0:00:18 > 0:00:23There is no practical obstacle whatever now
0:00:23 > 0:00:26to the creation of an efficient index
0:00:26 > 0:00:30to all human knowledge, ideas and achievements.
0:00:31 > 0:00:33To the creation, that is,
0:00:33 > 0:00:38of a complete planetary memory for all mankind.
0:00:39 > 0:00:43He was one of the early inventors of science fiction.
0:00:46 > 0:00:48The idea of time travel,
0:00:48 > 0:00:50the possibility of invisibility...
0:00:50 > 0:00:54LAUGHTER
0:00:54 > 0:00:56..of intergalactic struggles.
0:00:58 > 0:01:00And then, he came up with ideas
0:01:00 > 0:01:04of how we might reorganize the knowledge apparatus of the world,
0:01:04 > 0:01:06which he called the World Brain.
0:01:06 > 0:01:09For Wells, the World Brain had to contain
0:01:09 > 0:01:12all that was learnt and known
0:01:12 > 0:01:15and that was being learnt and known.
0:01:15 > 0:01:19If you have access to anything that's been written,
0:01:19 > 0:01:21not just theoretical access,
0:01:21 > 0:01:24but like instant access next to your brain,
0:01:24 > 0:01:27that changes your idea of who you are.
0:01:27 > 0:01:30It can be reproduced exactly
0:01:30 > 0:01:35and fully in Peru, China, Iceland,
0:01:35 > 0:01:39Central Africa or wherever else.
0:01:39 > 0:01:42They were frank in their ambition
0:01:42 > 0:01:46and dazzling in their ability to execute it.
0:01:47 > 0:01:50The Google Books scanning project
0:01:50 > 0:01:54is clearly the most ambitious World Brain scheme
0:01:54 > 0:01:56that has ever been invented.
0:01:58 > 0:02:03This is no remote dream, no fantasy.
0:02:03 > 0:02:07It is a plain statement of a contemporary state of affairs.
0:02:16 > 0:02:18The nightmare scenario, in 20 years' time,
0:02:18 > 0:02:21would be Google tracking everything we read.
0:02:21 > 0:02:25Google could basically hold the whole world hostage.
0:02:26 > 0:02:27Ever since Wells,
0:02:27 > 0:02:30science fiction is always about the possibility
0:02:30 > 0:02:32that people won't really matter in the future.
0:02:32 > 0:02:35And the plot is always about some heroic person
0:02:35 > 0:02:37that either succeeds or doesn't succeed
0:02:37 > 0:02:39in proving that people really matter after all.
0:02:55 > 0:02:57It's a library, a public library,
0:02:57 > 0:03:01where people go to look at books, and read them and take them away.
0:03:02 > 0:03:06That girl works at the library and she checks on books
0:03:06 > 0:03:08that are going out and books that are coming back in.
0:03:08 > 0:03:10I love libraries.
0:03:10 > 0:03:12I like the smell,
0:03:12 > 0:03:15the smell of paper properly preserved.
0:03:15 > 0:03:17It's as if it's the smell of a hay barn
0:03:17 > 0:03:19that's been cleared of all its animals
0:03:19 > 0:03:22and made into a human intelligence.
0:03:22 > 0:03:25And in a library, you really...even if you're sitting in the tearoom,
0:03:25 > 0:03:28discussing your latest findings,
0:03:28 > 0:03:32it's amazing how much social interaction with other people
0:03:32 > 0:03:36will actually help you to enrich what you're doing.
0:03:36 > 0:03:37'In this part of the library,
0:03:37 > 0:03:40'the grown-ups can read the stories to the children.'
0:03:40 > 0:03:44People sometimes say to me, aren't libraries obsolete?
0:03:44 > 0:03:45Um... It's... It's absurd -
0:03:45 > 0:03:48they are nerve centres,
0:03:48 > 0:03:50centres of intellectual energy.
0:03:50 > 0:03:52Libraries stand for an ideal,
0:03:52 > 0:03:55which is an educated public.
0:03:55 > 0:03:57And to the degree that knowledge is power,
0:03:57 > 0:03:59they also stand there for the idea
0:03:59 > 0:04:03that power should be disseminated and not centralised.
0:04:27 > 0:04:32The first appeal of Google's enterprise,
0:04:32 > 0:04:38when we saw it, was just digitising millions and millions of books.
0:04:38 > 0:04:40At Harvard, we have, by far,
0:04:40 > 0:04:43the greatest university library in the world.
0:04:43 > 0:04:46It's enormous - 17 million volumes.
0:04:46 > 0:04:51And every library wants its holdings digitised
0:04:51 > 0:04:53for lots for reasons, including preservation.
0:04:53 > 0:04:57But, beyond that, it raises the possibility
0:04:57 > 0:05:00of sharing your intellectual wealth.
0:05:00 > 0:05:03I think of the Harvard Library as an international asset.
0:05:03 > 0:05:05Something that should be opened up
0:05:05 > 0:05:09and shared with the general population.
0:05:09 > 0:05:11So here comes Google.
0:05:11 > 0:05:13They've got the energy, they've got the technology,
0:05:13 > 0:05:17they've got the money and they said, "We'll do it for you. Free!"
0:05:17 > 0:05:22Google did such a fabulous job in creating a vision,
0:05:22 > 0:05:26not only that a universal digital library could be created,
0:05:26 > 0:05:28but that it could be done today.
0:05:28 > 0:05:34The Google engineers are like good engineers everywhere,
0:05:34 > 0:05:35they just like to think about,
0:05:35 > 0:05:37"How do we surmount these challenges?"
0:05:37 > 0:05:43They sort of leave the lawsuit to the lawyers to worry about.
0:05:48 > 0:05:52Google's a company that believes in its fundamental mission
0:05:52 > 0:05:55of empowering everyone in this world
0:05:55 > 0:05:58with all the information they need.
0:05:58 > 0:06:00Enriched with the right information,
0:06:00 > 0:06:03people can make better decisions for themselves,
0:06:03 > 0:06:06their families and their communities.
0:06:06 > 0:06:10This world is full of wonderful individuals
0:06:10 > 0:06:11which have varied needs.
0:06:11 > 0:06:15From a farmer in Africa to a mother in India,
0:06:15 > 0:06:17to a business person in Japan.
0:06:17 > 0:06:21Everyone needs information in this modern day and age.
0:06:21 > 0:06:24And Google believes in breaking all the barriers
0:06:24 > 0:06:28between every individual and the information they seek.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31When you actually negotiate with Google
0:06:31 > 0:06:35and do so on their turf,
0:06:35 > 0:06:38you enter a strange world.
0:06:38 > 0:06:43A Google office doesn't have chairs like this chair,
0:06:43 > 0:06:47the furniture consists of large inflated balls
0:06:47 > 0:06:52that are coloured green or red or yellow
0:06:52 > 0:06:54and the young Google engineers are sitting on these.
0:06:54 > 0:06:58It's a kind of Never Never Land feeling.
0:07:00 > 0:07:05About ten years ago, I got a visit from a vice president of Google.
0:07:05 > 0:07:07And she walked into my office
0:07:07 > 0:07:11and described a project that Google had in mind,
0:07:11 > 0:07:12which was to digitise
0:07:12 > 0:07:15all the books in the Harvard Library.
0:07:15 > 0:07:19My first thought was, to put it bluntly,
0:07:19 > 0:07:23that maybe they were smoking something, because I didn't think it was possible.
0:07:23 > 0:07:26Harvard had been digitising books from time to time,
0:07:26 > 0:07:30but they were very limited in number and we didn't do many,
0:07:30 > 0:07:34it was a very expensive and complicated project.
0:07:34 > 0:07:36I don't remember exactly,
0:07:36 > 0:07:39but it was several hundred dollars just for a single book.
0:07:39 > 0:07:45But they had invented a copying station
0:07:45 > 0:07:49that was a lot cheaper and easier to use,
0:07:49 > 0:07:51that didn't damage the books
0:07:51 > 0:07:53or, at least, went out of its way not to damage the books.
0:07:53 > 0:07:57And it seemed to me that it had a lot of plausibility.
0:07:57 > 0:08:00And so, we decided to... to give it a try.
0:08:00 > 0:08:04Every great library did digitising, sometimes on a large scale,
0:08:04 > 0:08:09our Open Collections Programme digitised 2.3 million pages.
0:08:09 > 0:08:10I mean, that's big.
0:08:10 > 0:08:15But nothing like as big as what Google attempted to do.
0:08:15 > 0:08:19The sheer ambition of digitising everything.
0:08:30 > 0:08:34In the ancient world, at the Library of Alexandria,
0:08:34 > 0:08:36they copied rolls and tablets,
0:08:36 > 0:08:40and attempted to copy all that was known.
0:08:40 > 0:08:44And, eventually, the library was destroyed by Julius Caesar
0:08:44 > 0:08:48and the loss of that library in Alexandria
0:08:48 > 0:08:51was an international catastrophe.
0:08:53 > 0:08:56The universal library's been talked about for millennia.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59There's a kind of a continuity of development
0:08:59 > 0:09:01and, you know, we mustn't forget the important role
0:09:01 > 0:09:04that libraries and scholars have always made
0:09:04 > 0:09:06for millennia of copying.
0:09:06 > 0:09:09And then, you see, with the development of printing,
0:09:09 > 0:09:11the multiplicity of texts,
0:09:11 > 0:09:13the copying of original texts.
0:09:13 > 0:09:16It was possible to think in the Renaissance
0:09:16 > 0:09:19that you might be able to amass the whole of published knowledge
0:09:19 > 0:09:22in a single room or a single institution.
0:10:04 > 0:10:06Then, in the 19th century,
0:10:06 > 0:10:10you have various suggestions in France and Belgium
0:10:10 > 0:10:12that you can create a catalogue of everything.
0:10:12 > 0:10:14What will come next is microfilm.
0:10:14 > 0:10:18And so, you start finding huge microfilming projects.
0:10:18 > 0:10:21And so, for us, the Google Project was a sort of a natural extension
0:10:21 > 0:10:23of that process of development.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32Project Gutenberg, Michael Hart, was the first digital library.
0:10:32 > 0:10:35He started on the fourth of July, in early 1970s,
0:10:35 > 0:10:37by going and typing the Declaration of Independence
0:10:37 > 0:10:40so that everybody could have access to it.
0:10:40 > 0:10:43Thousands of volunteers worked from all over the world
0:10:43 > 0:10:44to go and build this.
0:10:44 > 0:10:47He even had the idea that it ought to be possible
0:10:47 > 0:10:51to download the entire library that he had created if you wanted that.
0:10:51 > 0:10:54And I think it did act as a kind of example of something
0:10:54 > 0:10:57that, later on, Google and others
0:10:57 > 0:11:01took up in a much bigger, more extensive way.
0:11:06 > 0:11:09My name is Raymond Kurzweil and I'm from Queens, New York.
0:11:09 > 0:11:13'When I was 12, I became fascinated with pattern recognition.'
0:11:13 > 0:11:14And, as a young teenager,
0:11:14 > 0:11:20I did a project to teach computers how to recognise patterns in music.
0:11:20 > 0:11:21I've built a computer
0:11:21 > 0:11:24and, by feeding it certain relationships and music,
0:11:24 > 0:11:26I was able to write music with it.
0:11:26 > 0:11:27- Raymond, how old are you?- I'm 17.
0:11:27 > 0:11:29Do your parents know what you've been up to?
0:11:29 > 0:11:31LAUGHTER
0:11:31 > 0:11:34Recognising printed letters was a classical unsolved problem
0:11:34 > 0:11:36in the field of pattern recognition.
0:11:36 > 0:11:40And so, I created the first omni-font optical character recognition.
0:11:40 > 0:11:43This was about 1975.
0:11:43 > 0:11:461978, we developed a commercial version.
0:11:46 > 0:11:49And we talked about how you could ultimately scan all books
0:11:49 > 0:11:52and all printed material.
0:11:52 > 0:11:55'When automobiles came along first,
0:11:55 > 0:11:58'they seemed likely to become a rich man's monopoly.
0:11:58 > 0:12:02'They cost upward of a thousand pounds.
0:12:02 > 0:12:04'Henry Ford altered all that.
0:12:04 > 0:12:07'He put the poor man on the road.
0:12:07 > 0:12:09'We want a Henry Ford today
0:12:09 > 0:12:12'to modernise the distribution of knowledge,
0:12:12 > 0:12:15'make good knowledge cheap and easy,
0:12:15 > 0:12:18'in this still very ignorant, ill-educated,
0:12:18 > 0:12:22'ill-served English-speaking world of ours,
0:12:22 > 0:12:27'which might be the greatest power on Earth for the good of mankind.'
0:12:37 > 0:12:40We started the Internet Archive in 1996.
0:12:41 > 0:12:45The idea was to have all the published works of humankind
0:12:45 > 0:12:47available to everybody,
0:12:47 > 0:12:49that this was the opportunity of our generation,
0:12:49 > 0:12:53that...like the previous generation had put a man on the moon.
0:12:53 > 0:12:57The Internet Archive had been completely open with Google.
0:12:57 > 0:13:00In fact, I'd gone and given a speech that was attended
0:13:00 > 0:13:02by, I think, all of the senior executives
0:13:02 > 0:13:05on how one could go about building a digital library
0:13:05 > 0:13:07of all books, music, video,
0:13:07 > 0:13:10and I'd hoped that there was going to be a way to work with them,
0:13:10 > 0:13:11but that was not to be.
0:13:11 > 0:13:14Libraries had signed secret agreements with Google...
0:13:14 > 0:13:16We didn't know what was really going on.
0:13:16 > 0:13:19When it started coming out as a completely separate project,
0:13:19 > 0:13:21and not working with others,
0:13:21 > 0:13:23then, I started to become suspicious.
0:13:25 > 0:13:28Larry Page, who founded Google with me,
0:13:28 > 0:13:32first proposed that we digitise all books a decade ago,
0:13:32 > 0:13:34when we were a fledgling start-up.
0:13:34 > 0:13:37Five years later, in 2004,
0:13:37 > 0:13:39Google Books was born.
0:13:39 > 0:13:43Despite a number of important digitisation efforts to date,
0:13:43 > 0:13:45none have been at a comparable scale,
0:13:45 > 0:13:50simply because no-one else has chosen to invest the requisite resources.
0:13:50 > 0:13:54If Google Books is successful, others will follow.
0:13:54 > 0:13:58I don't think that Google is aware of the fact that it's a corporation.
0:13:58 > 0:14:02I think Google does think of itself as an NGO
0:14:02 > 0:14:04that just happens to make a lot of money.
0:14:04 > 0:14:07And they think of themselves as social reformers
0:14:07 > 0:14:13who just happen to have their stock traded on stock exchanges
0:14:13 > 0:14:16and who just happen to have investors and shareholders,
0:14:16 > 0:14:18but they do think of themselves
0:14:18 > 0:14:22as ultimately being in the business of making the world better.
0:14:27 > 0:14:30There are few more irreparable property losses
0:14:30 > 0:14:32than vanished books.
0:14:32 > 0:14:36Nature, politics and war have always been
0:14:36 > 0:14:39the mortal enemies of written works.
0:14:39 > 0:14:42Most recently, Hurricane Katrina dealt a blow
0:14:42 > 0:14:45to the libraries of the Gulf Coast.
0:14:45 > 0:14:51At Tulane University, the main library sat in nine feet of water.
0:14:51 > 0:14:55In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge regime, in Cambodia,
0:14:55 > 0:14:58decimated cultural institutions throughout the country.
0:14:58 > 0:15:01Khmer Rouge fighters took over the National Library
0:15:01 > 0:15:05throwing the books into the street, burning them,
0:15:05 > 0:15:08while using the stacks as a pigsty.
0:15:08 > 0:15:12Now, with Google, the University of Michigan is involved
0:15:12 > 0:15:15in one of the most extensive preservation projects
0:15:15 > 0:15:17in world history.
0:15:17 > 0:15:22Google Books is a potent idea on a number of dimensions.
0:15:22 > 0:15:25What I like about Google Books
0:15:25 > 0:15:29is the idea of not losing books,
0:15:29 > 0:15:33especially books that might be genuinely abandoned.
0:15:33 > 0:15:35The idea of getting all that stuff online
0:15:35 > 0:15:37is, of course, going to be a benefit,
0:15:37 > 0:15:39so that, we have to love.
0:16:02 > 0:16:05I went to Google in January 2003.
0:16:05 > 0:16:09I actually made, what now I feel quite embarrassed about,
0:16:09 > 0:16:11I made a presentation to them,
0:16:11 > 0:16:14telling them what they ought to be doing.
0:16:14 > 0:16:15Only to find out a few months later
0:16:15 > 0:16:18that they'd actually been doing it for a while already.
0:16:20 > 0:16:24Project Ocean was the kind of code name, development code name,
0:16:24 > 0:16:28that Google were giving to what eventually became Google Books.
0:16:28 > 0:16:32So it was called Project Ocean because it was big, I imagine.
0:16:32 > 0:16:33HE CHUCKLES
0:16:35 > 0:16:37Google seemed to think that they could do
0:16:37 > 0:16:39almost a million in three years.
0:17:05 > 0:17:08You could say that this mass digitisation
0:17:08 > 0:17:14is something like running a huge machine through a library.
0:17:14 > 0:17:17You take books by the shelf.
0:17:17 > 0:17:20They are put in cartons, on carts.
0:17:20 > 0:17:22They are loaded onto trucks.
0:17:22 > 0:17:28And then, Google at this time had three places in the country
0:17:28 > 0:17:31where it was doing digitisation.
0:17:31 > 0:17:35Supposedly, it didn't give the address of where they were.
0:17:35 > 0:17:39Google won't say how much scanning all the books cost.
0:17:39 > 0:17:41But there are estimates that...
0:17:41 > 0:17:44well, it's somewhere between 30 and 100 per book,
0:17:44 > 0:17:48so if you multiply that times 20 million...
0:17:48 > 0:17:50Google, early on,
0:17:50 > 0:17:54bent over backwards to keep us from communicating
0:17:54 > 0:17:56with the other libraries.
0:17:56 > 0:17:58There were three or four large ones
0:17:58 > 0:18:02and each of us was told we should not tell the others
0:18:02 > 0:18:06what kind of a contract we had and how we were working with Google.
0:18:06 > 0:18:09To begin with, it had to be kept fairly quiet.
0:18:09 > 0:18:15It was probably mid 2003 when I started to take the wraps off
0:18:15 > 0:18:18in terms of this is going to be a possibility
0:18:18 > 0:18:20that we might be working with Google.
0:18:22 > 0:18:26I witnessed the scale of the operation and it was very impressive.
0:18:26 > 0:18:2920 very large work stations
0:18:29 > 0:18:34with very high-resolution cameras
0:18:34 > 0:18:36sitting on top of a cradle
0:18:36 > 0:18:38with very intense lights.
0:18:38 > 0:18:42And, underneath, a lot of black boxes, which, presumably,
0:18:42 > 0:18:45contained all of Google's algorithms
0:18:45 > 0:18:48that makes Google search what it is.
0:18:48 > 0:18:52And they uploaded that stuff straight to Mountain View,
0:18:52 > 0:18:54straight from Oxford.
0:18:54 > 0:18:57Google certainly depends on knowing more and more and more
0:18:57 > 0:19:01for their algorithm to be better and better and better.
0:19:01 > 0:19:06And this is the core of the way economics in this space now works.
0:19:06 > 0:19:12They had a specific interest in having lots of things in Google
0:19:12 > 0:19:15that would lead people to use Google
0:19:15 > 0:19:18so they could make money by having advertisements there.
0:19:20 > 0:19:22What are books? They are full of data
0:19:22 > 0:19:25and so, the more data you have,
0:19:25 > 0:19:28the more you can fine-tune your search technologies.
0:19:31 > 0:19:37Some of the enthusiasts for Google's way of gathering data,
0:19:37 > 0:19:39and it's not just Google at all, I mean,
0:19:39 > 0:19:40it's Silicon Valley in general.
0:19:40 > 0:19:42It's the current cultural moment
0:19:42 > 0:19:45and includes the other Silicon Valley companies,
0:19:45 > 0:19:47but also the modern world of finance.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50And also, the modern world of spy craft for states
0:19:50 > 0:19:52and also the modern world of criminality.
0:19:52 > 0:19:55And the modern world of insurance and health care.
0:19:55 > 0:19:57All these things have this idea
0:19:57 > 0:20:01that you grab all this data in order to become very powerful,
0:20:01 > 0:20:04you create a differential in your ability to see information
0:20:04 > 0:20:05versus the ordinary person.
0:20:05 > 0:20:08And you create these new incredible castles of power,
0:20:08 > 0:20:11but it's OK, it's not just traditional power mongering,
0:20:11 > 0:20:14because you're making the world more efficient.
0:20:24 > 0:20:28I was a little boy in the '70s growing up in India,
0:20:28 > 0:20:32watching re-runs of Star Trek on our family's black-and-white TV.
0:20:32 > 0:20:36And from that, those times,
0:20:36 > 0:20:41the picture of a Star Trek computer was deeply ingrained in my head.
0:20:41 > 0:20:45As a little boy, I was just fascinated by the fact
0:20:45 > 0:20:48that you can walk up to a computer and ask it,
0:20:48 > 0:20:51"Computer, what's the atmosphere of that planet?"
0:20:51 > 0:20:55That was just the most fascinating thing to a little boy
0:20:55 > 0:20:57and, from that day on,
0:20:57 > 0:21:01it was my dream to build that Star Trek computer.
0:21:01 > 0:21:05Only later would I grow up and realise it's really hard,
0:21:05 > 0:21:07because computers don't understand language.
0:21:07 > 0:21:12And I went through this brief period of disbelief as a graduate student,
0:21:12 > 0:21:17where I didn't think I would reach my dream in my lifetime.
0:21:17 > 0:21:18But thanks to Google
0:21:18 > 0:21:21and all the technologies that we have built here,
0:21:21 > 0:21:23and what I see in the pipeline,
0:21:23 > 0:21:25I'm closer to my dream than ever.
0:24:23 > 0:24:24Um...
0:24:51 > 0:24:54Google were and are free to do what they want with the scans.
0:24:54 > 0:24:57And why should that concern us?
0:25:00 > 0:25:02I mean, part of our ethos
0:25:02 > 0:25:05and part of our objective as a library
0:25:05 > 0:25:09is to make the information that's contained in our library available
0:25:09 > 0:25:13as free of charge as we can possibly make it to anybody who needs it.
0:25:13 > 0:25:19And if Google is going to do that on a larger scale, that's fine.
0:25:19 > 0:25:23If they are going to make money out of it down the line, why not?
0:25:23 > 0:25:26You know, they've invested a lot of money in it.
0:25:26 > 0:25:29Um... There's no such thing as a free lunch.
0:25:32 > 0:25:35Who wouldn't want to have all of the world's knowledge available
0:25:35 > 0:25:37to everyone on the planet?
0:25:37 > 0:25:41The problem is that Google, as an intermediary in this process,
0:25:41 > 0:25:45has certain interests and has a certain agenda
0:25:45 > 0:25:47that is not always transparent.
0:25:48 > 0:25:51If you, in Silicon Valley, you have another job,
0:25:51 > 0:25:54which is you're building this new life form
0:25:54 > 0:25:56that's going to take over the world
0:25:56 > 0:25:59and Google is providing the memories for its brain
0:25:59 > 0:26:01or the other companies are providing the memories,
0:26:01 > 0:26:04and this is something that's openly talked about.
0:26:04 > 0:26:09It's all human knowledge in books and out of books
0:26:09 > 0:26:14woven together into a single entity
0:26:14 > 0:26:18that's accessible by anybody, anywhere in the world, any time.
0:26:18 > 0:26:22And that "all knowledge" is transformative.
0:26:22 > 0:26:27It really kicks up the civilisation in our society into another level.
0:26:28 > 0:26:31Shortly after the launch of Google Books,
0:26:31 > 0:26:35in different events, I ran into Larry Page and Sergey Brin
0:26:35 > 0:26:39and had this brief exchange with them about the potential.
0:26:39 > 0:26:40And, you know,
0:26:40 > 0:26:42there was a characteristic Google-founder response,
0:26:42 > 0:26:45which was a kind of glint in their eyes and a smile
0:26:45 > 0:26:48and the sense that this was just the beginning
0:26:48 > 0:26:52of something much bigger than even you at this point can imagine.
0:26:58 > 0:27:00At Harvard, we only permitted Google
0:27:00 > 0:27:02to digitise books in the public domain,
0:27:02 > 0:27:07but the other research libraries that Google first went to
0:27:07 > 0:27:10permitted Google to digitise books covered by copyright.
0:27:10 > 0:27:14As soon as you get into the copyright area,
0:27:14 > 0:27:17things get rapidly complicated.
0:27:26 > 0:27:29We're allowing Google to scan all of our books,
0:27:29 > 0:27:33those in the public domain and those still in copyright.
0:27:33 > 0:27:35We believe it is legal,
0:27:35 > 0:27:41ethical and a noble endeavour that will transform our society.
0:27:41 > 0:27:44Legal because we believe copyright law allows us fair use
0:27:44 > 0:27:47of the millions of books that are being digitised.
0:27:58 > 0:28:02Fair use is a piece of American copyright law that allows us
0:28:02 > 0:28:05to make copies without ever asking any permission,
0:28:05 > 0:28:09without paying any fee for certain carved-out uses.
0:28:09 > 0:28:11I happen to think Google's fair use defence is strong.
0:28:11 > 0:28:14One of the things that courts have done,
0:28:14 > 0:28:16over the last decade or so,
0:28:16 > 0:28:19is decided that search engines,
0:28:19 > 0:28:23who routinely make copies of information,
0:28:23 > 0:28:27are making fair uses when they do it in order to help people
0:28:27 > 0:28:29find information that they are looking for.
0:28:29 > 0:28:32One of the things Google has done is provide links
0:28:32 > 0:28:35to places where you can buy the book.
0:28:35 > 0:28:38They scanned, but they did not release the copy.
0:28:38 > 0:28:41You could not search, except for key words.
0:28:41 > 0:28:44You could not see a page, except for snippets.
0:28:44 > 0:28:48They were trying to allow indexing and searching,
0:28:48 > 0:28:51without allowing people to get copies.
0:28:51 > 0:28:54And we will protect all copyrighted materials,
0:28:54 > 0:28:56your work in that archive.
0:28:56 > 0:28:58Let me repeat that.
0:28:58 > 0:29:05I guarantee you we will protect all copyrighted materials.
0:29:05 > 0:29:07I assure you we understand
0:29:07 > 0:29:10that providing public access to materials and copyright,
0:29:10 > 0:29:15particularly those still in print, would be unlawful.
0:29:15 > 0:29:18One of the things that you need to understand about Google
0:29:18 > 0:29:22is that they try to roll out projects first
0:29:22 > 0:29:24and then, to think about the consequences later.
0:29:24 > 0:29:29So you will often see them experiment with something that looks very cool,
0:29:29 > 0:29:32maybe the Google Street View Project...
0:29:32 > 0:29:35Google launched Street View in 2007,
0:29:35 > 0:29:37part of the search engine's long-term goal
0:29:37 > 0:29:40to create a virtual 3D map of the whole planet,
0:29:40 > 0:29:42right down to street level.
0:29:42 > 0:29:44But investigations have revealed
0:29:44 > 0:29:45that Google Street View cars
0:29:45 > 0:29:49were collecting more than just photographs for their databanks.
0:29:49 > 0:29:52Their antennas were also hoovering up personal information
0:29:52 > 0:29:54from unencrypted Wi-Fi networks,
0:29:54 > 0:29:57including Internet history and passwords.
0:29:59 > 0:30:03I think the case of Google collecting Wi-Fi information,
0:30:03 > 0:30:05it reveals a complete lack of respect
0:30:05 > 0:30:07for privacy within the corporation.
0:30:07 > 0:30:12Such projects often reveal that Google does not fully understand
0:30:12 > 0:30:14the social consequences of its own work.
0:30:27 > 0:30:30We actually do more search queries in China alone
0:30:30 > 0:30:34than any other search company does in any other single-national market,
0:30:34 > 0:30:37by which I really mean Google in the United States.
0:30:37 > 0:30:39So we certainly do aspire to be a World Brain.
0:30:39 > 0:30:41I think HG Wells was, I mean,
0:30:41 > 0:30:43he is well known for having been quite prescient
0:30:43 > 0:30:45about a lot of the things that he envisaged.
0:30:45 > 0:30:46Sure we don't have the time machine yet,
0:30:46 > 0:30:49but pretty much the rest of it was dead on.
0:30:49 > 0:30:52We have a product, which is a very, very popular product,
0:30:52 > 0:30:53it's called Baidu Wenku,
0:30:53 > 0:30:56the Chinese name of it is the Baidu Library.
0:30:56 > 0:31:00It allows people to upload materials that they have
0:31:00 > 0:31:03that are either of their own creation,
0:31:03 > 0:31:09or that they have the intellectual property rights to, to our site.
0:31:54 > 0:31:57There isn't an area of human knowledge
0:31:57 > 0:32:00that hasn't been filled out and made more rich and wondrous
0:32:00 > 0:32:02by the fact of the Internet.
0:32:02 > 0:32:05I am often sort of shocked by people who see it
0:32:05 > 0:32:08as the beginnings of this dystopian future.
0:32:08 > 0:32:10I embrace it unequivocally.
0:32:10 > 0:32:12The Fundamental Knowledge System
0:32:12 > 0:32:16which accumulates, sorts, keeps in order
0:32:16 > 0:32:19and renders available everything that is known
0:32:19 > 0:32:22centres on Barcelona.
0:32:22 > 0:32:26With its 17 million active workers,
0:32:26 > 0:32:29it is the Memory Of Mankind.
0:33:03 > 0:33:06You can look at the Internet as something divine.
0:33:06 > 0:33:10We eventually will come, I think,
0:33:10 > 0:33:14to revere some of our technological creations,
0:33:14 > 0:33:15like the Internet,
0:33:15 > 0:33:18to be almost like cathedrals of redwoods,
0:33:18 > 0:33:21to be as complicated and as beautiful
0:33:21 > 0:33:25as natural creations.
0:33:25 > 0:33:28And that, in a real sense,
0:33:28 > 0:33:33that there is more of God in a cellphone
0:33:33 > 0:33:35than there is in a tree frog,
0:33:35 > 0:33:40because a cellphone is an additional layer of evolution
0:33:40 > 0:33:42over the natural frog.
0:34:18 > 0:34:21It's a new form of medieval church or something like that.
0:34:21 > 0:34:23Everybody is to give their data
0:34:23 > 0:34:26in service of worship of this digital god.
0:34:26 > 0:34:29And I think it's really, really dumb.
0:34:47 > 0:34:48It's not unique to this era,
0:34:48 > 0:34:52you can look at previous technologies, whether it was radio,
0:34:52 > 0:34:53whether it was television,
0:34:53 > 0:34:56whether it was the telegraph, it was electricity,
0:34:56 > 0:35:00you do have many similar hopes -
0:35:00 > 0:35:05that those technologies will bring universal communication,
0:35:05 > 0:35:09people will talk to one another, there will be peace everywhere,
0:35:09 > 0:35:11education will spread globally...
0:35:11 > 0:35:14A lot of similar hopes have been expressed
0:35:14 > 0:35:17in connection with earlier technologies.
0:35:17 > 0:35:20So this is nothing new, but I think there is something about the scale
0:35:20 > 0:35:27at which projects and groups and various companies and organisations
0:35:27 > 0:35:30now are putting those cyber-utopian beliefs to work
0:35:30 > 0:35:33that is different now than from what it was before.
0:35:35 > 0:35:38Science fiction never imagined Google.
0:35:38 > 0:35:40Google is a game-changing tool
0:35:40 > 0:35:44on the order of the equally handy flint hand axe.
0:35:44 > 0:35:46But Google is not ours.
0:35:46 > 0:35:50We are its unpaid content providers, in one way or another.
0:35:50 > 0:35:53We generate product for Google,
0:35:53 > 0:35:55our every search a miniscule contribution.
0:35:56 > 0:35:58Google is made of us,
0:35:58 > 0:36:03a sort of coral reef of human minds and their products.
0:36:03 > 0:36:05We have yet to take Google's measure.
0:37:09 > 0:37:11I do think that Google genuinely
0:37:11 > 0:37:18wants to make all of the world's information organised and available
0:37:18 > 0:37:20to people throughout the globe.
0:37:20 > 0:37:23I do think that they genuinely believe in that mission.
0:37:23 > 0:37:29Um... But they also happen to believe that nothing will get lost
0:37:29 > 0:37:32and no-one will get harmed
0:37:32 > 0:37:35if it's Google who will implement that mission.
0:37:35 > 0:37:36And I think it's normal.
0:37:36 > 0:37:39If they didn't trust themselves to do it, then they would be...
0:37:39 > 0:37:44you know, they would have some weird schizophrenic problem,
0:37:44 > 0:37:46you know, if they don't trust themselves
0:37:46 > 0:37:48to implement their own project.
0:38:52 > 0:38:56One of the concerns which came out, as you would expect from France,
0:38:56 > 0:38:59was that this was really part of a plot
0:38:59 > 0:39:04in the United States to make English the universal language
0:39:04 > 0:39:07and, as we know, the most important thing about France,
0:39:07 > 0:39:10aside from its wine, is its language.
0:39:10 > 0:39:12And there was a real sense
0:39:12 > 0:39:18that who are we to be digitising all those books in English?
0:39:18 > 0:39:21And I remember some correspondence about the fact
0:39:21 > 0:39:26that we, at Harvard, were not just digitising English books,
0:39:26 > 0:39:31but were digitising a very large number of books in French.
0:39:31 > 0:39:34To which, if I remember correctly, the response came back,
0:39:34 > 0:39:37"Who are you to digitise books in French?"
0:39:56 > 0:40:00First, we learned that Google was scanning books.
0:40:00 > 0:40:02And I remember loving that idea,
0:40:02 > 0:40:06because I'm a reader and I write non-fiction books and I do research
0:40:06 > 0:40:09and I wanted access to those books.
0:40:09 > 0:40:12Then, we heard that they were scanning our books,
0:40:12 > 0:40:14they were scanning copyrighted books
0:40:14 > 0:40:16and they hadn't asked anyone's permission.
0:40:16 > 0:40:19The libraries had just handed them over.
0:40:19 > 0:40:22Well, that was obviously a violation of our copyrights
0:40:22 > 0:40:27and a little bit of a surprise, to put it mildly.
0:40:27 > 0:40:30I remember being very curious about what they were doing
0:40:30 > 0:40:32and I popped my name into Google
0:40:32 > 0:40:37and saw that it came up with snippets of my books.
0:40:37 > 0:40:39So what I did was I searched for terms
0:40:39 > 0:40:41that I knew were common in my book,
0:40:41 > 0:40:44like "star", "galaxy",
0:40:44 > 0:40:46and there were lots and lots of hits
0:40:46 > 0:40:49and it would display several snippets.
0:40:49 > 0:40:51And then, I would search for other common words
0:40:51 > 0:40:54and it was clear that if you were clever about your searches,
0:40:54 > 0:40:57you could see quite a bit of the text, if not all of it.
0:40:57 > 0:41:02The problem that most authors have is obscurity.
0:41:02 > 0:41:06That's the issue. There are a gazillion books.
0:41:06 > 0:41:09How do you get people to pay attention to yours?
0:41:09 > 0:41:14Google claimed that its use of these millions of copyrighted books
0:41:14 > 0:41:18that it had digitised was an example of fair use.
0:41:18 > 0:41:20Why? I'm not sure.
0:41:20 > 0:41:23I still don't understand how that can be justified.
0:41:23 > 0:41:26The point is that the entire book has been copied
0:41:26 > 0:41:30and it's been copied by a single company that's doing it for purposes
0:41:30 > 0:41:32of profiting off the work.
0:41:32 > 0:41:37If you allow a profit-making company to copy a million books,
0:41:37 > 0:41:40then, how can you say no to the next enterprise
0:41:40 > 0:41:42that also wants to copy the million books?
0:41:42 > 0:41:46So The Authors Guild organised a class action suit,
0:41:46 > 0:41:49asking them to stop doing that.
0:41:49 > 0:41:53The Authors Guild on Tuesday filed a lawsuit against search engine Google
0:41:53 > 0:41:57alleging that scanning and digitising library books
0:41:57 > 0:42:00constitutes a massive copyright infringement.
0:42:00 > 0:42:03The Authors Guild represents more than 8,000 authors
0:42:03 > 0:42:06and it's the largest society of published writers
0:42:06 > 0:42:08in the United States.
0:42:08 > 0:42:12When Google made its decision to scan these millions of books,
0:42:12 > 0:42:16it certainly realised that, depending upon how litigation developed,
0:42:16 > 0:42:20this could be a bet-the-company decision.
0:42:20 > 0:42:25Because copyright liability in the United States can be quite extreme -
0:42:25 > 0:42:28150,000 per copyrighted work.
0:42:28 > 0:42:32And, depending on the number of copyrighted works at stake,
0:42:32 > 0:42:34it could be in the billions of dollars.
0:42:34 > 0:42:36The Association of American Publishers
0:42:36 > 0:42:39has filed a lawsuit against Google
0:42:39 > 0:42:41alleging the Internet company's plan to scan
0:42:41 > 0:42:45and digitally distribute the text of major library collections
0:42:45 > 0:42:47would violate copyright protections.
0:42:51 > 0:42:58I think the issue of copyright is an archaic, unproductive view.
0:42:58 > 0:43:00When you create something,
0:43:00 > 0:43:03you're building on the work of other people,
0:43:03 > 0:43:05no matter who you are,
0:43:05 > 0:43:07whether you are JK Rowling or Shakespeare.
0:43:07 > 0:43:12You're basing your work on the work of others.
0:43:12 > 0:43:14You're basically taking their ideas.
0:43:14 > 0:43:16An artist does not own their ideas.
0:43:16 > 0:43:18No artist does.
0:43:18 > 0:43:23Any useful information exists because of the efforts of real people
0:43:23 > 0:43:28and copyright is our way of remembering who those people are.
0:43:28 > 0:43:30It's crucial to not lose that.
0:43:30 > 0:43:34And I think cyber culture is missing the point of copyright.
0:43:34 > 0:43:36You might say, "Well, who cares about authors?
0:43:36 > 0:43:39"Let a few authors not make as much money as they would have."
0:43:39 > 0:43:42But it's a precedent. The whole Internet will become
0:43:42 > 0:43:46a tool for the concentration of power and that would be a disaster.
0:43:46 > 0:43:50The Internet is the world's largest copy machine,
0:43:50 > 0:43:52anything that touches it, it's been copied.
0:43:52 > 0:43:56And, just to transmit something along the way,
0:43:56 > 0:43:59um...people are making copies of things.
0:43:59 > 0:44:03Copies are valueless, they have no worth at all
0:44:03 > 0:44:05until there was a focus on copies
0:44:05 > 0:44:08because that's an industrial-age artefact.
0:45:41 > 0:45:47A book is really a plateau that a person reaches to say,
0:45:47 > 0:45:50"This is my testament, this is what I can offer."
0:45:50 > 0:45:52A book is not just an extra long tweet,
0:45:52 > 0:45:55a book is something that's hard to do.
0:45:55 > 0:45:57It's hard to finish. It's hard to publish.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00It's a certain achievement of scale,
0:46:00 > 0:46:03it's a declaration of this is what my life has learned,
0:46:03 > 0:46:04this is what I can offer.
0:46:04 > 0:46:07And that is not something that can be dissected
0:46:07 > 0:46:11and the little minced pieces simply can't mean the same thing.
0:46:15 > 0:46:19The lawsuits were commenced in the fall of 2005
0:46:19 > 0:46:22and, within six months,
0:46:22 > 0:46:26The Authors Guild and the publishers came to Google
0:46:26 > 0:46:31with a proposal about settling the lawsuit.
0:46:31 > 0:46:33I was sitting innocently in my office
0:46:33 > 0:46:36and a lawyer for the university appeared and he said,
0:46:36 > 0:46:40"You are about to take a non-disclosure oath."
0:46:40 > 0:46:43Well, I'd never had anything to do with lawyers,
0:46:43 > 0:46:46except once in my life when I made a will and I thought,
0:46:46 > 0:46:50"Um, I'm in deep water now. What is this all about?"
0:46:50 > 0:46:54Well, it turned out that there were secret negotiations
0:46:54 > 0:46:57between Google, on the one hand,
0:46:57 > 0:47:02and The Authors Guild and The Association of American Publishers on the other.
0:47:02 > 0:47:06They were suing Google for infringement of copyright
0:47:06 > 0:47:09and, as happens frequently with suits,
0:47:09 > 0:47:12they began to negotiate a settlement.
0:47:12 > 0:47:15Well, we were not part of that at Harvard.
0:47:15 > 0:47:19However, we had to be informed about it because we had the books.
0:47:19 > 0:47:21It took three years to work it out,
0:47:21 > 0:47:23because there were a lot of issues to be discussed.
0:47:23 > 0:47:26There were publishers at the table as well as authors.
0:47:26 > 0:47:29And publishers and authors did not have identical interests.
0:47:29 > 0:47:33There were libraries, not at the table, but very much in the picture.
0:47:33 > 0:47:37They were talking to Google away from the room.
0:47:37 > 0:47:39And I'm not sure how much I can say.
0:47:39 > 0:47:43I definitely cannot talk specifically about the negotiations
0:47:43 > 0:47:45because I signed a non-disclosure agreement,
0:47:45 > 0:47:48which I'm told is still in force,
0:47:48 > 0:47:49and I don't want to go to jail.
0:47:49 > 0:47:53Google's long-running legal battle with the US publishing industry
0:47:53 > 0:47:56came to an unexpected halt this morning
0:47:56 > 0:47:58as the parties announced a settlement
0:47:58 > 0:47:59that would see both sides cooperate
0:47:59 > 0:48:02on online access to copyrighted books.
0:48:02 > 0:48:07Google have agreed to pay £125 million in the settlement.
0:48:07 > 0:48:11£35.5 million of that sum will go towards the establishment
0:48:11 > 0:48:15of a rights collecting body for digital books.
0:48:15 > 0:48:1845 millions has been set aside to compensate writers
0:48:18 > 0:48:22whose copyrighted books Google has already scanned.
0:48:22 > 0:48:26They will get around 60 per book.
0:48:26 > 0:48:29The largest portion of the settlement, 45.5 million,
0:48:29 > 0:48:32will go just on the legal fees.
0:48:32 > 0:48:35But the most striking aspect of the agreement
0:48:35 > 0:48:39is that it turns Google into a book seller, selling online access
0:48:39 > 0:48:42to out-of-print but still-in-copyright works.
0:48:42 > 0:48:46For those of you who don't know the details of the settlement agreement,
0:48:46 > 0:48:49it's 385 pages,
0:48:49 > 0:48:51it has 46 sections of definitions,
0:48:51 > 0:48:54it's got 15 sections on Google's obligations,
0:48:54 > 0:48:57it's got nine sections on the economic terms,
0:48:57 > 0:49:00it's got six sections on libraries' obligations.
0:49:00 > 0:49:04So this is not a little three-or-four page memorandum of understanding
0:49:04 > 0:49:06that we are talking about here.
0:49:06 > 0:49:09This is a very heavily-negotiated agreement.
0:49:09 > 0:49:11So how many people have not read the 334 pages?
0:49:11 > 0:49:12CHUCKLING
0:49:12 > 0:49:13OK.
0:49:13 > 0:49:16We proposed something that was a little bit outside the box
0:49:16 > 0:49:20and that was - if money is being made,
0:49:20 > 0:49:23share the money with the rights holders.
0:49:23 > 0:49:25It couldn't be simpler.
0:49:25 > 0:49:28So I thought it would be pretty non-controversial.
0:49:28 > 0:49:31That apparently was naive of me.
0:49:31 > 0:49:34I personally became increasingly disenchanted
0:49:34 > 0:49:37with what originally looked like a great idea.
0:49:37 > 0:49:41They basically transformed the search service
0:49:41 > 0:49:44into a gigantic commercial enterprise.
0:49:44 > 0:49:49They really thought they would digitise every book in existence
0:49:49 > 0:49:52and make it available, for a price, everywhere.
0:50:00 > 0:50:04The settlement would allow Google to have essentially a licence
0:50:04 > 0:50:08to commercialize all books that are out of print.
0:50:08 > 0:50:13There were certainly hundreds of thousands
0:50:13 > 0:50:16and probably millions of books,
0:50:16 > 0:50:19for whom, even if they were in copyright,
0:50:19 > 0:50:23no author, no publisher, no rights holder would come forward.
0:50:23 > 0:50:26And those books are orphans
0:50:26 > 0:50:28and Google would be able to commercialize those
0:50:28 > 0:50:30and nobody else would.
0:50:30 > 0:50:36A monopoly was being created, a monopoly of access to knowledge.
0:50:36 > 0:50:40Did we want the greatest library that would ever exist
0:50:40 > 0:50:42to be in the hands of one giant corporation,
0:50:42 > 0:50:47which could really charge almost anything it wanted for access to it?
0:50:47 > 0:50:49It's not a library, it's a bookstore
0:50:49 > 0:50:52and, you know, sell it as a bookstore, if you want,
0:50:52 > 0:50:54but don't pretend that it's a library.
0:50:54 > 0:50:57When I talk to people in the publishing industry,
0:50:57 > 0:51:00they find it humorous cos it's like, "Well, they're orphan for a reason..."
0:51:00 > 0:51:01CHUCKLING
0:51:01 > 0:51:04And that in fact if we suddenly found this goldmine
0:51:04 > 0:51:08- where the future of the book are the orphan books...- Yeah.
0:51:08 > 0:51:11..OK, then, boy, those publishers sure aren't very smart.
0:51:20 > 0:51:23Our principal concern here today in this discussion
0:51:23 > 0:51:25is that, under the proposed settlement,
0:51:25 > 0:51:28Google would be the only entity that could treat copyright
0:51:28 > 0:51:30as an opt-out mechanism.
0:51:30 > 0:51:32Everyone else would have to treat it as opt-in.
0:51:32 > 0:51:35There are other problems with this proposed settlement.
0:51:43 > 0:51:46Listed below are various potential revenue streams for Google
0:51:46 > 0:51:47as identified within the settlement -
0:51:47 > 0:51:49institutional subscriptions,
0:51:49 > 0:51:54consumer purchases, advertising uses, public access service,
0:51:54 > 0:51:56print-on-demand, custom publishing,
0:51:56 > 0:52:00PDF downloads, consumer subscription model,
0:52:00 > 0:52:04summaries, abstracts, compilations of books.
0:52:04 > 0:52:06That's what you are going to end up with at a minimum.
0:52:06 > 0:52:09What I'm saying to you, Mr Drummond,
0:52:09 > 0:52:14does this, in fact, place Google at such a tremendous advantage
0:52:14 > 0:52:18in disregard of what has been historically copyright law?
0:52:18 > 0:52:20How do you respond to those concerns?
0:52:20 > 0:52:23As of today, we have zero market share in any sort of books,
0:52:23 > 0:52:25so we're a new entrant to the market.
0:52:25 > 0:52:29So far from being someone who's controlling the market,
0:52:29 > 0:52:31we're not even in it yet and we're trying to get in there.
0:52:31 > 0:52:34They thought, "All we have to do is kind of announce this to the world
0:52:34 > 0:52:37"and the world will go, 'God, what a great agreement!'"
0:52:37 > 0:52:40And, for a while, some people did.
0:52:40 > 0:52:43But then, you started reading the agreement really carefully
0:52:43 > 0:52:46and there were lots of questions.
0:52:51 > 0:52:56The problem was there was nothing in the agreement
0:52:56 > 0:52:59that respected the privacy of the people
0:52:59 > 0:53:03who were looking at the books.
0:53:03 > 0:53:05Google was going to be keeping track
0:53:05 > 0:53:08of who exactly was reading that book,
0:53:08 > 0:53:13how long they were reading it and what they read next.
0:53:13 > 0:53:18That information could get back to the government,
0:53:18 > 0:53:21could get back to the FBI, could get back to the police,
0:53:21 > 0:53:24could get back to their employer.
0:53:24 > 0:53:26Because Google wasn't making any kind of guarantees
0:53:26 > 0:53:30about what they were going to do in respect of this privacy.
0:53:35 > 0:53:40If people find that the privacy policies of a particular technology
0:53:40 > 0:53:44are not to their liking, they should unplug it.
0:53:44 > 0:53:46They should retreat from the Internet.
0:53:47 > 0:53:50They should cut off their phone lines
0:53:50 > 0:53:54and they should go up and hide in a mountain.
0:53:54 > 0:53:55They have that choice.
0:54:01 > 0:54:03Well's conception of the World Brain was that
0:54:03 > 0:54:08it was intended to have a power of surveillance over mankind -
0:54:08 > 0:54:12information gathered and organised in such a way
0:54:12 > 0:54:17that we had an eye that could actually survey
0:54:17 > 0:54:20everything that was going on.
0:54:20 > 0:54:23It would be able to register where everybody was,
0:54:23 > 0:54:25everywhere they went,
0:54:25 > 0:54:28potentially, all the transactions that they were engaged in.
0:54:28 > 0:54:31And he seemed to think this is likely to be a good thing.
0:54:31 > 0:54:33It was a gradual process
0:54:33 > 0:54:37of getting to know the details of Google Book Search
0:54:37 > 0:54:41and it was the cumulative effect of these details
0:54:41 > 0:54:47that made me feel this project was, actually,
0:54:47 > 0:54:52something that I myself could not recommend
0:54:52 > 0:54:54to the president and fellows of Harvard
0:54:54 > 0:54:58as something that we should enthusiastically support.
0:55:04 > 0:55:07HG Wells' idea of the World Brain
0:55:07 > 0:55:12was a dictatorship of technologists and intellectuals.
0:55:12 > 0:55:13These are the geeks of their day
0:55:13 > 0:55:16and, gradually, he saw their power would spread
0:55:16 > 0:55:19from laboratory to laboratory, from university to university,
0:55:19 > 0:55:23as these people with the expertise began to coalesce
0:55:23 > 0:55:27into sort of almost like managerial groups
0:55:27 > 0:55:31that would mean that we don't need the politicians
0:55:31 > 0:55:35and the conflicts and the noise,
0:55:35 > 0:55:37the confusion, the babble.
0:55:37 > 0:55:42But for the World Brain there was to be a further component
0:55:42 > 0:55:45and this is the component that is what disturbs me.
0:55:45 > 0:55:47It's how that would be used
0:55:47 > 0:55:50to achieve the ultimate goals of civilisation,
0:55:50 > 0:55:53as it appears to have been evolving towards.
0:56:22 > 0:56:25It's going to change how we interface with information.
0:56:25 > 0:56:28People are going to ask, "How did it do that?
0:56:28 > 0:56:29"How did it accomplish this task
0:56:29 > 0:56:32"which before we thought only humans could ever hope to do?"
0:56:32 > 0:56:35David Hume held this view
0:56:35 > 0:56:39that sense and experience are the sole foundation of knowledge.
0:56:39 > 0:56:41Watson?
0:56:41 > 0:56:43What is empiricism?
0:56:43 > 0:56:45After IBM's success with Deep Blue,
0:56:45 > 0:56:50they looked around for other kinds of games that they could take on.
0:56:50 > 0:56:51And they wanted something
0:56:51 > 0:56:54that was a very different kind of game than chess.
0:56:54 > 0:56:56And so, they picked Jeopardy!,
0:56:56 > 0:56:58which is basically a fancy trivia game,
0:56:58 > 0:57:01it's one of those games that you or I could play.
0:57:01 > 0:57:05It's a human standing there with their carbon and water
0:57:05 > 0:57:07versus the computer with all of its silicon
0:57:07 > 0:57:10and its main memory and its disk.
0:57:10 > 0:57:12After Germany invaded the Netherlands,
0:57:12 > 0:57:16this Queen, her family and cabinet fled to London. Maria?
0:57:16 > 0:57:17Who is Beatrice?
0:57:17 > 0:57:19No, Watson?
0:57:19 > 0:57:20Who is Wilhelmina?
0:57:20 > 0:57:22That is correct.
0:57:22 > 0:57:25This US President negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth
0:57:25 > 0:57:27ending the Russo-Japanese War.
0:57:27 > 0:57:28Watson?
0:57:28 > 0:57:30Who is Theodore Roosevelt?
0:57:30 > 0:57:32Good for 800...
0:57:32 > 0:57:35I did talk to Larry Page when Google first started
0:57:35 > 0:57:37because I was really perplexed
0:57:37 > 0:57:42about why would anybody make a new search engine
0:57:42 > 0:57:44when we had AltaVista,
0:57:44 > 0:57:47which was the current search engine.
0:57:47 > 0:57:48It seemed good enough.
0:57:48 > 0:57:52And he said, "Oh, it's not to make a search engine, it's to make an AI."
0:57:55 > 0:57:57Most of my discussions have been with Larry Page.
0:57:57 > 0:58:01We've talked in general about their quest
0:58:01 > 0:58:03to digitise all knowledge
0:58:03 > 0:58:07and then develop true AI.
0:58:07 > 0:58:11You can create intelligent systems if you have very large databases.
0:58:11 > 0:58:14And books are actually probably more valuable
0:58:14 > 0:58:17than all the other stuff on the Internet,
0:58:17 > 0:58:20cos we have a high standard for what we put in books.
0:58:28 > 0:58:31The computer industry and its implications
0:58:31 > 0:58:33in terms of information technology
0:58:33 > 0:58:36is a multi-trillion-dollar part of the economy.
0:58:36 > 0:58:42It will be, you know, the basis of everything we do in the future.
0:58:42 > 0:58:47What Watson showed was you can take a very large, very messy set of data
0:58:47 > 0:58:49and if you can use those inputs correctly,
0:58:49 > 0:58:52you can actually answer really sophisticated questions.
0:58:52 > 0:58:57And, certainly, the presence of large amounts of data on the Internet
0:58:57 > 0:59:01is going to be as much an input for machines as it is for people.
0:59:01 > 0:59:03What we really will need to top that
0:59:03 > 0:59:07is computer systems that can understand natural language.
0:59:07 > 0:59:11And natural language understanding is actually coming along very well.
0:59:11 > 0:59:15IBM's Watson is a very good example of the current state of the art
0:59:15 > 0:59:18in computers understanding natural language,
0:59:18 > 0:59:20cos not only did Watson have to understand
0:59:20 > 0:59:23the convoluted language in the Jeopardy! query,
0:59:23 > 0:59:28which includes metaphors and similes and puns, and riddles and jokes,
0:59:28 > 0:59:31but it got its knowledge to respond to the query
0:59:31 > 0:59:35from actually reading 200 million pages of natural-language documents,
0:59:35 > 0:59:39including all of Wikipedia, and several other encyclopaedias.
0:59:39 > 0:59:43And when you see a computer play it better than we ever could,
0:59:43 > 0:59:45it's one of those moments where you realise,
0:59:45 > 0:59:47"Oh, yes, the world really IS different."
0:59:47 > 0:59:51An IBM supercomputer named Watson
0:59:51 > 0:59:55has won the first ever Jeopardy! quiz show competition
0:59:55 > 0:59:59starring a computer as a player.
0:59:59 > 1:00:05Google Book Project is, in a sense, trying to make that universal library
1:00:05 > 1:00:10which could then be read by an AI or a Watson-like supercomputer.
1:00:10 > 1:00:14By 2045, we'll have expanded, according to my calculations,
1:00:14 > 1:00:18the intelligence and capability of the human machine civilisation
1:00:18 > 1:00:20a billion fold.
1:00:20 > 1:00:22So that's such a profound transformation,
1:00:22 > 1:00:26such a singular transformation, that we call it the singularity.
1:00:26 > 1:00:31Now, this is not yet inside my body or brain.
1:00:31 > 1:00:33It may as well be. I'm very dependent on it.
1:00:33 > 1:00:35I think this is part of who I am.
1:00:35 > 1:00:38Ultimately, this kind of device will be the size of blood cells
1:00:38 > 1:00:41and will go inside our body to keep us healthy,
1:00:41 > 1:00:44go inside our brains, put our brains directly on the Internet,
1:00:44 > 1:00:48give us direct access to the entire library of all books.
1:00:51 > 1:00:53AI is just a religion. It doesn't matter.
1:00:53 > 1:00:56What's really happening is real world examples from real people
1:00:56 > 1:00:59who entered their answers, their trivia,
1:00:59 > 1:01:03their experiences into some online database.
1:01:03 > 1:01:06It's actually just a giant puppet theatre repackaging
1:01:06 > 1:01:08inputs from real people who are forgotten.
1:01:08 > 1:01:11We are pretending they aren't there.
1:01:11 > 1:01:14This is something I really want people to see.
1:01:14 > 1:01:16The insane structure of modern finance is exactly
1:01:16 > 1:01:20the same as the insane structure of modern culture on the Internet.
1:01:20 > 1:01:21They're precisely the same.
1:01:21 > 1:01:25It's an attempt to gather all the information into a high castle,
1:01:25 > 1:01:30optimise the world and pretend that all the people the information came
1:01:30 > 1:01:33from don't deserve anything. It's all the same mistake.
1:01:33 > 1:01:38Google Search is going to be assisted intelligence
1:01:38 > 1:01:41and not artificial intelligence.
1:01:41 > 1:01:45In my mind I think of Search as this beautiful symphony
1:01:45 > 1:01:50between the user and the search engine and we make music together.
1:02:18 > 1:02:22Before the law, there stands a guard.
1:02:24 > 1:02:29A man comes from the country begging admittance to the law.
1:03:07 > 1:03:10The man tries to peer through the entrance.
1:03:10 > 1:03:13He had been taught that the law should be accessible to every man.
1:03:14 > 1:03:19"Do not attempt to enter without my permission," says the guard.
1:03:25 > 1:03:31This tale is told during the story called The Trial.
1:03:31 > 1:03:34I've been surprised at the level of controversy there
1:03:34 > 1:03:38because digitising the world's books and making them available,
1:03:38 > 1:03:43there's really... there's nobody else who's attempted it at our scale
1:03:43 > 1:03:45or who is really working on it.
1:03:45 > 1:03:48And I feel like we had a number of technical challenges
1:03:48 > 1:03:50which we've overcome.
1:03:50 > 1:03:54There was this legal dispute which we have a settlement,
1:03:54 > 1:03:58settlements proposed, that we at least jointly agree to with
1:03:58 > 1:04:02the authors and publishers and so forth but it remains somewhat
1:04:02 > 1:04:08controversial, so I'm surprised at the amount of resistance that's had
1:04:08 > 1:04:12but, ultimately, I'm optimistic that we're going to be successful.
1:04:44 > 1:04:49It's important to understand that the Google Books element was
1:04:49 > 1:04:54negotiated by a small number of people claiming to represent
1:04:54 > 1:04:57authors and claiming to represent publishers,
1:04:57 > 1:05:00but not every author and not every publisher was in the room
1:05:00 > 1:05:05so once the settlement's announced, there's a six-month period
1:05:05 > 1:05:10in which it's required to notify them about the terms of the settlement
1:05:10 > 1:05:14and give them a chance to opt out if they don't like the settlement
1:05:14 > 1:05:18or to give them a chance to object to the terms of the settlement.
1:07:56 > 1:08:02The first time I realised Google scanned my book was 2009, November.
1:08:02 > 1:08:05Actually my lawyer called me
1:08:05 > 1:08:09and he said, "Do you know your book be scanned by Google Book?"
1:08:09 > 1:08:13The search engine Google came under intense fire from Chinese authors
1:08:13 > 1:08:16as the digital library used books written by Chinese authors
1:08:16 > 1:08:17without permission.
1:08:17 > 1:08:23The reader, they can search my book by the keyword and maybe around
1:08:23 > 1:08:28100 keyword, but I remember the most ridiculous keyword of my book
1:08:28 > 1:08:31is 'bed', B-E-D, and 'telephone'.
1:08:31 > 1:08:34That's two words I remember and that made me laugh.
1:08:34 > 1:08:37This is not intellectual at all.
1:08:37 > 1:08:41Me and my lawyer decide to sue Google.
1:08:41 > 1:08:44My lawyer asked 60,000, something like that.
1:08:44 > 1:08:47My journalist friends said, "I don't want to help you but I know you.
1:08:47 > 1:08:52"Why you ask such low money?" so I wrote this blog that night.
1:08:52 > 1:08:57When I wake up, it's, like, 400 messages at my blog saying,
1:08:57 > 1:09:00"Damage this girl," and, "This girl's a bitch."
1:09:00 > 1:09:04Blah blah blah. Really disgusting, horrible messages.
1:09:04 > 1:09:08I become a public enemy after Google say they will leave China.
1:09:08 > 1:09:12Also, Chinese young people started sending flowers to the Google office
1:09:12 > 1:09:15which has made even my best friend be confused.
1:09:15 > 1:09:19She say, "Is the government sending you to sue Google?"
1:12:10 > 1:12:13Before the court is the plaintiff's motion to approve
1:12:13 > 1:12:15the settlement as fair and reasonable.
1:12:15 > 1:12:18Numerous materials have been submitted.
1:12:18 > 1:12:20Did anyone count up the number of objections?
1:12:20 > 1:12:24- We have in the range of 500. - Thank you.
1:12:25 > 1:12:31I flew to New York and it was very exciting.
1:12:31 > 1:12:36There were 25 outside parties that
1:12:36 > 1:12:39made presentations to Judge Chin.
1:12:39 > 1:12:42There were 500 objections for him to read.
1:12:42 > 1:12:45The judge basically said, "I'm not going to rule from the bench,"
1:12:45 > 1:12:48but people were hanging on every word.
1:12:48 > 1:12:53This is a fascinating turning point actually in the whole history of
1:12:53 > 1:12:55knowledge and of access to knowledge
1:12:55 > 1:12:58and it was being played out in a New York courtroom
1:12:58 > 1:13:00before Judge Denny Chin
1:13:00 > 1:13:03in the Southern Federal District Court of New York.
1:13:13 > 1:13:18I confirm that one of my books has been digitally scanned by Google
1:13:18 > 1:13:20without my permission.
1:13:20 > 1:13:23Because this act is a clear violation of the copyright
1:13:23 > 1:13:27law of Japan, I have asked the Metropolitan Police Department
1:13:27 > 1:13:33of Japan to criminally charge Google and its CEO for this violation.
1:13:33 > 1:13:38The court's decision was to a considerable extent going to
1:13:38 > 1:13:42determine the future of books, of digital books.
1:13:42 > 1:13:46The proposed settlement results in a de facto monopoly on information
1:13:46 > 1:13:51and an intensification of media concentration on Google.
1:13:51 > 1:13:55As a result, the right of free access to information,
1:13:55 > 1:13:59as well as the existing cultural diversity in both Germany and Europe
1:13:59 > 1:14:01will be usurped.
1:14:01 > 1:14:05Would it be basically in the hands of commercial speculators,
1:14:05 > 1:14:10whose responsibility was to their shareholders
1:14:10 > 1:14:13or would it be organised for the public good?
1:14:13 > 1:14:16There was a risk of monopolisation there,
1:14:16 > 1:14:18that the Department of Justice saw.
1:14:20 > 1:14:23The proposed settlement would establish a marketplace
1:14:23 > 1:14:26in which only one competitor
1:14:26 > 1:14:30would have authority to use a vast array of works.
1:14:30 > 1:14:35The risk was that Google could basically hold the whole
1:14:35 > 1:14:40world hostage to the price of access to these books
1:14:40 > 1:14:44and, because no-one else would have a licence,
1:14:44 > 1:14:48no-one else would have a corpus like the corpus they had,
1:14:48 > 1:14:51we'd have to pay whatever they wanted to charge.
1:14:52 > 1:14:55The core concerns seem to be that this would diminish
1:14:55 > 1:14:58the availability to read books in private.
1:14:58 > 1:15:04That is not true. This service would be available at public libraries.
1:15:04 > 1:15:08You can walk into your neighbourhood library, you can sit down at
1:15:08 > 1:15:10a free access terminal, anonymously.
1:15:10 > 1:15:13You can search for and read a book.
1:15:14 > 1:15:17And if you want to look at it at home, then what?
1:15:17 > 1:15:22Well, if you want to look at it at home, that may present an issue.
1:15:22 > 1:15:23Here's the rub.
1:15:23 > 1:15:27This is a tension between requirements for security
1:15:27 > 1:15:30that are insisted on in order not to have these works be
1:15:30 > 1:15:32sort of freely disseminated.
1:15:34 > 1:15:39In my view, the Google Book Search settlement is no different from the
1:15:39 > 1:15:44piracy cases in which the Internet and digital technology are abused.
1:15:44 > 1:15:49I strongly urge the court to reject the proposed settlement.
1:15:49 > 1:15:52I remember there being a Japanese writer there
1:15:52 > 1:15:55and the language was very vivid.
1:15:55 > 1:15:58It was as though, you know,
1:15:58 > 1:16:01copyright was going to be swept away,
1:16:01 > 1:16:05and that copyright was going to be destroyed and the approval of this
1:16:05 > 1:16:09settlement was going to, you know,
1:16:09 > 1:16:12make the United States out of compliance with treaty obligations.
1:16:14 > 1:16:17There's a real risk that, should the court approve the settlement,
1:16:17 > 1:16:22members of the World Trade Organisation will initiate
1:16:22 > 1:16:25settlement proceedings against the US government.
1:16:25 > 1:16:29And if the US government were to lose such proceedings,
1:16:29 > 1:16:33which is a very real possibility, our partners would be
1:16:33 > 1:16:38entitled to impose trade sanctions against the United States.
1:16:38 > 1:16:40You don't use words like that very often.
1:16:40 > 1:16:42It wasn't kind of like, "Oh, gee, there are these issues
1:16:42 > 1:16:44"and we're concerned about something."
1:16:44 > 1:16:47It was like, "THIS VIOLATES A TREATY!
1:16:47 > 1:16:50"HOW CAN THE JUDGE DO SOMETHING THAT'S GOING TO VIOLATE A TREATY?
1:16:50 > 1:16:51"THIS IS CRAZY!"
1:16:51 > 1:16:54I am not going to rule today.
1:16:54 > 1:16:58There is just too much to digest. I will reserve decision.
1:16:58 > 1:17:02- There's much to think about. - All rise.
1:17:02 > 1:17:05And then Judge Chin thought about it.
1:17:05 > 1:17:07He thought about it and he thought about it.
1:17:26 > 1:17:31He took a very long time and every morning I got up and I thought,
1:17:31 > 1:17:34"Is Judge Chin going to announce his decision today?"
1:17:34 > 1:17:38And when he finally did, I myself felt thrilled
1:17:38 > 1:17:43because the court actually refused to sanction the settlement.
1:17:43 > 1:17:47Then Google Book Search could not take place, at least according
1:17:47 > 1:17:49to Google's original business plan.
1:17:49 > 1:17:54US circuit judge Denny Chin said the creation of a universal library
1:17:54 > 1:17:57would benefit many but would simply go too far.
1:17:57 > 1:18:00Chin said the settlement of a class action law suit that the
1:18:00 > 1:18:03company reached with US authors and publishers would grant Google
1:18:03 > 1:18:06significant rights to exploit entire books
1:18:06 > 1:18:08without permission of copyright owners.
1:18:08 > 1:18:12Chin also said the deal gives Google a significant advantage over
1:18:12 > 1:18:15competitors and it would be rewarding it for engaging in
1:18:15 > 1:18:17wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission.
1:18:58 > 1:19:04I think you could read the decision by Judge Chin as a defeat
1:19:04 > 1:19:05of the screen by the book.
1:19:05 > 1:19:09But this is a long war.
1:19:09 > 1:19:12This is one battle and,
1:19:12 > 1:19:16whatever triumph there might have been for books,
1:19:16 > 1:19:18it's going to be short-lived,
1:19:18 > 1:19:20because the screen will ultimately triumph.
1:19:28 > 1:19:31They spent several months trying to negotiate a new settlement,
1:19:31 > 1:19:35couldn't reach a new settlement that was mutually acceptable,
1:19:35 > 1:19:39so they're going to have to go to trial.
1:19:59 > 1:20:03'Baidu, China's search engine giant, has been blamed by Chinese
1:20:03 > 1:20:07'writers for participating in copyright violation.
1:20:07 > 1:20:11'This is because the website offers free online excerpts of stories
1:20:11 > 1:20:15'and books without the authors' prior approval.'
1:20:15 > 1:20:18I think very late March or early April of 2011,
1:20:18 > 1:20:23we purged the site of about 2.8 million files that we believed
1:20:23 > 1:20:27might be copyright infringing within a period of 72 hours.
1:20:27 > 1:20:30I think a good number of them were books or chapters of books.
1:20:30 > 1:20:35We implemented a rule where no-one could upload anything of more
1:20:35 > 1:20:40than 1,000 Chinese characters without it being manually inspected
1:20:40 > 1:20:42for copyright infringement
1:20:42 > 1:20:45or automatically inspected for copyright infringement.
1:20:45 > 1:20:49The problem is then people started uploading parts of books
1:20:49 > 1:20:53in 1,000-character increments so they would avoid detection.
1:20:53 > 1:20:56So there's always people who want to abuse the system.
1:21:00 > 1:21:03The question is,
1:21:03 > 1:21:09has Google already been able to make its search engine better because
1:21:09 > 1:21:14of the Google Books corpus and the scanning of 20 million books?
1:21:14 > 1:21:16I think the answer to that is yes.
1:21:16 > 1:21:19The question of whether large Internet
1:21:19 > 1:21:23companies are making our lives easier or gaining power over us,
1:21:23 > 1:21:28I think it presents a kind of false binary because they're doing both.
1:21:28 > 1:21:30If they were not making our lives easier,
1:21:30 > 1:21:32no-one would be using their services.
1:21:32 > 1:21:34This is the tricky, complicated question
1:21:34 > 1:21:37that we'll have to face down the road.
1:21:37 > 1:21:39All of them are making our lives easier.
1:21:39 > 1:21:41They're making products cheaper.
1:21:41 > 1:21:47They're making our commute less bothersome and more exciting.
1:21:47 > 1:21:52Google will be supplying us with glasses that will augment reality
1:21:52 > 1:21:54and tell us about where our friends are in the city.
1:21:54 > 1:21:57They'll tell us the weather. They'll tell us everything.
1:21:57 > 1:22:00The question is what would the trade-offs be?
1:22:00 > 1:22:04What happens with all of the information that would pass
1:22:04 > 1:22:07through Google Glasses? Surely it will be stored somewhere.
1:22:07 > 1:22:10I'm sure Google will not be discarding it because they will
1:22:10 > 1:22:12need to know what it is that I've seen yesterday
1:22:12 > 1:22:15so that they can customise what I see today even better.
1:22:15 > 1:22:19But then the question is, would the National Security Agency be able to
1:22:19 > 1:22:21go to Google and ask for that data?
1:22:21 > 1:22:24Ask for everything I've seen through my Google Glasses?
1:22:24 > 1:22:27And if that would be the case then the question should be
1:22:27 > 1:22:30do we actually want to have a society where citizens are wearing
1:22:30 > 1:22:32CCTV cameras on their heads?
1:23:24 > 1:23:27Getting to a better system where people are rewarded
1:23:27 > 1:23:31for their information contribution to the world, getting to that system
1:23:31 > 1:23:36from where we are, where people are expected to get by with less,
1:23:36 > 1:23:38that's going to be a hard transition.
1:23:38 > 1:23:41They might involve government but they might involve the big companies
1:23:41 > 1:23:46and the reason why is the big companies like Google and Amazon
1:23:46 > 1:23:48are shooting themselves in the foot with what we're doing
1:23:48 > 1:23:52because what we're doing is shrinking the economy. I mean...
1:23:52 > 1:23:58My concern is not so much the direction in which Google,
1:23:58 > 1:24:01Facebook for that matter, want to take the world.
1:24:01 > 1:24:03My concern is the fact
1:24:03 > 1:24:07that it's Google and Facebook taking us in that direction.
1:24:42 > 1:24:47Our current policy to open up the library and make it part of this
1:24:47 > 1:24:53really very ambitious project, more ambitious I think than Google's,
1:24:53 > 1:24:57which we call the Digital Public Library of America.
1:24:57 > 1:25:00You know, I think that we owe a great deal to Google.
1:25:01 > 1:25:06I can't imagine that this Digital Public Library of America
1:25:06 > 1:25:12would ever have gotten off the ground had Google not started to
1:25:12 > 1:25:17race ahead with its own version of digitization on this massive scale.
1:25:20 > 1:25:24However, you know, Google, wonderful as it is,
1:25:24 > 1:25:27is not familiar with books.
1:25:27 > 1:25:31For example, Walt Whitman's famous book of poems, Leaves Of Grass,
1:25:31 > 1:25:34was catalogued under gardening.
1:26:12 > 1:26:15We are designing the Digital Public Library of America
1:26:15 > 1:26:19so that it will be perfectly compatible with Europeana
1:26:19 > 1:26:23and that means soon we will have a worldwide network.
1:26:23 > 1:26:25A gigantic world library.
1:26:28 > 1:26:35HG Wells' view of science and technology was what sustained him
1:26:35 > 1:26:37and sustained his ideas throughout his whole life.
1:26:37 > 1:26:41He had this sense that, if only we could get the scientists and the
1:26:41 > 1:26:45technologists working in the right way,
1:26:45 > 1:26:47we could transform the world
1:26:47 > 1:26:51and he continued with that belief up until
1:26:51 > 1:26:55the absolute final disillusionment with the entire human world.
1:26:55 > 1:26:58It was a book which he called, so fittingly,
1:26:58 > 1:27:01Mind At The End Of Its Tether.
1:27:01 > 1:27:04He felt that the whole evolutionary process that he had been studying
1:27:04 > 1:27:08and he felt was leading us to something new and wonderful,
1:27:08 > 1:27:10had failed.
1:27:10 > 1:27:16And his last words were that there was no way out or round or through.
1:27:20 > 1:27:24HG WELLS: Our world of self-delusion will perish amidst its evasions
1:27:24 > 1:27:27and fortuities.
1:27:27 > 1:27:33It is like a convoy lost in darkness along an unknown rocky coast
1:27:33 > 1:27:38with quarrelling pirates in the chart room and savages clambering up
1:27:38 > 1:27:44the sides of the ship to plunder and do evil as the whim may take them.
1:27:45 > 1:27:49That is the rough outline of the more
1:27:49 > 1:27:53and more jumbled movie on the screen before us.
1:27:54 > 1:27:57There is no way out.
1:27:57 > 1:27:59Or round.
1:27:59 > 1:28:01Or through.
1:28:21 > 1:28:24Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd