0:02:54 > 0:02:56the archetypical Englishman,
0:02:56 > 0:02:59just goes to show what a multifaceted education
0:02:59 > 0:03:02St Andrews can offer.
0:03:02 > 0:03:04MUSIC: "Et Super Te", sung by choir
0:03:26 > 0:03:29But how did our university come to be founded,
0:03:29 > 0:03:31out here on Scotland's east coast?
0:03:31 > 0:03:34How did it come to be called St Andrews?
0:03:34 > 0:03:37'Well, as legend has it,
0:03:37 > 0:03:40'an angel appears to St Rule
0:03:40 > 0:03:43'on the Greek isle of Patras
0:03:43 > 0:03:46'and says "Take the relics of the blessed
0:03:46 > 0:03:50'"and take them across the seas to the far northwest
0:03:50 > 0:03:53'"until you reach the end of the world."'
0:04:07 > 0:04:10'After heading north and many months at sea,
0:04:10 > 0:04:13'a fierce storm rages from the east...
0:04:18 > 0:04:21'..and hurls their ship onto a rocky shore...
0:04:23 > 0:04:26'..at Muckross,
0:04:26 > 0:04:28'the headland of the boars.'
0:04:29 > 0:04:31WAVES BOOM AND CRASH
0:04:44 > 0:04:47'Finding the safety of the shore,
0:04:47 > 0:04:51'St Rule, bearing the sacred relics of St Andrew,
0:04:51 > 0:04:54'is welcomed by Angus, king of the Picts,
0:04:54 > 0:04:57'at Kilrymont, his royal retreat,
0:04:57 > 0:05:00'deep in the woods of Fife.'
0:05:19 > 0:05:23'The spirits of the trees and the will of nature
0:05:23 > 0:05:26'still linger in these ancient groves
0:05:26 > 0:05:29'as echoes of the old religion
0:05:29 > 0:05:32'and with symbols of forgotten rites.'
0:06:00 > 0:06:03BIRDS CAW
0:06:03 > 0:06:06CHOIR SINGS SOLEMNLY IN LATIN
0:06:09 > 0:06:14'But those ancient rites will soon surrender to the faith,
0:06:14 > 0:06:18'inspired by the sacred relics of St Andrew.'
0:06:18 > 0:06:21'Kilrymont, the king's seat,
0:06:21 > 0:06:26'shall be born again and christened as St Andrews.'
0:06:31 > 0:06:34'Well, that's how the bones of St Andrew gradually emerged
0:06:34 > 0:06:39'from a sea of myth onto the rocky shore of mystery.'
0:06:39 > 0:06:43'Or so said the poet and author Andrew Lang,
0:06:43 > 0:06:47'known by locals here as St Andrew Lang.'
0:06:48 > 0:06:52'On St Andrew's Day in 1140,
0:06:52 > 0:06:55'the shrine of the blessed saint
0:06:55 > 0:07:00'inspires the king to found a cathedral at St Andrews.'
0:07:02 > 0:07:05'But then what arose,
0:07:05 > 0:07:09'all shimmering white in its uplifting Gothic splendour,
0:07:09 > 0:07:12'would fall, centuries later,
0:07:12 > 0:07:16'in the turmoil of the Scottish Reformation.'
0:07:18 > 0:07:22CHOIR SINGS IN LATIN
0:07:36 > 0:07:39'But in the Reformation's wake,
0:07:39 > 0:07:41'there were signs of new beginnings.'
0:07:42 > 0:07:46'In the university. which the cathedral founded,
0:07:46 > 0:07:48'young free thinkers like James Gregory
0:07:48 > 0:07:51'were now able to have their say
0:07:51 > 0:07:56'and said so in defiance of church dogma.'
0:07:56 > 0:08:01'Gregory worked here at a time when the world was still just emerging
0:08:01 > 0:08:03'from the medieval period.'
0:08:03 > 0:08:08'People still believed in astrology and alchemy
0:08:08 > 0:08:11'and Gregory was the first to be recognised
0:08:11 > 0:08:14'as a modern scientist in St Andrews.'
0:08:37 > 0:08:40This is a Schmidt`Cassegrain telescope.
0:08:40 > 0:08:44It's a modern development of the Gregorian telescope,
0:08:44 > 0:08:48designed by James Gregory in the 1650s.
0:08:48 > 0:08:53This really was the most remarkable of achievements of Gregory.
0:08:53 > 0:08:58The telescope involves both the use of mirrors and lenses
0:08:58 > 0:09:02and it was the first telescope to incorporate both of those elements.
0:09:02 > 0:09:06Before Gregory, all telescopes were refracting telescopes.
0:09:06 > 0:09:10The first refracting telescope was used by Galileo,
0:09:10 > 0:09:12who turned his telescope on the sky
0:09:12 > 0:09:15very much at the beginning of the 17th century.
0:09:15 > 0:09:18He observed the moons of Jupiter
0:09:18 > 0:09:21and he observed the phases of the inner planets Mercury and Venus
0:09:21 > 0:09:25and this proved that they revolved round the Sun.
0:09:25 > 0:09:28This put Galileo into dispute with the Inquisition
0:09:28 > 0:09:32and he spent the last days of his life under house arrest.
0:09:45 > 0:09:50'Galileo was lucky to escape being burnt at the stake
0:09:50 > 0:09:53'just for saying what he said.'
0:09:56 > 0:09:58'"They have said...
0:10:00 > 0:10:02'.."and they will say."'
0:10:02 > 0:10:05'"Let them be saying."'
0:10:05 > 0:10:10'This stone has said that here in St Andrews
0:10:10 > 0:10:13'since 1720.'
0:10:14 > 0:10:17'But where were students in Scotland
0:10:17 > 0:10:19'to have their say
0:10:19 > 0:10:21'600 years ago?'
0:10:21 > 0:10:27Since the wars of independence with England in the 14th century,
0:10:27 > 0:10:31Scottish students were driven from Oxford and Cambridge
0:10:31 > 0:10:34to the University of Paris,
0:10:34 > 0:10:37but even there, life for the students and the masters
0:10:37 > 0:10:40began to get difficult too.
0:10:40 > 0:10:45So much so that the masters, led by Bishop Wardlaw,
0:10:45 > 0:10:49began to consider founding their own university
0:10:49 > 0:10:52back home in Scotland.
0:10:55 > 0:10:58'In the Middle Ages, the ring of St Peter the fisherman
0:10:58 > 0:11:01'was the Pope's seal of approval,
0:11:01 > 0:11:07'which gave the universities the right to confer degrees.'
0:11:08 > 0:11:11'But where was the Pope?'
0:11:11 > 0:11:13'In Rome? No.'
0:11:13 > 0:11:18'Violent mobs in Rome had driven the popes to France
0:11:18 > 0:11:22'to this fortified palace in Avignon.'
0:11:23 > 0:11:26'Through most of the 14th century,
0:11:26 > 0:11:28'God's will on Earth was proclaimed
0:11:28 > 0:11:32'from this great Gothic palace in Avignon.'
0:11:33 > 0:11:37'Seven popes ruled here until 1378,
0:11:37 > 0:11:41'when Gregory returned the papacy to Rome.'
0:11:44 > 0:11:47'This meant that the French cardinals lived on
0:11:47 > 0:11:50'in their magnificent palace.'
0:11:50 > 0:11:52'So what did they do?'
0:11:53 > 0:11:55'Well, what do you know?'
0:11:55 > 0:11:58'They went and elected their own pope.'
0:12:01 > 0:12:03'In 1394,
0:12:03 > 0:12:07'Pedro de Luna, a Spanish cardinal of noble birth,
0:12:07 > 0:12:11'received the papal tiara as Benedict XIII,
0:12:11 > 0:12:14'known affectionately as Papa Luna.'
0:12:19 > 0:12:23'But Papa Luna's reign in Avignon was brief.'
0:12:23 > 0:12:28'His coronation had split the church asunder.'
0:12:30 > 0:12:33'As France returned her loyalty to Rome,
0:12:33 > 0:12:35'Papa Luna fled to Spain.'
0:12:35 > 0:12:39When we think of the Papa Luna, Benedict XIII,
0:12:39 > 0:12:42we think of somebody who was incredibly stubborn
0:12:42 > 0:12:45and that reputation has gone down in history,
0:12:45 > 0:12:48of him being a man that would not allow anybody to change his mind.
0:12:48 > 0:12:52He believed he was the Pope and that's how he stayed.
0:12:52 > 0:12:55And, in the Spanish language, we have this expression,
0:12:55 > 0:12:58which is "mantenerse in sus trece",
0:12:58 > 0:13:02which means literally "to stick to one's thirteen",
0:13:02 > 0:13:05which, in a way, means to stick to one's guns
0:13:05 > 0:13:07and that comes from him being Benedict XIII
0:13:07 > 0:13:10because he remained the legitimate Pope,
0:13:10 > 0:13:13regardless of all the turmoil that he faced.
0:13:13 > 0:13:15'Then, in the early 1400s,
0:13:15 > 0:13:19'France switched sides, it deserted the Avignon papacy,
0:13:19 > 0:13:22'and this left Scotland with a problem
0:13:22 > 0:13:25'because the students and staff from Scotland at Paris
0:13:25 > 0:13:28'became less welcome than they had been
0:13:28 > 0:13:31'and some of them returned to Scotland, to St Andrews,
0:13:31 > 0:13:34'which was already a major ecclesiastical centre,
0:13:34 > 0:13:37'the richest diocese in Scotland,
0:13:37 > 0:13:41'and attached to it by far the richest Augustinian priory,
0:13:41 > 0:13:45'which had an established library, a scriptorium
0:13:45 > 0:13:48'and presumably quite a number of learned men were already there.'
0:13:48 > 0:13:51'So there was an interesting environment
0:13:51 > 0:13:54'for these displaced emigres academics to end up.'
0:13:54 > 0:13:57And partly as a result of pressure for them,
0:13:57 > 0:14:00partly as a result of Wardlaw's own initiative,
0:14:00 > 0:14:03it was decided to incorporate these scholars
0:14:03 > 0:14:05as what was known as a university.
0:14:05 > 0:14:10But in order for this to become fully official in medieval terms,
0:14:10 > 0:14:12it required the blessing of the Pope.
0:14:12 > 0:14:18'So it was in his castle of Peniscola on the Mediterranean
0:14:18 > 0:14:23'that Papa Luna drafted St Andrews' six papal bulls.'
0:14:23 > 0:14:30# Papa Luna...
0:14:30 > 0:14:33"Considering the peace and quietness
0:14:33 > 0:14:36"which flourish in the city of St Andrews
0:14:36 > 0:14:40"and its abandoned supply of victuals and hostels,
0:14:40 > 0:14:42"we hope that the divine bounty
0:14:42 > 0:14:45"which has enriched it with so many gifts,
0:14:45 > 0:14:48"will become the fountain of all the arts and sciences
0:14:48 > 0:14:52"and that impregnable rampart of doctors and masters
0:14:52 > 0:14:54"against all heresies."
0:14:56 > 0:14:58"Against all heresies" -
0:14:58 > 0:15:02well, we'll hear a lot more of that later.
0:15:02 > 0:15:07Bulls, by the way - not the farmyard variety.
0:15:07 > 0:15:11They were just the small stamps of approval, or bulla,
0:15:11 > 0:15:15used by the popes to authenticate their papal parchments.
0:15:17 > 0:15:22'Papa Luna sent his bulls on their long journey across land and sea
0:15:22 > 0:15:24'to Scotland.'
0:15:35 > 0:15:39CHOIR CHANTS IN LATIN
0:15:59 > 0:16:01'On an island in the Firth of Forth,
0:16:01 > 0:16:05'Walter Bower, the abbot of Inchcolm,
0:16:05 > 0:16:09'records the arrival of the papal bulls in St Andrews.'
0:16:11 > 0:16:14"On the happy arrival of Henry De Ogilvy,
0:16:14 > 0:16:16"the papal bulls of privileges
0:16:16 > 0:16:19"were presented to the Lord Bishop
0:16:19 > 0:16:22"as Chancellor of this gracious university."
0:16:26 > 0:16:30"After they had been read out, the clergy processed to the high altar."
0:16:37 > 0:16:39"When everyone was on bended knee,
0:16:39 > 0:16:42"the Bishop of Ross pronounced the versicle of the Holy Spirit
0:16:42 > 0:16:46"and the collect - Deus Qui Corda."
0:16:59 > 0:17:02BELLS PEAL
0:17:06 > 0:17:10"The rest of the day was spent in boundless merrymaking
0:17:10 > 0:17:13"and the drinking of wine well into the night."
0:17:14 > 0:17:18"Large bonfires raised their flames to heaven
0:17:18 > 0:17:22"as a solemn procession wound its way through the city streets
0:17:22 > 0:17:26"to celebrate the founding of this seat of learning."
0:17:35 > 0:17:38'The crescent moon of Papa Luna,
0:17:38 > 0:17:41'Pope Benedict XIII,
0:17:41 > 0:17:45'joins the golden diamonds of Bishop Henry Wardlaw
0:17:45 > 0:17:50'along with the royal lion rampant of King James,
0:17:50 > 0:17:52'the blue of St Andrew's cross
0:17:52 > 0:17:55'together with the book of learning -
0:17:55 > 0:17:59'all combine to create the university's coat of arms.'
0:18:05 > 0:18:08'But, like the moon, Papa Luna's influence begins to wane
0:18:08 > 0:18:12'over the university that he had founded
0:18:12 > 0:18:14'and, within four years,
0:18:14 > 0:18:18'St Andrews abandons the unlucky Benedict XIII back in Spain
0:18:18 > 0:18:21'for the Pope in Rome.'
0:18:21 > 0:18:25The young university had its own share of bad luck.
0:18:25 > 0:18:28Within 40 years of its foundation,
0:18:28 > 0:18:31it had fallen on hard times.
0:18:31 > 0:18:36King James recognised the university as his spiritual daughter,
0:18:36 > 0:18:41but sadly, his child of many bulls was poorly endowed.
0:18:41 > 0:18:43'Universities are, as we all know,
0:18:43 > 0:18:47'remarkably expensive institutions to keep going.'
0:18:47 > 0:18:51'Wardlaw's successor, Bishop James Kennedy, who succeeded in 1440,
0:18:51 > 0:18:53'recognised this problem,
0:18:53 > 0:18:57'but rather than contributing funds to the existing foundation,
0:18:57 > 0:19:01'his decision was to establish a completely new college,
0:19:01 > 0:19:04'which he founded in 1450,
0:19:04 > 0:19:08'named after the holy saviour St Salvator.'
0:19:08 > 0:19:12'So the college chapel is a magnificent Gothic building.'
0:19:13 > 0:19:17'And within it is an even more magnificent Gothic tomb
0:19:17 > 0:19:23'for Kennedy himself where he was laid to rest on his death in 1465.'
0:19:24 > 0:19:29'Subsequently, the tomb was mutilated by Protestant reformers,
0:19:29 > 0:19:34'who thought this too much of a monument to Kennedy's own vanity.'
0:19:36 > 0:19:39'Kennedy's tomb is one of the most extraordinary sepulchural monuments
0:19:39 > 0:19:42'surviving from medieval Britain.'
0:19:44 > 0:19:49'You can see that it's a magnificent architectural structure.'
0:19:49 > 0:19:52It obviously once had a very rich and important display of sculpture -
0:19:52 > 0:19:55all of that's gone, but lots of the canopy work survives
0:19:55 > 0:19:59and extremely detailed and intricate are these niches
0:19:59 > 0:20:02with staircases disappearing in the background -
0:20:02 > 0:20:04must've made a great effect.
0:20:07 > 0:20:10'There's nothing like it at all in England -
0:20:10 > 0:20:14'none of the Oxbridge colleges have a tomb of this sort to a founder.'
0:20:35 > 0:20:40'The maces of St Andrews University are a unique survival.'
0:20:40 > 0:20:43'Unquestionably the most magnificent of them
0:20:43 > 0:20:45'is the mace of Bishop Kennedy,
0:20:45 > 0:20:48'commissioned from John Mayelle, a Parisian goldsmith,
0:20:48 > 0:20:51'and it was ready for the consecration of St Salvator's Chapel
0:20:51 > 0:20:53'in October 1461.'
0:20:53 > 0:20:57'It's perhaps the greatest work of late medieval goldsmithery
0:20:57 > 0:20:59'to survive.'
0:21:02 > 0:21:06'The most important figure is that of Christ standing in the centre.'
0:21:06 > 0:21:09'Christ is not a benign force here,
0:21:09 > 0:21:12'he's wounded and you can see the wound in his side as well.'
0:21:19 > 0:21:23'The mace is really a microcosm of the city, of the heavenly Jerusalem
0:21:23 > 0:21:27'as described in chapter 21 of the Book of Revelation.'
0:21:28 > 0:21:32'And I saw a new heaven and a new Earth...'
0:21:32 > 0:21:36'..saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem,
0:21:36 > 0:21:38'coming down to me...'
0:21:38 > 0:21:41'..one of seven angels...'
0:21:41 > 0:21:44'..I am Alpha and Omega,
0:21:44 > 0:21:48'the beginning and the end...'
0:21:51 > 0:21:56Three of the greatest poets of the Scottish Renaissance graduated here.
0:21:56 > 0:21:59# SOLEMN MEDIEVAL MUSIC
0:22:11 > 0:22:14# FALSETTIST SINGS IN SCOTTISH DIALECT
0:22:52 > 0:22:58And there were those who left St Andrews to change the world.
0:22:58 > 0:22:59James Wilson,
0:22:59 > 0:23:03who signed both the Declaration of Independence
0:23:03 > 0:23:05and the US Constitution,
0:23:05 > 0:23:09became one of the first Justices on the Supreme Court.
0:23:09 > 0:23:13James Wilson was important in the American constitutional ideas
0:23:13 > 0:23:15in two ways.
0:23:15 > 0:23:19One is the idea of separation of powers and, in that sense,
0:23:19 > 0:23:22he played a very important role in helping to emphasise
0:23:22 > 0:23:26the American idea of keeping different institutions separate.
0:23:26 > 0:23:28His contribution is important.
0:23:28 > 0:23:32We have evidence that, whereas the initial draft of the Constitution
0:23:32 > 0:23:34said "We, the States...",
0:23:34 > 0:23:37he ends up crossing that out and writing "We, the people..."
0:23:37 > 0:23:40and that "We, the people..." has become
0:23:40 > 0:23:43one of the most important statements of constitutional thought,
0:23:43 > 0:23:46not just in the United States, but around the world.
0:23:46 > 0:23:49Then there was the clergymen.
0:23:49 > 0:23:51Dr John Witherspoon,
0:23:51 > 0:23:54who went on to become the President of Princeton.
0:23:55 > 0:23:59Benjamin Franklin was granted Doctor of Laws
0:23:59 > 0:24:02by St Andrews in 1759
0:24:02 > 0:24:05in the spirit of the Scottish Enlightment.
0:24:05 > 0:24:07The honour was enscribed
0:24:07 > 0:24:11"To the ingenious and worthy Benjamin Franklin",
0:24:11 > 0:24:15not only for the rectitude of his morals and sweetness of his life
0:24:15 > 0:24:17and conversation,
0:24:17 > 0:24:20but also for his ingenious inventions,
0:24:20 > 0:24:22especially of electricity,
0:24:22 > 0:24:26which hitherto was little known.
0:24:52 > 0:24:55So Franklin wrote back affectionately
0:24:55 > 0:24:57to his old friend Lord Kames,
0:24:57 > 0:25:00a leading force in the Scottish Enlightenment,
0:25:00 > 0:25:05"If strong connections did not draw me elsewhere,
0:25:05 > 0:25:08"Scotland would be the country I would choose
0:25:08 > 0:25:12"in which to spend the remainder of my days."
0:25:17 > 0:25:20'St Andrews is such an ancient and well-worn place
0:25:20 > 0:25:23'that it has persisted in my memory
0:25:23 > 0:25:25'from the time I first went there
0:25:25 > 0:25:28'as a very young student
0:25:28 > 0:25:30'at a very ancient university.'
0:25:31 > 0:25:36I once wrote about that first year in the New Yorker -
0:25:36 > 0:25:41"As students, we felt admitted to a venerable presence,
0:25:41 > 0:25:45"even if the curriculum appeared to have undergone
0:25:45 > 0:25:48"only minor alterations since 1411."
0:25:48 > 0:25:52"A kind of wise mist enveloped the place
0:25:52 > 0:25:57"and it seemed that we couldn't help but absorbing it unwittingly."
0:26:08 > 0:26:10'Living in St Andrews means walking every day
0:26:10 > 0:26:13'over very ancient stones.'
0:26:13 > 0:26:16'In fact, some cases, not walking on them,
0:26:16 > 0:26:19'like the initials PH, which are inlaid in the cobbles
0:26:19 > 0:26:22'just outside St Salvator's
0:26:22 > 0:26:24'and which mark the spot
0:26:24 > 0:26:29'where Patrick Hamilton was burned to death for heresy in 1528.'
0:26:29 > 0:26:33'There's a certain awe that descends on you then
0:26:33 > 0:26:36'as you realise that you don't walk on these stones for a reason
0:26:36 > 0:26:40'and it's a fairly terrifying and bloody reason.'
0:26:40 > 0:26:44'You have to realise the past in St Andrews, not as figures in a book,
0:26:44 > 0:26:48'but as tangible presences that have left a mark on you.'
0:26:48 > 0:26:53'You learn to meet these presences and get to be aware of them.'
0:26:57 > 0:26:59Martin Luther, the German monk
0:26:59 > 0:27:03who kick-started the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century,
0:27:03 > 0:27:06predicted that it would only progress through tumult,
0:27:06 > 0:27:10offence and sedition. That was certainly the case in St Andrews
0:27:10 > 0:27:13for a young man called Patrick Hamilton.
0:27:13 > 0:27:17He'd studied with Luther and he came back here as a lecturer
0:27:17 > 0:27:22full of the Reformation principle of salvation by faith alone.
0:27:22 > 0:27:25This offended the Roman Catholic authorities -
0:27:25 > 0:27:28he was attacking their doctrines like purgatory and indulgences
0:27:28 > 0:27:30and praying to saints.
0:27:30 > 0:27:33He was arraigned for heresy before the Archbishop of St Andrews,
0:27:33 > 0:27:35James Beaton.
0:27:35 > 0:27:39Beaton found him guilty and ordered him to be burned at the stake
0:27:39 > 0:27:41in front of St Salvator's Chapel.
0:27:41 > 0:27:44He was just 24 years old.
0:27:44 > 0:27:46THUNDER
0:27:50 > 0:27:54'Hamilton was not so much burned as roasted to death.'
0:27:54 > 0:27:57'When the fire took hold, he cried out
0:27:57 > 0:28:01'"How long, o Lord, shall darkness brood across this realm?"'
0:28:01 > 0:28:05'And it's said that his tortured face appeared in the stonework
0:28:05 > 0:28:08'high above on St Salvator's Tower.'
0:28:21 > 0:28:24'The monogram of Patrick Hamilton still marks the spot
0:28:24 > 0:28:27'where the 24-year-old became the first martyr
0:28:27 > 0:28:29'of the Scottish Reformation.'
0:28:35 > 0:28:39'A friend of Archbishop Beaton's warned him against further burnings,
0:28:39 > 0:28:42'saying "the reek of Patrick Hamilton
0:28:42 > 0:28:45'"infected all those on whom it blew."'
0:28:46 > 0:28:49'It was certainly a fire that set ablaze
0:28:49 > 0:28:52'the Protestant cause in Scotland.'
0:29:02 > 0:29:06So they burned this young professor alive...
0:29:07 > 0:29:10..in this university...
0:29:12 > 0:29:15..just for saying what he said.
0:29:23 > 0:29:27'Then seven more Protestants were burned alive,
0:29:27 > 0:29:30'including the preacher George Wishart,
0:29:30 > 0:29:33'the mentor of a certain John Knox.'
0:29:34 > 0:29:37'A few months after Wishart's gruesome death,
0:29:37 > 0:29:40'a group of Protestant lads stole into the castle.'
0:29:40 > 0:29:45'They murdered Beaton and threw his body out over the walls.'
0:29:53 > 0:29:57One of those most affected by the death of George Wishart
0:29:57 > 0:30:00was John Knox, the founding father of the Scottish Reformation
0:30:00 > 0:30:04and himself educated here at St Andrews.
0:30:04 > 0:30:07He came back to join the lads in the castle
0:30:07 > 0:30:10and formed the first Protestant congregation in Scotland.
0:30:10 > 0:30:13Knox was captured by the French, who laid siege to the castle
0:30:13 > 0:30:16and actually bombarded it from the tower of St Salvator's
0:30:16 > 0:30:20and he spent 19 months as a slave in the French galleys.
0:30:20 > 0:30:23After escaping, he went into exile in Geneva
0:30:23 > 0:30:27where he got to know the great French reformer John Calvin.
0:30:27 > 0:30:31Calvin, the great French reformer?
0:30:32 > 0:30:37I grew up in Scotland and always believed that Calvin was a Scotsman.
0:30:37 > 0:30:41Our culture was so ingrained in Calvinism
0:30:41 > 0:30:45that he just had to be a Scot.
0:30:46 > 0:30:48Cherie?
0:30:48 > 0:30:51John Calvin? I had no idea he was French
0:30:51 > 0:30:54and I'm very French myself.
0:30:54 > 0:30:59It was to this church, the Parish Church of the Holy Trinity,
0:30:59 > 0:31:01that John Knox came back from exile
0:31:01 > 0:31:05and he preached a fiery sermon here in June 1559
0:31:05 > 0:31:10about Jesus's expulsion of the moneylenders from the temple.
0:31:10 > 0:31:13The end of that sermon, the congregation rose up,
0:31:13 > 0:31:17they marched down South Street and they sacked the cathedral,
0:31:17 > 0:31:19destroying images and statues,
0:31:19 > 0:31:22including the effigy of Bishop Wardlaw,
0:31:22 > 0:31:25the founder of the university.
0:31:39 > 0:31:42'The great cathedral of St Andrews was doomed.'
0:31:44 > 0:31:47'Its restoration became a forlorn hope
0:31:47 > 0:31:50'in the years that followed.'
0:31:50 > 0:31:53'Its traceries were felled, stone by stone,
0:31:53 > 0:31:55'as a Gothic quarry.'
0:32:04 > 0:32:06'The sacred relics of St Andrew
0:32:06 > 0:32:09'were now lost for ever.'
0:32:09 > 0:32:14'No longer would pilgrims journey over land and sea
0:32:14 > 0:32:17'as they'd done for over a thousand years.'
0:32:28 > 0:32:31SEAGULLS CRY
0:32:37 > 0:32:42'The ruined cathedral, stripped of its altars and images.'
0:32:43 > 0:32:47'But there is also a more positive and lasting legacy
0:32:47 > 0:32:48'to the Scottish Reformation
0:32:48 > 0:32:52'in which St Andrews played so great a part.'
0:32:52 > 0:32:55'The Divinity College here at St Mary's
0:32:55 > 0:32:58'is now one of the leading theology schools in the world,
0:32:58 > 0:33:01'to which students from many countries come.'
0:33:01 > 0:33:04'As I do every morning on my way to work here,
0:33:04 > 0:33:06'they walk under the archway
0:33:06 > 0:33:10'with its message - "In principio erat verbum" -
0:33:10 > 0:33:13'"in the beginning was the word",
0:33:13 > 0:33:15'a reminder of the centrality of the word,
0:33:15 > 0:33:18'with both a capital and a small W,
0:33:18 > 0:33:23'in the history and the ongoing life of this university.'
0:33:33 > 0:33:36I'm particularly proud to have studied at St Andrews -
0:33:36 > 0:33:39while I was there in the early to mid-'70s,
0:33:39 > 0:33:42it was a remarkable time for the university,
0:33:42 > 0:33:46among many remarkable periods it has had down the centuries.
0:33:46 > 0:33:50I was there at the same time as Alex Salmond, the First Minister -
0:33:50 > 0:33:53then he was President of the Federation of Student Nationalists.
0:33:53 > 0:33:57I was there at the same time as Michael Forsyth, later Lord Forsyth,
0:33:57 > 0:33:59Conservative peer, MP and minister.
0:33:59 > 0:34:02He was President of the Federation of Conservative Students.
0:34:02 > 0:34:05Me, I edited the student paper, I was covering their doings.
0:34:05 > 0:34:07A remarkable period in politics.
0:34:12 > 0:34:15These days, I cover politics mostly here, in the Scottish Parliament,
0:34:15 > 0:34:18but perhaps the tricks and guiles of journalism
0:34:18 > 0:34:23that I still deploy these days were inculcated in me then,
0:34:23 > 0:34:27covering the St Andrews Students' Representative Council.
0:34:27 > 0:34:30And then working on the St Andrews Citizen, the local paper,
0:34:30 > 0:34:34where the first people I interviewed were the Crown Prince of Japan
0:34:34 > 0:34:39and Milton Friedman. It's been all downhill ever since, really.
0:34:39 > 0:34:42'I remember walking at the end of the pier on my own
0:34:42 > 0:34:47'in some moody, adolescent trance, really, of grief,
0:34:47 > 0:34:51'wrapping my red, velvet cloak around me, which I loved,
0:34:51 > 0:34:54'which covered all sins.'
0:34:56 > 0:34:59'Then, suddenly, there was a man wearing a hat
0:34:59 > 0:35:01'and what seemed to be a cloak.'
0:35:01 > 0:35:05'And then looked back and there was absolutely nobody there.'
0:35:05 > 0:35:09Because I was 17 and didn't want to meet anybody, I'm sure I saw him,
0:35:09 > 0:35:13I didn't imagine him and then he was not there. Is that a ghost?
0:35:13 > 0:35:17I then went and told my friend who said "Yes, we know that ghost -
0:35:17 > 0:35:22"I was walking with my boyfriend, there were two of us walking down,
0:35:22 > 0:35:25"and the shadow was cast of the two of us
0:35:25 > 0:35:28"and then there was the shadow of three people as we walked",
0:35:28 > 0:35:33so, yes, it was the man in the hat and so it was haunted.
0:35:35 > 0:35:36But...
0:35:36 > 0:35:38I'm not saying ghosts exist!
0:35:38 > 0:35:42I'm just saying I saw one, which may have come from my head or memory -
0:35:42 > 0:35:44who is to say?
0:35:44 > 0:35:48The story was that the students go down to the pier every Sunday
0:35:48 > 0:35:52to meet a pastor who never appeared because he came by boat from Dundee
0:35:52 > 0:35:55to take the Sunday service
0:35:55 > 0:35:58and there was a storm and he hadn't arrived,
0:35:58 > 0:36:01so it was in memory of this that the students go down to the pier
0:36:01 > 0:36:06on Sunday morning after chapel - to meet the man who never comes.
0:36:07 > 0:36:10So then I met the man who never came.
0:36:11 > 0:36:17There are many theories on how the Sunday pier walk arose,
0:36:17 > 0:36:20but the enigma of Raisin Monday,
0:36:20 > 0:36:22at least, in its present form,
0:36:22 > 0:36:27has recently departed from its ancient Latin roots.
0:36:28 > 0:36:32The tradition of Raisin Monday dates back centuries.
0:36:32 > 0:36:37New students known as Bejants, and now Bejantines,
0:36:37 > 0:36:40were adopted by third-year Tertians
0:36:40 > 0:36:44or fourth-year Magistrands,
0:36:44 > 0:36:50who explain to them the complexities of university life.
0:36:52 > 0:36:54The reward for their advice
0:36:54 > 0:36:59was a pound of raisins, along with a receipt in Latin.
0:36:59 > 0:37:04If the new students failed to deliver their Latin receipts,
0:37:04 > 0:37:07they were doused in the town fountain.
0:37:07 > 0:37:12But how did the dousing turn into this?
0:37:12 > 0:37:15CHOIR SINGS IN LATIN
0:37:26 > 0:37:29'May your joys be as deep as the ocean,
0:37:29 > 0:37:33'your sorrows as light as its foam.'
0:37:43 > 0:37:46'In the middle of the 17th century,
0:37:46 > 0:37:49'this room was the foremost observatory in the world.'
0:37:49 > 0:37:51'It was operated by James Gregory.'
0:37:51 > 0:37:55Gregory was appointed here as the Regius Professor of mathematics
0:37:55 > 0:37:58in 1668. Gregory was a genius.
0:37:58 > 0:38:02His achievements deserve to be much better known today.
0:38:02 > 0:38:04What was the big discovery here?
0:38:04 > 0:38:06What was the thing that Gregory did?
0:38:06 > 0:38:10Well, he set up his instruments in this room
0:38:10 > 0:38:15and hung his telescopes from this bracket - you can still see it.
0:38:15 > 0:38:17That's the original? The original bracket.
0:38:17 > 0:38:21This isn't something you put up for tourists? No, that's the bracket
0:38:21 > 0:38:24that Gregory hung his telescopes on.
0:38:24 > 0:38:27Of course, the building opposite wasn't there in those days.
0:38:27 > 0:38:31He drew a line across the floor here and, on Scooniehill,
0:38:31 > 0:38:33which is over a mile away,
0:38:33 > 0:38:37he erected a pillar that was a marker on the end of this line.
0:38:37 > 0:38:40So where's the line, then? Well, it's still here, look.
0:38:40 > 0:38:43Where? Under the carpet? Under the carpet.
0:38:43 > 0:38:47Well, I've heard of hiding your light under a bushel,
0:38:47 > 0:38:50but St Andrews hides it under the carpet?
0:38:50 > 0:38:53And this was his meridian line.
0:38:53 > 0:38:57So we've got the bracket, the telescope, we've got Scooniehill,
0:38:57 > 0:39:01we've got the meridian line, but what's it for?
0:39:01 > 0:39:05You see, coordinates, positions on the Earth,
0:39:05 > 0:39:09are measured in terms of latitude, lines parallel to the Equator...
0:39:09 > 0:39:13That's easy, that's the Equator. Yes, the Equator is the zero.
0:39:13 > 0:39:16And measured in terms of longtitude, which is lines from the North Pole,
0:39:16 > 0:39:19stretching down to the South Pole.
0:39:19 > 0:39:22And these are the lines and you need a zero for that.
0:39:22 > 0:39:25And the zero has been chosen to go through Greenwich.
0:39:25 > 0:39:28But Gregory discovered this,
0:39:28 > 0:39:31so it should be St Andrews. It should be St Andrews Mean Time
0:39:31 > 0:39:35and the days would start and end in St Andrews. That's absolutely right,
0:39:35 > 0:39:40but Greenwich was chosen in an international conference in 1881,
0:39:40 > 0:39:43not St Andrews. It's not too late. We could still change it!
0:39:43 > 0:39:46We could try! Well done, Edmund, thank you.
0:39:46 > 0:39:49And well done, Professor Gregory...
0:39:49 > 0:39:51Now let there be light!
0:40:00 > 0:40:05This is an example of the first practical light-emitting diode,
0:40:05 > 0:40:07made in 1962.
0:40:07 > 0:40:10In those days, we called them "crystal lamps",
0:40:10 > 0:40:14but nowadays, they have the popular title of LED.
0:40:14 > 0:40:16By 2001,
0:40:16 > 0:40:20the number of LEDs produced annually throughout the world
0:40:20 > 0:40:23was equal to the total population of the Earth
0:40:23 > 0:40:27and, of course, by now, the numbers are far greater.
0:40:27 > 0:40:31John Allen, to me, represents someone who may be in his 80s,
0:40:31 > 0:40:34but still has the agility of mind
0:40:34 > 0:40:37and the spirit of someone in his 20s.
0:40:37 > 0:40:39The idea that John and I had
0:40:39 > 0:40:42was that we would use light-emitting diodes
0:40:42 > 0:40:45as a source for something called photodynamic therapy -
0:40:45 > 0:40:47a therapy of skin cancers -
0:40:47 > 0:40:51and John was the inventor of the light-emitting diode.
0:40:51 > 0:40:53I'm excited about using light
0:40:53 > 0:40:57from its interaction with biological tissue -
0:40:57 > 0:41:00at St Andrews, we look at such things as imaging with light
0:41:00 > 0:41:04and moving small objects such as cells with light
0:41:04 > 0:41:05to study them and probe them.
0:41:05 > 0:41:08This image is coming from another building
0:41:08 > 0:41:11where cells are under a microscope.
0:41:11 > 0:41:14Here somebody is hitting those cells by touching a screen
0:41:14 > 0:41:17and a laser is directed to each cell in turn.
0:41:23 > 0:41:25THEY PANT
0:41:29 > 0:41:33'St Andrews was one of the first to admit women students
0:41:33 > 0:41:36'to higher education in 1892.'
0:41:39 > 0:41:41'It was so successful
0:41:41 > 0:41:46'that, 12 years later, nearly half the first-year students were women.'
0:42:09 > 0:42:14'Today it's the turn of the university's ladies golf club.'
0:42:14 > 0:42:16'But shh...'
0:42:16 > 0:42:20'One of the ladies' champion student golfers over there
0:42:20 > 0:42:24'is just about to take an ambitious putt.'
0:42:36 > 0:42:38"..run a scorching leg there
0:42:38 > 0:42:43"and Ron Jones going to hand over to Menzies Campbell of Scotland."
0:42:43 > 0:42:45"And the Scot there going well,
0:42:45 > 0:42:48"a magnificent run by the Great Britain quartet
0:42:48 > 0:42:50"and the Scot goes past the Pole."
0:42:50 > 0:42:54"And Barry Kelly on the last stage for Great Britain."
0:42:54 > 0:42:59"And Great Britain defeat the Olympic silver medallists
0:42:59 > 0:43:01"by a magnificent finish there."
0:43:01 > 0:43:04"Great Britain five points, Poland two and..."
0:43:04 > 0:43:09I suspect I'm the first Chancellor to have run in the Olympic Games
0:43:09 > 0:43:13and that gives me a particular interest in sport in the university.
0:43:13 > 0:43:16The Chancellor's principle responsibility
0:43:16 > 0:43:19is to hand out degrees to students who graduate.
0:43:19 > 0:43:23He is the titular head of the university, he wears a grand gown
0:43:23 > 0:43:28and I'm perhaps the first non-academic,
0:43:28 > 0:43:32non-aristocratic, non-religious Chancellor,
0:43:32 > 0:43:35because, up until my predecessor,
0:43:35 > 0:43:39they were either Princes of the Church or aristocrats.
0:43:39 > 0:43:43My predecessor was a distinguished classicist - Sir Kenneth Dover.
0:43:43 > 0:43:45Pull, pull, pull!
0:43:45 > 0:43:47I'm constantly asked why it is
0:43:47 > 0:43:51that so many of our students meet their life partner here
0:43:51 > 0:43:54and I think it's because of the self-selection,
0:43:54 > 0:43:57the people who choose to study here -
0:43:57 > 0:43:59they want to go someplace different,
0:43:59 > 0:44:03but they also want someplace small, scholarly, fun,
0:44:03 > 0:44:07and they're thrown together here without the distractions of a city.
0:44:07 > 0:44:09The university dominates the town,
0:44:09 > 0:44:12so their social life is built around the university
0:44:12 > 0:44:16so they constantly interact with one another
0:44:16 > 0:44:18within this beautiful environment.
0:44:18 > 0:44:22I got engaged while at St Andrews University to Pam,
0:44:22 > 0:44:27now my wife of many years - she was a St Andrews student herself -
0:44:27 > 0:44:30that sort of thing's becoming rather fashionable these days!
0:44:47 > 0:44:49CROWD CHEERS
0:45:08 > 0:45:11Deer management and how we manage the landscape and land use
0:45:11 > 0:45:13was one of a variety of projects
0:45:13 > 0:45:17William looked at for the final-year dissertation
0:45:17 > 0:45:20and I said "Where are you going to do this?"
0:45:20 > 0:45:23and he said "Oh, yeah, I could do it at Granny's place"
0:45:23 > 0:45:25and you did a slight double-take
0:45:25 > 0:45:28because what he meant was Balmoral,
0:45:28 > 0:45:31which is Granny's place and Granny was the Queen.
0:45:35 > 0:45:39William's main interests were in environmental geography -
0:45:39 > 0:45:42he studied though a wide range of subjects,
0:45:42 > 0:45:45from coastal management through to social issues
0:45:45 > 0:45:48such as HIV and AIDS in Africa.
0:45:48 > 0:45:52So a wide range of material. He was a proper geographer, if you like.
0:45:53 > 0:45:57'As an astronomer, physicist and mathematician
0:45:57 > 0:45:59'with a fascination in optics,
0:45:59 > 0:46:03'Principal David Brewster was just destined
0:46:03 > 0:46:07'to invent that most famous of Victorian toys.'
0:46:07 > 0:46:10'He gave it the name of kaleidoscope
0:46:10 > 0:46:14'from the Greek meaning "observer of beautiful forms".'
0:46:14 > 0:46:17'But it's his contribution to photography
0:46:17 > 0:46:19'is what interests us now.'
0:46:25 > 0:46:29'Photography, it was realised, could capture fragments of time.'
0:46:31 > 0:46:36'This Gothic tower extended back over 500 years.'
0:46:42 > 0:46:45'And what about this rock here?'
0:46:46 > 0:46:50'The core of an ancient volcano, frozen in time.'
0:46:50 > 0:46:53'In St Andrews, it fired the imagination
0:46:53 > 0:46:55'of two young photographers -
0:46:55 > 0:46:57'Adamson and Rogers.'
0:46:57 > 0:47:01'Their work here has been of very special interest
0:47:01 > 0:47:04'to the man down there -
0:47:04 > 0:47:06'the poet Robert Crawford.'
0:47:12 > 0:47:15Behind me, the rock and spindle is one of the places
0:47:15 > 0:47:17that the early photographers came
0:47:17 > 0:47:20and they weren't just photographing a rock,
0:47:20 > 0:47:23they were photographing geological time.
0:47:23 > 0:47:26They all belonged to a club here
0:47:26 > 0:47:30called the St Andrews Literary and Philosophical Society
0:47:30 > 0:47:33and among its members was Robert Chambers
0:47:33 > 0:47:36and he'd come to live in St Andrews in the early 1840s
0:47:36 > 0:47:40when he wrote what became a very scandalous book -
0:47:40 > 0:47:44Vestiges Of The Natural History Of Creation.
0:47:44 > 0:47:46And when that book was published,
0:47:46 > 0:47:49it was read by Abraham Lincoln,
0:47:49 > 0:47:51by Queen Victoria, by George Eliot,
0:47:51 > 0:47:55by a whole lot of people in Victorian intellectual life
0:47:55 > 0:47:59and some denounced it as "evil", as "materialist",
0:47:59 > 0:48:03as "an attack on all the conventions of belief",
0:48:03 > 0:48:05but Darwin, when he read it,
0:48:05 > 0:48:08was led to rethink his own work,
0:48:08 > 0:48:11which became eventually On The Origin Of Species.
0:48:13 > 0:48:15"St Andrews."
0:48:15 > 0:48:19"I love how it comes right out of the blue
0:48:19 > 0:48:25"North Sea edge, sunstruck with oystercatchers.
0:48:28 > 0:48:33"A bullseye centred at the outer reaches,
0:48:33 > 0:48:40"A haar of kirks, one inch in front of beyond."
0:48:50 > 0:48:53Although we may not need to emblazon his name
0:48:53 > 0:48:56from the rooftops of St Andrews,
0:48:56 > 0:48:59as they do here in Peniscola,...
0:49:01 > 0:49:04..we should remember Papa Luna,
0:49:04 > 0:49:06for without his papal bulls,
0:49:06 > 0:49:12the year 1413 may well have passed St Andrews by.
0:49:14 > 0:49:17Papa Luna really deserves to be better known in St Andrews,
0:49:17 > 0:49:22it's extraordinary that students don't know who he was -
0:49:22 > 0:49:25it's wonderful that the University of St Andrews gets its papal bull
0:49:25 > 0:49:28from a man of such inflexible integrity
0:49:28 > 0:49:33and that is something that perhaps we should honour at the university.
0:49:34 > 0:49:36'Perhaps these trees,
0:49:36 > 0:49:40'in once sacred woods of ancient faiths,
0:49:40 > 0:49:43'still harbour cults.'
0:49:43 > 0:49:46'Or are they just half the imagined rituals
0:49:46 > 0:49:49'of those elusive Picts?'
0:50:00 > 0:50:04'Where once these headlands saw the running of wild boars,
0:50:04 > 0:50:08'today students rush headlong to the sea.'
0:50:12 > 0:50:16'A pre-dawn dip to usher in the 1st of May.'
0:50:16 > 0:50:21'An ancient rite of spring before the May Day rising sun.'
0:50:30 > 0:50:33'St Andrews certainly taught me to think about time.'
0:50:33 > 0:50:36'And in thinking about time,
0:50:36 > 0:50:39'you realise that time is due change enormously.'
0:50:39 > 0:50:41'You find out, for example,
0:50:41 > 0:50:45'that that heresy which caused Patrick Hamilton to be burned
0:50:45 > 0:50:48'could nowadays get you a respectable degree.'
0:50:50 > 0:50:53Chancellor, for his remarkable literary work,
0:50:53 > 0:50:57I invite you to confer on Alistair Reid
0:50:57 > 0:51:01the degree of Doctor of Letters, honoris causa.
0:51:11 > 0:51:14Honoris causa promoveo,
0:51:14 > 0:51:19cuius rei in symbolum super te hoc birretum impono.
0:51:24 > 0:51:28'I would consider myself absolutely heretic
0:51:28 > 0:51:31'and when I think about it, I went to St Andrews
0:51:31 > 0:51:35'precisely to learn how to be a heretic.'
0:51:42 > 0:51:46St Andrew's Day, Scotland's national day,
0:51:46 > 0:51:49is a particularly appropriate day for a graduation.
0:51:49 > 0:51:52For St Andrew himself
0:51:52 > 0:51:54was a trailblazer.
0:51:55 > 0:51:58Whether or not one believes the legend
0:51:58 > 0:52:01about the arrival of the relics of St Andrew here,
0:52:01 > 0:52:03one point is clear -
0:52:03 > 0:52:08had this story not come to be an accepted truth,
0:52:08 > 0:52:11this university would never have been founded.
0:52:11 > 0:52:14You are now, and always will be,
0:52:14 > 0:52:16part of that history.
0:52:16 > 0:52:19Today is dedicated to celebrating your achievements,
0:52:19 > 0:52:22but also to wishing you well for the journey ahead.
0:52:22 > 0:52:24Perhaps you should take your time,
0:52:24 > 0:52:29as recommended by Cavafy in his account of the journey of Odysseus
0:52:29 > 0:52:32in his famous poem Ithaca.
0:52:32 > 0:52:36"Keep Ithaca always in your mind.
0:52:36 > 0:52:39"Arriving there is what you are destined for."
0:53:20 > 0:53:25'"As you set out for Ithaca,
0:53:25 > 0:53:29'"Hope that your journey is a long one,
0:53:29 > 0:53:33'"Full of adventure, full of discovery.
0:53:33 > 0:53:36'"Laistrygonians and Cyclops,
0:53:36 > 0:53:41'"Angry Poseidon - do not be afraid of them.
0:53:43 > 0:53:48'"You'll never find things like that on your way,
0:53:48 > 0:53:53'"As long as you keep your thoughts raised high,
0:53:53 > 0:53:58'"As long as a rare sensation touches your spirit and your body.
0:54:01 > 0:54:04'"Laistrygonians and Cyclops,
0:54:04 > 0:54:09'"Wild Poseidon - you won't encounter them
0:54:09 > 0:54:14'"Unless you bring them along inside your soul,
0:54:14 > 0:54:20'"Unless your soul sets them up in front of you.
0:54:23 > 0:54:27'"Hope that your journey is a long one.
0:54:29 > 0:54:33'"Keep Ithaca always in your mind.
0:54:34 > 0:54:39'"Arriving there is what you're destined for,
0:54:39 > 0:54:41'"But do not hurry the journey at all.
0:54:43 > 0:54:46'"Better if it lasts for years
0:54:46 > 0:54:50'"So that you're old by the time you reach the island,
0:54:50 > 0:54:55'"Wealthy with all you have gained on the way,
0:54:56 > 0:55:01'"Not expecting Ithaca to make you rich.
0:55:03 > 0:55:06'"Ithaca gave you the marvellous journey,
0:55:06 > 0:55:11'"Without her, you would not have set out,
0:55:11 > 0:55:14'"She has nothing left to give you now.
0:55:14 > 0:55:19'"And if you find her poor,
0:55:19 > 0:55:22'"Ithaca won't have fooled you.
0:55:22 > 0:55:26'"Wise as you will have become,
0:55:26 > 0:55:29'"So full of experience,
0:55:29 > 0:55:36'"You will have understood by then what these Ithacas mean."'
0:56:30 > 0:56:33Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd