0:00:15 > 0:00:19MEN SPEAK MANDARIN
0:00:20 > 0:00:23I'm searching for the site of a murder which took place
0:00:23 > 0:00:25out here nearly 80 years ago.
0:00:31 > 0:00:34This is the only film of the man who died.
0:00:34 > 0:00:37A few seconds, taken at a meeting with Adolf Hitler.
0:00:37 > 0:00:42News, journalism, intelligence - it's all about knowledge.
0:00:42 > 0:00:43And a little bit of power.
0:00:45 > 0:00:46The murdered man was
0:00:46 > 0:00:49a brilliant Welsh journalist called Gareth Jones.
0:00:49 > 0:00:54He was trying to find out what the Japanese army was plotting in China.
0:00:54 > 0:00:57Gareth must have been really excited because he would have
0:00:57 > 0:01:00felt he was on the verge of another great scoop.
0:01:04 > 0:01:06His greatest scoop had been
0:01:06 > 0:01:09to expose the story few dared put their name to.
0:01:09 > 0:01:14It made him enemies among those who wanted to hide the truth.
0:01:14 > 0:01:17Gareth wasn't afraid of saying what people didn't want to hear
0:01:17 > 0:01:19and also, regardless of personal safety.
0:01:19 > 0:01:22He was shot twice in the back and then once in the head.
0:01:25 > 0:01:27So was he the victim of a Soviet vendetta?
0:01:29 > 0:01:32Or the chance casualty of a life lived dangerously?
0:01:55 > 0:02:00"I should consider myself a flabby little coward if ever I gave up
0:02:00 > 0:02:03"the chance of a good, interesting career
0:02:03 > 0:02:05"for the mere thought of safety.
0:02:05 > 0:02:09"I have no respect for any man whose acceptance
0:02:09 > 0:02:13"or judgement of a post depends on the answer to the question,
0:02:13 > 0:02:16"'will it give me a pension?'
0:02:16 > 0:02:17"'Is it safe?'"
0:02:26 > 0:02:32Five years later, the writer of that letter was somewhere in this intimidating landscape,
0:02:32 > 0:02:35prisoner of bandits whose language he couldn't speak.
0:02:42 > 0:02:44For most of his adult life,
0:02:44 > 0:02:47his gift for languages had opened every door.
0:02:51 > 0:02:54But among these Chinese bandits,
0:02:54 > 0:02:56singing in Welsh was his last resort.
0:03:01 > 0:03:04THEY SPEAK MANDARIN
0:03:04 > 0:03:07He says the bandits would work for whoever had money,
0:03:07 > 0:03:10whether it was the Japanese or the local government,
0:03:10 > 0:03:13or even the Communist Party in those days.
0:03:13 > 0:03:16Whoever paid the highest price, they'd work for them.
0:03:16 > 0:03:19Philip Colley is Gareth's great-nephew.
0:03:19 > 0:03:22By strange chance, he does speak Chinese.
0:03:22 > 0:03:23In the old days of England,
0:03:23 > 0:03:29the government would have considered Robin Hood to be a bandit as well.
0:03:31 > 0:03:35He said Robin Hood was a good bandit and he said in those days
0:03:35 > 0:03:37there were also good bandits in China.
0:03:39 > 0:03:42But these were not good bandits.
0:03:42 > 0:03:44Gareth Jones had trespassed
0:03:44 > 0:03:47into a snake pit of international intrigue.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55What happens here has global implications.
0:03:55 > 0:03:57It's serious journalism.
0:03:57 > 0:04:01I mean, this is not something one would do casually.
0:04:36 > 0:04:39A fortune-teller had said to Gareth
0:04:39 > 0:04:43at one time that he would never see his 30th birthday.
0:04:44 > 0:04:46And he didn't.
0:04:50 > 0:04:54So what came back from China was his ashes,
0:04:54 > 0:04:58these fading photographs of him in strange company,
0:04:58 > 0:05:01and an echo of his final days,
0:05:01 > 0:05:03through a letter he never posted.
0:05:03 > 0:05:08"Inner Mongolia. This has been the most exciting week I've ever had
0:05:08 > 0:05:13"in my life, packed with adventures and strange encounters"
0:05:18 > 0:05:20And, before long, he was forgotten.
0:05:23 > 0:05:24CHURCH BELLS CHIME
0:05:27 > 0:05:30In a small house in a small street
0:05:30 > 0:05:34lives another of Gareth's descendants, Philip's brother Nigel.
0:05:35 > 0:05:38Even in the family, Gareth was a shadowy figure.
0:05:38 > 0:05:41The only time he would ever be mentioned would be at Christmas
0:05:41 > 0:05:45when my grandmother and great aunt Gwyneth came for Christmas lunch.
0:05:45 > 0:05:49Apart from that, he was very rarely mentioned.
0:05:49 > 0:05:53I didn't realise that I'd had an uncle who had been murdered.
0:05:58 > 0:06:02My aunt wanted to stay in Barry until she died but,
0:06:02 > 0:06:04of course, she had this robbery.
0:06:04 > 0:06:07People rang us up and said there'd been a robbery
0:06:07 > 0:06:10and, fortunately, people next door had heard the dog bark.
0:06:13 > 0:06:16It was decided that she'd have to live with her younger sister,
0:06:16 > 0:06:18who was about 90 herself,
0:06:18 > 0:06:23and the whole family rallied together and we went and cleared the house.
0:06:23 > 0:06:25Underneath my grandmother's bed,
0:06:25 > 0:06:27which was thick with dust, was a big trunk.
0:06:27 > 0:06:29There were all sorts of papers there.
0:06:29 > 0:06:31There were some letters in the dining room
0:06:31 > 0:06:34but at the bottom of the second flight of stairs was
0:06:34 > 0:06:37this particular suitcase.
0:06:38 > 0:06:41With the letters G R V J - Gareth Richard Vaughan Jones -
0:06:41 > 0:06:43monogrammed on the outside.
0:06:43 > 0:06:47And inside were his letters which he must have sent
0:06:47 > 0:06:50to his mother and his father on a weekly basis,
0:06:50 > 0:06:51and also these diaries.
0:06:55 > 0:06:57"And that is why, one summer's day,
0:06:57 > 0:07:01"I found myself heading down to the Welsh seaside town of Aberystwyth."
0:07:10 > 0:07:13There are several people in this story called Jones.
0:07:15 > 0:07:19One of them is the chief archivist here, Graham Jones.
0:07:19 > 0:07:25In the week of this burglary, this relatively small archive of
0:07:25 > 0:07:31Gareth's papers transferred to our custody basically for safekeeping.
0:07:31 > 0:07:34I have to be honest and confess that, at that point,
0:07:34 > 0:07:38I'd never even heard of Gareth Jones. He was totally unknown to me.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41I'm not quite sure how many letters there were.
0:07:41 > 0:07:44But now, from these humdrum files,
0:07:44 > 0:07:48the story of an extraordinary life has emerged.
0:07:48 > 0:07:50At its centre is not Wales, where he lived,
0:07:50 > 0:07:53nor China, where he died,
0:07:53 > 0:07:55but Russia.
0:08:10 > 0:08:11It's 1889.
0:08:11 > 0:08:14In this corner of the Tsar's empire,
0:08:14 > 0:08:18a Welshman called John Hughes is king.
0:08:18 > 0:08:23And that's Hughes' house, high on the hill, overlooking everything.
0:08:23 > 0:08:28The monster house was his reward for building a steelworks for the Tsar.
0:08:29 > 0:08:32The settlement became like a corner of Wales.
0:08:34 > 0:08:37Scores of workers were brought over from the valleys
0:08:37 > 0:08:41and the town that grew up was named Hughesovka, in his honour.
0:08:46 > 0:08:50When his son Arthur was looking for someone to tutor the children,
0:08:50 > 0:08:54the woman who volunteered was a miner's daughter
0:08:54 > 0:08:57who'd never left Wales before, Annie Gwen Jones.
0:08:57 > 0:09:02This is a picture of Nain, as I call her, Mrs Annie Gwen Jones,
0:09:02 > 0:09:07taken in Hughesovka when she was there with her writing on the back.
0:09:07 > 0:09:10She must have had it taken when she was in Russia, yes.
0:09:12 > 0:09:16That young woman, of course, was Gareth Jones' mother.
0:09:16 > 0:09:19He was born in 1905, the youngest of three children.
0:09:19 > 0:09:22He went to the local school in Barry,
0:09:22 > 0:09:24that's his father who was the headmaster,
0:09:24 > 0:09:27and then on to Aberystwyth University
0:09:27 > 0:09:29where he was a totally brilliant student.
0:09:29 > 0:09:33He got a first in German and French and then a scholarship to Cambridge.
0:09:33 > 0:09:34There he is.
0:09:34 > 0:09:36To study Russian, of course.
0:09:44 > 0:09:46By the time he made his first trip to Russia,
0:09:46 > 0:09:50there had been revolution against the Tsar and a bloody civil war.
0:09:53 > 0:09:55Gareth by then was 25.
0:09:55 > 0:09:58He'd just left Cambridge with another first
0:09:58 > 0:10:00and now spoke Russian well.
0:10:07 > 0:10:08At one level,
0:10:08 > 0:10:13he was making a sentimental journey into his mother's past.
0:10:13 > 0:10:15But it was also a journey into a present
0:10:15 > 0:10:18that Gareth found fascinating.
0:10:18 > 0:10:20To some, Stalin was a frightening figure.
0:10:20 > 0:10:24To others, including many friends of Cambridge,
0:10:24 > 0:10:27the plan to transform Russia into a workers' state
0:10:27 > 0:10:30was an inspiring alternative
0:10:30 > 0:10:33to the war-weary, class-ridden, stagnant West.
