0:00:02 > 0:00:09This programme contains scenes which some viewers may find upsetting.
0:00:09 > 0:00:16On the 22nd July 2011, Norway suffered the worst act of mass murder
0:00:16 > 0:00:20by a terrorist acting alone in the history of the world.
0:00:21 > 0:00:24I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer.
0:00:26 > 0:00:31I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head.
0:00:35 > 0:00:40A brutal assault unleashed against a summer camp for young people.
0:00:40 > 0:00:47It felt like a blanket of death had just been laid over the island.
0:00:47 > 0:00:52It was a race to solve the mystery of the killer's identity.
0:00:52 > 0:00:56They said "This is the guy" and I said "No, it can't be.
0:00:56 > 0:00:58"I know this guy, I went to school with him, it's not him."
0:00:58 > 0:01:03An identity that challenged the heart of Norwegian society.
0:01:03 > 0:01:06Anders Behring Breivik was white, he was middle class,
0:01:06 > 0:01:09he was well-educated, he was one of us,
0:01:09 > 0:01:13he was a right wing extremist and he killed with cruelty.
0:01:14 > 0:01:18The killer claimed his cruelty had a purpose,
0:01:18 > 0:01:21articulated in a political manifesto.
0:01:21 > 0:01:25A vision of a Muslim invasion of Europe,
0:01:25 > 0:01:29a declaration of war unleashed against his own people.
0:01:31 > 0:01:36What struck me most was how calm he was, how well spoken
0:01:36 > 0:01:37and how polite he was.
0:01:37 > 0:01:41It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done.
0:01:41 > 0:01:46Leaving a nation desperately seeking the answer to the question "Why?"
0:02:02 > 0:02:0724 miles north of Oslo, lies the island of Utoya.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13Since 1950, it has been owned by the youth wing
0:02:13 > 0:02:18of the governing Norwegian Labour Party - the AUF.
0:02:18 > 0:02:22For 60 years, it has been the site of their annual summer camp.
0:03:01 > 0:03:05But the camp was also a crucible of Norwegian politics.
0:03:05 > 0:03:09Leaders of the AUF had gone on to lead Norway.
0:03:09 > 0:03:13Among them, the current Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg.
0:03:13 > 0:03:19I have been there every summer since 1974.
0:03:20 > 0:03:24For many years, I was a member of the Young Labour Party
0:03:24 > 0:03:27and then afterwards, I have been there every summer,
0:03:27 > 0:03:31delivering speeches, taking part in the political discussions at Utoya.
0:03:31 > 0:03:34So Utoya has been a very important part of my life.
0:03:37 > 0:03:41For Eskil Pedersen, the summer of 2011
0:03:41 > 0:03:45was supposed to have been a particularly special year.
0:03:45 > 0:03:48I was looking forward to the summer camp
0:03:48 > 0:03:52as the first year when I was the leader of the organisation
0:03:52 > 0:03:56and we've been working for a long time
0:03:56 > 0:04:01to make sure that this summer camp would be the best ever, of course.
0:04:06 > 0:04:09On the second day, the Norwegian foreign minister visited the camp.
0:04:09 > 0:04:12An event that was covered by reporters
0:04:12 > 0:04:16from every major Norwegian television station.
0:04:16 > 0:04:19I remember the Minister Of Foreign Affairs came in a black car alone.
0:04:19 > 0:04:22No secretary, nothing.
0:04:22 > 0:04:24Nobody carrying his suitcase.
0:04:27 > 0:04:31The sun was shining, it was maybe 27 degrees.
0:04:31 > 0:04:37People were wearing shorts and swimwear and eating ice creams
0:04:37 > 0:04:43and just sitting in the sun and it was such an idyllic place.
0:04:45 > 0:04:48On the following day, July 22nd,
0:04:48 > 0:04:52it seemed the worst that would happen was a change in the weather.
0:05:52 > 0:05:55Mother Utoya, as we call her...called her,
0:05:55 > 0:05:59who had been the manager of the island for many years.
0:05:59 > 0:06:04I remember she came into the room, on the phone and shouting out,
0:06:04 > 0:06:06"What?"
0:06:06 > 0:06:09And then she said, "Somebody turn on the radio.
0:06:09 > 0:06:12"There's been an explosion in Oslo."
0:06:25 > 0:06:27In the beginning, of course, it was very confusing
0:06:27 > 0:06:31because it was first of all, not sure whether this was an attack
0:06:31 > 0:06:33or an accident.
0:06:33 > 0:06:38Then the police confirmed that this was an attack, a bomb.
0:06:38 > 0:06:44It was, you know, a strange thing to be Prime Minister in a country
0:06:44 > 0:06:48where we first experienced a devastating attack
0:06:48 > 0:06:53on the government building, on my office, the place I go every day
0:06:53 > 0:06:57back and forth into my office, the government building.
0:07:06 > 0:07:11A massive 950-kilogram homemade car bomb had exploded
0:07:11 > 0:07:14at the heart of the government district.
0:07:14 > 0:07:17The blast had killed eight people
0:07:17 > 0:07:23and devastated the tower block that housed the Prime Minister's office.
0:07:23 > 0:07:26One of the first clues to the identity of the culprit
0:07:26 > 0:07:31came from security guards watching CCTV cameras of the scene.
0:08:25 > 0:08:29Those suspicions began to take ugly shape on Oslo's streets.
0:08:30 > 0:08:35Muslims were scared, they were scared of going outside.
0:08:35 > 0:08:37A woman called me,
0:08:37 > 0:08:41her car was stopped just 100 metres, 200 metres
0:08:41 > 0:08:46from where the actual bomb exploded and a person opened her door
0:08:46 > 0:08:52and told her that, "You should get out of this country now."
0:08:54 > 0:09:01There was a man, a Somalian man, who was beaten by one or two Norwegians.
0:09:01 > 0:09:05So there are other stories which we have heard that Muslims
0:09:05 > 0:09:09experienced in those first two, three hours.
0:09:23 > 0:09:29The young people on Utoya were struggling to come to terms with the news.
0:09:48 > 0:09:52Journalists were beginning to descend on the scene of the bomb blast.
0:09:57 > 0:10:01Peter Svaar was one of the first reporters on the scene.
0:10:03 > 0:10:06It was a complete chaos.
0:10:06 > 0:10:09Uh the first thing I saw when we came down there was
0:10:09 > 0:10:12a civilian police officer in the middle of the road.
0:10:12 > 0:10:14He was holding his hand out like this.
0:10:14 > 0:10:17There was no barriers, no blocks, nothing like that,
0:10:17 > 0:10:21it was too early and he was just stopping traffic with his hand
0:10:21 > 0:10:25in the middle of the road and you could see the terror in his face.
0:10:29 > 0:10:31When the police look scared, that's not a good sign.
0:10:38 > 0:10:42Einar Aas found himself in charge of the police response.
0:11:30 > 0:11:32It was a fateful decision.
0:11:32 > 0:11:35Choosing not to seal off the city, also allowed the perpetrator to escape.
0:11:38 > 0:11:43Just eight minutes after the blast, a member of the public had called in
0:11:43 > 0:11:46to report a suspect, dressed as a policeman, fleeing the scene.
0:11:50 > 0:11:53The witness even gave the number plate of the getaway car.
0:11:55 > 0:11:58In the chaos, the information was not immediately followed up.
0:12:05 > 0:12:09By the time an alert was issued, the perpetrator had already left Oslo,
0:12:09 > 0:12:12driving north to his next target.
0:12:34 > 0:12:39On Utoya, the leaders of the AUF had called everyone on the island together.
0:13:30 > 0:13:33Lara was the younger sister of Bano Rashid,
0:13:33 > 0:13:36a rising star in the Labour Party youth wing.
0:14:26 > 0:14:30In Oslo, the police had now identified a suspect,
0:14:30 > 0:14:34through the number plate of the car used as a bomb.
0:14:34 > 0:14:36It turned out this was a rental company
0:14:36 > 0:14:38and that the car was rented by a man, Brievik.
0:14:38 > 0:14:41At that time, we couldn't be really sure it was him,
0:14:41 > 0:14:45but we had some initiative to look for this man,
0:14:45 > 0:14:49Brievik, of course, because that name was connected with this big crime.
0:14:50 > 0:14:55Even his criminal records, there was no big things there too,
0:14:55 > 0:15:00so it was very difficult to spot him as a man who would do such a thing.
0:15:02 > 0:15:06Anders Breivik certainly seemed an unlikely terrorist.
0:15:06 > 0:15:10A 32-year-old Norwegian, raised in an upper middle class neighborhood
0:15:10 > 0:15:12in Oslo.
0:15:12 > 0:15:13A family friend recalled,
0:15:13 > 0:15:18"He was never difficult, only a kind, shy and sweet little boy."
0:15:38 > 0:15:42I get a call on the radio from the mainland,
0:15:42 > 0:15:45and they said that there's a policeman who wants to come across.
0:15:50 > 0:15:54When we arrived at the landside I looked up and I saw this policeman.
0:15:54 > 0:15:58He wasn't wearing a normal police uniform.
0:15:58 > 0:16:00The base looked a bit like a wet suit
0:16:00 > 0:16:04and he had a bullet proof something
0:16:04 > 0:16:09and a rifle, a big rifle,
0:16:09 > 0:16:11and also a hand gun on this thigh.
0:16:14 > 0:16:17The general feeling I got from this guy was that
0:16:17 > 0:16:21he was a bit moved by the situation, he was a bit nervous,
0:16:21 > 0:16:25he looked like he was aware of the gravity
0:16:25 > 0:16:27and severity of what was going on.
0:16:29 > 0:16:34I noticed that he had this iPod headsets on his ears and I thought, you know, "That's strange."
0:16:34 > 0:16:36Do the secret police use iPods?
0:16:53 > 0:16:57Breivik would later claim he had planned his operation
0:16:57 > 0:16:58for over eight years.
0:16:58 > 0:17:02Gathering funds. Physical training.
0:17:02 > 0:17:05And two months spent constructing the homemade car bomb.
0:17:12 > 0:17:16Yet even he admitted to moments of self-doubt
0:17:16 > 0:17:18about how he would behave when the attack began.
0:17:21 > 0:17:29We heard a loud noise like a hammer being slammed into the wall.
0:17:30 > 0:17:35I think I heard it three times - bang, bang, bang.
0:18:24 > 0:18:27People started now scrambling, coming this side,
0:18:27 > 0:18:31running all around and saying, "He is shooting people,
0:18:31 > 0:18:32"he is killing people".
0:18:32 > 0:18:35That's when panic gripped the whole room.
0:18:35 > 0:18:39We all tried to look for wherever there was an exit.
0:18:39 > 0:18:43It was a scuffle. I remember so many people were stepped on.
0:18:45 > 0:18:48I kept on thinking that these things don't happen in Norway,
0:18:48 > 0:18:51people don't go around shooting in Norway.
0:19:03 > 0:19:06Back in Oslo, the government was still grappling to respond
0:19:06 > 0:19:08to the bomb attack.
0:19:11 > 0:19:13People started to come to my house,
0:19:13 > 0:19:17and we established the operational centre
0:19:17 > 0:19:21around me and the Prime Minister's office in my house.
0:19:23 > 0:19:26I also spoke with different members of the Government,
0:19:26 > 0:19:29with the leaders of the opposition
0:19:29 > 0:19:35and with the King to inform them about what had happened in Oslo.
0:19:40 > 0:19:44At its nearest point, Utoya lay 600 metres from the shore,
0:19:44 > 0:19:49but the waters of the fjord were deep, cold and difficult to swim.
0:19:52 > 0:19:55The best hope of escape was the ferry to the mainland.
0:19:56 > 0:20:02My advisor called me on the phone and saying that, uh,
0:20:02 > 0:20:05"You have to run down to the boat."
0:20:06 > 0:20:09I remember saying to him, "What is going on?"
0:20:09 > 0:20:13And his answer was, "You have to run down to the boat now."
0:20:17 > 0:20:19It was raining, it was foggy.
0:20:20 > 0:20:24There was absolute, total silence.
0:20:25 > 0:20:27I didn't hear anything.
0:20:27 > 0:20:33At the front of the building there were two dead people lying,
0:20:33 > 0:20:35Monica was one of them.
0:20:38 > 0:20:43It felt like, because of the rain, the fog, the silence,
0:20:43 > 0:20:48that a blanket of death had been laid over the island.
0:20:48 > 0:20:51It felt like I was the only one there.
0:20:54 > 0:20:56I ran on to the boat.
0:20:59 > 0:21:02The ferry was an old military landing craft.
0:21:04 > 0:21:09It could carry up to 60 people and was armoured against bullets.
0:21:09 > 0:21:13But it sailed away with only Eskil and eight others on board.
0:21:13 > 0:21:20It is easy to see that that is what people would have done in a situation like that.
0:21:20 > 0:21:24Most people would have run away, but at the same time,
0:21:24 > 0:21:29this was the leader of the group that was on the island
0:21:29 > 0:21:32and it is kind of, like a captain abandoning the ship.
0:21:35 > 0:21:41I think, to discuss the choices people did, whether they were right or wrong,
0:21:41 > 0:21:43I don't think that's right to do.
0:21:43 > 0:21:49because everyone tried to save their lives.
0:21:51 > 0:21:56Without the ferry, that task was far harder for those left behind.
0:22:03 > 0:22:07In desperation, a girl on the island called her father,
0:22:07 > 0:22:10who happened to be a senior police officer in Oslo.
0:23:08 > 0:23:11Delta Force, the country's elite police commandos
0:23:11 > 0:23:14were instantly dispatched to the island
0:23:14 > 0:23:16to assist the local police district.
0:23:16 > 0:23:19But Oslo's police force only had one helicopter
0:23:19 > 0:23:21which was not suitable for transporting troops.
0:23:23 > 0:23:25Delta Force would have to drive.
0:23:49 > 0:23:51But would it be fast enough?
0:23:57 > 0:23:59GUNSHOTS
0:23:59 > 0:24:02On the shore, across from the island,
0:24:02 > 0:24:06a local man had heard the shots and started to film.
0:24:15 > 0:24:18He filmed people fleeing in the only other boat available -
0:24:18 > 0:24:20an old rowing boat...
0:24:21 > 0:24:23and other desperate escape attempts.
0:24:37 > 0:24:41For the next hour, the young people on the island were defenceless.
0:25:06 > 0:25:08The Rashid family had fled to Norway from Iraq
0:25:08 > 0:25:10when both sisters were very young.
0:25:48 > 0:25:52In Oslo, the police had made a frightening discovery.
0:26:03 > 0:26:07The police began studying Breivik's 1,500 page manifesto
0:26:07 > 0:26:09and accompanying Youtube video.
0:26:09 > 0:26:12An extraordinarily detailed outline
0:26:12 > 0:26:17of his planning, preparation, and the justification for his attacks.
0:26:55 > 0:26:59Near Utoya, local people were scrambling their boats out
0:26:59 > 0:27:02to rescue those trying to swim to safety.
0:27:02 > 0:27:05Other young people tried to hide on the rocky shore
0:27:05 > 0:27:08where the terrorist stalked them.
0:28:19 > 0:28:23Throughout his manifesto, Breivik accuses left-wing politicians
0:28:23 > 0:28:29in the Labour Party of conspiring to allow Muslims to take over Norway.
0:28:29 > 0:28:33His Oslo bomb had targeted the adult leaders.
0:28:35 > 0:28:39On Utoya, he was killing the Labour Party's leaders of tomorrow.
0:28:54 > 0:29:00These so-called traitors included Eirin Kjaer who was just 18,
0:29:00 > 0:29:06and Breivik's youngest victim, Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn, who had just turned 14.
0:29:10 > 0:29:13The massacre had gone on for more than half an hour
0:29:13 > 0:29:16when the local police received an extraordinary call.
0:29:48 > 0:29:50The call cut off.
0:29:51 > 0:29:56Breivik later claimed he had tried to phone the police 10 times to surrender.
0:29:56 > 0:29:58He had only connected twice.
0:29:59 > 0:30:02There may be an other explanation for his actions.
0:30:08 > 0:30:15In his manifesto, he had written, "During the assault, announce on the police band that
0:30:15 > 0:30:19"you are demanding a ransom and safe passage for sparing the hostages.
0:30:19 > 0:30:22"This may buy you several seconds or even minutes
0:30:22 > 0:30:26"while you continue execution of traitors."
0:30:42 > 0:30:47Delta Force had now met the police boat and were journeying across the fjord.
0:30:47 > 0:30:50A local man caught their progress on film.
0:30:53 > 0:30:55Believing there might be more than one gunman,
0:30:55 > 0:30:58Delta had decided to fill the boat with officers.
0:30:58 > 0:31:03The boat was overloaded, took on water and eventually stopped.
0:31:07 > 0:31:10Delta had to be rescued by a local boatman.
0:31:20 > 0:31:22On the island,
0:31:22 > 0:31:26Sam Muyizzi had found a hiding place close to a small pump house.
0:31:28 > 0:31:35At this moment, I immediately heard this sound somewhere besides these trees,
0:31:35 > 0:31:37I looked there only to see this man.
0:31:39 > 0:31:41Immediately he started shooting.
0:31:44 > 0:31:48His face, which keeps on coming across,
0:31:48 > 0:31:55was like someone playing with a toy gun.
0:31:57 > 0:32:00And not one, not two, many piled, I saw them piling up,
0:32:00 > 0:32:05In one place I saw over ten bodies.
0:32:07 > 0:32:09Very young people just being butchered.
0:32:18 > 0:32:23I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer inside my heart.
0:32:25 > 0:32:31My head pumped so much, my heart so fast, I lost my senses.
0:32:31 > 0:32:34I could not even make a decision even of
0:32:34 > 0:32:40whether to crawl or what, I just stopped. My whole body stopped,
0:32:40 > 0:32:45I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head.
0:32:48 > 0:32:55I realised the same time there was a helicopter up in the air.
0:32:55 > 0:32:58So I believe it is the helicopter which probably distracted him.
0:32:58 > 0:33:00He did not shoot.
0:33:05 > 0:33:10But the helicopter was not the police. It was a news crew.
0:33:10 > 0:33:13They began to film the island.
0:33:13 > 0:33:16Kids swimming in the water.
0:33:16 > 0:33:20And the Delta force who had finally arrived.
0:33:35 > 0:33:39The police raced to the rocks and spotted the suspect in the trees.
0:34:23 > 0:34:26Incredibly, the terrorist had been captured alive.
0:35:19 > 0:35:24Breivik's assault on Utoya had lasted over an hour and a quarter.
0:35:25 > 0:35:3069 people had died, 15 of them at the pump house.
0:35:32 > 0:35:34If police had really come,
0:35:34 > 0:35:37no-one at that pump house would have died.
0:35:40 > 0:35:42I would blame it,
0:35:42 > 0:35:45all the deaths I saw which came later, like that one where I was,
0:35:45 > 0:35:50was because of slow reaction from the police.
0:35:50 > 0:35:52That's what I strongly believe.
0:35:55 > 0:35:58Finally, eight months after the attacks,
0:35:58 > 0:36:02the police and Prime Minister
0:36:02 > 0:36:05apologised for the failures of the response.
0:36:39 > 0:36:43THEY SCREAM AND CRY
0:36:48 > 0:36:51Now began the job of tending to the wounded,
0:36:51 > 0:36:52and counting the dead.
0:36:54 > 0:36:58I actually knew many of those people who have lost their lives.
0:36:58 > 0:37:00Some of them are old friends
0:37:00 > 0:37:03and some of them are, or were,
0:37:03 > 0:37:08children of people I have known for many, many years.
0:37:10 > 0:37:15So it was both as Prime Minister, but also as a colleague, a friend,
0:37:15 > 0:37:18a human being, I was very much affected
0:37:18 > 0:37:24both by the bombing of my office in the centre of Oslo, and of Utoya.
0:37:30 > 0:37:31While on the island,
0:37:31 > 0:37:34the man responsible for the worst attack on Norway
0:37:34 > 0:37:38since the Second World War was being held for interrogation.
0:37:44 > 0:37:48His identity would shock the nation.
0:37:49 > 0:37:54I went onto Facebook and someone sent me a link
0:37:54 > 0:37:57to a Facebook profile - Anders Behring Breivik.
0:37:57 > 0:37:59And they said, "This is the guy."
0:37:59 > 0:38:01And I said, "No, no, it can't be.
0:38:01 > 0:38:07"I know this guy, I went to school with him. It's not him."
0:38:18 > 0:38:22He was a guy that I had known for many years of my life.
0:38:22 > 0:38:28He was a classmate from secondary school and gymnasium.
0:38:32 > 0:38:34The shock for me was that
0:38:34 > 0:38:38someone I felt wasn't miles apart in background from myself
0:38:38 > 0:38:40could have done something like this.
0:38:43 > 0:38:46I think that's the most important thing we can learn
0:38:46 > 0:38:47from the terror of Utoya.
