0:00:05 > 0:00:08# If you've got a question And you don't know where to go
0:00:08 > 0:00:12# Ask Nina for some help Cos she's got a science show
0:00:12 > 0:00:14# She makes sense of our senses While helping all her fans
0:00:14 > 0:00:17# By doing her experiments With potions and with bangs
0:00:17 > 0:00:19- # Touch your tongue - Tongue
0:00:19 > 0:00:20- # Fingers - Fingers
0:00:20 > 0:00:22- # Eyes- Eyes - Ears- Ears
0:00:22 > 0:00:23- # Nose - Nose
0:00:23 > 0:00:27- # Nina and the Neurons Find out what you need to know,- yeah!
0:00:27 > 0:00:30# Nina and the Neurons Find out what you need to know
0:00:30 > 0:00:33# Luke, he helps us with our eyes And Felix with our touch
0:00:33 > 0:00:36# Ollie sniffs out smells and scents And Belle, she hears so much
0:00:36 > 0:00:38# Bud is Ollie's brother He helps us with our taste
0:00:38 > 0:00:41# They're Nina's little Neurons And they're coming to your place
0:00:41 > 0:00:43- # Touch your tongue - Tongue
0:00:43 > 0:00:44- # Fingers - Fingers
0:00:44 > 0:00:47- # Eyes- Eyes - Ears- Ears
0:00:47 > 0:00:48- # Nose - Nose
0:00:48 > 0:00:50- # Nina and the Neurons Find out what you need to know,- yeah!
0:00:50 > 0:00:53# Nina and the Neurons Find out what you need to know
0:00:53 > 0:00:55# Oh, yeah! #
0:00:57 > 0:00:59Mm-hm. Mm-hm. Er...
0:00:59 > 0:01:01Ha-ha!
0:01:01 > 0:01:04Oh, hello there. I'm just doing a little experiment
0:01:04 > 0:01:08to see how hard I need to tap this bowl to make waves.
0:01:08 > 0:01:11Oh! Ho-ho-ho! It's like waves in the sea!
0:01:11 > 0:01:13BEEPING
0:01:13 > 0:01:18I hear a beep, I see a flash, I wonder what they're going to ask.
0:01:21 > 0:01:24- BOTH: Hi, Nina!- Hi!
0:01:24 > 0:01:27We've got a question for you.
0:01:27 > 0:01:28How are piers built?
0:01:28 > 0:01:30That's a great question!
0:01:30 > 0:01:32How are piers built?
0:01:32 > 0:01:35Now, we sometimes see a pier at the seaside
0:01:35 > 0:01:37but how do they stay up in the sea?
0:01:37 > 0:01:41Why not come down to my workshop and we'll investigate.
0:01:41 > 0:01:45- BOTH: See you soon, Nina! Bye! - Bye!
0:01:45 > 0:01:48Well, I'm going to need some help to answer this one
0:01:48 > 0:01:50and I know just who to ask.
0:01:50 > 0:01:52OK, Neurons, time to get to work.
0:02:08 > 0:02:10ALL: Neurons at the ready, Nina!
0:02:10 > 0:02:14OK, today's question is how are piers built?
0:02:14 > 0:02:17Now, which Neuron do you think will be most useful
0:02:17 > 0:02:20in helping us find the answer?
0:02:20 > 0:02:21It's Ollie!
0:02:21 > 0:02:23CHEERING
0:02:23 > 0:02:25ALL: Go, Ollie! Go, Ollie! Go, Ollie!
0:02:25 > 0:02:30ALL: Go, Ollie! Go, Ollie! Go, Ollie! Go, Ollie!
0:02:30 > 0:02:33Sniff, sniff. Standing by to smell and tell, Nina.
0:02:33 > 0:02:36Today's question is how are piers built?
0:02:36 > 0:02:39Because people breathe in the fresh air at the seaside,
0:02:39 > 0:02:41Ollie will be helping us today.
0:02:41 > 0:02:45Stand by, Neurons, I've a feeling I may need help from all of you.
0:02:45 > 0:02:48Right, I need to get the workshop ready
0:02:48 > 0:02:50before the experimenters arrive.
0:02:50 > 0:02:53Syd loves dinosaurs.
0:02:53 > 0:02:56Star likes arts and crafts.
0:02:56 > 0:03:00But they both want to know, how are piers built?
0:03:00 > 0:03:04So today, for one day only, Syd and Star become
0:03:04 > 0:03:07the experimenters!
0:03:12 > 0:03:14- Hi, guys. - BOTH: Hi, Nina!
0:03:14 > 0:03:18Welcome to my workshop and thank you for your great question,
0:03:18 > 0:03:20how are piers built?
0:03:20 > 0:03:23First, let's have a look at a photo of a pier.
0:03:23 > 0:03:28A pier is a walkway that stretches from the beach out into the sea.
0:03:28 > 0:03:32The first piers were built a long time ago to help people
0:03:32 > 0:03:35get into boats that were too big to come to the beach.
0:03:35 > 0:03:40Sniff! Oh, there's nothing like the smell of the salty sea air.
0:03:40 > 0:03:43And the fish and chips, yummy!
0:03:43 > 0:03:46Why are there gaps underneath, Nina?
0:03:46 > 0:03:48That's a great question.
0:03:48 > 0:03:50Hmm. Well, yes, the pier isn't a solid wall
0:03:50 > 0:03:55that stretches out into the sea, it's got lots of gaps underneath it.
0:03:55 > 0:03:57Let's do an experiment to find out why.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00ALL: Whoop-whoop! An experiment!
0:04:00 > 0:04:02ALL: We're ready, Nina!
0:04:02 > 0:04:07So, here we have two model piers in our pretend sea.
0:04:07 > 0:04:09Now, this one is like a solid wall
0:04:09 > 0:04:13all the way round that's got no gaps in it.
0:04:13 > 0:04:15This one has lots and lots of gaps in it,
0:04:15 > 0:04:17like the pier that we looked at.
0:04:17 > 0:04:19It's held up by pillars underneath.
0:04:19 > 0:04:23I think there's something missing from our pretend sea.
0:04:23 > 0:04:25I think it's just a bit too still.
0:04:25 > 0:04:27- What do we need? - BOTH: Waves.
0:04:27 > 0:04:29Yes, we do need some waves.
0:04:29 > 0:04:32ALL: Hello, Nina! Nina!
0:04:32 > 0:04:34ALL: Yoo-hoo! Coo-ee!
0:04:34 > 0:04:39Not those types of waves, Neurons! Waves in the sea.
0:04:39 > 0:04:42And we are going to make our very own.
0:04:42 > 0:04:45So, Star, I'd like you to move this paddle
0:04:45 > 0:04:47back and forth to make some waves.
0:04:47 > 0:04:50Sydney, I need you to watch the waves
0:04:50 > 0:04:53and see what happens when they hit the piers.
0:04:53 > 0:04:57- OK, are you ready?- BOTH: Yes! - Let's make some waves!
0:04:59 > 0:05:01Oh, that's good!
0:05:01 > 0:05:05Come on, keep going, Star. Faster, faster, faster!
0:05:05 > 0:05:10Ho-ho-ho! Listen to all that splishing and splashing!
0:05:12 > 0:05:16OK, I think that's enough wave making.
0:05:16 > 0:05:20So what happened when the waves hit the pier with no gaps in it?
0:05:20 > 0:05:22They splashed up.
0:05:22 > 0:05:24Oh, interesting.
0:05:24 > 0:05:26Star, what happened
0:05:26 > 0:05:29when the waves hit this pier with lots of gaps in it?
0:05:29 > 0:05:31They went underneath.
0:05:31 > 0:05:35Yes! Because this pier doesn't have any gaps in it,
0:05:35 > 0:05:39the waves hit it and pushed against it, which could break it.
0:05:39 > 0:05:43But with this pier, with the gaps, the waves can go underneath,
0:05:43 > 0:05:47so they don't push against it as much and it won't break.
0:05:47 > 0:05:50How does the pier stay up in the sea, Nina?
0:05:50 > 0:05:51That's a great question!
0:05:51 > 0:05:54Building in the sea is really difficult.
0:05:54 > 0:05:57So I think we need to go for a little walk to find out.
0:06:00 > 0:06:03Off we go for another adventure.
0:06:03 > 0:06:05I wonder where Nina's going for a walk.
0:06:05 > 0:06:09Maybe it's a gentle stroll through the countryside.
0:06:09 > 0:06:11Or a walk through a noisy city street, yeah!
0:06:11 > 0:06:16Well, you can stop guessing now, everyone, we're here!
0:06:16 > 0:06:19So here we are at Brighton Palace Pier.
0:06:19 > 0:06:23We want to know how a pier stays up in the sea.
0:06:23 > 0:06:27- Now, can you see those pillars? - BOTH: Yes!
0:06:27 > 0:06:30Yeah, well, those pillars are really important.
0:06:30 > 0:06:34The pillars are holding up the pier as well as the buildings
0:06:34 > 0:06:36and the people on it.
0:06:36 > 0:06:40The pillars are pushed really deep down into the ground,
0:06:40 > 0:06:43down to the sand and into the rock or hard soil beneath
0:06:43 > 0:06:44so they can't move.
0:06:44 > 0:06:47Let's do an experiment to find out more.
0:06:47 > 0:06:49Now, we're going to pretend
0:06:49 > 0:06:53that these poles are pillars under the pier, OK?
0:06:53 > 0:06:54We're also going to pretend
0:06:54 > 0:06:57that these trays are the ground under the sea.
0:06:57 > 0:07:02We've got the sand on top and we've got the hard clay at the bottom
0:07:02 > 0:07:06and that's like the rock deep down under the seabed.
0:07:06 > 0:07:11Now, Star, your pillar is a straight pole and we're going to try
0:07:11 > 0:07:15and push it down through the sand into the rock at the bottom.
0:07:15 > 0:07:17So here we go.
0:07:18 > 0:07:21Oh, you're doing really well!
0:07:21 > 0:07:23That looks like hard work.
0:07:23 > 0:07:26- Was it difficult?- Yes!
0:07:26 > 0:07:30Yeah. Pushing pillars into the ground is really difficult.
0:07:30 > 0:07:33The sand underneath gets squashed hard
0:07:33 > 0:07:35and it stops the pillar from going down.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38Did you think the pillar got deep enough
0:07:38 > 0:07:42- to reach the rock at the bottom? - No, Nina.- I think you're right.
0:07:42 > 0:07:45People building real piers had the same problem.
0:07:45 > 0:07:47They had to come up with a clever way
0:07:47 > 0:07:50of getting the pillars deep down into the ground.
0:07:50 > 0:07:53Syd, your pillar is a different shape.
0:07:53 > 0:07:56It's got a spiral on the bottom, which is called a screw.
0:07:56 > 0:08:00We're going to try and push this deep down into the ground
0:08:00 > 0:08:03but this time, instead of pushing straight down,
0:08:03 > 0:08:06we're going to turn it around as we push it.
0:08:06 > 0:08:10OK? Why don't you give it a go.
0:08:10 > 0:08:14Oh, that's it. You're doing really well.
0:08:15 > 0:08:17I think it's nearly at the bottom.
0:08:17 > 0:08:22- Really? Do you think it's going into the clay, the hard clay?- Yeah.
0:08:22 > 0:08:25- Now, was that easy or hard?- Easy.
0:08:25 > 0:08:28Of course, it was much easier with a screw shape
0:08:28 > 0:08:30at the bottom of the pillar.
0:08:30 > 0:08:33So when you turned it round, the screw pushed the sand
0:08:33 > 0:08:37out of the way, so that it was much easier to push it down.
0:08:37 > 0:08:41It went deep enough to reach the rock at the bottom.
0:08:41 > 0:08:43Oh-ho-ho! Good job.
0:08:43 > 0:08:46The pier pillar is being held really tightly
0:08:46 > 0:08:50and the screw at the end is also helping to hold it into the rock.
0:08:50 > 0:08:54I've seen this really cool old pier that's not used any more
0:08:54 > 0:08:58and to find out why, I think we need to do one final experiment.
0:08:59 > 0:09:03Now we want to find out what happened to that old pier.
0:09:03 > 0:09:07Now, do you know what the pillars are made from?
0:09:07 > 0:09:08Metal!
0:09:08 > 0:09:11What colour is the metal on the old pier?
0:09:11 > 0:09:12Brown!
0:09:12 > 0:09:14That's right, it's orangey brown
0:09:14 > 0:09:18and that's because the metal on the old pier has gone rusty.
0:09:18 > 0:09:21Oh! A new word - rusty.
0:09:21 > 0:09:24Now, you see, some metals go rusty
0:09:24 > 0:09:28and if they go really rusty, the top bits can flake off.
0:09:28 > 0:09:31That makes the metal thinner and it isn't as strong.
0:09:31 > 0:09:35That's why the old pier isn't used any more.
0:09:35 > 0:09:36Why did it go rusty?
0:09:36 > 0:09:41That's a great question. Let's do another experiment to find out.
0:09:41 > 0:09:44So these are all made from metal.
0:09:44 > 0:09:46Let's have a closer look
0:09:46 > 0:09:49to see if there's any rust on these pieces of metal.
0:09:49 > 0:09:53It looks nice and shiny new to me, Nina.
0:09:53 > 0:09:55- No rust, Nina.- Great.
0:09:55 > 0:10:01Now, I'm going to put my metal into this jar with air in it
0:10:01 > 0:10:04and we're going to leave it and see what happens.
0:10:04 > 0:10:07But, the metal pillars under the pier are in the sea,
0:10:07 > 0:10:09so I think we need to see what happens
0:10:09 > 0:10:13when we leave metal in salty water, like the sea.
0:10:13 > 0:10:17Now, Syd, you have some salty water there in front of you,
0:10:17 > 0:10:19so can you pop your metal in for me, please.
0:10:21 > 0:10:23Lovely, and close it up.
0:10:23 > 0:10:28Now, we've got one piece of metal left over there with you, Star.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32It looks a bit different, doesn't it, because it's painted.
0:10:32 > 0:10:34Now, Star, can you pop your painted metal
0:10:34 > 0:10:37into the salt water for me, please.
0:10:38 > 0:10:40And close it up for me.
0:10:42 > 0:10:47Now, I think we need to leave these to SEE what happens. Ha-ha!
0:10:49 > 0:10:53I think it's time to have a look at our metal.
0:10:53 > 0:10:55Now, mine's still silvery and shiny.
0:10:55 > 0:10:58So the air will rust this metal eventually
0:10:58 > 0:11:00but there's no rust on it yet.
0:11:00 > 0:11:02Now, how about yours, Syd?
0:11:02 > 0:11:06You've some metal and salty water there. So what's happened?
0:11:06 > 0:11:09- The water's gone dirty.- Yes! So that's the rust
0:11:09 > 0:11:12that's come off the metal. It's starting to fall apart.
0:11:12 > 0:11:16Salty water make some metals go rusty really quickly.
0:11:16 > 0:11:18Now, what about yours, Star?
0:11:18 > 0:11:20You've got painted metal in salt water there.
0:11:20 > 0:11:23- So has it gone rusty?- No. - That's right.
0:11:23 > 0:11:26Even though the painted metal was in the salt water,
0:11:26 > 0:11:29just like Syd's was, it hasn't gone rusty.
0:11:29 > 0:11:33That's because the paint keeps the salt water and the air
0:11:33 > 0:11:37away from the metal. The paint protected the metal.
0:11:37 > 0:11:41So if you paint the metal on piers, will it stop it going rusty, Nina?
0:11:41 > 0:11:42Exactly, Ollie!
0:11:42 > 0:11:45# Nina and the Neurons. #
0:11:47 > 0:11:51So, your question was, how are piers built?
0:11:51 > 0:11:52I think we've answered it.
0:11:52 > 0:11:56Piers have gaps underneath them to let waves go through.
0:11:56 > 0:11:59The metal pillars under the pier hold it up.
0:11:59 > 0:12:03They are pushed deep into the ground to stop them moving.
0:12:03 > 0:12:06Lots of piers are made with screw pillars
0:12:06 > 0:12:09that go into the sand and rock below the sea.
0:12:09 > 0:12:12Some metals go rusty in the salty sea and air,
0:12:12 > 0:12:15so piers are painted to protect them.
0:12:15 > 0:12:19So they stay strong and we can have fun on them, yeah!
0:12:19 > 0:12:24- So I hope that's answered your question.- BOTH: Thanks, Nina. Bye!
0:12:24 > 0:12:26You're welcome. Bye!
0:12:27 > 0:12:29# Super structures... #
0:12:29 > 0:12:33If you want to know more about the science that's all around us,
0:12:33 > 0:12:36go to the Nina section on the CBeebies website. Have fun.
0:12:36 > 0:12:40# Some of them are tall Some of them are wide
0:12:40 > 0:12:43- # They're bumpy, lumpy, wiggly too - Wiggly too
0:12:43 > 0:12:47# Some of them are strong Some of them are small
0:12:47 > 0:12:48# Like me
0:12:48 > 0:12:50# They're windy, whirly Whooshy too
0:12:50 > 0:12:53- # All around - Look over here
0:12:53 > 0:12:57# Build it, stack it Pile it up
0:12:57 > 0:13:00# Come on, let's get building
0:13:00 > 0:13:02- # Building,- building,- building
0:13:02 > 0:13:06# Race it, hold it Make it stick
0:13:06 > 0:13:09# Come on, let's get building
0:13:10 > 0:13:13# Come on, let's get building
0:13:15 > 0:13:19# Some of them are cosy warm Some of them are chilly
0:13:19 > 0:13:20# Brrrrr
0:13:20 > 0:13:22# Keep us safe And hide us too
0:13:22 > 0:13:24# Hide us too
0:13:24 > 0:13:27# Some of them are just for fun Or help us to stay dry
0:13:27 > 0:13:30# They're underground And high up too
0:13:30 > 0:13:34- # Look around - Over here
0:13:34 > 0:13:36# Build it, stack it
0:13:36 > 0:13:38# Pile it up
0:13:38 > 0:13:40# Come on, let's get building
0:13:40 > 0:13:42- # Building,- building,- building
0:13:42 > 0:13:46# Race it, hold it Make it stick
0:13:46 > 0:13:50# Come on, let's get building
0:13:50 > 0:13:53# Come on, let's get building! #
0:13:53 > 0:13:57And remember there are super structures everywhere.
0:13:57 > 0:14:02Whether they are big or small, wide or tall, we can all get building.
0:14:02 > 0:14:03See you again soon. Bye!
0:14:03 > 0:14:07- ALL: Bye!- Get building!