0:10:40 > 0:10:43On August 15th, Gareth sent this postcard to his parents,
0:10:43 > 0:10:46saying he was off to see a collective farm,
0:10:46 > 0:10:50then bought himself a hard-class ticket on a slow train south.
0:10:54 > 0:10:59His letters from Russia are carefully worded for the censors' eyes.
0:10:59 > 0:11:04"The train left Moscow at four o'clock yesterday afternoon
0:11:04 > 0:11:08"and in Tula station, I had a real treat,
0:11:08 > 0:11:11"cheese sandwiches, cakes and lemonade."
0:11:12 > 0:11:16"A Cossack communist with the order of the red flag told me
0:11:16 > 0:11:20"a lot of things about present-day Russia."
0:11:28 > 0:11:31Almost precisely 81 years ago,
0:11:31 > 0:11:33Gareth Jones was sitting on this station,
0:11:33 > 0:11:35he'd been travelling for three or four days,
0:11:35 > 0:11:37he was tired, he was exhausted,
0:11:37 > 0:11:39he was "bearded", he says, in his letter home,
0:11:39 > 0:11:42and he was waiting for that great moment he'd dreamt of,
0:11:42 > 0:11:44just down there to Hughesovka.
0:11:49 > 0:11:51It wasn't like this then, of course,
0:11:51 > 0:11:55and it wasn't the Hughesovka his mother had known, either.
0:11:55 > 0:11:57No more Hughesovka says the sign.
0:11:57 > 0:12:00It's socialist Staliner now.
0:12:04 > 0:12:07But not everything of his mother's world had disappeared.
0:12:07 > 0:12:10Even today, you can still find houses
0:12:10 > 0:12:12where the more privileged workers lived.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17We even found a woman who was actually living here on this street
0:12:17 > 0:12:20on the very day that Gareth arrived.
0:12:30 > 0:12:34She called the Welshman English, as they all do around here,
0:12:34 > 0:12:38and had a black eye because she'd fallen off her ladder.
0:12:50 > 0:12:52She took me to her house.
0:12:52 > 0:12:54Her father had been a baby here when
0:12:54 > 0:12:57Gareth's mother was living in Hughesovka,
0:12:57 > 0:13:01and Valentina was a little girl of three when Gareth himself turned up.
0:13:26 > 0:13:30Gareth's pilgrimage here, as it turned out, was a brief affair.
0:13:30 > 0:13:32He wrote to his parents saying
0:13:32 > 0:13:34he was sitting in a garden near the church.
0:13:34 > 0:13:38He's addressing this to everyone as usual, especially "Mama".
0:13:41 > 0:13:44He was thrilled to be in Hughesovka, he told them,
0:13:44 > 0:13:48but had to hurry on to join his prearranged tour.
0:13:53 > 0:13:55Stalin's famous five-year plan
0:13:55 > 0:13:59was all about industrialising a land of peasants.
0:13:59 > 0:14:01The new state farms had to produce food
0:14:01 > 0:14:07to feed factory workers and to sell abroad in exchange for machinery.
0:14:07 > 0:14:10Peasants became largely expendable.
0:14:10 > 0:14:14A stream of Western intellectuals, like George Bernard Shaw,
0:14:14 > 0:14:18dined well on the new farms and declared the plan was working.
0:14:18 > 0:14:20And stories of cruel enforcement?
0:14:20 > 0:14:24"Well, you can't make omelettes without breaking eggs,"
0:14:24 > 0:14:25said one journalist.
0:14:33 > 0:14:36Gareth got on well enough with his hosts
0:14:36 > 0:14:40to hitch a rare flight back to Moscow and wrote home to say
0:14:40 > 0:14:43how impressed he'd been by the farm they'd shown him.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46But somewhere out in that vast land,
0:14:46 > 0:14:49he'd met people he wasn't supposed to meet
0:14:49 > 0:14:52and, on his way home, from Berlin, he wrote this,
0:14:52 > 0:14:56"Russia is in a very bad state," underlined again and again.
0:14:56 > 0:15:01"No food, only bread. Oppression, injustice.
0:15:01 > 0:15:03"Misery among the workers.
0:15:03 > 0:15:06"It makes me mad," he says, "to think that people..."
0:15:06 > 0:15:10And it's fascinating, he's crossed it out. I wonder who on earth he meant.
0:15:10 > 0:15:13"People like so-and-so go there and come back,
0:15:13 > 0:15:17"having been led around the nose, and having had enough to eat,
0:15:17 > 0:15:19"and just say that Russia is a paradise."
0:15:19 > 0:15:22He sure as hell doesn't think it's a paradise.
0:15:26 > 0:15:29# I just got an invitation through the mail
0:15:29 > 0:15:34# Your presence is requested this evening... #
0:15:34 > 0:15:36Paradise to Gareth right then
0:15:36 > 0:15:40was an invitation to the man he came to know as the chief,
0:15:40 > 0:15:44fellow Welshman and former Prime Minister David Lloyd George.
0:15:48 > 0:15:50Though a depleted force politically,
0:15:50 > 0:15:55his country house parties still attracted powerful people.
0:15:59 > 0:16:05He was a man who simply had enormous authority, enormous prestige,
0:16:05 > 0:16:08enormous personal charisma and magnetism,
0:16:08 > 0:16:12and that's what gave Churt its special quality, I think.
0:16:13 > 0:16:15It was a great political centre.
0:16:15 > 0:16:19Large numbers of journalists, intellectuals.
0:16:19 > 0:16:23You would have these very intense political weekends,
0:16:23 > 0:16:28political sessions, in which a wide variety of topics were discussed.
0:16:33 > 0:16:36And that was the set Gareth had wanted to join
0:16:36 > 0:16:39when he left Cambridge the year before.
0:16:40 > 0:16:44But unemployment was rising and his mother in Wales pleaded with him
0:16:44 > 0:16:48to take the safe option of life as an academic.
0:16:48 > 0:16:52"Tell me why you have no confidence in my future.
0:16:52 > 0:16:57"Why do you want a son of yours to have no courage
0:16:57 > 0:17:02"and just stick in the mud for the feeling of security?"
0:17:02 > 0:17:04Security.
0:17:09 > 0:17:14So he took a short-term contract with Lloyd George instead,
0:17:14 > 0:17:18and after his first trip to Russia, was invited down to Churt.
0:17:19 > 0:17:23He was picked up by chauffeured limousine and, much to his surprise,
0:17:23 > 0:17:25there were many grandees there.
0:17:25 > 0:17:27And when he came out,
0:17:27 > 0:17:31Lord Lothian said he'd never heard Lloyd George keep quiet for so long.
0:17:31 > 0:17:34He was absolutely fascinated by Gareth's tales.
0:17:35 > 0:17:38This was the upshot, a couple of letters from Lord Lothian,
0:17:38 > 0:17:42one handwritten, introducing him to the editor of The Times
0:17:42 > 0:17:44and, soon after that, Gareth finds
0:17:44 > 0:17:48he has three articles in Britain's leading newspaper of the day.
0:17:54 > 0:17:59At a stroke, Gareth had been reborn as an expert in Russian affairs,
0:17:59 > 0:18:03a journalist and a novice member of the political establishment.
0:18:08 > 0:18:11So how many years back does this go?
0:18:11 > 0:18:13Right back to 1836.
0:18:13 > 0:18:17- So when did I say he joined? - 1930, I think.
0:18:18 > 0:18:23ALED JONES: 'What politics could do was to ensure a degree of mobility.'
0:18:23 > 0:18:25Gareth Richard Vaughan, there we go.
0:18:25 > 0:18:27'Someone like Gareth Jones from Barry,
0:18:27 > 0:18:29'with the right political connections,
0:18:29 > 0:18:33'given Lloyd George's dominant role within British liberalism,
0:18:33 > 0:18:34'that was an open door.'
0:18:34 > 0:18:38Right. Proposer Clement Davies, leader of the Liberal Party.
0:18:41 > 0:18:44The Reform Club was the temple of British liberalism,
0:18:44 > 0:18:46one of those exclusive places where
0:18:46 > 0:18:50the old boy networks that ran Britain met.
0:18:50 > 0:18:52You don't have to like those people.
0:18:52 > 0:18:55You don't have to support those people's policies,
0:18:55 > 0:18:58but you need to get to them and you need to talk to them.
0:18:59 > 0:19:02Easy rules for Gareth Jones to live by,
0:19:02 > 0:19:04as for Chapman Pincher,
0:19:04 > 0:19:07a near contemporary and legend of modern journalism.
0:19:07 > 0:19:09There's a picture of me with the Beaver.
0:19:09 > 0:19:12Lord Beaverbrook to the rest of us,
0:19:12 > 0:19:16but in those days, Pincher was just a student at London University.
0:19:21 > 0:19:25Less than a mile from the Reform Club was a different world.
0:19:25 > 0:19:29I walked down from Bloomsbury to King's College which was in the Strand
0:19:29 > 0:19:35and there, in the gutter, literally in the gutter,
0:19:35 > 0:19:41walking down Southampton Road, was a long string of Welsh miners
0:19:41 > 0:19:44singing their hearts out and then on the pavement,
0:19:44 > 0:19:46a fellow with a collecting tin,
0:19:46 > 0:19:49"Welsh miners, please, Welsh miners, please,"
0:19:49 > 0:19:53trying to get a few pennies to keep themselves alive and, hopefully,
0:19:53 > 0:19:56enough to send home to their families in Wales.
0:19:59 > 0:20:04The world economy was in freefall but one young man from Wales
0:20:04 > 0:20:06seemed to cruise effortlessly above it.
0:20:08 > 0:20:10"Mr Ivy Lee, who is a big businessman,
0:20:10 > 0:20:13"Rockefeller's right-hand man,
0:20:13 > 0:20:16"came to see me today,
0:20:16 > 0:20:20"offered me a post beginning at £800 plus expenses.
0:20:20 > 0:20:24"Mr Somerville says that Mr Ivy Lee is
0:20:24 > 0:20:28"a great force in American public life.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31"His special interest is Russia."
0:20:31 > 0:20:35And since Lee had virtually invented public relations,
0:20:35 > 0:20:38for Gareth it was a fast-track into American society.
0:20:43 > 0:20:49# They used to tell me I was building a dream... #
0:20:49 > 0:20:52But in the land of opportunity, the dream was falling apart.
0:20:52 > 0:20:59# Why should I be standing in line just waiting for bread? #
0:20:59 > 0:21:03Banks were teetering, industrial output was falling,
0:21:03 > 0:21:06and millions were out of work.
0:21:06 > 0:21:09Even capitalists began asking whether the Soviet Union
0:21:09 > 0:21:11might be doing something right.
0:21:14 > 0:21:18Gareth found his expertise in great demand.
0:21:18 > 0:21:22"I'm going to Russia with the son of Mr Heinz,
0:21:22 > 0:21:25"baked beans, 57 varieties.
0:21:25 > 0:21:28"Mr Heinz, whom I liked very much,
0:21:28 > 0:21:32"is paying all my expenses and my salary."
0:21:33 > 0:21:35And for history, a huge bonus.
0:21:37 > 0:21:40Jack Heinz had a camera.
0:21:47 > 0:21:49And among the mementoes,
0:21:49 > 0:21:53a rare picture of Gareth in Russia.
0:22:08 > 0:22:11The whole world was in distress in those days,
0:22:11 > 0:22:14each country in its own way.
0:22:16 > 0:22:19Which of the competing visions of something better would save it?
0:22:22 > 0:22:25That was the puzzle everyone wanted to unravel.
0:22:30 > 0:22:34This crumpled telegram was waiting for Gareth Jones,
0:22:34 > 0:22:36Poste Restante, Stalingrad.
0:22:36 > 0:22:37READS LETTER
0:22:42 > 0:22:45It's asking for more information and then says,
0:22:45 > 0:22:49"Chief desirous of seeing you on your return. Sylvester".
0:22:52 > 0:22:56Sylvester was AJ Sylvester, Lloyd George's secretary.
0:22:56 > 0:23:00By now, Gareth was more of a journalist, but the line between
0:23:00 > 0:23:03journalism and gathering political intelligence then
0:23:03 > 0:23:05was not very clear.
0:23:05 > 0:23:09The detail with which he records his impressions
0:23:09 > 0:23:14and the detail in which he records facts about the people he meets,
0:23:14 > 0:23:20for example, when he goes to the United States,
0:23:20 > 0:23:27are far beyond what any journalist would normally record for use in press articles.
0:23:27 > 0:23:32I'm loath to use the term 'spy' but I'm convinced that he was
0:23:32 > 0:23:36transferring information to the national government in the 1930s.
0:23:41 > 0:23:45Harry Ferguson is at home in that world.
0:23:45 > 0:23:47He used to be a spy himself.
0:23:47 > 0:23:52The service was very much an upper-class institution,
0:23:52 > 0:23:55and if you went to the great universities,
0:23:55 > 0:23:58Oxford, Cambridge, if you mixed in that very clubbable world,
0:23:58 > 0:24:02the world of weekend house parties, there was a good chance that
0:24:02 > 0:24:05you might be asked to take part in intelligence in some way.
0:24:06 > 0:24:10Gareth may have started as the boy from South Wales,
0:24:10 > 0:24:11but his time at Cambridge,
0:24:11 > 0:24:15his talent and ferocious networking had transformed him.
0:24:15 > 0:24:17There he is in the background.
0:24:18 > 0:24:21That building over there, the Post Office, used to be
0:24:21 > 0:24:25the headquarters of something called the Air League.
0:24:25 > 0:24:28On the eve of that first trip to Russia, he'd gone there to
0:24:28 > 0:24:31meet a secret agent called Colonel Thwaites.
0:24:31 > 0:24:37"Colonel Thwaites was in a small room in morning dress,
0:24:37 > 0:24:39"top hat hanging on peg.
0:24:39 > 0:24:45"He had keen dark eyes, not very attractive personality,
0:24:45 > 0:24:49"absolutely unscrupulous and very cold.
0:24:49 > 0:24:54"He told me it was difficult to get facts about Soviet aviation."
0:25:00 > 0:25:04At some point, Thwaites has heard that he's travelling to Russia.
0:25:04 > 0:25:07They would have checked him out, they would have known that
0:25:07 > 0:25:11he came from the right sort of background, so why not ask him?
0:25:11 > 0:25:13It's a good way to test out someone.
0:25:13 > 0:25:15And he seems to have done what he was asked.
0:25:15 > 0:25:21Pages of notes about an obscure organisation called Osoaviakhim,
0:25:21 > 0:25:25abbreviated to Oso, literally aviation and chemicals.
0:25:29 > 0:25:31"Aims.
0:25:31 > 0:25:33"To struggle for the five-year plan.
0:25:33 > 0:25:35"Shop brigade.
0:25:35 > 0:25:39"Every member of Osoaviakhim must be a shop brigade worker.
0:25:39 > 0:25:41"We prepare pilots."
0:25:41 > 0:25:47News, journalism, intelligence - it's all about knowledge.
0:25:47 > 0:25:53Giving your domestic audience an edge, a little bit more power,
0:25:53 > 0:25:57and a capacity to perhaps take better decisions.
0:26:00 > 0:26:04This was the year that would define this man of many parts.
0:26:04 > 0:26:06"Hooray," he says.
0:26:06 > 0:26:11"I have arranged to write some articles for The Economist about Russia."
0:26:11 > 0:26:13But the interesting thing is on the last page.
0:26:13 > 0:26:17"I remain a member of Lloyd George's staff until
0:26:17 > 0:26:20"the end of March - entre nous - at a nominal salary,
0:26:20 > 0:26:25"but it's worth everything to me to go to Germany as his secretary.
0:26:25 > 0:26:28"It gives me a wonderful entree," he says.
0:26:31 > 0:26:32Germany was Gareth's great love
0:26:32 > 0:26:35and he spoke the language even better than Russian.
0:26:35 > 0:26:38But it was changing fast.
0:26:41 > 0:26:43Hitler had just became Chancellor.
0:26:43 > 0:26:46The Nazis were expected to win the coming election.
0:26:50 > 0:26:53Gareth's entree was no less than Joseph Goebbels,
0:26:53 > 0:26:55Hitler's propaganda chief.
0:26:55 > 0:27:01There is just one brief reference
0:27:01 > 0:27:06in Goebbels' voluminous diaries, 1932 to 1934.
0:27:07 > 0:27:12Here, on 24th February 1933, Goebbels writes,
0:27:12 > 0:27:15"A long conversation with Lloyd George's secretary.
0:27:15 > 0:27:18"He's in Germany for purposes of study.
0:27:18 > 0:27:20"A very clever young man.
0:27:20 > 0:27:23"He tells me terrible things about Soviet Russia."
0:27:23 > 0:27:25"For study."
0:27:25 > 0:27:28Gareth was a master at choosing the right word.
0:27:30 > 0:27:34Goebbels, "We dined together and talked. Charming man.
0:27:34 > 0:27:37"Dark brown eyes.
0:27:37 > 0:27:39"Very narrow head.
0:27:39 > 0:27:43"Like a South Welsh miner. High brow.
0:27:43 > 0:27:49"Tremendous humour. Very great personal charm.
0:27:49 > 0:27:52"Small, with limp."
0:27:52 > 0:27:57Gareth's diary of that day makes surreal reading now.
0:27:57 > 0:28:01"The leader is coming. A car drives through the snow.
0:28:01 > 0:28:04"Out steps a very ordinary-looking man.
0:28:04 > 0:28:06"Looks like a middle-class grocer.
0:28:06 > 0:28:13"Has an ordinary greyish brown mackintosh, just as everybody has."
0:28:13 > 0:28:17"His hair is very dark and brushed.
0:28:17 > 0:28:20"Hitler surprised me by his smile.
0:28:20 > 0:28:23"Quite intelligent. Natural."
0:28:23 > 0:28:26And there in the German film archive of that same day
0:28:26 > 0:28:29we found the only surviving shot of Gareth Jones.
0:28:39 > 0:28:44"We saw Goebbels' new car. Most interested.
0:28:44 > 0:28:48"Gets inside, wants to learn all about it.
0:28:48 > 0:28:54"The new brown car with Hitler inside is driven through the snow.
0:28:55 > 0:28:58"Hitler comes out just like a boy."
0:29:01 > 0:29:05Somehow, he got permission to fly with Hitler's entourage,
0:29:05 > 0:29:10so probably about a dozen people flying from Berlin to Frankfurt.
0:29:15 > 0:29:20"If aeroplane should crash, whole history of Germany would change.
0:29:22 > 0:29:27"Hitler is a few feet away. Goebbels behind him."
0:29:31 > 0:29:32He wrote to his parents,
0:29:32 > 0:29:36"The Hitler meeting was the most thrilling thing I've ever seen in my life.
0:29:36 > 0:29:37"Absolutely primitive."
0:29:37 > 0:29:42"Hitler flabbily waves his hand.
0:29:42 > 0:29:44"Young schoolgirls shout.
0:29:44 > 0:29:46"Hitler begins.
0:29:46 > 0:29:48"Calm, deep voice.
0:29:48 > 0:29:52"Gets louder and louder, higher and higher.
0:29:52 > 0:29:56"Tremendous applause."
0:29:58 > 0:30:01And his true friends were Germans, believe it or not.
0:30:01 > 0:30:04Some of them were Nazis and some of them weren't.
0:30:04 > 0:30:07Gareth was a little bit ambivalent.
0:30:07 > 0:30:10Sometimes he could see both sides of the picture,
0:30:10 > 0:30:15and sometimes I don't quite decide which side he would have been on.
0:30:15 > 0:30:17He didn't like to commit himself.
0:30:17 > 0:30:21One has to remember that Gareth had been travelling to Germany
0:30:21 > 0:30:27since he was a teenager, every single year, and had seen a change.
0:30:27 > 0:30:29When he flew with Hitler on that trip,
0:30:29 > 0:30:32he did see that the Nazis were doing good things
0:30:32 > 0:30:34to do with creating employment.
0:30:36 > 0:30:40Gareth commented very favourably on that and even, in an article,
0:30:40 > 0:30:43says this is something Wales might learn from.
0:30:43 > 0:30:46He similarly was intrigued by the labour camps
0:30:46 > 0:30:49which the Nazis were extending for young people,
0:30:49 > 0:30:51and felt that that might be a positive thing.
0:30:56 > 0:31:00Nobody knew that the Holocaust was about to happen at that time.
0:31:00 > 0:31:03When David Lloyd George met Hitler, he referred to him as
0:31:03 > 0:31:07the George Washington of Germany, the greatest living German.
0:31:07 > 0:31:09So having an interest in Germany
0:31:09 > 0:31:13was really having an interest in modernity in many ways.
0:31:17 > 0:31:20It was a delusion many people then shared.
0:31:22 > 0:31:23From Gareth's articles,
0:31:23 > 0:31:27you can see he was acutely aware of the threat of anti-Semitism.
0:31:30 > 0:31:32But at that moment,
0:31:32 > 0:31:35his focus was on a tragedy already happening somewhere else.
0:31:37 > 0:31:43"I go on to Moscow tonight and arrive Sunday, 12.50.
0:31:43 > 0:31:47"I shall be very careful."
0:31:52 > 0:31:54DOGS BARK
0:31:54 > 0:31:57In this house lives the daughter-in-law of a man
0:31:57 > 0:32:01who would play a key part in the next few weeks of Gareth's life.
0:32:04 > 0:32:07Maxim Litvinov was commissar for foreign affairs.
0:32:07 > 0:32:10He had two immediate objectives -
0:32:10 > 0:32:14diplomatic recognition by America and opposition to Hitler.
0:32:26 > 0:32:30In those days, Flora lived in a flat near the railway station
0:32:30 > 0:32:34which brought people in from the Ukrainian countryside.
0:33:19 > 0:33:23This was the real effect of Stalin's policies on the countryside.
0:33:25 > 0:33:30The new farms were failing to meet their targets.
0:33:30 > 0:33:34So every scrap of food was being confiscated by the state
0:33:34 > 0:33:36and the peasants left to starve.
0:33:59 > 0:34:05People knew but mostly said nothing, Litvinov included.
0:34:07 > 0:34:10He admired Stalin as a leader but, very privately,
0:34:10 > 0:34:14his family knew he was becoming uneasy about his methods.
0:34:35 > 0:34:40Gareth Jones had had enough dealings with Soviet officialdom by now
0:34:40 > 0:34:44to know that the key to getting what he wanted lay here,
0:34:44 > 0:34:46in Litvinov's foreign office.
0:34:46 > 0:34:49Two months earlier, a letter had arrived from the embassy in London
0:34:49 > 0:34:53asking them to give Gareth Jones special treatment.
0:34:53 > 0:34:56"Gareth Jones is a really influential journalist.
0:34:56 > 0:34:59"He's got a direct line to Lloyd George.
0:34:59 > 0:35:01"Give him all the help you can."
0:35:01 > 0:35:04That's Majsky, the Soviet ambassador.
0:35:04 > 0:35:07Majsky's saying conversations
0:35:07 > 0:35:11and "bisanye", which probably means diplomatic cables,
0:35:11 > 0:35:15about the critical situation in the Soviet Union are flooding Europe
0:35:15 > 0:35:18and Lloyd George wants to know what's going on.
0:35:19 > 0:35:22So did Gareth Jones.
0:35:22 > 0:35:26And he knew that even if the chief's influence was fading in Britain,
0:35:26 > 0:35:29abroad, his name still carried weight.
0:35:30 > 0:35:36This is his passport, which he would have used at the time.
0:35:36 > 0:35:42'Litvinov knew that bad press right then would be a disaster.
0:35:42 > 0:35:46'He decided to back his ambassador's faith in Jones.'
0:35:46 > 0:35:48This is the 1933 Soviet visa
0:35:48 > 0:35:52which was actually given to him free of charge.
0:35:56 > 0:35:58Gareth duly turned up in Moscow
0:35:58 > 0:36:02on March 5th, to find Litvinov had ordered the red carpet treatment,
0:36:02 > 0:36:06culminating in a key meeting with... See the name down there?
0:36:06 > 0:36:10Comrade Umansky, head of Litvinov's press department
0:36:10 > 0:36:15and the man who controlled the activities of all foreign correspondents.
0:36:19 > 0:36:21As far as Umansky was concerned,
0:36:21 > 0:36:24Gareth was going to the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv
0:36:24 > 0:36:26to look at a tractor factory.
0:36:30 > 0:36:34But it was all a front. Gareth's mission was to expose the famine.
0:36:34 > 0:36:38These are the most important of his diaries
0:36:38 > 0:36:42and I believe that they represent the only independent verification
0:36:42 > 0:36:46of arguably Stalin's greatest atrocity.
0:37:03 > 0:37:05This man, Tim Snyder,
0:37:05 > 0:37:09has just written a monumental book which documents the horrors
0:37:09 > 0:37:14both Stalin and Hitler inflicted on Ukraine.
0:37:14 > 0:37:17Gareth's next few days have a brief but gripping part.
0:37:17 > 0:37:21Gareth Jones does what he knows very well he's not supposed to do.
0:37:21 > 0:37:23He gets on a train to Kharkiv,
0:37:23 > 0:37:25but rather than going all the way to Kharkiv,
0:37:25 > 0:37:29where he might have been controlled when he got out of the train,
0:37:29 > 0:37:32he jumped out at train at a small stop with a knapsack full of food
0:37:32 > 0:37:34and went walking, until he found people.
0:37:45 > 0:37:48And when he found people, they said to him two things he noted down.
0:37:48 > 0:37:51They said, "We are all bursting from hunger,"
0:37:51 > 0:37:55that is, their bellies were bloated from hunger,
0:37:55 > 0:37:57and "We are all waiting to die."
0:38:18 > 0:38:23This is what Gareth was doing in that dreadful winter of '33.
0:38:24 > 0:38:27That's our producer, Teresa.
0:38:27 > 0:38:30She'd once met Mikhailo over 20 years ago.
0:38:30 > 0:38:35- Maybe there's another door. - Try to open the door.- OK.
0:38:47 > 0:38:49- Teresa?- Da.
0:38:53 > 0:38:54Teresa Cherfas.
0:38:59 > 0:39:03He could hardly see now, nor walk,
0:39:03 > 0:39:06but the wanton cruelty of collectivisation
0:39:06 > 0:39:08seemed like yesterday.
0:39:55 > 0:39:58Gareth's plan was to gather evidence like that
0:39:58 > 0:40:02to break the conspiracy of silence about the famine.
0:40:05 > 0:40:10"Everywhere I talked to peasants, they all had the same story.
0:40:10 > 0:40:13"There is no bread, we haven't had bread for over two months.
0:40:13 > 0:40:17"A lot are dying. The first village had no more potatoes left"
0:40:17 > 0:40:21"and the store of buryat, beetroot, was running out."
0:40:21 > 0:40:23They all said the same. "The cattle is dying.
0:40:23 > 0:40:27"We used to feed the world and now we're hungry."
0:40:27 > 0:40:29He went into a little hut and he shared his food,
0:40:29 > 0:40:32and one of the girls who ate some of this food said,
0:40:32 > 0:40:35"Now that I've eaten something so wonderful, now I can die."
0:40:40 > 0:40:44He meticulously recorded virtually every step he took.
0:40:44 > 0:40:49"I caught up with a bearded peasant. We started talking.
0:40:49 > 0:40:53"'You see that field? It was all gold, but now look at all the weeds.
0:40:53 > 0:40:58"'We were the richest country in the world for grain.
0:40:58 > 0:41:02"'Now they've taken it all away from us we, we are ruined.'"
0:41:03 > 0:41:07Gareth understood the reality of what was happening.
0:41:07 > 0:41:09I think for him at that point,
0:41:09 > 0:41:12it became indelible and all his work after that
0:41:12 > 0:41:15was an attempt to try to convey what had actually happened.
0:41:26 > 0:41:31With his notebooks filled, Gareth left these fields of death.
0:41:31 > 0:41:33He headed on to the tractor factory
0:41:33 > 0:41:36and then went to the opera with the German Consul.
0:41:38 > 0:41:42"Plenty of lipstick," he notes, "but no bread."
0:41:52 > 0:41:55Back in Moscow, a big story had broken.
0:41:55 > 0:42:00Six British engineers had been arrested and accused of sabotage.
0:42:00 > 0:42:04It threatened to become a major international row.
0:42:05 > 0:42:08Gareth reverted to his official role.
0:42:08 > 0:42:10On March 19th, he went to a reception
0:42:10 > 0:42:13being held here in Litvinov's official residence.
0:42:13 > 0:42:16"19th March, met Litvinov."
0:42:16 > 0:42:19Same day, another chirpy letter home.
0:42:19 > 0:42:23No mention of famine, all sweetness and light.
0:42:23 > 0:42:26He's saying he had dinner with the German ambassador
0:42:26 > 0:42:31and then he repeats how helpful the foreign office, the Narkomindel...
0:42:31 > 0:42:35"Spared no trouble in making my visit a success."
0:42:36 > 0:42:40He got his private briefing from Litvinov on March 23rd.
0:42:40 > 0:42:43He writes 1932, curiously.
0:42:47 > 0:42:50And then he was off again. This time to Berlin.
0:42:51 > 0:42:55En route, he started writing a letter to Lloyd George.
0:42:55 > 0:42:58"The five-year plan is a complete disaster."
0:42:58 > 0:43:00He describes how he tramped around.
0:43:00 > 0:43:05He then says who he's interviewed, Litvinov, various other key players.
0:43:05 > 0:43:08Then says down here, "The situation is so grave
0:43:08 > 0:43:12"that I'm amazed at your admiration for Stalin."
0:43:13 > 0:43:19Bold words. Did the dynamite in his notebook make him brave, I wondered.
0:43:20 > 0:43:25"Would you like me to come down to Churt...Saturday afternoon?
0:43:25 > 0:43:28"Whenever you like, I'll come and report."
0:43:37 > 0:43:39The election a few weeks earlier
0:43:39 > 0:43:42had left the Nazis the largest party in Germany.
0:43:43 > 0:43:45There in their new heartland,
0:43:45 > 0:43:48this complicated man now did something extraordinary.
0:43:49 > 0:43:54He gathered some journalists together and gave them his story.
0:43:54 > 0:43:56I think Gareth was a man of conviction.
0:43:56 > 0:43:59I think that getting the story out was most important to him.
0:43:59 > 0:44:01Nobody knew who this 27-year-old was
0:44:01 > 0:44:04but everybody knew who Lloyd George was
0:44:04 > 0:44:07and for an aide of Lloyd George to say that there was a famine
0:44:07 > 0:44:10meant that there was probably a famine.
0:44:12 > 0:44:16The Moscow press corps reacted in a way I still find hard to believe.
0:44:16 > 0:44:19They knew they should have written a story themselves,
0:44:19 > 0:44:22so they denied it was true.
0:44:22 > 0:44:25Living in this flamboyant mansion at the time
0:44:25 > 0:44:28was one of Gareth Jones's best contacts,
0:44:28 > 0:44:30a man called Eugene Lyons
0:44:30 > 0:44:33who belonged to a group of American correspondents
0:44:33 > 0:44:35then working in the Soviet Union.
0:44:36 > 0:44:40I could see from Gareth's diary that Lyons had given him
0:44:40 > 0:44:42a full briefing about the situation in the countryside
0:44:42 > 0:44:44before he went down to Ukraine.
0:44:46 > 0:44:48"Death penalty for stealing."
0:44:50 > 0:44:53"Extension of police powers."
0:44:53 > 0:44:56"New policy. Serfdom for the peasant."
0:44:57 > 0:45:00But straight after Gareth's press conference,
0:45:00 > 0:45:03Lyons held a meeting with his colleagues.
0:45:03 > 0:45:08In his memoirs, he describes how they conspired to betray him.
0:45:08 > 0:45:11"Throwing down Jones was as unpleasant a chore
0:45:11 > 0:45:15"as fell to any of us in years of juggling facts
0:45:15 > 0:45:19"to please dictatorial regimes. But throw him down we did."
0:45:23 > 0:45:26Leading the charge was this man, Walter Duranty,
0:45:26 > 0:45:28the New York Times correspondent,
0:45:28 > 0:45:31who'd likened peasants' suffering to broken eggs.
0:45:31 > 0:45:35Duranty was the highest-paid foreign journalist in the world.
0:45:35 > 0:45:39He was the doyenne of the foreign correspondents in the Soviet Union,
0:45:39 > 0:45:44and within 24 hours of Gareth's news conference,
0:45:44 > 0:45:47he had denigrated Gareth in the New York Times.
0:45:52 > 0:45:56"Poor Gareth Jones must have been the most surprised human being alive
0:45:56 > 0:46:00"when the facts he had so painstakingly garnered
0:46:00 > 0:46:04"from our mouths were snowed under by our denials."
0:46:08 > 0:46:10The famine became politics even as it was happening.
0:46:14 > 0:46:15Thanks to the rise of Hitler,
0:46:15 > 0:46:19he's the one person who does want to talk about the famine.
0:46:19 > 0:46:22So what that means is that these victims out in Ukraine,
0:46:22 > 0:46:24even as they are literally still dying
0:46:24 > 0:46:26and Gareth is writing about them,
0:46:26 > 0:46:30they're being folded up into this larger political story
0:46:30 > 0:46:35of the Nazi right, which then the left feels like it has to oppose.
0:46:35 > 0:46:39And that meant denying that millions were starving
0:46:39 > 0:46:40because of Stalin's policies.
0:46:46 > 0:46:50"The filthy business having been disposed of,
0:46:50 > 0:46:52"someone ordered vodka and zakuski.
0:46:52 > 0:46:55"Umansky joined the celebration
0:46:55 > 0:46:59"and the party didn't break up until the early morning hours."
0:47:06 > 0:47:11So far, so good. But Litvinov knew his policies would be in jeopardy
0:47:11 > 0:47:15if stories of the famine gained further traction.
0:47:15 > 0:47:18The documents we'd unearthed in Moscow show what happened next.
0:47:19 > 0:47:21Look at this one, marked "Secret."
0:47:21 > 0:47:24It's from Litvinov to the embassy in London,
0:47:24 > 0:47:27complaining bitterly about Gareth Jones.
0:47:27 > 0:47:31He can't understand how they can possibly not have checked
0:47:31 > 0:47:34that he was really acting for Lloyd George.
0:47:34 > 0:47:38But much more curious is this one, apparently a letter from Sylvester,
0:47:38 > 0:47:41wrong initials though, copied by the London Embassy
0:47:41 > 0:47:46and sent to Litvinov to prove just how furious Lloyd George was too.
0:47:46 > 0:47:49"During the time that he was in his employ,
0:47:49 > 0:47:52"Mr Lloyd George deliberately refused,
0:47:52 > 0:47:55"not once but on a number of occasions,
0:47:55 > 0:47:57"to allow him to go to Russia."
0:47:57 > 0:47:59And so the loyal Sylvester goes on,
0:47:59 > 0:48:04apparently disowning Gareth on the chief's behalf.
0:48:04 > 0:48:08Lloyd George was extremely good at using people,
0:48:08 > 0:48:11squeezing the information out of them.
0:48:11 > 0:48:14When problems occurred, he would drop them.
0:48:14 > 0:48:18In some cases, drop them with extreme savagery.
0:48:18 > 0:48:20Gareth was expecting to be invited to Churt.
0:48:20 > 0:48:24In his letter to Lloyd George he says, "I'll make myself available."
0:48:25 > 0:48:27But the call never came.
0:48:33 > 0:48:36Worse still, the Soviet Secret Police had been alerted.
0:48:53 > 0:48:56One day in Moscow, we traced a man called Nikolai Leonov.
0:48:59 > 0:49:02He's one of those shadowy players who's long had the ear
0:49:02 > 0:49:04of powerful people in the Communist world.
0:49:08 > 0:49:10He rose to be a general in the KGB
0:49:10 > 0:49:12and Deputy Head of Foreign Intelligence.
0:49:12 > 0:49:17He looked at the file we'd extracted from the Foreign Ministry.
0:49:46 > 0:49:50This is what he meant. Some excoriating articles
0:49:50 > 0:49:53written by Gareth as soon as he returned, about the famine.
0:49:55 > 0:49:59What he described as blunders by OGPU, the Secret Police.
0:50:10 > 0:50:12# The very thought of you... #
0:50:12 > 0:50:15Six months later, Gareth was back where he started.
0:50:18 > 0:50:20Realpolitik had triumphed.
0:50:22 > 0:50:25The Metrovick engineers had been released.
0:50:25 > 0:50:30# I'm living in a kind of daydream... #
0:50:30 > 0:50:34Litvinov had established diplomatic relations with America.
0:50:34 > 0:50:36# And foolish though it may seem... #
0:50:36 > 0:50:41And the story of Stalin's lethal famine was buried.
0:50:42 > 0:50:45# The mere idea of you... #
0:50:47 > 0:50:50Gareth was living quietly at home with his parents,
0:50:50 > 0:50:53working as a staff reporter on the Western Mail in Cardiff.
0:50:57 > 0:51:01One day in 1934, he got a letter from Margaret Stewart,
0:51:01 > 0:51:03a great friend from Cambridge.
0:51:03 > 0:51:06She was off to Russia - would he be there too?
0:51:06 > 0:51:10Gareth replied, grimly cheerful...
0:51:10 > 0:51:13"You'll be very amused to hear that inoffensive little Joneski
0:51:13 > 0:51:18"has achieved the dignity of being a marked man on the blacklist of OGPU
0:51:18 > 0:51:21"and is barred from entering the Soviet Union.
0:51:21 > 0:51:25"I hear that there is a long list of crimes which I have committed
0:51:25 > 0:51:27"under my name in the secret police file in Moscow
0:51:27 > 0:51:31"and funnily enough, espionage is said to be among them."
0:51:31 > 0:51:34He joked, but he was restless.
0:51:34 > 0:51:38Instead of being a hero for revealing the truth,
0:51:38 > 0:51:39he was out in the cold.
0:51:42 > 0:51:44That autumn, he went to see some friends
0:51:44 > 0:51:47in the nearby village of Llantwit Major.
0:51:47 > 0:51:49He had some news for them.
0:51:49 > 0:51:56He said that he was on his last long expedition now.
0:51:56 > 0:52:03He told his mother that when he got home from this round-the-world trip,
0:52:03 > 0:52:07he would settle down and take a permanent post
0:52:07 > 0:52:09in this country.
0:52:09 > 0:52:12Morfydd Williams was then a young woman of 17
0:52:12 > 0:52:14in her last year at school.
0:52:14 > 0:52:18One afternoon, she'd met Gareth as she came home on the bus.
0:52:18 > 0:52:20I saw Gareth reading a book,
0:52:20 > 0:52:23so I sat by him and he gave me that book.
0:52:23 > 0:52:27He said, "You'll enjoy that." Which I did.
0:52:27 > 0:52:31I think, actually, he was on his way then to see Mr Hearst
0:52:31 > 0:52:34at St Donat's Castle.
0:52:36 > 0:52:40'Mr Hearst was the eccentric American newspaper tycoon,
0:52:40 > 0:52:42'Randolph Hearst.
0:52:42 > 0:52:44'He owned this castle near Morfydd's home.'
0:52:44 > 0:52:46I think this must be the place.
0:52:47 > 0:52:52It's a bit like the sort of gateway that Randolph Hearst might have had.
0:52:52 > 0:52:54Gareth, ever fascinated by power,
0:52:54 > 0:52:58went to interview him for his newspaper.
0:52:58 > 0:53:01This was the time when Hearst was changing his allegiance
0:53:01 > 0:53:04from the Soviets towards Hitler
0:53:04 > 0:53:07not because he liked Hitler,
0:53:07 > 0:53:10but because he disliked Roosevelt's New Deal.
0:53:10 > 0:53:14Hearst had already in mind an anti-red campaign
0:53:14 > 0:53:18and invited Gareth over to California to spearhead it.
0:53:18 > 0:53:24The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
0:53:24 > 0:53:28Roosevelt's New Deal was getting people back to work,
0:53:28 > 0:53:33but with methods which to some Americans smacked of socialism.
0:53:35 > 0:53:39Randolph Hearst, initially a Roosevelt supporter,
0:53:39 > 0:53:41had turned into a virulent enemy.
0:53:41 > 0:53:44Gareth crossed America to see him
0:53:44 > 0:53:47in his extravagant palace in California
0:53:47 > 0:53:51and then took his dubious shilling.
0:53:51 > 0:53:54On January 1st 1935, he met Hearst and was then commissioned
0:53:54 > 0:53:58to write probably three of the most vitriolic articles
0:53:58 > 0:54:00against the Soviet Union in the 1930s.
0:54:02 > 0:54:07Now, more than ever, Gareth was a marked man in Soviet eyes.
0:54:07 > 0:54:13This was the very last thing that he sent, and that was to me.
0:54:13 > 0:54:15"With my love from Gareth."
0:54:15 > 0:54:18- Honolulu!- Yes.
0:54:18 > 0:54:23- Can you sing it for me? - Oh, heavens no! No, I'm sorry!
0:54:23 > 0:54:25He hoped to be back for Christmas.
0:54:25 > 0:54:29But he would never see these shores again.
0:54:43 > 0:54:46There is an immense amount of political and military intrigue
0:54:46 > 0:54:49in China around that period.
0:54:49 > 0:54:53Anthony Best is an expert on the world that Gareth was entering.
0:54:53 > 0:54:56This is the area of Manchuria.
0:54:56 > 0:54:58This has been seized by the Japanese
0:54:58 > 0:55:02and turned into the puppet state of Manchukuo.
0:55:02 > 0:55:04Gareth sensed that what the Japanese did next
0:55:04 > 0:55:06was going to be the big story
0:55:06 > 0:55:09and the focus of that was Inner Mongolia.
0:55:09 > 0:55:13We have Japanese activity in this area,
0:55:13 > 0:55:15we have the Soviet Union using Outer Mongolia
0:55:15 > 0:55:18to try to subvert Inner Mongolia
0:55:18 > 0:55:22and we have the Chinese themselves having interests in Inner Mongolia.
0:55:22 > 0:55:27Inner Mongolia is an area of enormous intrigue at this point.
0:55:33 > 0:55:38Gareth arrived here wanting a scoop to relaunch his career.
0:55:38 > 0:55:41My guide on the ground was his great-nephew, Philip.
0:55:43 > 0:55:46Gareth certainly wouldn't recognise Beijing today
0:55:46 > 0:55:48and nor would most of the residents of Beijing from that time.
0:55:48 > 0:55:52Transport from those days was Bactrian camels, horses
0:55:52 > 0:55:56and within the city human rickshaws taking people from place to place.
0:56:04 > 0:56:07He headed for the old embassy zone.
0:56:07 > 0:56:11It's now full of Chinese Government offices.
0:56:13 > 0:56:15Filming is discouraged.
0:56:17 > 0:56:19Behind that scaffolding is the old Peking Club,
0:56:19 > 0:56:23social centre in those days for all foreigners.
0:56:23 > 0:56:26And it was here that Gareth, who'd been made a temporary member,
0:56:26 > 0:56:29was approached by a distinguished German diplomat,
0:56:29 > 0:56:33Baron von Plessen, with a very interesting suggestion.
0:56:33 > 0:56:36He asked Gareth whether he'd like to join him and Dr Herbert Muller
0:56:36 > 0:56:39on a trip up to Inner Mongolia to meet Prince De Wang.
0:56:39 > 0:56:43In Gareth's archive were some photographs.
0:56:43 > 0:56:46This grainy image is Prince De Wang.
0:56:48 > 0:56:50From the front...
0:56:51 > 0:56:53..and from behind.
0:56:57 > 0:57:00And this is the elegant Baron von Plessen.
0:57:02 > 0:57:04And this, I think, is Dr Muller -
0:57:04 > 0:57:09a bit portly, good fun and fluent in Chinese.
0:57:10 > 0:57:12It was just what Gareth wanted
0:57:12 > 0:57:15and the journalist Muller seemed the perfect guide.
0:57:15 > 0:57:19He'd done a lot of travelling in Inner Mongolia and in China.
0:57:19 > 0:57:20He spoke fluent Chinese,
0:57:20 > 0:57:24he'd married a Chinese lady and had some children with her
0:57:24 > 0:57:26and he'd been here for many, many years
0:57:26 > 0:57:28and really knew the country very well.
0:57:36 > 0:57:41So off we went, Phil and I, to follow their trail.
0:57:47 > 0:57:50Our first stop would be a city called Zhangjiakou.
0:57:52 > 0:57:55In those days, a dusty town called Kalgan
0:57:55 > 0:57:58on the very edge of what China controlled.
0:58:02 > 0:58:07What do you think, setting out on the same journey as Gareth?
0:58:07 > 0:58:10It's quite exciting to be following in his footsteps.
0:58:10 > 0:58:13Slightly different. I think he was travelling in first class
0:58:13 > 0:58:16when he set off for Kalgan.
0:58:16 > 0:58:20Actually, in Russia, he was very keen to go hard class, wasn't he?
0:58:20 > 0:58:23- That's right, yeah. - He liked talking to people.
0:58:23 > 0:58:26I think this time because he was travelling with Baron Von Plessen
0:58:26 > 0:58:30who liked the comforts of life, they went first class.
0:58:36 > 0:58:40Gareth as usual was describing everything to his parents.
0:58:40 > 0:58:43The letter he was writing then was never posted,
0:58:43 > 0:58:48but it did survive to lead us through his final journey.
0:59:07 > 0:59:10In those days, this was, as it still is to a certain extent,
0:59:10 > 0:59:13very much a frontier town.
0:59:13 > 0:59:15It still has that frontier feel today.
0:59:15 > 0:59:19Go beyond here, you were taking your life in your own hands.
0:59:19 > 0:59:22In the spidery hand of his last unposted letter,
0:59:22 > 0:59:25I could see that they'd been required by the authorities
0:59:25 > 0:59:27to sign a piece of paper
0:59:27 > 0:59:30saying that they'd been warned of the dangers ahead
0:59:30 > 0:59:32and were going at their own risk.
0:59:32 > 0:59:36Then here are the signatures, Plessen, Muller...
0:59:36 > 0:59:39Gareth Jones...
0:59:39 > 0:59:40Kalgan.
0:59:41 > 0:59:44He was met by Adam Purpiss,
0:59:44 > 0:59:47a Latvian gentleman who was...
0:59:47 > 0:59:48BEEPS HORN
0:59:48 > 0:59:50..running a company called Wostwag.
0:59:50 > 0:59:53I think this one's Purpiss...
0:59:53 > 0:59:55with leather boots.
0:59:55 > 0:59:57He describes him as tall
0:59:57 > 1:00:00and dressed just like that. See?
1:00:00 > 1:00:05That's a close-up of the same photo. And there's another one of him here.
1:00:05 > 1:00:06Leather booted.
1:00:06 > 1:00:10He was known as the King of Kalgan in those days.
1:00:10 > 1:00:14He was the man in the middle between the Chinese and the Mongols.
1:00:14 > 1:00:17Provided them with two cars for their journey
1:00:17 > 1:00:19up to the meeting of the princes.
1:00:27 > 1:00:33It was hard to say who controlled the land they were driving through.
1:00:33 > 1:00:36Prince Teh Wang was one of those local potentates
1:00:36 > 1:00:39who survived by playing all interested parties
1:00:39 > 1:00:41off against each other.
1:00:43 > 1:00:47Most of the major powers had sent someone to his gathering.
1:00:48 > 1:00:51"The Prince summoned me to his presence
1:00:51 > 1:00:53"and gave me an interview in his tent,
1:00:53 > 1:00:55"guarded by two pigtailed Mongol soldiers."
1:00:58 > 1:01:01He wants to have a great Mongol empire,
1:01:01 > 1:01:03uniting the Mongols of Inner Mongolia
1:01:03 > 1:01:06with those under the Soviets and those under Manchukuo.
1:01:10 > 1:01:11Wishful thinking.
1:01:11 > 1:01:14Teh Wang was in league with the Japanese
1:01:14 > 1:01:17who had daggers drawn with Russia.
1:01:17 > 1:01:20Teh Wang.
1:01:20 > 1:01:23If you look at the contemporary literature,
1:01:23 > 1:01:26the one thing all of the international specialists
1:01:26 > 1:01:28on East Asia are telling you
1:01:28 > 1:01:30is there's going to be a Russian-Japanese war.
1:01:30 > 1:01:33Almost as if they would lay money on it.
1:01:35 > 1:01:39At this point, the German diplomat Von Plessen returned to Peking.
1:01:41 > 1:01:43But Gareth and Dr Muller decided to press on.
1:01:46 > 1:01:48"Monday, July 15th.
1:01:48 > 1:01:51"Muller and his boy, aged 46,
1:01:51 > 1:01:54"who's a superior with the Mongols,
1:01:54 > 1:01:57"as an English butler among Hottentots,
1:01:57 > 1:02:00"Anatoli the Russian chauffeur and I,
1:02:00 > 1:02:02"decided to cross a big part of Inner Mongolia,
1:02:02 > 1:02:05"almost as far as the Soviet Manchukuo frontier."
1:02:11 > 1:02:14Their target was a disputed town called Dolonor
1:02:14 > 1:02:17on the border of Manchukuo,
1:02:17 > 1:02:19the territory the Japanese had already seized.
1:02:27 > 1:02:29It would have been a very tough journey,
1:02:29 > 1:02:31three days instead of the six or seven hours
1:02:31 > 1:02:33that they'd anticipated.
1:02:33 > 1:02:36They only really had enough food for one day so they were starving
1:02:36 > 1:02:38by the time they got here.
1:02:38 > 1:02:42They came in through the western gate and there were no sentries there
1:02:42 > 1:02:45so nobody would have noticed their arrival.
1:02:45 > 1:02:51They managed to find an old inn where they slept the night.
1:02:51 > 1:02:56"The innkeeper says they intend to occupy Kalgan on 15th August.
1:02:58 > 1:03:01"About 14,000 troops have assembled not far away."
1:03:06 > 1:03:08The following morning, he and Muller set out
1:03:08 > 1:03:11for a Buddhist temple on the edge of town.
1:03:11 > 1:03:14They never made it here. Instead, they were marched off
1:03:14 > 1:03:17to the Japanese military headquarters
1:03:17 > 1:03:19and questioned for some three or four hours.
1:03:19 > 1:03:21They obviously weren't happy with them being here.
1:03:21 > 1:03:25In fact, they thought they'd come to steal military secrets.
1:03:25 > 1:03:28They were told to get out of town early next morning.
1:03:31 > 1:03:35But the ever confident Gareth was in high spirits.
1:03:35 > 1:03:36"What luck", he writes.
1:03:36 > 1:03:39"There are great events here.
1:03:39 > 1:03:44"The Japanese have decided to make this region part of Manchukuo.
1:03:44 > 1:03:48"Thousands of Japanese soldiers are assembled here
1:03:48 > 1:03:50"and many have left on the road to Kalgan."
1:03:56 > 1:04:01Gareth had his scoop, but he had to get to Kalgan to file it.
1:04:01 > 1:04:04According to the last note he ever wrote,
1:04:04 > 1:04:06there were two principal roads.
1:04:06 > 1:04:09"On one, 200 Japanese lorries have travelled.
1:04:09 > 1:04:13"The other is infested by bad bandits."
1:04:13 > 1:04:18And that road it seems was the one the Japanese told them to take.
1:04:24 > 1:04:26The weather had changed the morning we set off
1:04:26 > 1:04:29to find the place he was captured.
1:04:31 > 1:04:34We were looking for a tiny village called Guan Mah Goh.
1:04:34 > 1:04:38Technically, the whole area still belonged to the Chinese.
1:04:40 > 1:04:43But the Japanese command had insisted that the Chinese
1:04:43 > 1:04:44withdraw all their troops
1:04:44 > 1:04:46to avoid any clashes.
1:04:48 > 1:04:52There was a sort of peacekeeping force called the Ba Wan Deah,
1:04:52 > 1:04:55but they were rarely seen.
1:04:55 > 1:04:58This is the actual road that Dr Muller and Gareth Jones
1:04:58 > 1:04:59would have been driving down.
1:04:59 > 1:05:02According to the story, when they approached Guan Mah Goh,
1:05:02 > 1:05:07Gareth spotted a man dressed as a Ba Wan Deh,
1:05:07 > 1:05:09the Chinese Peace Preservation Corps.
1:05:09 > 1:05:12Dr Muller said, "It's not a problem, don't worry."
1:05:12 > 1:05:15But shortly after they entered the village,
1:05:15 > 1:05:18shots rang out and they were under attack.
1:05:20 > 1:05:23GUN SHOT
1:05:25 > 1:05:27When the firing died down,
1:05:27 > 1:05:29Dr Muller, as the one who spoke Chinese,
1:05:29 > 1:05:31went off to find out what was going on.
1:05:31 > 1:05:38Gareth starts remonstrating with the so-called peace preservation guys.
1:05:38 > 1:05:40Says, "You can't do this, you can't touch me, I'm British."
1:05:43 > 1:05:45It cut no ice with the bandits.
1:05:45 > 1:05:47They took him off into one of the houses
1:05:47 > 1:05:50and threatened to execute him.
1:05:52 > 1:05:53Uh-huh.
1:05:59 > 1:06:01The bandits knew what they were doing.
1:06:01 > 1:06:04They released the driver and the man servant
1:06:04 > 1:06:06and waited for the story to break.
1:06:19 > 1:06:23My sister Dorothy was expecting her first baby...
1:06:24 > 1:06:27..and my brother Lewis
1:06:27 > 1:06:32came back and he opened the door and he shouted out
1:06:32 > 1:06:34to my parents,
1:06:34 > 1:06:36"Be prepared for a shock."
1:06:38 > 1:06:42And I thought, gosh, something's happened to Dorothy's baby
1:06:42 > 1:06:43and to Dorothy.
1:06:43 > 1:06:47And then he said, "Gareth's been captured."
1:06:47 > 1:06:50It was terrible.
1:06:50 > 1:06:54A couple of days later, Dr Muller was freed.
1:06:54 > 1:06:59His improbable story was that he'd been released on parole
1:06:59 > 1:07:00in order to raise ransom.
1:07:02 > 1:07:05My mother went down to Wales which was a long fortnight
1:07:05 > 1:07:09or nearly three weeks while he was in the hands of the bandits.
1:07:11 > 1:07:13It was terribly stressful.
1:07:13 > 1:07:17You didn't go outside the door without someone saying
1:07:17 > 1:07:19something about it.
1:07:19 > 1:07:20And...
1:07:22 > 1:07:25Was he the local hero by then?
1:07:25 > 1:07:27He was then, yes.
1:07:30 > 1:07:34The family waited as the Chinese authorities
1:07:34 > 1:07:36tried to arrange the ransom,
1:07:36 > 1:07:39the usual solution to kidnap stories.
1:07:39 > 1:07:43And one morning, the postman turned up with this...
1:07:43 > 1:07:45Telegram received in Barry.
1:07:45 > 1:07:47"Well treated. Expect release soon. Love, Gareth."
1:07:49 > 1:07:52The telegram came from Kalgan
1:07:52 > 1:07:55probably sent by Dr Muller.
1:07:55 > 1:07:57It was typical.
1:07:57 > 1:08:00Rumours were wild and rife.
1:08:00 > 1:08:03Real information in short supply.
1:08:03 > 1:08:08It was like living on the edge of a precipice all the time.
1:08:09 > 1:08:15And no-one could really feel cheered up by anyone else.
1:08:15 > 1:08:18We were all miserable.
1:08:18 > 1:08:23It was such a sad thing to have happened.
1:08:23 > 1:08:28I don't suppose that any of us really could have expressed
1:08:28 > 1:08:31how we felt, really and truly.
1:08:31 > 1:08:33We were just devastated.
1:08:44 > 1:08:49Then of course when he was actually killed, it was even worse.
1:08:52 > 1:08:55It was the day before his 30th birthday.
1:08:55 > 1:08:58A picture fell off the wall and my aunt said,
1:08:58 > 1:09:01"Gareth is dead." That was on the Monday.
1:09:01 > 1:09:05Of course, we didn't know anything about it until the following Friday.
1:09:05 > 1:09:08It was as though a cloud had come over the house.
1:09:08 > 1:09:12All the gaiety, the jollity and everything
1:09:12 > 1:09:14had gone out of the house.
1:09:18 > 1:09:21My grandmother always wore black after he died.
1:09:21 > 1:09:25She never really recovered from it because she devoted her life to him.
1:09:33 > 1:09:35No-one has worked harder to find out what really happened
1:09:35 > 1:09:37than his niece, Siriol.
1:09:37 > 1:09:41This was under my grandmother's bed, thick with dust.
1:09:41 > 1:09:45To begin with, she more or less accepted a Foreign Office report
1:09:45 > 1:09:48which concluded that Gareth's rescue had been bungled,
1:09:48 > 1:09:52but he had after all gone at his own risk.
1:09:52 > 1:09:54I believed everything I read to begin with.
1:09:54 > 1:09:58Since then, I have questioned every word that they've said.
1:09:58 > 1:10:00I don't know how much is true and how much isn't true
1:10:00 > 1:10:03because I think some of it was made up.
1:10:08 > 1:10:12The files she'd unearthed are kept here at the Public Record Office.
1:10:12 > 1:10:15I went down to take a look for myself.
1:10:15 > 1:10:18Closed for 50 years.
1:10:19 > 1:10:24The documents were a fascinating echo of the politics of the day.
1:10:24 > 1:10:27After the murder, Sylvester in Lloyd George's office
1:10:27 > 1:10:31had written to enquire about rumours that the Japanese were behind it.
1:10:31 > 1:10:33"Lloyd George."
1:10:33 > 1:10:35"Suspicions that Germany and Japan
1:10:35 > 1:10:38"have been trying to effect a military arrangement
1:10:38 > 1:10:43"and they're most anxious that this information should not leak out."
1:10:43 > 1:10:45That was the letters from Sylvester.
1:10:45 > 1:10:51'Had Gareth picked up on the rumour? Was that why he was silenced?'
1:10:51 > 1:10:53The Foreign Office just didn't want to know.
1:10:53 > 1:10:56"We need not, perhaps, tell Mr Sylvester
1:10:56 > 1:10:58"that this is the first kidnapping case
1:10:58 > 1:11:03"which has occurred in this area in recent years, for he may take this
1:11:03 > 1:11:07"as tending to confirm the suspicion of Japanese foul play."
1:11:07 > 1:11:13For the British government, the best possible strategic outcome
1:11:13 > 1:11:17is that Japan and Russia stay on this border,
1:11:17 > 1:11:22eyeball to eyeball, and just deter each other.
1:11:22 > 1:11:25'That meant not rocking the boat,
1:11:25 > 1:11:28'which was just what the Foreign Office feared
1:11:28 > 1:11:30'Lloyd George was likely to do.'
1:11:30 > 1:11:33"I cannot help fearing that Lloyd George is looking for something
1:11:33 > 1:11:37"out of which he can make political capital."
1:11:37 > 1:11:39I think they wanted a cover-up.
1:11:39 > 1:11:42They were worried that Lloyd George might go into Parliament
1:11:42 > 1:11:45and embarrass His Majesty's government.
1:11:45 > 1:11:47GUNSHOT
1:11:47 > 1:11:49But it was her son Nigel
1:11:49 > 1:11:52who'd uncovered what seemed to be the most illuminating material
1:11:52 > 1:11:57about Gareth's enigmatic companions.
1:11:57 > 1:12:00To my amazement, the British Intelligence had a dossier on Muller
1:12:00 > 1:12:05from 1917 through to 1951. That's 34 years.
1:12:05 > 1:12:09So when Muller's name was in the newspapers
1:12:09 > 1:12:11about being kidnapped with Gareth,
1:12:11 > 1:12:14there was another department of the British government
1:12:14 > 1:12:16which had an ongoing dossier about him.
1:12:16 > 1:12:19'And that dossier showed that British intelligence
1:12:19 > 1:12:22'had long marked Muller down as a Soviet agent.'
1:12:22 > 1:12:25"Muller was said to be a member of the Communist Party,
1:12:25 > 1:12:27"working for the Third International,
1:12:27 > 1:12:29"having instructions to try and organise propaganda
1:12:29 > 1:12:31"amongst the Indian troops in China."
1:12:31 > 1:12:35And a later document, closer to the time Gareth was kidnapped,
1:12:35 > 1:12:36was even more incriminating.
1:12:36 > 1:12:39This piece of evidence shows that
1:12:39 > 1:12:42Muller could have been working for the Soviets and possibly the Germans.
1:12:42 > 1:12:47It says that he was something of an adventurer, and unprincipled
1:12:47 > 1:12:49and it's possible he would undertake any task
1:12:49 > 1:12:51for a substantial consideration,
1:12:51 > 1:12:55provided it was not directed against the interests of his own country.
1:12:55 > 1:12:59- Double agent? - He could have been a double agent.
1:12:59 > 1:13:02And there was more to the elegant Adam Purpiss and his company Wostwag
1:13:02 > 1:13:05than just trading with the Mongols.
1:13:05 > 1:13:08"What we've discovered is that Wostwag
1:13:08 > 1:13:10"was created by the Fourth Department in Berlin
1:13:10 > 1:13:12"as cover for espionage activities
1:13:12 > 1:13:15"of a large number of Fourth Department agents
1:13:15 > 1:13:18"and to provide funds for the Fourth Department work."
1:13:18 > 1:13:23The Fourth Department was a branch of Soviet military intelligence.
1:13:25 > 1:13:28And Purpiss was a serious player,
1:13:28 > 1:13:32who would have reported Gareth's presence to Moscow.
1:14:08 > 1:14:11So dangerous, he did not survive it.
1:14:14 > 1:14:16A few weeks before I went to China,
1:14:16 > 1:14:19Siriol Colley had told me that she'd once been visited by a man
1:14:19 > 1:14:23who said he'd been to the village where Gareth's body was found.
1:14:23 > 1:14:26I managed to trace the man, Edward David,
1:14:26 > 1:14:29to the Pyrenees, where he now lived.
1:14:29 > 1:14:31He sent me some photographs.
1:14:31 > 1:14:34This was the well we needed to find
1:14:34 > 1:14:37to be sure we were in the right place.
1:14:39 > 1:14:41There aren't many maps, and the maps we did find
1:14:41 > 1:14:43didn't have tiny villages on them.
1:14:43 > 1:14:46All we had was a name - Meng Jia Ying.
1:14:50 > 1:14:54For two weeks, the bandits made Gareth ride with them
1:14:54 > 1:14:58through this landscape. At what point, I wondered,
1:14:58 > 1:15:02did he realise that his German friend was not coming back?
1:15:02 > 1:15:05That his great adventure might end badly?
1:15:10 > 1:15:13'As we got closer, we tried to compare what we were seeing
1:15:13 > 1:15:17'with the photos Edward David had taken.'
1:15:31 > 1:15:33Our arrival was big news
1:15:33 > 1:15:37and we were taken off to meet the oldest man in the village.
1:15:38 > 1:15:41Wang? Wang, xie-xie. Ni hao.
1:16:29 > 1:16:32He didn't know much about the murder,
1:16:32 > 1:16:36but he remembered the man who'd taken the photographs.
1:16:36 > 1:16:39He's found a picture of himself.
1:16:39 > 1:16:44Liang qian nian, ling san nian? 2004.
1:16:44 > 1:16:47Philip and I had one last place we needed to find.
1:16:52 > 1:16:55The Chinese police had said there'd been one witness of the killing -
1:16:55 > 1:17:02a man from this village, who'd been tending his cows in fields nearby.
1:17:02 > 1:17:03He saw the bandits gallop up
1:17:03 > 1:17:07and he hid behind some trees or behind some mounds and he watched
1:17:07 > 1:17:10and according to his story,
1:17:10 > 1:17:14Gareth had fallen off his horse and refused to get back on
1:17:14 > 1:17:16and the bandits shot him.
1:17:16 > 1:17:20What an extraordinary ending
1:17:20 > 1:17:22to an extraordinary life.
1:17:23 > 1:17:25The boy from Barry.
1:17:32 > 1:17:35The body was moved to a temple in the nearest town.
1:17:35 > 1:17:39The man from the embassy reported, rather touchingly,
1:17:39 > 1:17:41that he'd been identified by his hairy chest
1:17:41 > 1:17:45and was lying in the best coffin available
1:17:45 > 1:17:47with incense burning night and day.
1:17:47 > 1:17:49MONK CHANTS
1:17:57 > 1:17:59The bandits were killed before the coffin was moved,
1:17:59 > 1:18:03and before the British could question them.
1:18:27 > 1:18:33Armies set on war don't like nosy reporters, so Leonov may be right
1:18:33 > 1:18:37to say he was killed for poking his nose into Japanese plans,
1:18:37 > 1:18:41but the Soviet Secret Police have form too.
1:18:41 > 1:18:47I believe that he was murdered by the Soviets, possibly as retribution.
1:18:47 > 1:18:50For breaking the silence.
1:18:50 > 1:18:54Both communism and fascism in those days
1:18:54 > 1:18:58were peddling lies on a grand scale.
1:18:58 > 1:19:02The lies had currency because people wanted to believe them.
1:19:02 > 1:19:08But Gareth wasn't like other visitors to these cruel utopias.
1:19:10 > 1:19:14He was intoxicated by power and access to powerful people,
1:19:14 > 1:19:17but that did not make him blind.
1:19:23 > 1:19:25People died in the fields around here,
1:19:25 > 1:19:29they died along the roadsides, probably along this roadside,
1:19:29 > 1:19:33there's no one place where you can say, "This is where it happened."
1:19:33 > 1:19:36The whole country is dotted by crosses like this.
1:19:40 > 1:19:43Gareth did what he had to do. He actually went out
1:19:43 > 1:19:46into the countryside and took it in with his own eyes.
1:19:46 > 1:19:49That's the simple and the amazing thing about him.
1:19:49 > 1:19:52And that is his true epitaph.
1:19:52 > 1:19:56A young man who dared to speak about this catastrophe
1:19:56 > 1:20:00while those who also knew kept silent
1:20:00 > 1:20:03for more than 50 years.
1:20:03 > 1:20:08MOURNFUL UKRAINIAN SINGING
1:20:21 > 1:20:24MUSIC: "Poor People" by Alan Price
1:20:50 > 1:20:53Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd