find out why.
0:05:11 > 0:05:15OK, so here we have a board with lots of ribbons on it and we still
0:05:15 > 0:05:21have our two lighthouses and, of course, it's still windy by the sea.
0:05:23 > 0:05:27- So what's happening to the ribbons? - They're moving.- They are moving.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31The wind is moving the ribbons around the lighthouses
0:05:31 > 0:05:33but are there any ribbons that aren't moving?
0:05:33 > 0:05:35Those ones.
0:05:35 > 0:05:39You are right, the wind isn't getting to these ribbons and that's
0:05:39 > 0:05:44because the wind is pushing here, against the flat side of the box.
0:05:44 > 0:05:49But here the curved sides allow the wind to go around the tube
0:05:49 > 0:05:52and move the ribbons behind it.
0:05:52 > 0:05:55Because tubes let the wind go round them,
0:05:55 > 0:05:58tube shaped things don't get blown over so easily.
0:05:58 > 0:06:00Can people go inside?
0:06:00 > 0:06:04Well, people need to get to the top to check the light and fix it
0:06:04 > 0:06:08if it breaks but how do you think they would get up there?
0:06:08 > 0:06:09With stairs.
0:06:09 > 0:06:13Hmmm. I think we need to go somewhere high up to find out.
0:06:18 > 0:06:22Hmmm. Where do you think we're going today?
0:06:22 > 0:06:24Nina said we're going somewhere high up.
0:06:24 > 0:06:27Maybe we're going up a big, big mountain.
0:06:27 > 0:06:29Oh, I hope it's not too high.
0:06:29 > 0:06:34Well, it is high up but it doesn't look like a mountain.
0:06:34 > 0:06:37OK, experimenters, so far we have found out that
0:06:37 > 0:06:41lighthouses are built like tall tubes to let the wind blow
0:06:41 > 0:06:44round them and that they have lights at the very top.
0:06:44 > 0:06:48So I've brought you here to this lighthouse.
0:06:48 > 0:06:52Now, it was built a long, long time ago.
0:06:52 > 0:06:55Oh, Nina! It's so high up.
0:06:55 > 0:06:57It is, Luke!
0:06:57 > 0:06:59Now, can you see where the light is?
0:06:59 > 0:07:01- BOTH: Yes!- Yes, at the top.
0:07:01 > 0:07:05A long time ago the lighthouse keeper would have to check
0:07:05 > 0:07:08the light lots of times in one day.
0:07:08 > 0:07:10So how do you think they got to the top?
0:07:10 > 0:07:12BOTH: Stairs!
0:07:12 > 0:07:17Stairs, well, I think so but that's going to be a lot of stairs.
0:07:17 > 0:07:20Is this lighthouse wide or thin?
0:07:20 > 0:07:22BOTH: Thin.
0:07:22 > 0:07:26Hmmm, you're right. So I wonder how they fit all the stairs in.
0:07:26 > 0:07:29Come with me, experimenters. Let's go!
0:07:31 > 0:07:34OK, we are going to use these foam blocks to try and build
0:07:34 > 0:07:37lots of stairs to see how much room they take up.
0:07:37 > 0:07:39So are you ready?!
0:07:39 > 0:07:42- BOTH: Yes!- Well, let's get building!
0:07:46 > 0:07:48Stay behind the stairs.
0:07:56 > 0:07:59- Where does this last one go? - BOTH: At the top.
0:07:59 > 0:08:03OK, so how may stairs have we built? Let's count them.
0:08:03 > 0:08:06BOTH: One, two, three, four.
0:08:06 > 0:08:07Four stairs.
0:08:07 > 0:08:10So four stairs takes up this much room.
0:08:10 > 0:08:13Now, I have worked out if we were to make enough steps
0:08:13 > 0:08:16to get to the top of this lighthouse,
0:08:16 > 0:08:21we'd have to keep building all the way over here to this flag!
0:08:23 > 0:08:27That looks too wide to fit inside this narrow lighthouse, Nina.
0:08:27 > 0:08:31That's right, Luke, if the stairs were built like this,
0:08:31 > 0:08:34they'd never fit inside the tall, thin lighthouse.
0:08:34 > 0:08:37- How do you get to the top? - That's a great question.
0:08:37 > 0:08:39I think we need to go and have a look
0:08:39 > 0:08:42inside the lighthouse to find out.
0:08:42 > 0:08:47Ah-ha! So what shape is the staircase?
0:08:47 > 0:08:49- Round.- That's right.
0:08:49 > 0:08:54Sometimes stairs are built round in a spiral shape,
0:08:54 > 0:08:56so they fit into narrow buildings.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59So shall we count all the steps up to the top?
0:08:59 > 0:09:01- BOTH: Yes.- Come on then!
0:09:02 > 0:09:06ALL: One, two, three, four...
0:09:12 > 0:09:15..74, 75, 76!
0:09:15 > 0:09:17Oh-ho-ho! We're here! Ha-ha!
0:09:17 > 0:09:21Oh, look at this big lamp!
0:09:21 > 0:09:23Phew! That was a lot of stairs.
0:09:23 > 0:09:27If Nina was a lighthouse keeper, she'd be very fit!
0:09:27 > 0:09:28I really would, Bud.
0:09:28 > 0:09:31Hey! I am very fit!
0:09:31 > 0:09:33Let's look out the window.
0:09:35 > 0:09:38What a great view, Nina!
0:09:38 > 0:09:40Look how high up we are!
0:09:40 > 0:09:44Why are lighthouses so high up, Nina?
0:09:44 > 0:09:46That's a great question!
