0:00:23 > 0:00:24He's Dr Chris!
0:00:24 > 0:00:26He's Dr Xand!
0:00:26 > 0:00:28- And we're... BOTH:- Identical twins.
0:00:28 > 0:00:31Well, we were until you grew your beard.
0:00:31 > 0:00:35In this series, we've taken over one of the biggest children's hospitals
0:00:35 > 0:00:39in Europe - the amazing Alder Hey in Liverpool.
0:00:39 > 0:00:42We're going head-to-head as we take on some of our hospitals' most
0:00:42 > 0:00:43important jobs...
0:00:43 > 0:00:45This isn't going well.
0:00:45 > 0:00:49Ouch & About hits the wards for more medical mysteries.
0:00:49 > 0:00:52- That is a hole going inside your stomach?- Yes.
0:00:52 > 0:00:56And we're catching up with our extraordinary Ouch Patients,
0:00:56 > 0:00:58who come in for regular treatment.
0:00:58 > 0:00:59Hello!
0:00:59 > 0:01:02We've hidden our lab in a top-secret location.
0:01:02 > 0:01:07And our experiments just... got...bigger!
0:01:09 > 0:01:11You guys are crazy!
0:01:11 > 0:01:15So are you ready to join us? It's going to be out of this world!
0:01:15 > 0:01:16As...
0:01:16 > 0:01:18What are you doing?!
0:01:18 > 0:01:19Coming up today on...
0:01:19 > 0:01:22"Operation Oooooouuuuch!"
0:01:22 > 0:01:23CRASH!
0:01:25 > 0:01:27Chris and I make a special delivery.
0:01:27 > 0:01:30This lift doesn't go where I need to go.
0:01:30 > 0:01:32McKenzie falls on something sharp.
0:01:32 > 0:01:34And how big were these spikes?
0:01:34 > 0:01:36And I get stung in the lab.
0:01:36 > 0:01:39Ow! What are you doing?
0:01:39 > 0:01:41But first...
0:01:41 > 0:01:44Medical teams always expect unexpected cases.
0:01:44 > 0:01:46And this one is a real jaw dropper.
0:01:49 > 0:01:50In the emergency department,
0:01:50 > 0:01:54the air ambulance has arrived with eight-year-old McKenzie,
0:01:54 > 0:01:56who got stuck on a fence and has wounded his chest.
0:01:56 > 0:01:58Ooh! Nasty! How has that happened?
0:01:59 > 0:02:01Well, Xand, it's all about frogs.
0:02:01 > 0:02:03McKenzie just loves them.
0:02:03 > 0:02:07Me too! Hey, Chris, what's a frog's favourite game?
0:02:07 > 0:02:09Cricket, cricket.
0:02:09 > 0:02:11Very good, Xand. But this is about McKenzie,
0:02:11 > 0:02:13who was playing with his friend Spike,
0:02:13 > 0:02:15and they were heading to the frog pond.
0:02:15 > 0:02:16Sounds ribbiting.
0:02:16 > 0:02:18They were climbing over a fence...
0:02:18 > 0:02:22Chris, that doesn't look like a fence you want to climb over.
0:02:22 > 0:02:23No, Xand, it's not.
0:02:23 > 0:02:25But McKenzie decided to have a go anyway.
0:02:25 > 0:02:27He stepped on a wooden block to get over it,
0:02:27 > 0:02:29but just as he got to the top,
0:02:29 > 0:02:32the block broke and he got stuck on a spike!
0:02:32 > 0:02:33- BOTH:- Ouch!
0:02:33 > 0:02:35The team gets straight to work,
0:02:35 > 0:02:37assessing McKenzie for serious injuries.
0:02:38 > 0:02:43Consultant Dr Sarah Jones is in charge of the trauma team today.
0:02:43 > 0:02:45She feels around McKenzie's internal organs
0:02:45 > 0:02:47to see if the fence has damaged any of them.
0:02:47 > 0:02:49How big were these spikes?
0:02:49 > 0:02:51The middle one was that big, the small one...
0:02:51 > 0:02:53The side ones were, like, that big.
0:02:53 > 0:02:57Our main concern is we don't know how deep this wound is
0:02:57 > 0:03:00and there is always a potential that if the wound is deep,
0:03:00 > 0:03:02has it gone deeper than muscle?
0:03:02 > 0:03:05Has it gone into the chest, or has it gone into the tummy?
0:03:05 > 0:03:09To assess whether any damage has been done inside McKenzie's body,
0:03:09 > 0:03:11Dr Sarah uses an ultrasound machine.
0:03:11 > 0:03:14- Press here.- Everything seems OK.
0:03:14 > 0:03:15But to be sure,
0:03:15 > 0:03:19a more detailed picture of McKenzie's insides is needed.
0:03:19 > 0:03:22In cases like this, an X-ray machine is brought TO the patient,
0:03:22 > 0:03:24as it may be dangerous to move them.
0:03:24 > 0:03:26The X-ray will help the medical team
0:03:26 > 0:03:30to find out if the cut has caused any serious injuries.
0:03:30 > 0:03:32All finished.
0:03:32 > 0:03:34Underneath the skin on your chest, you have 12 pairs of bones,
0:03:34 > 0:03:38making up your ribcage, or thoracic cage.
0:03:38 > 0:03:41They're all protecting your vital internal organs.
0:03:41 > 0:03:42Normally, they keep you safe,
0:03:42 > 0:03:44but the spike may have gone through these
0:03:44 > 0:03:48and done some damage to McKenzie's lungs, his liver or his diaphragm.
0:03:49 > 0:03:51We'll catch up with McKenzie later
0:03:51 > 0:03:53to find out the results of his X-ray.
0:03:53 > 0:03:55TYRES SCREECH
0:03:55 > 0:03:56Ouch!
0:03:58 > 0:04:01In hospital, it's not just the doctors and nurses
0:04:01 > 0:04:02who help to get you fixed.
0:04:02 > 0:04:05There are lots of other heroes working behind the scenes.
0:04:05 > 0:04:07Yes!
0:04:07 > 0:04:09What will happen when we have a go at their amazing jobs?
0:04:09 > 0:04:12Welcome to the Dr Chris Show.
0:04:12 > 0:04:13- BOTH:- Useless.
0:04:13 > 0:04:14This is...
0:04:17 > 0:04:20Today's hospital hero is postman Brian,
0:04:20 > 0:04:22who single-handedly sorts, delivers and collects
0:04:22 > 0:04:24all the mail in the hospital.
0:04:24 > 0:04:28Alder Hey is bigger than seven football pitches.
0:04:28 > 0:04:31Brian delivers to 100 different locations
0:04:31 > 0:04:33and his daily rounds are over 12 miles long!
0:04:33 > 0:04:36So who gets most of the mail in the hospital?
0:04:36 > 0:04:38- Doctors.- Not the patients?
0:04:38 > 0:04:40It's a lot of the departments that get the mail.
0:04:40 > 0:04:43So it's not just "get well" cards,
0:04:43 > 0:04:47this is all the really important mail about patient letters...
0:04:47 > 0:04:48- Referrals.- Referrals.
0:04:48 > 0:04:50Stuff like that, yeah.
0:04:50 > 0:04:51So the letters you're dealing with
0:04:51 > 0:04:54are some of the most important letters in the country.
0:04:54 > 0:04:55Yeah, yeah.
0:04:55 > 0:04:58So Brian's work is vital to the running of the hospital,
0:04:58 > 0:05:00and we're just in time to help.
0:05:00 > 0:05:03- Wow. Is this a big day, Brian? - Yeah, Monday is a big day.
0:05:03 > 0:05:04Cos of the weekend stuff as well.
0:05:04 > 0:05:05Great. So what next, Brian?
0:05:05 > 0:05:08We just sort of take the bags and tip it out.
0:05:10 > 0:05:13- Oh, come on, Chris. - Not a great start.
0:05:13 > 0:05:15When you do it, does quite a lot end up on the floor?
0:05:15 > 0:05:17No, not really!
0:05:17 > 0:05:18'Oh, dear.
0:05:18 > 0:05:21'Time to start sorting, and it's not as easy as you think.'
0:05:21 > 0:05:25Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation,
0:05:25 > 0:05:26Alder Hey Children's Charity.
0:05:26 > 0:05:29They're not even calling it the same thing!
0:05:29 > 0:05:30I can't even read that.
0:05:30 > 0:05:32That seems to be an O or a D.
0:05:32 > 0:05:34I think we're going to struggle.
0:05:34 > 0:05:36'I think you're right, Chris.
0:05:36 > 0:05:40'While we've got off to a bad start, Brian has this down to a fine art.'
0:05:40 > 0:05:42He's making this look quite easy.
0:05:42 > 0:05:46'With 100,000 letters arriving each year, there's no stopping him.'
0:05:46 > 0:05:48You're not really pausing, Brian.
0:05:48 > 0:05:51- There's not a lot of puzzling around about this.- Nope!
0:05:51 > 0:05:54'And it's not just important medical post.
0:05:54 > 0:05:56'Deliveries can help make patients feel better.'
0:05:56 > 0:05:58So, while Brian's sorting the post downstairs,
0:05:58 > 0:06:01we're delivering some post to a young lady
0:06:01 > 0:06:03who gets a lot of mail here in hospital.
0:06:03 > 0:06:05- Dolly.- Bed 30.
0:06:05 > 0:06:07- I'm here.- 'There she is.
0:06:07 > 0:06:10'We've met Dolly before in Ouch And About.'
0:06:10 > 0:06:13Hi again, Dolly. So, we've got some post for you.
0:06:13 > 0:06:16Dolly, what would life in hospital be like if you didn't get any post?
0:06:16 > 0:06:19- Boring.- What things have you got in the post?
0:06:19 > 0:06:21This lion, the big fuzzy one.
0:06:21 > 0:06:22So, what's his name?
0:06:22 > 0:06:25Wait a minute, there's only one name for a pet lion.
0:06:25 > 0:06:26Tiger. Am I right?
0:06:26 > 0:06:30- Yeah.- Did you tell him the lion's name was Tiger?- No.
0:06:30 > 0:06:33'Xand the psychic postman.'
0:06:33 > 0:06:35So, we've seen just how important
0:06:35 > 0:06:37the job of hospital postman really is.
0:06:37 > 0:06:39But will we be able to...
0:06:39 > 0:06:41- Wait for it.- Don't do this, Xand. - I'm going to do it.
0:06:41 > 0:06:45..DELIVER when it comes to doing the job ourselves?
0:06:45 > 0:06:46Come on.
0:06:46 > 0:06:50It's time for us to take over as hospital postmen.
0:06:50 > 0:06:53Your challenge today is to get these five important letters
0:06:53 > 0:06:55to patients and staff as quick as you can.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59So Xand and I have five special "Operation Ouch!" letters,
0:06:59 > 0:07:01each to deliver around the hospital.
0:07:01 > 0:07:02The fastest postman wins.
0:07:02 > 0:07:03Xand, you're first.
0:07:03 > 0:07:05Ready, steady, post.
0:07:08 > 0:07:10Good luck! He's going to need it.
0:07:10 > 0:07:12I'm right behind you, Xand.
0:07:12 > 0:07:13Ready, steady, post.
0:07:15 > 0:07:16To speed things up...
0:07:16 > 0:07:18I'm going to plan as I go.
0:07:18 > 0:07:19We've got Beth in ward...
0:07:19 > 0:07:21'Butterfingers, Chris!'
0:07:21 > 0:07:23I have no idea where I'm going.
0:07:23 > 0:07:25I need to do some planning.
0:07:25 > 0:07:28'While Xand's working out his route, I'm storming ahead.'
0:07:28 > 0:07:31- That's me.- I've got a letter for you.- Thank you very much.
0:07:31 > 0:07:33To the ground floor.
0:07:33 > 0:07:36All right, then, let's get some speed up. Come on.
0:07:36 > 0:07:384B is Beth.
0:07:38 > 0:07:40OK, so that's number four.
0:07:40 > 0:07:44Hang on, I've only got four bits of mail.
0:07:44 > 0:07:46I've already lost one letter.
0:07:46 > 0:07:48It's not a good start.
0:07:48 > 0:07:49Kath Harding?
0:07:49 > 0:07:51But I'm doing OK.
0:07:51 > 0:07:52Another one done.
0:07:52 > 0:07:54Come on. I can do this.
0:07:54 > 0:07:57Is this facilities management? I've got a letter for you.
0:07:57 > 0:07:59Finally, a delivery.
0:07:59 > 0:08:00But Chris has done more.
0:08:00 > 0:08:01I've got to speed up.
0:08:01 > 0:08:04'Maybe this hospital robot can help me.'
0:08:04 > 0:08:05I need to get to level...
0:08:05 > 0:08:07Level two! ROBOT BLEEPS
0:08:07 > 0:08:09Well, there's no need to be like that.
0:08:11 > 0:08:13'Ah, level two, here I am.
0:08:13 > 0:08:14'And another delivery.'
0:08:16 > 0:08:18Help, Chris is posting away!
0:08:18 > 0:08:20I need to get a lift, fast.
0:08:20 > 0:08:22Yes! A lift.
0:08:22 > 0:08:24G. Ooh, I need level two.
0:08:24 > 0:08:26This lift doesn't go where I need to go.
0:08:26 > 0:08:28All right, I need to get up.
0:08:28 > 0:08:29'Nearly done.'
0:08:29 > 0:08:31I have a letter for you.
0:08:32 > 0:08:35'Finally, out of the basement, things are going a bit better.'
0:08:37 > 0:08:39'This might be closer than I thought.
0:08:39 > 0:08:42'Only one lost, and four delivered.'
0:08:42 > 0:08:43Stop the clock.
0:08:43 > 0:08:46Hi, Joshua. Really nice to meet you. I have a letter for you.
0:08:46 > 0:08:48And stop the clock.
0:08:48 > 0:08:49What's the verdict, Brian?
0:08:49 > 0:08:55One did it in 29.19, and one did it in 19.32.
0:08:55 > 0:08:57So, Brian, who was who?
0:08:57 > 0:08:58The winner is...
0:08:59 > 0:09:02- Ohhh...- Yes!
0:09:02 > 0:09:06- What?- I posted you into...defeat.
0:09:06 > 0:09:08So, where did I go wrong?
0:09:08 > 0:09:09Losing a letter.
0:09:09 > 0:09:12'OK, I was the slowest, and I lost a letter.'
0:09:12 > 0:09:14But I don't think it was the most important one.
0:09:14 > 0:09:16'Lucky for you it wasn't a real one!'
0:09:16 > 0:09:18Well, in the end, it was a close-run thing,
0:09:18 > 0:09:20but I think if there's one thing we've learned,
0:09:20 > 0:09:23it's just how important the job of hospital postman really is.
0:09:23 > 0:09:25It was not a close-run thing, but, either way,
0:09:25 > 0:09:27I think we should leave it to the experts.
0:09:27 > 0:09:29Brian, here is your post trolley back.
0:09:30 > 0:09:33Now it's time for our final visit to our Ouch Patients.
0:09:33 > 0:09:35- Ruby.- Hayden.
0:09:35 > 0:09:37- Holly.- And Tola.
0:09:37 > 0:09:39We've been following them across the series
0:09:39 > 0:09:41as they undergo their treatment.
0:09:41 > 0:09:43First, let's catch up with Hayden.
0:09:43 > 0:09:45- Hello, Hayden.- Hello.
0:09:45 > 0:09:47Hayden has Marfan syndrome, and, last time,
0:09:47 > 0:09:49he had an operation on his heart.
0:09:49 > 0:09:51Hayden's surgery went well
0:09:51 > 0:09:54and he's been recovering in hospital for three weeks.
0:09:54 > 0:09:57Yeah, I've got some very, very good news -
0:09:57 > 0:10:01that me and my mum can go home tomorrow.
0:10:01 > 0:10:02That's great!
0:10:02 > 0:10:06And Hayden can't wait to catch up with his canine companion Buster.
0:10:06 > 0:10:09I've not seen him for three weeks.
0:10:09 > 0:10:11I've had his photo at the end of my bed.
0:10:11 > 0:10:13That has helped me.
0:10:13 > 0:10:16Just a few hours later and Hayden's heading home,
0:10:16 > 0:10:20where one very excited member of the family is waiting to greet him.
0:10:20 > 0:10:22Buster!
0:10:22 > 0:10:24One happy boy and one happy dog.
0:10:24 > 0:10:25All right, all right?
0:10:25 > 0:10:28Hayden will continue to have regular check-ups until
0:10:28 > 0:10:30he's fully recovered from his surgery.
0:10:30 > 0:10:31Take care, Hayden. Bye!
0:10:31 > 0:10:33Bye!
0:10:33 > 0:10:35We've also been following Ruby,
0:10:35 > 0:10:38who has been undergoing treatment for leukaemia,
0:10:38 > 0:10:40a cancer which affects her blood.
0:10:40 > 0:10:42Last time, we saw Ruby getting treated in hospital.
0:10:42 > 0:10:44But, since she started her treatment,
0:10:44 > 0:10:47Ruby hasn't been able to do the one thing she really loves.
0:10:47 > 0:10:50Today I'm going swimming, and this is my dry suit,
0:10:50 > 0:10:53so I can go in the water and not get wet.
0:10:53 > 0:10:54My...
0:10:54 > 0:10:57Cos if my lung gets wet, it gets infected.
0:10:57 > 0:10:58And I'm really excited.
0:10:58 > 0:11:01Ruby's treatment has been going well,
0:11:01 > 0:11:04and she only has a couple more weeks of chemotherapy left.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06Good luck with the rest of your treatment, Ruby.
0:11:06 > 0:11:08We hope you'll all better soon.
0:11:08 > 0:11:10- Bye.- Bye.
0:11:10 > 0:11:13We'll catch up with Holly and Tola later.
0:11:13 > 0:11:15- TYRES SCREECH - Ouch!
0:11:17 > 0:11:19Chris, I wonder how our patient's getting on
0:11:19 > 0:11:21in the accident and emergency department.
0:11:21 > 0:11:24We don't have to wonder, Xand - we could just find out.
0:11:25 > 0:11:27Earlier, we met eight-year-old McKenzie,
0:11:27 > 0:11:31who had been airlifted to hospital after getting spiked in his chest.
0:11:31 > 0:11:35He'd been heading to a frog pond when he tried to climb over a fence.
0:11:35 > 0:11:38The wooden block he was standing on broke and he got stuck on a spike.
0:11:40 > 0:11:44Here to assess if McKenzie needs an operation is surgeon Fiona Murphy.
0:11:44 > 0:11:46So, is it hurting beneath my fingers,
0:11:46 > 0:11:49or is it hurting a bit further up where you cut it?
0:11:49 > 0:11:52- A bit further up where I cut it. - Yeah.
0:11:52 > 0:11:54He's got a very small cut, but sometimes that can be deceptive,
0:11:54 > 0:11:56cos it can look very small but go deep.
0:11:56 > 0:11:59So that's why we had to do more tests to check it hadn't gone
0:11:59 > 0:12:01any further than we were expecting.
0:12:01 > 0:12:04Surgeon Fiona takes a look at McKenzie's chest X-ray
0:12:04 > 0:12:06to see if any internal damage has been done.
0:12:06 > 0:12:09We're wanting to make sure there's not a leak of air around his lungs,
0:12:09 > 0:12:12there's no black line, or that the lung has not collapsed,
0:12:12 > 0:12:14and there's no white stuff in his chest that would suggest blood.
0:12:14 > 0:12:16It's good news.
0:12:16 > 0:12:18The X-ray is entirely normal.
0:12:18 > 0:12:20McKenzie's cut isn't deep enough
0:12:20 > 0:12:22to have affected any of his internal organs.
0:12:22 > 0:12:25But because McKenzie has had a potentially serious injury,
0:12:25 > 0:12:28doctors want to keep an eye on him overnight to make sure he doesn't
0:12:28 > 0:12:31develop any further symptoms.
0:12:31 > 0:12:34So it's a night on the ward for our patient.
0:12:34 > 0:12:36And the next morning, there's good news.
0:12:36 > 0:12:39They made me better and now I'm feeling all right,
0:12:39 > 0:12:41so I'm good to go home.
0:12:41 > 0:12:44And what have we learned from a dramatic trip to hospital?
0:12:44 > 0:12:46Never climb metal gates.
0:12:46 > 0:12:48I think that's a great idea.
0:12:48 > 0:12:49- Bye!- Bye!
0:12:50 > 0:12:52Still to come...
0:12:52 > 0:12:56A final catch-up with our Ouch Patients Holly and Tola.
0:12:56 > 0:12:58There's an alarm in the lab...
0:12:58 > 0:12:59HE BLOWS WHISTLE
0:12:59 > 0:13:02And molten glass that helps your body heal.
0:13:02 > 0:13:04Oh, wow. That is very, very hot.
0:13:06 > 0:13:09Did you know your pancreas has its own taste buds
0:13:09 > 0:13:11similar to your tongue?
0:13:11 > 0:13:13They taste how sweet your blood is
0:13:13 > 0:13:16and help control your body's sugar levels.
0:13:16 > 0:13:17Ouch!
0:13:18 > 0:13:20And now to our lab,
0:13:20 > 0:13:23but, this time, we've hidden it in a top-secret location.
0:13:23 > 0:13:26So secret that even Xand doesn't know where it is.
0:13:28 > 0:13:29What are you doing?!
0:13:29 > 0:13:32It's time for some amazing experiments.
0:13:32 > 0:13:35Just don't try anything you see here at home.
0:13:37 > 0:13:42Today's lab is about an organ we've never seen before.
0:13:42 > 0:13:43- In the lab. - That's right, in the lab.
0:13:43 > 0:13:46I mean, obviously, WE'VE seen it before. We're doctors!
0:13:46 > 0:13:47But what is it?
0:13:47 > 0:13:49'The amazing pancreas!'
0:13:49 > 0:13:51Ta-da!
0:13:52 > 0:13:55This pancreas is from a pig, but it's very similar to your pancreas.
0:13:55 > 0:13:59Now, in your body, the pancreas is located behind the stomach.
0:13:59 > 0:14:02Come here and I'll show you exactly where.
0:14:02 > 0:14:03Chris, lift up your shirt.
0:14:05 > 0:14:07Now, Chris's pancreas would begin here...
0:14:08 > 0:14:10..and end there.
0:14:10 > 0:14:12Was that absolutely necessary?
0:14:12 > 0:14:16Well, I think everyone has a right to know where their pancreas is.
0:14:16 > 0:14:19Now you know where your pancreas is,
0:14:19 > 0:14:22but it's what it does that makes it so amazing.
0:14:22 > 0:14:25Your body breaks down food into many things,
0:14:25 > 0:14:27including a type of sugar called glucose.
0:14:27 > 0:14:3224/7, your pancreas is on duty like a sugar detective,
0:14:32 > 0:14:36inspecting the levels of glucose in the blood that flows through it,
0:14:36 > 0:14:40and if it thinks you've got too much glucose, it sounds the alarm...
0:14:40 > 0:14:42HE BLOWS WHISTLE
0:14:42 > 0:14:44..to tell our bodies to start to reduce it.
0:14:44 > 0:14:48'To demonstrate this properly, I need to borrow Xand's finger.'
0:14:48 > 0:14:51- Ow! What are you doing?!- I'm checking your blood-sugar level.
0:14:51 > 0:14:53And that didn't really hurt, did it, Xand?
0:14:53 > 0:14:55No, I just wasn't expecting it.
0:14:55 > 0:14:57Now, this is a machine that doctors use
0:14:57 > 0:14:59to measure patients' blood-sugar levels.
0:14:59 > 0:15:00'Your blood-sugar level
0:15:00 > 0:15:03'is a measurement of the amount of glucose in your blood.'
0:15:03 > 0:15:08And, Xand, your blood-sugar level is 5.7.
0:15:08 > 0:15:10And that is completely normal.
0:15:10 > 0:15:12Wait a minute, normal's quite boring.
0:15:12 > 0:15:14No, in this case, normal is interesting,
0:15:14 > 0:15:18because the sugar in your blood comes from food.
0:15:18 > 0:15:20And Xand hasn't eaten any breakfast.
0:15:20 > 0:15:22- Have you, Xand?- That's true.
0:15:22 > 0:15:23'So, without breakfast,
0:15:23 > 0:15:26'why is Xand's blood-sugar level normal and not low?
0:15:28 > 0:15:31'To help answer this, I'm going to give Xand his breakfast.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34'Of course, it's not a proper breakfast - it's for an experiment.
0:15:34 > 0:15:37'These high-carbohydrate foods are quickly turned into glucose
0:15:37 > 0:15:39'and passed into his bloodstream,
0:15:39 > 0:15:42'ready to be used as energy all around his body.'
0:15:42 > 0:15:43HE BURPS
0:15:43 > 0:15:47Ooh, I'm absolutely stuffed.
0:15:47 > 0:15:50'No wonder. You wouldn't normally eat this much, Xand.
0:15:50 > 0:15:51'After that carb-fuelled feast,
0:15:51 > 0:15:55'what happens when we take a new reading of Xand's blood?'
0:15:55 > 0:16:00As we can see, your blood-sugar level has risen from 5.7 to 6.1.
0:16:00 > 0:16:03'So, after that big breakfast, Xand's blood sugar has risen,
0:16:03 > 0:16:07'but not by much - only 0.4 of a difference.
0:16:07 > 0:16:11'So why's his blood not full of sugar from all those carbohydrates?
0:16:11 > 0:16:13'Well, that's thanks to the pancreas.
0:16:13 > 0:16:15'It does a really important job
0:16:15 > 0:16:18'in keeping your blood-sugar levels under control.
0:16:18 > 0:16:21'To show you how it manages this, we have...'
0:16:21 > 0:16:24The blood-sugar challenge.
0:16:24 > 0:16:27In today's experiment, each of us has a body...
0:16:27 > 0:16:28a pancreas...
0:16:28 > 0:16:29some blood vessels...
0:16:29 > 0:16:31and some cells.
0:16:31 > 0:16:33We also have a large amount of glucose,
0:16:33 > 0:16:35which we need to get out of our blood
0:16:35 > 0:16:38and into our cells, where it's needed to make energy.
0:16:38 > 0:16:42And whoever does this the quickest will have the best-working pancreas.
0:16:42 > 0:16:44- Are we ready, then?- We are ready.
0:16:44 > 0:16:46Go.
0:16:46 > 0:16:48Now, this is a bit like eating.
0:16:48 > 0:16:52Your body breaks down carbohydrate into glucose,
0:16:52 > 0:16:56and then you can see the levels of glucose in my blood are rising
0:16:56 > 0:16:59just the way they did when I had that big meal.
0:16:59 > 0:17:02But it's dangerous if glucose levels get too high,
0:17:02 > 0:17:04and this is where your amazing pancreas comes in.
0:17:04 > 0:17:08It produces a hormone called insulin to reduce them.
0:17:08 > 0:17:10Now, my pancreas is working well.
0:17:10 > 0:17:13It's releasing insulin, which is opening the doors to the cells,
0:17:13 > 0:17:18so that when I put glucose in the bloodstream, it flows into the cell.
0:17:18 > 0:17:19So, the cells have lots of energy.
0:17:19 > 0:17:21How are you getting on, Xand?
0:17:21 > 0:17:23Well, mine isn't working the same as yours.
0:17:23 > 0:17:26My blood-sugar levels have gone up very high,
0:17:26 > 0:17:29and none of it has gone into my cells.
0:17:29 > 0:17:34So, it looks like Xand's model has something called type 1 diabetes.
0:17:34 > 0:17:36Now, if a person has type 1 diabetes,
0:17:36 > 0:17:39it means that their pancreas doesn't make insulin,
0:17:39 > 0:17:42and so the glucose stays in their blood and can get dangerously high,
0:17:42 > 0:17:45and their cells don't get any energy.
0:17:45 > 0:17:47But we can give Xand's pancreas a helping hand
0:17:47 > 0:17:49by injecting a dose of insulin.
0:17:49 > 0:17:53Now, this is something that people who have type 1 diabetes have to do.
0:17:53 > 0:17:55You might have to do it yourself,
0:17:55 > 0:17:57or maybe you've got a friend or a family member
0:17:57 > 0:18:00who has to inject insulin into their body, often at mealtimes.
0:18:00 > 0:18:04Now, as you can see, that shot of insulin has done the trick.
0:18:04 > 0:18:06All the glucose is in the cells,
0:18:06 > 0:18:09and the blood glucose is back down at a nice low level.
0:18:09 > 0:18:11Thanks, Chris. Thanks, insulin.
0:18:12 > 0:18:15So, we've shown you just how busy your pancreas is,
0:18:15 > 0:18:17constantly making sure you have
0:18:17 > 0:18:19the right amount of glucose in your blood.
0:18:19 > 0:18:23And we've shown you that insulin is a hormone that sends a signal
0:18:23 > 0:18:27to your body to unlock the cells so they can take in glucose as energy.
0:18:27 > 0:18:31And Xand's real pancreas did a great job of keeping
0:18:31 > 0:18:35his blood-sugar levels normal, even after that huge meal.
0:18:35 > 0:18:36Thanks, pancreas.
0:18:36 > 0:18:39"That's OK." Shall we get another meal now?
0:18:39 > 0:18:40"That'd be nice."
0:18:42 > 0:18:46Now let's catch up with another one of our Ouch Patients.
0:18:46 > 0:18:47Hi.
0:18:47 > 0:18:49Nine-year-old Holly has cerebral palsy.
0:18:49 > 0:18:52This affects her muscle control and movement.
0:18:53 > 0:18:55Last time we saw Holly doing physiotherapy
0:18:55 > 0:18:57to strengthen her muscles.
0:18:57 > 0:18:58Good control.
0:18:58 > 0:19:01And today Holly gets to put these muscles to good use.
0:19:01 > 0:19:04Today is sports day, and I'm really excited about it.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07The first race today is going to be the relay race.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10That's why I have this thing right here.
0:19:10 > 0:19:12And she's off. Come on, Holly, you can do it!
0:19:13 > 0:19:14Well done.
0:19:14 > 0:19:17I do have to give a little...
0:19:18 > 0:19:22..hi and thank you to my BFF Sophie.
0:19:22 > 0:19:26She ran at the year four girls' sprint together with me,
0:19:26 > 0:19:30instead of me being left on my own, which made me very emotional.
0:19:30 > 0:19:33But that's what besties are for.
0:19:33 > 0:19:34So, how did the race go?
0:19:34 > 0:19:37Our team came third overall.
0:19:37 > 0:19:38Excellent work, Holly.
0:19:38 > 0:19:40All the best for the future.
0:19:40 > 0:19:41Bye!
0:19:41 > 0:19:42- ALL:- Bye!
0:19:42 > 0:19:44Hello.
0:19:44 > 0:19:47- Hello.- Hello. - We've also been following Tola.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50Tola is on dialysis because he has a kidney disease.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53It will help my kidneys function more.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57Last time, we saw how Tola's condition affects his daily life,
0:19:57 > 0:19:58especially what he eats.
0:19:58 > 0:20:02If I have too much potassium, I could start vomiting,
0:20:02 > 0:20:04so I have to keep on a balanced diet.
0:20:04 > 0:20:08Tola recently had an operation to enable him to have dialysis
0:20:08 > 0:20:11without any tubes permanently attached to his body.
0:20:11 > 0:20:14I am here with my mum on the...
0:20:14 > 0:20:17in the hospital, cos I just had an operation on my arm.
0:20:17 > 0:20:20So now he can take part in some fun activities.
0:20:20 > 0:20:22I can start going swimming
0:20:22 > 0:20:26and do all the stuff that I couldn't do before.
0:20:26 > 0:20:28So, things are looking up for Tola, and, no matter what,
0:20:28 > 0:20:32he always finds time to beat his dad at table tennis.
0:20:32 > 0:20:35He is the hardest challenge in my family,
0:20:35 > 0:20:38and the rest are just easy to me - especially my brother.
0:20:38 > 0:20:39Great skills!
0:20:39 > 0:20:41It's something I really love to do,
0:20:41 > 0:20:43so why would I let go of something I really love
0:20:43 > 0:20:46just for some kidney disease that I have?
0:20:46 > 0:20:49Well played, Tola. Good luck for the future.
0:20:49 > 0:20:50- Bye!- Bye.
0:20:50 > 0:20:53- Bye, Tola.- That's a wrap.
0:21:01 > 0:21:03- Xand!- What?
0:21:03 > 0:21:06- What are you doing? - I'm sleeping, or at least I was.
0:21:06 > 0:21:08- But why?- Well, everyone knows,
0:21:08 > 0:21:12sleep is an important way for the body to heal itself, to restore,
0:21:12 > 0:21:15- to recover...- Xand, I know what sleep is important for,
0:21:15 > 0:21:17but why are you doing it now? It's the middle of the day.
0:21:17 > 0:21:19We have important medical technologies and...
0:21:19 > 0:21:22and innovations and stuff to investigate.
0:21:22 > 0:21:26- Do we?- Yes. It's time for Investigation Ouch.
0:21:29 > 0:21:32Do you remember this guy, Casper?
0:21:32 > 0:21:34He came into the emergency department
0:21:34 > 0:21:36after tripping over a tree stump a year ago.
0:21:36 > 0:21:39Casper had an operation to fix a hole in his bone.
0:21:39 > 0:21:42Now, your bones are a totally unique material.
0:21:42 > 0:21:44There's nothing else quite like them,
0:21:44 > 0:21:46and so you need really special stuff to fix them.
0:21:46 > 0:21:50And today, we're going to find out how that special stuff is made.
0:21:50 > 0:21:52Come on, you lot!
0:21:52 > 0:21:54This is Imperial College in London,
0:21:54 > 0:21:58and scientists here are working on incredible new medical treatments.
0:21:58 > 0:22:02Professor Julian Jones is working on new ways to fix our bones.
0:22:02 > 0:22:06And it all starts with this - a piece of glass.
0:22:06 > 0:22:08I would have thought that glass
0:22:08 > 0:22:11would be the very worst thing in the world to repair bones with.
0:22:11 > 0:22:14It's brittle, it chips, it's sharp, it's not very strong...
0:22:14 > 0:22:18So either you're crazy, or you can explain how it works.
0:22:18 > 0:22:22Yes, that is glass, but it also is a special glass called bioglass,
0:22:22 > 0:22:23and it has special powers.
0:22:23 > 0:22:26If a surgeon takes that and puts it into the body,
0:22:26 > 0:22:29it will form a very tight bond to bone.
0:22:29 > 0:22:31And it also tells the cells in the bone
0:22:31 > 0:22:33to get active and produce more.
0:22:33 > 0:22:37So the glass actually talks to your bones, your broken bones,
0:22:37 > 0:22:39and says, "It needs mending over here."
0:22:39 > 0:22:40- Absolutely.- Wow.
0:22:41 > 0:22:43Bone can heal itself really well,
0:22:43 > 0:22:46but sometimes, with a big hole, it needs some help.
0:22:46 > 0:22:49Bioglass can do this by bridging the gap
0:22:49 > 0:22:52and giving the body's own cells something to hang onto
0:22:52 > 0:22:53and make new bone.
0:22:54 > 0:22:58Bioglass is made from the same raw materials as window glass,
0:22:58 > 0:23:01except it's got lots more calcium, which is good for bones.
0:23:01 > 0:23:04Well, I think we need to see some glass get made, don't you?
0:23:05 > 0:23:06To make bioglass,
0:23:06 > 0:23:10the raw materials are measured and weighed and then mixed together,
0:23:10 > 0:23:13before being superheated in a special furnace
0:23:13 > 0:23:15to 1,400 degrees Celsius.
0:23:15 > 0:23:19This turns the solid sand into a molten hot liquid.
0:23:19 > 0:23:22Oh, wow. That is very, very hot.
0:23:23 > 0:23:28That is amazing. So, in here now, this pile of, sort of, white rubble,
0:23:28 > 0:23:29that's bioglass?
0:23:29 > 0:23:32Yeah, and it's been quickly frozen into place by the water.
0:23:32 > 0:23:33This...
0:23:34 > 0:23:36..is brand-new bioglass.
0:23:36 > 0:23:41It's then dried, sterilised and ground down into a very fine powder,
0:23:41 > 0:23:43ready to be used as bone-fixing material.
0:23:43 > 0:23:48So what the surgeon would do is take some blood from the wound
0:23:48 > 0:23:51and then just apply it, a little bit of it, to the glass,
0:23:51 > 0:23:54and then, sort of, make a putty.
0:23:54 > 0:23:56All those proteins and cells in the blood
0:23:56 > 0:23:59will clump the grains of glass together,
0:23:59 > 0:24:00so it ends up like...like putty,
0:24:00 > 0:24:02like chewing gum almost.
0:24:02 > 0:24:07Yeah. And then the surgeon will just press it into the hole in the bone,
0:24:07 > 0:24:11then over a few weeks and months, the bone will repair.
0:24:11 > 0:24:14So, if your research goes according to plan, in my lifetime,
0:24:14 > 0:24:15I will see dramatic changes
0:24:15 > 0:24:18- in the way we can treat people's bones.- Absolutely.
0:24:18 > 0:24:22Professor Julian is also working on a type of bioglass
0:24:22 > 0:24:23that can be printed.
0:24:23 > 0:24:27Its specially-designed shape means bones could heal even better,
0:24:27 > 0:24:29and he's developed a bouncing bioglass.
0:24:30 > 0:24:33This is glass, but it doesn't break.
0:24:33 > 0:24:35- It bounces.- Yeah.
0:24:35 > 0:24:37- Unbreakable glass.- Amazing.
0:24:37 > 0:24:40This could replace cartilage, the stuff between your joints.
0:24:41 > 0:24:45Bioglass is amazing stuff, and it's in hospitals right now,
0:24:45 > 0:24:48helping patients like Casper, who need their bones fixed.
0:24:48 > 0:24:51And the best news is scientists are working on
0:24:51 > 0:24:53even more applications for this amazing stuff.
0:24:55 > 0:24:56Thanks, glass.
0:25:02 > 0:25:06The doctors and nurses in A&E are ready for their next patient.
0:25:06 > 0:25:07I wonder who it's going to be.
0:25:07 > 0:25:10Yeah, if only there was some way we could find out.
0:25:10 > 0:25:12It'd be amazing to know, wouldn't it? I'd love to find out.
0:25:14 > 0:25:17Waiting in the emergency department, with her mum and sister,
0:25:17 > 0:25:19is seven-year-old Keira.
0:25:19 > 0:25:21What's happened to your chin, Keira?
0:25:21 > 0:25:25I was riding me bike from school, and I was riding it too fast,
0:25:25 > 0:25:28and I went over the handlebars and skidded on the floor.
0:25:28 > 0:25:30Ooh, she scraped her jaw on the floor.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33That must be sore! Let's find out more.
0:25:33 > 0:25:36Keira was heading home from school on her bike with her sister.
0:25:36 > 0:25:38Oh no, Chris, she's not wearing a helmet!
0:25:38 > 0:25:40I know, Xand, but anyway,
0:25:40 > 0:25:43Keira was cycling along and it was raining cats and dogs.
0:25:43 > 0:25:46- Really?- No, it's a saying, Xand.
0:25:46 > 0:25:47It was just raining heavily.
0:25:47 > 0:25:51So, Keira shouted to her sister, "Hurry up and get home!"
0:25:51 > 0:25:54- Good idea.- She was riding like the wind,
0:25:54 > 0:25:58going so fast that when she went to stop, she skidded,
0:25:58 > 0:26:01hurtled over the handlebars, and landed on her chin.
0:26:01 > 0:26:03At least it wasn't her head.
0:26:03 > 0:26:04Ouch!
0:26:04 > 0:26:08In charge of checking that chin is Dr Robert Smith.
0:26:08 > 0:26:10So, can you just bend your knee for me again?
0:26:10 > 0:26:13It's important for Dr Smith to rule out a more serious head injury
0:26:13 > 0:26:15before he looks at Keira's chin.
0:26:15 > 0:26:18He tests her nerves by first checking her reflexes
0:26:18 > 0:26:22and then making sure she has feeling in all parts of her body.
0:26:22 > 0:26:23Can you feel that?
0:26:23 > 0:26:27Dr Smith then goes on to check that her eyes are working properly.
0:26:27 > 0:26:29You see that black box up on the roof, there?
0:26:29 > 0:26:31So, I want you just to stare at that for me.
0:26:31 > 0:26:33OK. And now stare at my finger.
0:26:33 > 0:26:35That's a pretty intense stare.
0:26:35 > 0:26:37The neurological examination was fine.
0:26:37 > 0:26:39She didn't have any worrying symptoms
0:26:39 > 0:26:41of, you know, a head injury.
0:26:41 > 0:26:43Great news. Time to look at her cut.
0:26:43 > 0:26:46She did have a sort of small laceration on her chin,
0:26:46 > 0:26:47and I'm going to ask the nurse to come in now,
0:26:47 > 0:26:49just to make sure it has a good clean,
0:26:49 > 0:26:51and then we'll close it with some wound glue.
0:26:51 > 0:26:53How's our patient Keira feeling?
0:26:53 > 0:26:55I'm feeling a bit scared.
0:26:55 > 0:26:57Oh, there's nothing to be scared of.
0:26:57 > 0:26:59You'll be fixed up in a jiffy.
0:26:59 > 0:27:01The nurse gives the wound a good clean.
0:27:01 > 0:27:03Gross alert! Look away if you must.
0:27:03 > 0:27:06And with an extra pair of hands to hold the edges together,
0:27:06 > 0:27:08the special wound glue is applied.
0:27:08 > 0:27:10Good girl.
0:27:10 > 0:27:13And just like that, Keira's all fixed up.
0:27:13 > 0:27:15- How's it feeling?- It's OK. - Excellent.
0:27:15 > 0:27:17Anything you've learned from today?
0:27:17 > 0:27:20To not ride fast.
0:27:20 > 0:27:21Anything else?
0:27:21 > 0:27:23Always wear a helmet.
0:27:23 > 0:27:25Spot on. Bye!
0:27:27 > 0:27:30Next time on Operation Ouch! Hospital Takeover...
0:27:30 > 0:27:32We get colourful in the kitchen...
0:27:32 > 0:27:36There is my blue sea, ready to go in the oven.
0:27:36 > 0:27:38It's breaking point in the lab...
0:27:38 > 0:27:39Oh!
0:27:39 > 0:27:42..and April gets a big surprise.
0:27:42 > 0:27:43What were you expecting?
0:27:45 > 0:27:47So we'll see you next time for more...
0:27:47 > 0:27:48BOTH: Operation Ouch!
0:27:49 > 0:27:52- Chris!- Bye, Xand!- Chris!
0:27:52 > 0:27:56It all stays under control thanks to this amazing organ,
0:27:56 > 0:27:57the pancreas.
0:27:57 > 0:27:59I haven't got a pancreas. Where's my pancreas?
0:27:59 > 0:28:02- I need a pancreas.- Pancreas! - Pancreas day!- Where is the pancreas?
0:28:02 > 0:28:04Could I get my pancreas, please?
0:28:04 > 0:28:07If there's anything we can't work out where to put it,
0:28:07 > 0:28:09we'll leave it in a pile on the table.
0:28:09 > 0:28:10(Operation Ouch.)