0:00:32 > 0:00:35It is with much pleasure that I greet you,
0:00:35 > 0:00:40the representatives from the Parliaments of all the lands within
0:00:40 > 0:00:44our Commonwealth Family of Nations, which enjoy a responsible government.
0:00:48 > 0:00:52It has different ties of race, faith, language and finance.
0:00:52 > 0:00:55And yet, the Commonwealth is there.
0:00:55 > 0:00:58It cannot be stated exactly, but it lives and works.
0:01:02 > 0:01:04Well, it should mean that there are relations between everybody
0:01:04 > 0:01:06of sharing and giving and taking.
0:01:12 > 0:01:15Each Commonwealth meeting is a celebration of continuity
0:01:15 > 0:01:21in community and each is also a challenge to find the ways to
0:01:21 > 0:01:23advance that common purpose.
0:01:30 > 0:01:34So, the first bushman family at Beira make the move from hut
0:01:34 > 0:01:35to house.
0:01:35 > 0:01:38It is the beginning of urban existence, in fact.
0:01:42 > 0:01:44Easy to build, once you know how.
0:01:44 > 0:01:47His home is compact and strong.
0:01:53 > 0:01:56I'm rather happy
0:01:56 > 0:01:57to be home.
0:02:11 > 0:02:14My name is Udorar. Udorar Quati.
0:02:17 > 0:02:22I'm 21 years old. I'm a final year sociology student
0:02:22 > 0:02:23at the University of Ghana.
0:02:23 > 0:02:26And I live with my mother in Accra, the capital.
0:02:28 > 0:02:31Because my father wanted the best education for me,
0:02:31 > 0:02:33he sent me to England.
0:02:34 > 0:02:38I went when I was six and I stayed there until I was 11.
0:02:38 > 0:02:42My mother sent me my ticket to come back to Ghana.
0:02:42 > 0:02:47She realised that I was becoming more British and less Ghanaian.
0:02:48 > 0:02:51I wasn't pleased, I didn't really want to come back at the time.
0:02:51 > 0:02:55Now, I'm older and I'm glad I did come back.
0:02:59 > 0:03:01I don't really know what my mother meant by saying
0:03:01 > 0:03:03I was becoming too British.
0:03:04 > 0:03:10But, I think she saw that I could hardly do anything for myself.
0:03:10 > 0:03:12At the age of nine, ten,
0:03:12 > 0:03:16a Ghanaian girl ought to be able to do all kinds of little things.
0:03:16 > 0:03:19Helping in the kitchen, you know, cooking.
0:03:19 > 0:03:22We don't have any servants, as such,
0:03:22 > 0:03:25with all the people in the house our relatives.
0:03:26 > 0:03:31In Ghana, a family means more than just husband, wife and children.
0:03:31 > 0:03:36It means, practically, all levels of relationship.
0:03:36 > 0:03:40And it carries down to three or four generations.
0:03:45 > 0:03:46Say, in Europe,
0:03:46 > 0:03:51if your grandparents are old, they can be sent to an old folks home.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55That would be sacrilege in Ghana.
0:03:55 > 0:03:58They say that they have children so that,
0:03:58 > 0:04:02when they do grow old, they'll have someone to look after them.
0:04:02 > 0:04:06The old are very much respected and they're not to be cast off,
0:04:06 > 0:04:07just like that.
0:04:10 > 0:04:12When I'm at home I do, practically, everything for her.
0:04:12 > 0:04:17I wash her things, I serve her food, I make her bed. Talk with her.
0:04:20 > 0:04:27The Ghanaian can never really escape from his roots because the family
0:04:27 > 0:04:33is so integrated, you might live 100 miles away but you have to go back.
0:04:43 > 0:04:46A slum, in Calcutta.
0:04:46 > 0:04:47When the British left India,
0:04:47 > 0:04:51they left behind, not only systems of law and government,
0:04:51 > 0:04:56not only monuments in stone, they left living memorials, too.
0:04:56 > 0:04:58A quarter of a million of them.
0:04:58 > 0:05:01They may be black, white or any shade between.
0:05:01 > 0:05:04They call them the Anglo-Indians.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08The Anglo-Indians were the instruments of British power.
0:05:08 > 0:05:11The British wanted a class of dependable civil servants to
0:05:11 > 0:05:13settle in India, with Indian roots
0:05:13 > 0:05:16but whose first loyalty would be to the Crown.
0:05:16 > 0:05:18In the early days of British rule,
0:05:18 > 0:05:22the government paid a bonus to any soldier marrying an Indian woman.
0:05:22 > 0:05:25Few of them ever thought it would come to this,
0:05:25 > 0:05:29stretching out their hands for a few rupees of charity to stay alive.
0:05:31 > 0:05:34The Anglo-Indians are Christians, they were taught to love God
0:05:34 > 0:05:35and the Queen.
0:05:35 > 0:05:38This church fete, in the centre of Calcutta,
0:05:38 > 0:05:40is almost pure Hertfordshire.
0:05:47 > 0:05:48One rupee.
0:05:49 > 0:05:52Can't be cheaper than one rupee.
0:05:52 > 0:05:55Do you feel more English than Indian or more Indian than English?
0:05:55 > 0:06:00Let's say I feel 50/50. Why should anybody feel 50/50?
0:06:00 > 0:06:04What did I do to be born something that was neither here nor there?
0:06:04 > 0:06:06I'm not prepared to stay in India, I don't feel there's
0:06:06 > 0:06:09a future in India, I want to leave India.
0:06:09 > 0:06:11How am I going to be accepted in another country?
0:06:11 > 0:06:14I'm born in India, I'm an Indian. There's no doubt about that.
0:06:17 > 0:06:22Of Calcutta's 20,000 Anglo-Indians, there are, probably,
0:06:22 > 0:06:2510,000 living in distress, beyond the reach of any charity.
0:06:25 > 0:06:28- Where is home to you?- Home, actually, is where my people are.
0:06:28 > 0:06:33- That's where I want to be, back in Carlisle.- In Carlisle?- Yes.
0:06:33 > 0:06:36- If you could go to Carlisle now, would you go?- I would.
0:06:36 > 0:06:40I'd leave this very second with everything and no regrets behind.
0:06:43 > 0:06:47The residence of Mr F.H.W Smith. Once a man of property.
0:06:48 > 0:06:52This is the size of the room in which I am living in.
0:06:52 > 0:06:54I have lived here for just over one year.
0:06:55 > 0:07:01Before this I had a beautiful bungalow, with furniture,
0:07:01 > 0:07:05crockery servants at my beck and call, a car.
0:07:05 > 0:07:07Would you leave this country, if you could?
0:07:07 > 0:07:10I would leave this country, if I got the opportunity to leave this
0:07:10 > 0:07:13country, I shall leave immediately.
0:07:13 > 0:07:15- Have you tried?- I have tried.
0:07:26 > 0:07:30Five years ago, as the war flooded over Europe, South Africa
0:07:30 > 0:07:34opened its gates to child evacuees from Britain who sought to
0:07:34 > 0:07:36escape the terror which the Nazis had let loose.
0:07:36 > 0:07:39Many of the children were very small and very young
0:07:39 > 0:07:44but they were able to appreciate that they had come from a dark shadow into the open sunshine,
0:07:44 > 0:07:47and their delight with their surroundings knew no bounds.
0:07:47 > 0:07:49Yes, those little ones were very pleased
0:07:49 > 0:07:51and thankful to be out of harm's way.
0:07:55 > 0:07:57But five years have passed.
0:07:57 > 0:08:00The war is over and the little people, well,
0:08:00 > 0:08:03they're some of the same evacuees, aren't so little any more.
0:08:03 > 0:08:06Now they're going home again after five happy
0:08:06 > 0:08:08and eventful years in South Africa.
0:08:08 > 0:08:10And how they've grown in the sunshine.
0:08:10 > 0:08:12Their families are going to have quite a job recognising them.
0:08:25 > 0:08:28To these young travellers, sorry to leave their kind friends
0:08:28 > 0:08:31and a hospitable country, but glad to be going home,
0:08:31 > 0:08:34South Africa wishes bon voyage, may their ship take them
0:08:34 > 0:08:37into a far better world than the one from which they came.
0:08:46 > 0:08:49Meet the Heureux family, 17 children.
0:08:49 > 0:08:52This French-Canadian household lives up to its name.
0:08:52 > 0:08:55Heureux means exactly what they are - the happy family.
0:08:55 > 0:08:58Mum, Dad and the 17 offspring operate a 100 acre farm
0:08:58 > 0:09:00just outside the city of Quebec.
0:09:00 > 0:09:04Completely self-sufficient in dairy produce, green crops and vegetables.
0:09:04 > 0:09:07They gather bumper harvests of spuds, too.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11Grace is said before the family of farmers settle down to
0:09:11 > 0:09:12an open air meal.
0:09:12 > 0:09:16Lovely, sweet and juicy apples straight out of the orchard.
0:09:16 > 0:09:17You lucky little...
0:09:17 > 0:09:19And turning to the not inconsiderable
0:09:19 > 0:09:22question of laundry, many willing hands defeat the wash day blues.
0:09:25 > 0:09:28Harvest time is bottling time, too.
0:09:28 > 0:09:31If this isn't the life, I don't know what is.
0:09:31 > 0:09:33Spinning is another of their accomplishments.
0:09:33 > 0:09:35They want for nothing, except Claude, perhaps,
0:09:35 > 0:09:36he wants more elbow grease.
0:09:39 > 0:09:41A busy but contented family.
0:09:41 > 0:09:44Mum and Dad haven't been exactly idle, either.
0:09:50 > 0:09:55Aborigines in Western Australia. They feel they've been cheated.
0:10:02 > 0:10:06Aborigines are the only people colonised by the British
0:10:06 > 0:10:10to be offered no kind of treaty for their land. It was simply taken.
0:10:10 > 0:10:12And, today, they're fighting back.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48I believe all countries should be able to be themselves,
0:10:48 > 0:10:50not try to be someone else.
0:10:52 > 0:10:55It's a whole lot of headache, as far as I'm concerned.
0:10:56 > 0:11:02I've tried it, I've tried to live the way the white people are living
0:11:02 > 0:11:08and I failed in the society and I wanted to go back to my own
0:11:08 > 0:11:14culture because it's a more pleasant and less strenuous culture.
0:11:15 > 0:11:20What happens to people is they become urbanised, they're just outcasts.
0:11:20 > 0:11:22They're just a middle person, they can neither
0:11:22 > 0:11:25fit in the aboriginal culture nor the white culture.
0:11:27 > 0:11:29Why the land is important,
0:11:29 > 0:11:32because it's not like the way a European treats his land.
0:11:32 > 0:11:33He just builds on it.
0:11:33 > 0:11:37He wants to mess it up by putting things on it, skyscrapers
0:11:37 > 0:11:39and all this stuff.
0:11:39 > 0:11:41But ours is simple because all we want to do is just hunt
0:11:41 > 0:11:44and just live on it and look after it as much as possible.
0:11:48 > 0:11:50I'm planning a desert home for them where we want to settle
0:11:50 > 0:11:52and be our own selves again.
0:11:53 > 0:11:57We would like to take our young people out and give them a very good
0:11:57 > 0:12:01start in life, out in the desert, away from all the town situations.
0:12:04 > 0:12:09At least we're our own selves again and we've got our own identity
0:12:09 > 0:12:13back again and at least we won't be trying to live another person's life.
0:12:13 > 0:12:15Trying to be someone else that we're not.
0:12:27 > 0:12:31Jamaican-born Mrs Tyson has to put up with poverty in one tiny room,
0:12:31 > 0:12:34which she's obliged to share with 12-year-old John.
0:12:34 > 0:12:37Mrs Tyson has plenty of reason to want to go home.
0:12:37 > 0:12:43It's as if one is living as a bird in a cage.
0:12:44 > 0:12:47Mrs Tyson is going back to Jamaica to rejoin the family
0:12:47 > 0:12:49she left eight years ago.
0:12:49 > 0:12:51She has no job to go back to.
0:12:51 > 0:12:54The change will also be difficult for John.
0:12:54 > 0:12:57John was only four when he came here, his best friend is an
0:12:57 > 0:13:01English boy, in fact, John himself is more English than anything else.
0:13:01 > 0:13:03A black Brummie.
0:13:03 > 0:13:06Which do you feel is your country? Jamaica or England?
0:13:09 > 0:13:11I think they're...
0:13:11 > 0:13:16I think Jamaica is my country but England's my adopted country.
0:13:18 > 0:13:21Mrs Tyson, like most who do go back, saved the money herself
0:13:21 > 0:13:24and then booked a passage on an old Spanish ship.
0:13:24 > 0:13:25As you might expect,
0:13:25 > 0:13:28accommodation for the two-week voyage is not luxurious.
0:13:28 > 0:13:31Nevertheless, it's cost her almost every penny she has.
0:13:40 > 0:13:43- Hello.- Hello, John. How are you?
0:13:44 > 0:13:46'Well, I can't express.
0:13:46 > 0:13:52'Regardless of the setbacks that I've had, I'm rather happy to be home.'
0:13:52 > 0:13:55What about seeing Jamaica, itself, again?
0:13:55 > 0:13:58Jamaica itself, I sat up all night, Friday night,
0:13:58 > 0:14:03just to see the mountains. You know?
0:14:03 > 0:14:08And I was so happy that I cried when I saw...
0:14:08 > 0:14:10I don't know what hills it was first that I saw,
0:14:10 > 0:14:15but I saw Jamaica in hills for the first time.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18And I did have a good cry.
0:14:18 > 0:14:20# I am a poor West Indian
0:14:20 > 0:14:23# And I went to seek my fortune in England
0:14:23 > 0:14:25# But when I landed in London
0:14:25 > 0:14:27# I just could not understand
0:14:27 > 0:14:30# I found the place very disappointing, Lord
0:14:30 > 0:14:33# Yes the sight was frightening
0:14:33 > 0:14:36# And buildings were so dismal and so old
0:14:36 > 0:14:38# Yes brother, England was cold
0:14:38 > 0:14:40# Lord, look, I want to go
0:14:40 > 0:14:43# I can't stay here no more
0:14:43 > 0:14:45# The West Indies is my home
0:14:45 > 0:14:48# I can't stay out longer to roam
0:14:48 > 0:14:51# Yes the healthy tropical sun
0:14:51 > 0:14:54# The friendly people to keep me warm
0:14:54 > 0:14:58# So I'm going back to the West Indies
0:14:58 > 0:15:04# I'm going back to the West Indies. #
0:15:15 > 0:15:17SINGING
0:15:20 > 0:15:23Abdu Rahman, a fisherman, lives in the middle of the
0:15:23 > 0:15:27Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh, the largest river delta in the world.
0:15:34 > 0:15:38He's one of 66 million landless Bangladeshis who,
0:15:38 > 0:15:41because of the soaring birth rate and scarcity of land,
0:15:41 > 0:15:45is forced to live in the most vulnerable area, the chars.
0:15:45 > 0:15:47The shifting silt islands which emerge,
0:15:47 > 0:15:50flood and disappear with deadly regularity.
0:17:43 > 0:17:46After half a century, the Union of South Africa has
0:17:46 > 0:17:49withdrawn from the British Family of Nations.
0:17:49 > 0:17:51Racial discrimination remains her policy
0:17:51 > 0:17:56and she will not apply for continued membership of the Commonwealth.
0:17:56 > 0:17:59Holding a dove of peace, Verwoerd called apartheid,
0:17:59 > 0:18:01"good neighbourliness." No-one objects to
0:18:01 > 0:18:06Commonwealth Republics, racial discrimination is another matter.
0:18:06 > 0:18:10But the door remains open, may the Union abandon apartheid
0:18:10 > 0:18:13and South Africa return to the British Commonwealth.
0:18:19 > 0:18:22GUITAR PLAYING
0:18:32 > 0:18:38There's a coal train that comes from Mozambique and Angola.
0:18:38 > 0:18:40From Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.
0:18:40 > 0:18:45From Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Namibia.
0:18:47 > 0:18:50And all the hinterland of Southern Africa.
0:18:50 > 0:18:58And it carries with it very old men, middle aged men, young men,
0:18:58 > 0:19:00and very young men.
0:19:00 > 0:19:05All contracted to come and work for the mines in Johannesburg
0:19:05 > 0:19:09and the surrounding metropolis.
0:19:09 > 0:19:12They sit in their flea-ridden barracks,
0:19:12 > 0:19:16and they think about the herds and lands that were taken from them.
0:19:16 > 0:19:21About their children, their lovers, their mothers, their fathers.
0:19:21 > 0:19:22Their friends.
0:19:26 > 0:19:29Almost all of the African miners are housed in compounds.
0:19:32 > 0:19:36It's supposed to preserve the tribal pattern of authority.
0:19:36 > 0:19:39But it more closely resembles an all-male boarding school,
0:19:39 > 0:19:43with the white compound manager acting as House Master to his boys.
0:19:59 > 0:20:04They always curse the train, the coal train, that brought them to come
0:20:04 > 0:20:08and work in the mineral mines of Johannesburg.
0:20:25 > 0:20:29These men live in Chandigarh which, so far as the future is
0:20:29 > 0:20:33concerned, is the most remarkable city in India.
0:20:33 > 0:20:35The city is still being built.
0:20:36 > 0:20:38It began in 1950,
0:20:38 > 0:20:42when the government of the Punjab asked the advice of Le Corbusier,
0:20:42 > 0:20:43in Paris, about appointing
0:20:43 > 0:20:47a team of architects to build a new state capital.
0:20:48 > 0:20:52Every house built by the state, in each category of buildings,
0:20:52 > 0:20:55has a terrace on the room or a court with trees in it.
0:20:57 > 0:21:00So that, in the summer, the family can sleep out of doors.
0:21:08 > 0:21:13Here, in Mr Krishan's house, space is what you must adapt to.
0:21:14 > 0:21:16Mr Krishan has a daughter and a son.
0:21:17 > 0:21:21The four of them live together in two small rooms.
0:21:23 > 0:21:25Yet, in any other city in India,
0:21:25 > 0:21:27the whole family would be living in one room.
0:21:29 > 0:21:31Today, half a mile from the city of Chandigarh,
0:21:31 > 0:21:35there are still entirely traditional villages.
0:21:36 > 0:21:38The difference between a village like this
0:21:38 > 0:21:41and the new city is already enormous.
0:21:43 > 0:21:48In many Indian cities, the poor share what little living space
0:21:48 > 0:21:52they have with their cows, which yield hardly any milk at all.
0:21:54 > 0:21:57In Chandigarh, no cows are allowed inside the city.
0:21:58 > 0:22:02But there must be a minimum continuity so that the
0:22:02 > 0:22:06villagers should not feel lost when they live in Chandigarh.
0:22:07 > 0:22:12People cannot be separated from their own sense of identity.
0:22:12 > 0:22:15The city recognises a traditional way of life
0:22:15 > 0:22:17and, at the same time, changes it.
0:22:47 > 0:22:50Everything depends on the plan we make today for tomorrow's
0:22:50 > 0:22:52housing in post-war Australia.
0:22:52 > 0:22:55The Commonwealth Department of Post-War Reconstruction
0:22:55 > 0:22:58discloses something of its plans in a current exhibition.
0:22:58 > 0:23:02Sydney itself had no plan, it just grew, like top seed.
0:23:02 > 0:23:06And with it grew slums, unsavoury, unlovely places of dirt,
0:23:06 > 0:23:08disease and child delinquency.
0:23:08 > 0:23:11Australia has a quarter of a million sub-standard houses.
0:23:11 > 0:23:1685,000 already condemned as not fit for human habitation.
0:23:17 > 0:23:21We didn't plan for playing spaces, we left the kids in the street.
0:23:24 > 0:23:28Here's what we could do now. Here's a model of a model neighbourhood.
0:23:28 > 0:23:31The Department of Post-War Reconstruction estimates,
0:23:31 > 0:23:36in the ten years after the war, Australia will need 750,000 homes.
0:23:36 > 0:23:39Most of these will need to be houses low enough in cost
0:23:39 > 0:23:42for the average wage earner to be able to afford to live in.
0:23:42 > 0:23:46These examples would cost between £600 and £700, pre-war.
0:23:46 > 0:23:50The plan is for modern houses, with light and sunshine all around.
0:23:50 > 0:23:53With work made easy for the housewife by designing kitchen
0:23:53 > 0:23:56and dining room and lounge rooms adjacent.
0:23:57 > 0:24:00You, the parent, looking to the future.
0:24:00 > 0:24:04You, the soldier, who's fought for a better world to live in.
0:24:04 > 0:24:05Which do you want?
0:24:05 > 0:24:07This?
0:24:07 > 0:24:08Or this?
0:24:08 > 0:24:12A decent home, or slum horror?
0:24:12 > 0:24:15We planned, all in, to win the war. And we're winning it.
0:24:15 > 0:24:19We have to plan, as a nation and not for ourselves,
0:24:19 > 0:24:20if we're to win the peace.
0:24:37 > 0:24:39That's Victor Kimusaro.
0:24:39 > 0:24:42He's undergoing an education, near Dar es Salaam.
0:24:42 > 0:24:45And, he's reached university entrance level.
0:24:45 > 0:24:49He's about 18, he's not exactly sure.
0:25:02 > 0:25:05No doubt, Victor represents the future.
0:25:06 > 0:25:10And, no doubt, the past is where his home is.
0:25:10 > 0:25:12And often his thoughts, too.
0:25:12 > 0:25:15A thousand miles away, in the heart of Tanganyika.
0:25:37 > 0:25:40Victor's brothers have passed through a long,
0:25:40 > 0:25:43tough initiation and are now warriors.
0:25:43 > 0:25:47They fight and feast and guard the herds and maybe go cattle raiding.
0:25:47 > 0:25:50Of course, Victor can never be a warrior.
0:25:50 > 0:25:51Away at school,
0:25:51 > 0:25:54he missed the initiation ceremony of his age group.
0:25:56 > 0:26:00Victor is very proud of his birth, very conscious that he's a Masai.
0:26:01 > 0:26:05But, whenever he goes home, he feels alien. Ridiculous.
0:26:06 > 0:26:10He's quite certain he will never return to tribal life or
0:26:10 > 0:26:12tribal dress.
0:26:12 > 0:26:13And sometimes he feels sad about this.
0:26:13 > 0:26:19He says, "I've escaped from the tribe. That's a rigid sort of life.
0:26:19 > 0:26:20"I'm free.
0:26:21 > 0:26:24"But, I suppose, I've lost something.
0:26:24 > 0:26:26"I don't belong any more, I've lost that."
0:26:30 > 0:26:31CHILDREN SINGING
0:26:51 > 0:26:54London, the day of the Royal homecoming.
0:26:54 > 0:26:56A chill dawn but, from first light,
0:26:56 > 0:26:59the city has made ready to greet Her Majesty.
0:26:59 > 0:27:03Britannia passes through Tower Bridge, gateway to the capital.
0:27:03 > 0:27:07And, this moment above all, means that the Queen has come home.
0:27:12 > 0:27:15The Royal Barge, bearing the Queen, comes upriver
0:27:15 > 0:27:17and turns towards the pier.
0:27:17 > 0:27:20Now follows the climax of Her Majesty's return.
0:27:20 > 0:27:22The Royal Journey that took her,
0:27:22 > 0:27:25and Prince Philip, 50,000 miles around the world ends under the
0:27:25 > 0:27:29shadow of Big Ben, as Her Majesty sets foot on English soil again.
0:27:31 > 0:27:33The Royal couple, with their children,
0:27:33 > 0:27:35begin the last stage of their journey home.
0:27:37 > 0:27:40And, so, the Queen enters the gates of her palace, once more.
0:27:42 > 0:27:46Now, the Royal family are with the people of their homeland again.
0:27:46 > 0:27:48And, yet, in the course of her triumphant tour,
0:27:48 > 0:27:52Her Majesty has shown how fully and rightfully she was at home,
0:27:52 > 0:27:54even in the most distant lands of the Commonwealth.
0:27:57 > 0:28:01In the Queen, her Consort and her children, we see the living symbol
0:28:01 > 0:28:03of the Commonwealth Her Majesty has visited.
0:28:03 > 0:28:07A family united, constant and unswerving in its duty.
0:28:13 > 0:28:17If you'd like to learn more and trace the progress of the English language
0:28:17 > 0:28:21across the Commonwealth, through an interactive timeline, go to...
0:28:25 > 0:28:27And follow the link to the Open University.