0:09:46 > 0:09:51This lighthouse is tall and it's on a cliff, so it's very, very high.
0:09:51 > 0:09:55I think we need to go back to the workshop to find out.
0:09:55 > 0:09:59So your question was, how are lighthouses built?
0:09:59 > 0:10:02So far we've found out that lighthouses are tube shaped
0:10:02 > 0:10:04to let the wind go round them
0:10:04 > 0:10:08and their stairs are built in a spiral to fit them all in.
0:10:08 > 0:10:10But why are they so high up?
0:10:10 > 0:10:13Well, I've got the perfect experiment to find out.
0:10:13 > 0:10:18Now, we're going to use these head torches to become human lighthouses.
0:10:18 > 0:10:21So let's turn our head torches on.
0:10:21 > 0:10:23Excellent.
0:10:23 > 0:10:27So let's see how far our torch beams reach and I'll dim the lights
0:10:27 > 0:10:29so we can see even better.
0:10:29 > 0:10:32Right, I would like everyone to stand up nice
0:10:32 > 0:10:36and straight, with your heads looking straight forward.
0:10:36 > 0:10:39- So who can spot three lights on the ground?- Me!
0:10:39 > 0:10:42Whose torch light has travelled the furthest?
0:10:42 > 0:10:44Yours, Nina!
0:10:44 > 0:10:47That's right, that is my light there. Hello!
0:10:47 > 0:10:50Why do you think mine has travelled the furthest?
0:10:50 > 0:10:53- Because you're the tallest, Nina. - That's right!
0:10:53 > 0:10:56So let's turn our head torches off.
0:10:57 > 0:10:59Put the lights back up.
0:10:59 > 0:11:02There we go. Have a look at this.
0:11:02 > 0:11:04Light travels in a straight line
0:11:04 > 0:11:08but our lights were all pointing the same way and at the same angle but
0:11:08 > 0:11:13because my torch was higher up, my light travelled further than yours.
0:11:13 > 0:11:17Ah! So the ships will be able to see the light from far away.
0:11:17 > 0:11:22- And that gives them time to change direction.- I'm like a lighthouse!
0:11:22 > 0:11:24ALL: Ha-ha-ha-ha!
0:11:24 > 0:11:26Lighthouses are high up
0:11:26 > 0:11:29so the light from the lamp can travel as far across the sea
0:11:29 > 0:11:33as possible, giving ships plenty of time to change direction,
0:11:33 > 0:11:35if they need to.
0:11:35 > 0:11:37# Nina and the Neurons. #
0:11:38 > 0:11:41So your question was, how are lighthouses built?
0:11:41 > 0:11:44And I think we've answered it.
0:11:44 > 0:11:47We learnt that lighthouses are tube shaped
0:11:47 > 0:11:49so they don't get blown over by the wind.
0:11:49 > 0:11:53Lighthouse keepers had to check the light at the top.
0:11:53 > 0:11:56Lighthouse stairs are usually in a spiral shape
0:11:56 > 0:11:58so they fit inside the tower.
0:11:58 > 0:12:00Lighthouses are very, very high up
0:12:00 > 0:12:03so ships can see the light from far away.
0:12:03 > 0:12:06And that's because the higher the lighthouse is,
0:12:06 > 0:12:09the further its light will travel.
0:12:09 > 0:12:11So I hope that's answered your question!
0:12:11 > 0:12:14BOTH: Thanks, Nina! Bye!
0:12:14 > 0:12:16You're welcome! Bye!
0:12:18 > 0:12:21If you want to know more about the science that's all around us,
0:12:21 > 0:12:24go to the Nina section on the CBeebies website.
0:12:24 > 0:12:25Have fun!
0:12:25 > 0:12:29# Super structures Super structures
0:12:29 > 0:12:31# Super structures Super structures
0:12:31 > 0:12:33# Super structures
0:12:33 > 0:12:36# Some of them are tall Some of them are wide
0:12:36 > 0:12:41- # They're bumpy, lumpy, wiggly too - Wiggly too
0:12:41 > 0:12:44# Some of them are strong Some of them are small
0:12:44 > 0:12:46# Like me!
0:12:46 > 0:12:48# They're windy, whirly, whooshy too
0:12:48 > 0:12:51# All around Look over here
0:12:51 > 0:12:55# Build it, stack it, pile it up
0:12:55 > 0:12:58# Come on, let's get building
0:12:58 > 0:12:59- # Building- Building- Building
0:12:59 > 0:13:03# Race it, hold it, make it stick
0:13:03 > 0:13:07# Come on, let's get building
0:13:07 > 0:13:10# Come on, let's get building
0:13:13 > 0:13:17# Some of them are cosy warm Some of them are chilly
0:13:17 > 0:13:20# Keep us safe and hide us too
0:13:20 > 0:13:21# Hide us too
0:13:21 > 0:13:25# Some of them are just for fun Or help us to stay dry
0:13:25 > 0:13:28# They're underground and high up too
0:13:28 > 0:13:31# Look around Over here
0:13:31 > 0:13:35# Build it, stack it, pile it up
0:13:35 > 0:13:38# Come on, let's get building
0:13:38 > 0:13:39- # Building- Building- Building
0:13:39 > 0:13:43# Race it, hold it, make it stick
0:13:43 > 0:13:47# Come on, let's get building
0:13:47 > 0:13:51# Come on, let's get building! #
0:13:51 > 0:13:55And remember, there are super structures everywhere.
0:13:55 > 0:13:59Whether they are big or small, wide or tall, we can all get building.
0:13:59 > 0:14:02See you again soon. Bye!
0:14:02 > 0:14:05- ALL: Bye!- Get building!