0:38:47 > 0:38:49Anders Behring Breivik was white,
0:38:49 > 0:38:53he was middle-class, he was well educated, he was one of us.
0:38:53 > 0:38:56He was a right-wing extremist and he killed with cruelty.
0:38:59 > 0:39:01Facing hatred like this
0:39:01 > 0:39:05and facing acts like this is difficult, anyway, for anybody,
0:39:05 > 0:39:07and facing it as a part of yourself is difficult.
0:39:07 > 0:39:09It's difficult wherever you live
0:39:09 > 0:39:11to see that some of your own kind can do something like this.
0:39:11 > 0:39:14It's a part of you. So that's human.
0:39:23 > 0:39:26For the survivors and worried parents
0:39:26 > 0:39:29gathering at a hotel a short drive up from the shore,
0:39:29 > 0:39:32Norway's tragedy was far more personal.
0:39:32 > 0:39:34This brother,
0:39:34 > 0:39:37the first thing he does when he comes and sees me
0:39:37 > 0:39:41is that he says, "This is the mobile phone
0:39:41 > 0:39:45"of this guy from our county, and he's dead.
0:39:45 > 0:39:47"Take the phone."
0:39:47 > 0:39:50It was quite a modern phone so it was integrated with Facebook
0:39:50 > 0:39:56and when someone called, you could see their picture on the phone.
0:39:56 > 0:39:57And his mother called.
0:39:57 > 0:40:00And she called, and she called, and she called.
0:40:00 > 0:40:06So you see this picture of a happy, middle-aged woman
0:40:06 > 0:40:08and you know that...
0:40:10 > 0:40:13..this is going to ruin her life.
0:40:15 > 0:40:17And I couldn't take that call.
0:40:17 > 0:40:20I couldn't answer and say, "I think maybe your son is dead."
0:40:22 > 0:40:24And I had to put it in my pocket.
0:40:24 > 0:40:29So I knew that every time my pocket vibrated
0:40:29 > 0:40:32there was someone who was trying to find out
0:40:32 > 0:40:34whether this guy was alive or not.
0:40:34 > 0:40:37And having that phone in my pocket
0:40:37 > 0:40:40was probably the hardest thing I've ever done in my life.
0:42:22 > 0:42:25As dawn broke on July the 23rd,
0:42:25 > 0:42:28Norwegian society had to face the question,
0:42:28 > 0:42:33why had Breivik turned his guns on his own people?
0:42:54 > 0:42:57His behaviour deepened the mystery.
0:43:26 > 0:43:29Two weeks after the attack
0:43:29 > 0:43:33the police took Breivik back to Utoya to interrogate him.
0:43:33 > 0:43:38The head of the investigation was watching.
0:43:39 > 0:43:42The atmosphere of him being back at Utoya
0:43:42 > 0:43:44was very strange.
0:43:44 > 0:43:46Knowing what he had done,
0:43:46 > 0:43:49and also, still seeing signs at the scene of the crime
0:43:49 > 0:43:51of what he had done.
0:43:54 > 0:43:59It was quite shocking to hear a man talk about doing these things
0:43:59 > 0:44:02to young people, young innocent people.
0:44:04 > 0:44:07What struck me most was how calm he was.
0:44:07 > 0:44:11How well-spoken and polite he was.
0:44:11 > 0:44:15It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done.
0:44:15 > 0:44:20Not at any point did we ever hear any regrets from him.
0:44:48 > 0:44:54Such statements ignited a debate over Breivik's sanity.
0:44:54 > 0:44:57Within three months an official psychiatric assessment
0:44:57 > 0:45:01concluded he was a paranoid schizophrenic.
0:45:01 > 0:45:07The authors believed that his perception of reality
0:45:07 > 0:45:10was delusional to the point of madness.
0:45:10 > 0:45:12The report was reviewed and approved
0:45:12 > 0:45:16by a government-appointed panel of experts.
0:45:16 > 0:45:20Nevertheless, the diagnosis provoked controversy.
0:45:20 > 0:45:23I got hold of the psychiatrist's report and read it,
0:45:23 > 0:45:27and then I was furious.
0:45:27 > 0:45:33Norwegian commentators saying, "Well, good, we were not to blame.
0:45:33 > 0:45:36"He was not part of Norwegian society. Now we can go on.
0:45:36 > 0:45:38"He was only a mad man."
0:45:38 > 0:45:41Just a few weeks later a secret report
0:45:41 > 0:45:45completed by Dr Randi Rosenqvist, a prison psychiatrist,
0:45:45 > 0:45:49challenged that official diagnosis.
0:45:49 > 0:45:51She stated:
0:45:51 > 0:45:53I find him to be in good mental health.
0:45:53 > 0:45:57I consider his stranger comments to be part of an extreme ideology
0:45:57 > 0:46:03and not in any way to represent a psychotic state of mind.
0:46:33 > 0:46:36And there were other questions.
0:47:10 > 0:47:14Breivik had exhibited none of these symptoms.
0:47:14 > 0:47:18Not through the years spent planning the attack,
0:47:18 > 0:47:21including two months spent at this remote farm
0:47:21 > 0:47:25meticulously building his home-made bomb.
0:47:25 > 0:47:29In the face of public controversy
0:47:29 > 0:47:33the court ordered a second psychiatric evaluation.
0:47:33 > 0:47:37This time the experts contradicted the first report,
0:47:37 > 0:47:40just as Breivik wanted.
0:47:58 > 0:48:02Much of Breivik's manifesto
0:48:02 > 0:48:06is borrowed from the writings of others.
0:48:06 > 0:48:09A compilation of articles condemning Islam
0:48:09 > 0:48:11and warning of the Muslim invasion.
0:48:11 > 0:48:15Yet within it is a personal section
0:48:15 > 0:48:18in which Breivik conducts an interview with himself.
0:48:18 > 0:48:21The interview traces his radicalisation
0:48:21 > 0:48:23to his teenage years in Oslo.
0:48:37 > 0:48:40He claims that in 2002 he became a founding member
0:48:40 > 0:48:43of a right-wing terror organisation
0:48:43 > 0:48:47committed to using violence to expel Muslims from Europe
0:48:47 > 0:48:52and overthrow political parties which promoted multiculturalism.
0:48:52 > 0:48:56The rest of his life, he says, was dedicated to that purpose.
0:49:03 > 0:49:07These assertions are difficult to verify.
0:49:07 > 0:49:10Many believe the real story may be much more complex,
0:49:10 > 0:49:14among them the police.
0:49:14 > 0:49:16He quit high school before his final exam.
0:49:16 > 0:49:20He started several companies, most of them went bankrupt
0:49:20 > 0:49:23or they were dealing with illegal matters,
0:49:23 > 0:49:25like false diplomas.
0:49:25 > 0:49:31We know he had no big success with women.
0:49:31 > 0:49:33To us, he had big ambitions
0:49:33 > 0:49:36for himself and his life
0:49:36 > 0:49:40and they were not fulfilled for him.
0:49:40 > 0:49:44And that's one of our theories
0:49:44 > 0:49:47why he became the man he is today.
0:49:51 > 0:49:56Breivik had grown up on the west side of Oslo,
0:49:56 > 0:49:59where the richest of the city's inhabitants live,
0:49:59 > 0:50:02and the pressure to succeed is intense.
0:50:04 > 0:50:07But in 2006, at the age of 27,
0:50:07 > 0:50:11he moved back home to live with his mother,
0:50:11 > 0:50:15because, she later told police, his last business went bankrupt.
0:50:17 > 0:50:20Many of the theories that seek to explain Breivik's radicalisation
0:50:20 > 0:50:23focus on this moment.
0:50:24 > 0:50:27I think that is really the turning point.
0:50:28 > 0:50:31From the police records it seems like
0:50:31 > 0:50:36he is locking himself in his room for a year and a half.
0:50:36 > 0:50:39He starts to wear a facemask inside.
0:50:39 > 0:50:42Because he's so scared of bugs and diseases,
0:50:42 > 0:50:46that, you know, he's wearing a facemask
0:50:46 > 0:50:49in the apartment he lives, shares with his own mum.
0:50:53 > 0:50:56Just stays in there playing video games or computer games
0:50:56 > 0:50:59all day and all night. And he does that for such a long time.
0:51:32 > 0:51:37A young white man looking for a cause didn't have to look too far.
0:51:39 > 0:51:41Breivik's alleged personal troubles
0:51:41 > 0:51:45coincided with a period of mass immigration to Norway.
0:51:48 > 0:51:52By 2010, a quarter of Oslo's population were immigrants.
0:51:52 > 0:51:55It was a shock
0:51:55 > 0:51:59to Norway's traditionally ethnically homogeneous society.
0:51:59 > 0:52:01In Oslo, we are getting something
0:52:01 > 0:52:05that 20 years ago we wouldn't have thought of.
0:52:05 > 0:52:06We are getting a division geographically,
0:52:06 > 0:52:09where on the east side immigrants live -
0:52:09 > 0:52:11and in some schools they are 95% -
0:52:11 > 0:52:14and on the west side, where rich people live,
0:52:14 > 0:52:16and the bourgeois and the upper class live
0:52:16 > 0:52:19you have no immigrants, a totally white society.
0:52:25 > 0:52:29Breivik blamed this transformation on the Norwegian Labour Party.
0:52:31 > 0:52:33And though his position was extreme,
0:52:33 > 0:52:36he was far from alone in all his ideas.
0:52:47 > 0:52:50Before leaving his mother's house to carry out the attacks,
0:52:50 > 0:52:52Breivik emailed his manifesto
0:52:52 > 0:52:55to people he identified as sympathisers across Europe.
0:52:57 > 0:52:59More than a thousand of them.
0:53:01 > 0:53:03One was Jan Simonsen,
0:53:03 > 0:53:07a retired leader of the conservative Norwegian Progress Party,
0:53:07 > 0:53:10now a prolific online blogger.
0:53:25 > 0:53:29But though he denounces Breivik's actions,
0:53:29 > 0:53:32Simonsen does not condemn all of Breivik's ideas.
0:53:32 > 0:53:34Far from it.
0:53:58 > 0:54:05I'm not so concerned about if he is described as a mad man or not.
0:54:05 > 0:54:09I think we should emphasise on the ideology
0:54:09 > 0:54:13which he is talking about, how deep it is in our society.
0:54:16 > 0:54:19He's sitting behind the bars
0:54:19 > 0:54:24but his ideology is out there, which we should have a focus on,
0:54:24 > 0:54:26because when we live in a multicultural society
0:54:26 > 0:54:29and we describe some people living in our society
0:54:29 > 0:54:32as a enemy of the majority of our society
0:54:32 > 0:54:34it is a dangerous...
0:54:34 > 0:54:38a very dangerous angling, a very dangerous ideology.
0:55:06 > 0:55:10Ironically, Breivik himself may have done more than anyone
0:55:10 > 0:55:13to undermine that ideology.
0:55:15 > 0:55:18Three days after the attack,
0:55:18 > 0:55:21thousands of Norwegians spontaneously took to the streets
0:55:21 > 0:55:25in the so-called "rose rally" to express their grief,
0:55:25 > 0:55:28unity, and abhorrence of Breivik's actions
0:55:28 > 0:55:31and the worldview that propagated them.
0:55:31 > 0:55:36I think that one thing that has happened with the Norwegian society
0:55:36 > 0:55:38after the 22nd of July
0:55:38 > 0:55:41is that people have become more tolerant,
0:55:41 > 0:55:44more careful not to judge people
0:55:44 > 0:55:47related to which group they are coming from
0:55:47 > 0:55:49and being much more careful
0:55:49 > 0:55:51to underline and to understand
0:55:51 > 0:55:55that it is always individuals who are responsible
0:55:55 > 0:55:58for crimes and terrorist attacks.
0:56:05 > 0:56:09You are not responsible because you are part of an ethnic group.
0:56:09 > 0:56:13I am not responsible for the crimes or the terrorists acts
0:56:13 > 0:56:17the terrorist committed on the 22nd July,
0:56:17 > 0:56:20even if he is a male, white, from Oslo.
0:56:20 > 0:56:24I am that too, but that doesn't make me a terrorist.
0:56:39 > 0:56:43The court will decide if Breivik is insane or not.
0:56:44 > 0:56:47He believes history will be his final judge.
0:56:51 > 0:56:53His manifesto declares his attacks
0:56:53 > 0:56:58mark the beginning of a war which will last for decades.
0:57:19 > 0:57:21Out of the shadow of Utoya,
0:57:21 > 0:57:25a different vision of the future is rising to face him.
0:58:40 > 0:58:43Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd