0:00:02 > 0:00:07The family. It's where we love, laugh, shout and cry.
0:00:07 > 0:00:09Oh! Don't fall off!
0:00:09 > 0:00:10Higher!
0:00:10 > 0:00:11It makes us who we are.
0:00:13 > 0:00:16But it hasn't always been the cherished institution it is today.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21To find out how the modern family came to be, a group of parents
0:00:21 > 0:00:25and kids from across Britain are turning back time,
0:00:25 > 0:00:31to face the same ordeals as millions of others over the past 100 years.
0:00:31 > 0:00:35In the northern seaside town of Morecambe, the past is coming alive.
0:00:37 > 0:00:41A row of terraced houses has been turned into time machines,
0:00:41 > 0:00:43to transport our families through the twists
0:00:43 > 0:00:46and turns of the 20th century.
0:00:46 > 0:00:48From the age of masters and servants...
0:00:48 > 0:00:50Aaah!
0:00:50 > 0:00:51I felt a bit emotional,
0:00:51 > 0:00:54because I knew she was there to take the children away.
0:00:54 > 0:00:57Which is quite difficult.
0:00:57 > 0:01:00..through the Roaring Twenties to the Depression.
0:01:00 > 0:01:02Anything else of value will need to be sold.
0:01:02 > 0:01:06The fact that it was in front of the family, I felt really useless.
0:01:06 > 0:01:08From life on the Home Front...
0:01:11 > 0:01:13Another era, another separation.
0:01:13 > 0:01:14..to the Swinging Sixties.
0:01:14 > 0:01:17I'm slightly concerned about the length of their skirts.
0:01:17 > 0:01:21We're starting the rebellion right now.
0:01:21 > 0:01:23And on to the groovy '70s.
0:01:23 > 0:01:26I couldn't give a damn about material things.
0:01:26 > 0:01:27For me, family is most important.
0:01:29 > 0:01:31And the past is about to get personal.
0:01:33 > 0:01:36Rather than just living in a museum,
0:01:36 > 0:01:37we're actually living an ancestor's life.
0:01:37 > 0:01:40She died of TB, consumption.
0:01:40 > 0:01:42I'm starting to feel quite emotional!
0:01:43 > 0:01:45We take so much for granted, I think.
0:01:45 > 0:01:50We're turning back time to find out how history made the family
0:01:50 > 0:01:52what it is today.
0:02:01 > 0:02:06The family's extraordinary adventure through time is set to continue...
0:02:07 > 0:02:11..as they return to Albert Road to experience family life
0:02:11 > 0:02:13in the Second World War.
0:02:16 > 0:02:19VOICEOVER: The time for words is over. The time for action has come.
0:02:21 > 0:02:23Between 1939 and 1945,
0:02:23 > 0:02:26the whole country faced a desperate battle for survival.
0:02:28 > 0:02:32It was a conflict that would tear ordinary families apart
0:02:32 > 0:02:35and change British family life for ever.
0:02:37 > 0:02:40War today involves not only the fighting services,
0:02:40 > 0:02:42but the whole population.
0:02:42 > 0:02:46On hand to guide the time travellers through their unique
0:02:46 > 0:02:52historical experience are historical gadget expert Joe Crowley,
0:02:52 > 0:02:56working mum and queen of the breakfast sofa Susanna Reid
0:02:56 > 0:02:58and social historian Juliet Gardiner,
0:02:58 > 0:03:02who will ensure that the constraints of wartime are strictly enforced.
0:03:02 > 0:03:08Welcome back to Albert Road. It is now 1940, and Britain is at war.
0:03:09 > 0:03:13Of course, we can't recreate the danger and fear of wartime,
0:03:13 > 0:03:15and nor would we want to,
0:03:15 > 0:03:19but you will be experiencing some of the privations and restrictions
0:03:19 > 0:03:22that British families endured during the Second World War.
0:03:22 > 0:03:23Men, women, children.
0:03:23 > 0:03:27The whole country was mobilised as part of the war effort.
0:03:27 > 0:03:31It was a terrifying time, but also a time of great change, and really,
0:03:31 > 0:03:35in many ways, the recognisable beginnings of modern Britain.
0:03:35 > 0:03:39Your challenge in this era is to face up to the ordeal of fighting the war
0:03:39 > 0:03:41on the Home Front.
0:03:41 > 0:03:44You'll be expected to pull together, show Blitz spirit,
0:03:44 > 0:03:47and some good old British stiff upper lip.
0:03:52 > 0:03:56As the families head home, big changes await.
0:03:56 > 0:03:59The houses are now fully prepared for war.
0:03:59 > 0:04:01All taped up.
0:04:01 > 0:04:03It's taped up, and there's blackout blinds.
0:04:03 > 0:04:05Why is there tape on the window?
0:04:05 > 0:04:08So that if there was an explosion, it would hold all the glass in place.
0:04:08 > 0:04:12That's why they tape the windows up, so it wouldn't blow the glass through.
0:04:15 > 0:04:16At home in Norfolk, Michael Taylor
0:04:16 > 0:04:19and wife Adele lead a down-to-earth life.
0:04:19 > 0:04:22But thanks to Michael's wealthy mill-running ancestor,
0:04:22 > 0:04:25they've been members of the upper-middle class.
0:04:25 > 0:04:27Might hire servants when we get home!
0:04:27 > 0:04:30But posh was far from perfect.
0:04:30 > 0:04:33- Bye, Mum.- I'm gutted. I want to go out as well.
0:04:33 > 0:04:36Adele Taylor struggled with an opulent lifestyle that
0:04:36 > 0:04:39separated her from her family.
0:04:39 > 0:04:40I'm not the mother of these children.
0:04:40 > 0:04:42The nanny has been the mother of the children.
0:04:44 > 0:04:47With the country at war, the servants are a thing of the past.
0:04:47 > 0:04:49Yeah, look, no staff.
0:04:49 > 0:04:51We've got to ring the bell!
0:04:51 > 0:04:57Adele has finally got what she wants - a chance to run the family home.
0:04:57 > 0:04:58Oh, it's fantastic.
0:04:58 > 0:04:59No staff.
0:04:59 > 0:05:03Really pleased. There's nobody, so we can just walk wherever we want now. Fantastic.
0:05:03 > 0:05:05It's our own little place, isn't it?
0:05:05 > 0:05:07- Would you hang my hat up, please? - I'm not doing chores!
0:05:07 > 0:05:09What are you going to do?
0:05:09 > 0:05:13You're going to have to learn some independence, girl. There's a war on!
0:05:15 > 0:05:19The Taylors' old scullery has been transformed into Albert Road's
0:05:19 > 0:05:21air raid shelter.
0:05:21 > 0:05:23Everything has been taken over, hasn't it?
0:05:23 > 0:05:25This looks quite grim down here, actually.
0:05:25 > 0:05:27I'm sleeping in the top bunk.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31I think, as a family, we are very lucky to have a shelter here,
0:05:31 > 0:05:34whereas I think other families that live down the street
0:05:34 > 0:05:37would have to go out of the house, so I don't think we can whinge
0:05:37 > 0:05:41- and moan, actually, about our shelter.- No.- I think, in fact, it's a very good shelter.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44- Right, come on. Shall we have a look upstairs? - Shall we look upstairs?
0:05:44 > 0:05:46To the nursery.
0:05:46 > 0:05:50- Loads of war toys. - That's what the kids would want to play with, isn't it?
0:05:50 > 0:05:51# Da-da-da! #
0:05:51 > 0:05:54You couldn't put your head down and forget about it, could you?
0:05:54 > 0:05:56There's not a room in the house, as yet,
0:05:56 > 0:05:59that we aren't being reminded that we're in wartime.
0:06:01 > 0:06:03Hey, we're home!
0:06:03 > 0:06:06Hey, you've just walked straight past something.
0:06:06 > 0:06:09Oh, rabbits!
0:06:09 > 0:06:14In the 21st century, Ian and Naomi Golding believe in modern, hands-on parenting.
0:06:14 > 0:06:18I want to stroke one, I want to stroke one!
0:06:20 > 0:06:24The close-knit family spent the previous era living the middle-class dream.
0:06:24 > 0:06:26Just to be together as a family.
0:06:26 > 0:06:29Yeah. 1900s, we didn't see each other at all.
0:06:30 > 0:06:33Have you spotted this?
0:06:33 > 0:06:36But war has brought the Goldings' golden age to an end.
0:06:36 > 0:06:38Oh, no.
0:06:38 > 0:06:40What, what?
0:06:40 > 0:06:42- Rabbit pie. - We have to kill the rabbit.
0:06:42 > 0:06:44Oh, no.
0:06:44 > 0:06:45Can I stroke one?
0:06:45 > 0:06:48For the first time, everyone on Albert Road is going to be
0:06:48 > 0:06:52undergoing the same ordeal - living with a limited food supply.
0:06:52 > 0:06:54Dried skimmed milk.
0:06:54 > 0:06:55Dried eggs!
0:06:55 > 0:06:56Ugh!
0:06:56 > 0:06:58How can you fit an egg in there?
0:06:58 > 0:06:59There's nothing, look.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02We're going to have to be pretty frugal this week.
0:07:02 > 0:07:05VOICEOVER: From the very beginning of the war,
0:07:05 > 0:07:08one of Germany's principle aims has been Britain's starvation.
0:07:08 > 0:07:09Introduced four months into the war,
0:07:09 > 0:07:15rationing meant mums of all classes struggled to put food on the table.
0:07:17 > 0:07:19Even fresh eggs were scarce.
0:07:20 > 0:07:24I don't think we've had a huge amount of food since we've been here,
0:07:24 > 0:07:27not when you compare it to five courses a day next door.
0:07:28 > 0:07:31I can't kill a rabbit. I couldn't.
0:07:31 > 0:07:33We'll be fine, even without the rabbit.
0:07:33 > 0:07:35We will manage.
0:07:35 > 0:07:37Mum, I don't mind if you kill one.
0:07:37 > 0:07:40I've already said I'm not killing a rabbit. They are so cute.
0:07:42 > 0:07:45Returning home to their working-class abode,
0:07:45 > 0:07:48the Meadows are also in for a big surprise.
0:07:48 > 0:07:50Oh!
0:07:50 > 0:07:51Oh, my God!
0:07:52 > 0:07:56Meat rationing meant that a pig suddenly became a valuable asset.
0:07:57 > 0:08:00- There is no way I'm...- Aaaah!
0:08:02 > 0:08:04- BLEEP- Hell!
0:08:04 > 0:08:08Many families banded together, and nearly 7,000 pig clubs
0:08:08 > 0:08:11were formed to raise livestock across the country.
0:08:11 > 0:08:13PIG SNORTS
0:08:13 > 0:08:15I'm not eating that. I'd rather starve than kill that.
0:08:15 > 0:08:16Yeah, same.
0:08:16 > 0:08:18Yeah, me too.
0:08:18 > 0:08:19No. I'll eat it.
0:08:19 > 0:08:21- It's just a pig! - Dad, she can hear you!
0:08:21 > 0:08:23They won't kill you, I promise.
0:08:23 > 0:08:25From Berkshire,
0:08:25 > 0:08:29the Meadows run their own successful family business - a polo school.
0:08:29 > 0:08:32But life at the bottom of Albert Road's social pile
0:08:32 > 0:08:34has been a constant struggle.
0:08:34 > 0:08:37Soul-destroying. Completely soul-destroying.
0:08:37 > 0:08:41The family have been forced to live hand-to-mouth in order to survive.
0:08:42 > 0:08:45All you do is think about food and tea and warmth.
0:08:45 > 0:08:49Food, tea, warmth. That's all you care about.
0:08:50 > 0:08:52- Oh, wow!- We've got some veggies on the go here.
0:08:52 > 0:08:54Brilliant!
0:08:54 > 0:08:56Finally, things are looking up for the Meadows.
0:08:56 > 0:08:58What are these? Are these cabbages?
0:08:58 > 0:08:59Cabbages.
0:08:59 > 0:09:01These'll be runner beans.
0:09:01 > 0:09:03As well as raising animals for meat,
0:09:03 > 0:09:06households were encouraged to dig for victory,
0:09:06 > 0:09:09and grow their own vegetables to supplement their meagre rations.
0:09:09 > 0:09:10That is rhubarb.
0:09:10 > 0:09:13Oh, rhubarb, that'll be lovely!
0:09:13 > 0:09:16While rations were seen as a hardship by well-off families,
0:09:16 > 0:09:20the poorest actually improved their diets, due to a lower sugar intake.
0:09:20 > 0:09:24Before the war, two thirds of poor households were considered to be under-nourished.
0:09:24 > 0:09:27This is going to make a big difference to us.
0:09:27 > 0:09:29Before, it's been a question of,
0:09:29 > 0:09:34"Well, can we find a potato, or can we afford to buy some mince?"
0:09:34 > 0:09:36So, now, I think it's possibly going to be better for us,
0:09:36 > 0:09:39as a working-class household.
0:09:39 > 0:09:42Times are changing for the inhabitants of number three,
0:09:42 > 0:09:47and Joe Crowley has important news for one member of the family.
0:09:47 > 0:09:51Come with me. I've got some extra duties for you you might be interested in.
0:09:51 > 0:09:53Do you know what this is, on the corner?
0:09:53 > 0:09:55An air raid shelter.
0:09:55 > 0:10:00Close. This is the local ARP warden's base.
0:10:00 > 0:10:03So, we need an ARP this week.
0:10:03 > 0:10:05That'll be you, then, Phil.
0:10:05 > 0:10:09I would like to proudly bestow this helmet on Suzie.
0:10:13 > 0:10:16One sixth of all air raid precaution wardens were women.
0:10:18 > 0:10:23It was one of the first times that women performed a uniformed civic defence role on Britain's streets.
0:10:23 > 0:10:26You won't actually be sounding the siren.
0:10:26 > 0:10:28That's done from the police station locally.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32But, just so we can tune our ears, come with me.
0:10:32 > 0:10:34Here is an air raid siren.
0:10:34 > 0:10:35Righty-ho.
0:10:35 > 0:10:38So, give it some welly, and let's see what it sounds like.
0:10:38 > 0:10:39Are you ready?
0:10:39 > 0:10:45AIR RAID SIREN WAILS
0:10:54 > 0:10:58- I'm sorry to tell you that was a false alarm this time round. - A false alarm?
0:10:58 > 0:11:00That's good, we're here, we're organised.
0:11:00 > 0:11:01- It's good.- It's good to practice.
0:11:01 > 0:11:04This is what the ARP warden wants to see.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06We'll go back now. Thank you. Come on, guys.
0:11:06 > 0:11:07- Have a good week.- Thank you.
0:11:07 > 0:11:09It's going to be a tough one, but stay safe.
0:11:09 > 0:11:10Thank you, bye.
0:11:10 > 0:11:11Look after that pig.
0:11:12 > 0:11:16After the horrors of the First World War,
0:11:16 > 0:11:19it was feared that the Germans would again use poison gas.
0:11:22 > 0:11:25Fearing that, this time, civilians would be targeted,
0:11:25 > 0:11:29gas masks were issued to every man, woman and child.
0:11:30 > 0:11:34Good afternoon, Mrs Taylor. I've come to fit you with your gas masks.
0:11:34 > 0:11:39As ARP warden, it's Suzie's responsibility to keep the neighbours safe.
0:11:39 > 0:11:42Beautifully done. Perfect.
0:11:42 > 0:11:44It suddenly makes it all more serious, doesn't it,
0:11:44 > 0:11:47- putting these on?- I know.
0:11:47 > 0:11:50And that this is a one-stop shop. You get it wrong...
0:11:50 > 0:11:52- And we die.- And you're gassed.
0:11:53 > 0:11:56It must have been really freaky, standing in a room full of gas,
0:11:56 > 0:11:59and all you've got to protect you is this.
0:11:59 > 0:12:02So, basically, you have to rely on this for your survival.
0:12:02 > 0:12:07Quite scary, actually, because they look like monsters in it.
0:12:07 > 0:12:10Breathe in and out. Make a noise. That's it.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17It feels really strange putting little children in gas masks.
0:12:17 > 0:12:20I think that these are things that could happen to anybody,
0:12:20 > 0:12:22big or small.
0:12:22 > 0:12:25It just gives you the creeps, really,
0:12:25 > 0:12:28because you realise that they're really at risk.
0:12:28 > 0:12:32By June 1940, after the British Army's retreat from Dunkirk,
0:12:32 > 0:12:35much of northern Europe was occupied by the Nazis.
0:12:35 > 0:12:38With German forces poised across the Channel,
0:12:38 > 0:12:41Britain and its dominions stood alone.
0:12:41 > 0:12:43RADIO: We are going to ask you to help us.
0:12:43 > 0:12:45Here, then, is the opportunity for which
0:12:45 > 0:12:48so many of you have been waiting.
0:12:48 > 0:12:51The government appealed for all able-bodied men to join the LDV,
0:12:51 > 0:12:55or Local Defence Volunteers, later to be renamed the Home Guard.
0:12:55 > 0:12:59You have already got your motto. And your motto is "Kill the Boche!"
0:12:59 > 0:13:03With the ceiling for conscription set at the age of 27,
0:13:03 > 0:13:06the LDV gave older dads across the land the opportunity
0:13:06 > 0:13:08to protect their families in the event of a Nazi invasion.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13Michael Taylor is a former member of the RAF,
0:13:13 > 0:13:16with 16 years' service behind him.
0:13:16 > 0:13:17Feel like Dad's Army.
0:13:17 > 0:13:19We are Dad's Army, yes.
0:13:19 > 0:13:21Oh, so you're not really in any danger, are you? You're just...
0:13:21 > 0:13:24I've got more chance of shooting my foot, I think,
0:13:24 > 0:13:25than shooting anything else!
0:13:25 > 0:13:27When I joined up, it was more about a job, really,
0:13:27 > 0:13:30and a different environment for my life.
0:13:30 > 0:13:33It was never about fighting, or anything else.
0:13:33 > 0:13:36I have full respect for anybody who stands up and joins up,
0:13:36 > 0:13:39whatever, police, whatever, you know what I mean.
0:13:39 > 0:13:42I've always said that about people who stand up and be counted.
0:13:42 > 0:13:43You know. It's important.
0:13:43 > 0:13:47- Enjoy yourself.- Continue cooking!
0:13:47 > 0:13:49Oh, is that his weapon?!
0:13:49 > 0:13:51SHE LAUGHS
0:13:51 > 0:13:54She's evil, she is. Absolutely evil!
0:13:55 > 0:13:57You're not supposed to laugh!
0:13:57 > 0:13:59- Oh, my gosh! - What do you think of that?
0:13:59 > 0:14:01That's scary.
0:14:01 > 0:14:03With real weapons in short supply,
0:14:03 > 0:14:05due to the needs of the regular army,
0:14:05 > 0:14:09volunteers had to make do with whatever came to hand.
0:14:09 > 0:14:12Have you stolen that from my kitchen?
0:14:12 > 0:14:14Careful of yourself.
0:14:14 > 0:14:15Look at that.
0:14:15 > 0:14:18I'll tell you what, if the Germans saw us coming, they'll run a mile.
0:14:21 > 0:14:24Armed to the teeth with their makeshift weapons, the men
0:14:24 > 0:14:28are off to the seafront to join some local Home Guard enthusiasts.
0:14:28 > 0:14:32Section in single file. Fall in!
0:14:34 > 0:14:39One of the vital roles of the Home Guard was to patrol Britain's shoreline.
0:14:39 > 0:14:41I think we're a dog's hind leg here, aren't we?
0:14:41 > 0:14:43Get it straight, this time.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46In Morecambe, many of the eligible men in the town volunteered.
0:14:46 > 0:14:48By the left, quick march!
0:14:48 > 0:14:52# Who do you think you are kidding, Mr Hitler...? #
0:14:52 > 0:14:54Halt!
0:14:54 > 0:14:56# If you think we're on the run... #
0:14:56 > 0:14:58Something funny?
0:14:58 > 0:15:00He's learning how to walk!
0:15:01 > 0:15:05That's not bad, that wasn't bad!
0:15:05 > 0:15:07Arms straight.
0:15:08 > 0:15:11In defence of the realm...
0:15:11 > 0:15:13I don't get it. What am I doing?
0:15:13 > 0:15:16..all the social classes have been thrown together.
0:15:23 > 0:15:27Despite living side-by-side on Albert Road...
0:15:27 > 0:15:29- Good evening, Mrs Taylor. - Good evening, Phil.
0:15:29 > 0:15:33..the three families have spent the last 40 years separated by class.
0:15:33 > 0:15:38Phil, the car is expensive to keep. We can no longer keep you employed.
0:15:39 > 0:15:40Left, right, left!
0:15:40 > 0:15:43Now the dads of Albert Road are forced to work together
0:15:43 > 0:15:46to protect their families.
0:15:46 > 0:15:48About turn!
0:15:50 > 0:15:52Quick march!
0:15:52 > 0:15:55Look at Dad! He does get a gun.
0:15:55 > 0:15:59Oh, bless him! He's got a wooden gun and a girl guide's hat.
0:15:59 > 0:16:01He's looking really mean(!)
0:16:01 > 0:16:04Are you proud of Daddy?
0:16:04 > 0:16:06He looks great, doesn't he?
0:16:06 > 0:16:09Just like an army, a family marches on its stomach.
0:16:09 > 0:16:13"Carefully selected pure cod liver oil."
0:16:13 > 0:16:16Oh, no, that's repulsive!
0:16:16 > 0:16:19Right, line up in a queue.
0:16:19 > 0:16:22To supplement a wartime diet short on fresh meat, fish and veg,
0:16:22 > 0:16:25a daily dose of cod liver oil was thought to keep kids
0:16:25 > 0:16:26rickets-free and fighting fit.
0:16:26 > 0:16:29- Nice? Not nice?- Tastes like fish.
0:16:31 > 0:16:32Next!
0:16:32 > 0:16:34Ready?
0:16:34 > 0:16:35Mess about and you get double.
0:16:38 > 0:16:39Good children. Well done.
0:16:44 > 0:16:47If you mess about, you get double.
0:16:48 > 0:16:51Oh, no. That is rank.
0:16:51 > 0:16:54No longer a lady of leisure, Adele Taylor is now chef,
0:16:54 > 0:16:57nanny and mother combined.
0:16:57 > 0:16:59Don't give it if you can't take it!
0:16:59 > 0:17:01It feels fantastic being back.
0:17:01 > 0:17:05This is where I wanted to be all along, busy and doing something,
0:17:05 > 0:17:08and the kids are running around as they would at home,
0:17:08 > 0:17:10and it just feels more like a home again.
0:17:10 > 0:17:14With a hungry house to feed, but with the cupboards bare,
0:17:14 > 0:17:18Adele is following government advice to make the most of her limited rations.
0:17:18 > 0:17:21VOICEOVER: There's lots of potatoes about now.
0:17:21 > 0:17:24That's the boy, have a second helping. Good health to you.
0:17:24 > 0:17:28There was a drive to take advantage of the nation's vegetable supply,
0:17:28 > 0:17:31as it was one of the few foods not subject to ration.
0:17:31 > 0:17:35One dish that mums across the land were encouraged to make
0:17:35 > 0:17:36was Woolton pie.
0:17:36 > 0:17:38It's just severely lacking in meat.
0:17:38 > 0:17:41I wouldn't normally just do a vegetarian pie.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44Named after the Minister for Food, Lord Woolton,
0:17:44 > 0:17:47the pie made use of root vegetables, as meat was in such scarce supply.
0:17:49 > 0:17:51That is actually really nice.
0:17:51 > 0:17:53But it had its drawbacks.
0:17:53 > 0:17:55I can imagine it might be quite smelly!
0:17:56 > 0:17:59Dad, we do not talk about these things at the table!
0:17:59 > 0:18:01Just because we're out of Edwardian times and in the war
0:18:01 > 0:18:04doesn't give you permission to talk about rude things at the table.
0:18:04 > 0:18:06Good job we've got gas masks, eh?
0:18:07 > 0:18:11I reckon we've come down a peg or two since the 1900s, don't you?
0:18:11 > 0:18:13Well, we're eating together.
0:18:13 > 0:18:14Yeah, that's really good.
0:18:14 > 0:18:16This food is actually nice.
0:18:16 > 0:18:20It's the first time we've actually sat down all together.
0:18:20 > 0:18:22- So things are looking up.- Mmm.
0:18:22 > 0:18:23I'm a washer.
0:18:23 > 0:18:25Where's that tea towel?
0:18:25 > 0:18:28AIR RAID SIRENS WAIL
0:18:28 > 0:18:30Quick, guys. Grab your things.
0:18:30 > 0:18:33An air raid warning could come at any time.
0:18:33 > 0:18:36Come on, Jack. Right, coats on.
0:18:36 > 0:18:39Once the siren sounded, people often had just minutes
0:18:39 > 0:18:42to get to the nearest shelter before the bombs began to fall.
0:18:42 > 0:18:43Goldings!
0:18:43 > 0:18:45WHISTLE
0:18:45 > 0:18:46Get all your stuff!
0:18:46 > 0:18:49The Second World War placed the British family right on the front line.
0:18:51 > 0:18:54In an attempt to bring Britain to its knees, the Germans dropped
0:18:54 > 0:18:59tens of thousands of bombs on ports, factories, but also on family homes.
0:18:59 > 0:19:01Right, quick, down you go.
0:19:01 > 0:19:04We hope we've made it comfy enough.
0:19:04 > 0:19:08- It'll do. We're all together, aren't we?- We're all together.
0:19:12 > 0:19:15From the south coast to the Liverpool docks,
0:19:15 > 0:19:17no city was spared from attack.
0:19:18 > 0:19:22VOICEOVER: Every town is a target. Any town is a target.
0:19:22 > 0:19:25In total, over the duration of the war, more than two million homes were destroyed.
0:19:26 > 0:19:28Can you hear the aeroplanes? Listen.
0:19:28 > 0:19:30Sssh.
0:19:31 > 0:19:33It's really close.
0:19:34 > 0:19:36It's a bit frightening being down here,
0:19:36 > 0:19:39because even though I know it's not real,
0:19:39 > 0:19:42you can feel what they must have felt
0:19:42 > 0:19:46in those days, when the war was going on,
0:19:46 > 0:19:48and it must have been absolutely horrible for them,
0:19:48 > 0:19:52and they wouldn't have been able to sleep down here, no way.
0:19:52 > 0:19:53Not at all.
0:19:53 > 0:19:58Where is our comfort and reassurance? We're fragile beings.
0:19:58 > 0:20:00We're safe down here.
0:20:00 > 0:20:03- We're safe down here. - You're gambling.
0:20:03 > 0:20:04You two just, you know.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06You'll be all right.
0:20:06 > 0:20:09EXPLOSION Oh, gosh!
0:20:10 > 0:20:13This is what we'd have done. We'd just carry on.
0:20:13 > 0:20:17- Stiff upper lip.- Try and block it out and just get on with it.
0:20:17 > 0:20:20You'd want to give an exterior to everybody else that you're
0:20:20 > 0:20:22just carrying on, and that everything is all right,
0:20:22 > 0:20:24because you want to keep everything calm.
0:20:24 > 0:20:27You don't want to scare everybody. Do you know what I mean?
0:20:27 > 0:20:28When they're coming over.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31Can we please get our mother in here?
0:20:31 > 0:20:33I think I'd be happy if Suzie were down here.
0:20:35 > 0:20:37Even with the families safe in the shelter,
0:20:37 > 0:20:41the dangerous job of the ARP warden was far from over.
0:20:43 > 0:20:46Many were killed or injured serving their communities.
0:20:47 > 0:20:48I do feel slightly vulnerable.
0:20:50 > 0:20:57Surrounded by sandbags on my own, while there's mayhem all around me,
0:20:57 > 0:21:01and anyone I know and love is down in the basement in a lovely house.
0:21:01 > 0:21:03I'm not sure I would have signed up for this.
0:21:03 > 0:21:05I don't know whether I've got what it takes.
0:21:05 > 0:21:07I think we should go and get her, to be honest.
0:21:07 > 0:21:09Everyone else feels the same,
0:21:09 > 0:21:12and you're sat there playing a card game.
0:21:12 > 0:21:14If I go out there, and something happens to me,
0:21:14 > 0:21:16they then have to come and look for me.
0:21:16 > 0:21:20- She knows what she's doing. She's the warden.- Yeah.
0:21:20 > 0:21:21That's her job.
0:21:21 > 0:21:22BELL RINGS
0:21:22 > 0:21:24Here we go.
0:21:24 > 0:21:26CHEERING
0:21:29 > 0:21:31There has been some bomb damage.
0:21:31 > 0:21:34I've got to take you with the torch. There's been a power cut.
0:21:34 > 0:21:39And so we need just to err on the side of caution.
0:21:48 > 0:21:50During the nine months of the Blitz alone,
0:21:50 > 0:21:54nearly 45,000 British civilians lost their lives.
0:21:55 > 0:21:58So we'll be clearing up tomorrow, OK, guys?
0:21:58 > 0:22:01Yeah, we'll sort it out. Come on, let's just get in the house, guys.
0:22:01 > 0:22:04Get in the house, go to bed. I'll see you in the morning.
0:22:04 > 0:22:08Often, families returned to homes without electricity or gas,
0:22:08 > 0:22:11with cables and pipes having been damaged by falling bombs.
0:22:11 > 0:22:13Right.
0:22:13 > 0:22:14Who's up for tea, anyone?
0:22:14 > 0:22:15Yeah.
0:22:15 > 0:22:20For once, living in a working-class house powered by coal has its benefits.
0:22:20 > 0:22:23The great British fix, isn't it? Having a cup of tea.
0:22:23 > 0:22:26Five minutes' time, we'll be in the right.
0:22:30 > 0:22:31For the Golding children,
0:22:31 > 0:22:34the reality of life in wartime is sinking in.
0:22:34 > 0:22:38It's all right, you're all safe now, OK?
0:22:38 > 0:22:39It's surreal.
0:22:39 > 0:22:43So, from being a very comical, fun day, suddenly,
0:22:43 > 0:22:46the reality of what actually happened hit us,
0:22:46 > 0:22:50and that's when, for the first time, the children got really spooked.
0:22:50 > 0:22:52I don't want it to happen again.
0:22:55 > 0:22:58And it just makes you think what children would have felt,
0:22:58 > 0:23:01the first time that happened for real.
0:23:01 > 0:23:04You know, in 1939, 1940.
0:23:04 > 0:23:08They must have been absolutely scared out of their wits.
0:23:24 > 0:23:27We have quite significant damage through the hallway.
0:23:27 > 0:23:30Besides that, the rest of the drawing room got on OK.
0:23:30 > 0:23:33The picture of great-aunt Marge was all right.
0:23:33 > 0:23:35And then, through to the kitchen,
0:23:35 > 0:23:38which Adele's now busy clearing up and getting ready for breakfast.
0:23:38 > 0:23:42It's going to take a little while until we're ready, guys, because it's filthy.
0:23:42 > 0:23:44The gas is still off, so we haven't got a cup of tea.
0:23:44 > 0:23:48The Taylors are in need of a helping hand from their less well-to-do neighbours.
0:23:48 > 0:23:50A bit of cake we've got left over.
0:23:50 > 0:23:52We're going to take a couple of slices down to the Meadows,
0:23:52 > 0:23:55and say to them, "Would you like some cake?"
0:23:55 > 0:23:58"And would you be able to fill the flask up with some boiling water,
0:23:58 > 0:24:00"so we can have a nice cup of tea, as we've got no gas."
0:24:00 > 0:24:02So, yeah, how the worm has turned.
0:24:02 > 0:24:04It has, certainly turned.
0:24:04 > 0:24:05So we're the ones in need.
0:24:07 > 0:24:09Do you know what is ironic?
0:24:09 > 0:24:11That now you're the ones where we all want to be!
0:24:11 > 0:24:13What a twist of fate.
0:24:14 > 0:24:18The Germans hoped that an intense bombing campaign would destroy
0:24:18 > 0:24:21the morale of the British public.
0:24:21 > 0:24:24- Some serious damage outside yours. - I know.
0:24:24 > 0:24:26Come on, Mr Taylor!
0:24:32 > 0:24:36If you didn't have such a big house, you wouldn't have so much rubbish!
0:24:36 > 0:24:39But amongst the debris, new bonds are being formed.
0:24:39 > 0:24:4330 years ago, I wouldn't even look him in the eye.
0:24:43 > 0:24:45You know, I'd keep my head down, like this, and he'd walk past,
0:24:45 > 0:24:47in case I upset him, or did something wrong,
0:24:47 > 0:24:49and I got sacked, or whatever.
0:24:49 > 0:24:52So it is amazing, now, the two of us are out clearing up your house.
0:24:52 > 0:24:54It was a rubbish time, wasn't it?
0:24:54 > 0:24:56Still clearing up his house!
0:24:56 > 0:24:57It's amazing what a war does, isn't it?
0:25:00 > 0:25:04I really like the sense of community that is building.
0:25:04 > 0:25:07Yeah, they're all working together outside, aren't they?
0:25:07 > 0:25:09Everyone's hands-on.
0:25:10 > 0:25:11And we're whisking.
0:25:11 > 0:25:14And we're whisking and beating together.
0:25:14 > 0:25:16We are very housewifely, aren't we?
0:25:17 > 0:25:19And what's Adele's excuse for not being here?
0:25:19 > 0:25:23I'm not quite sure. She's so excited to have a kitchen, I think.
0:25:23 > 0:25:26We'll have this looking cleaner than when I started.
0:25:26 > 0:25:28Albert Road might have taken a pasting,
0:25:28 > 0:25:32but a new fighting spirit has emerged.
0:25:32 > 0:25:35I'm now thinking, "Go and bomb them bloody Germans, finish them off!
0:25:35 > 0:25:37"You're not coming in my kitchen and wrecking it."
0:25:37 > 0:25:40So I can see how it, kind of...
0:25:40 > 0:25:43I don't know whether bombing civilians was counter-productive,
0:25:43 > 0:25:47because you suddenly get this uprise of people, really angry,
0:25:47 > 0:25:51and I'm a bit fed up that they've come and done this!
0:25:51 > 0:25:54TRUMPET PLAYS
0:25:56 > 0:25:58As the war raged on,
0:25:58 > 0:26:02the army needed ever more soldiers to swell its ranks.
0:26:02 > 0:26:07Your country calls upon you for your own protection,
0:26:07 > 0:26:10and the protection of your families and your friends.
0:26:10 > 0:26:14By June 1941, conscription was extended
0:26:14 > 0:26:16to all men up to 41 years of age.
0:26:18 > 0:26:21In total, over 4.5 million men were called up.
0:26:23 > 0:26:26I've come to give you some news you must have been half expecting.
0:26:26 > 0:26:29You two, Michael and Ian, you're both under 41,
0:26:29 > 0:26:32so I've got your conscription papers.
0:26:32 > 0:26:35You're going to war. Mr Golding, Mr Taylor.
0:26:35 > 0:26:38I've just got my family back, and we're being ripped apart again.
0:26:38 > 0:26:43At 50, Phil Meadows is too old to be conscripted.
0:26:43 > 0:26:45You're going to keep in the Home Guard.
0:26:45 > 0:26:48Your contribution is going to be just as important as these guys to the battlefield.
0:26:48 > 0:26:50How do you feel?
0:26:50 > 0:26:54You want to go and do your bit, especially when your mates are going.
0:26:54 > 0:26:56Yeah, that's true.
0:26:57 > 0:27:00As a mate, that's really nice, that is. I'm touched.
0:27:00 > 0:27:02Good luck. Really good luck, OK?
0:27:02 > 0:27:04Thank you very much.
0:27:04 > 0:27:06Come on, let's go and say goodbye.
0:27:12 > 0:27:14Oh, no. Daddy's leaving us.
0:27:16 > 0:27:17Is this now? You're going now?
0:27:17 > 0:27:20I haven't got much time is all I've been told.
0:27:20 > 0:27:22Where are you going?
0:27:22 > 0:27:23I'm going to war, Katie.
0:27:24 > 0:27:26Great.
0:27:26 > 0:27:28- Now?- Yes, today, we're off.
0:27:28 > 0:27:30You're going to be the only one in the house.
0:27:30 > 0:27:32- Yeah, and Megan. - There's a surprise(!)
0:27:32 > 0:27:34So is that all it does? It says you've got to go?
0:27:34 > 0:27:35Yeah, that's it.
0:27:35 > 0:27:37Right, OK.
0:27:42 > 0:27:45To be able to go and have the opportunity to go to war is good.
0:27:45 > 0:27:49You know, I'll be doing something that's vital to my family
0:27:49 > 0:27:54and to families all over the country, so I'm ready for it, now.
0:27:54 > 0:27:56And I'm sure Naomi'll get on with it here.
0:27:56 > 0:27:59We'll be fine, won't we?
0:27:59 > 0:28:01We'll be fine.
0:28:03 > 0:28:06I can shoot a gun better than them, ride a horse better than them,
0:28:06 > 0:28:09drive a car better than them, so why should I be stuck at home?
0:28:09 > 0:28:11It's an age thing, a fitness thing, yeah?
0:28:11 > 0:28:13And I could probably out-fitness them.
0:28:13 > 0:28:16It's probably something to do with being old.
0:28:16 > 0:28:17I don't think people like being old.
0:28:17 > 0:28:21And it's kind of reconfirmed the fact that you're not good enough to go and fight for your country.
0:28:33 > 0:28:37Next door, before Ian Golding leaves for war, Juliet has come to reveal
0:28:37 > 0:28:41how the conflict changed some of his family's lives for ever.
0:28:42 > 0:28:46Ian's great-aunt Minnie was married to Nathan Cassler.
0:28:46 > 0:28:51Together, they had three daughters, Edith, Brenda and Natalie.
0:28:51 > 0:28:54- You know that they're a London family.- Yes.
0:28:54 > 0:28:57Nathan, in particular, was very anxious about the bombing coming,
0:28:57 > 0:29:02and so he moved his family to Brighton.
0:29:02 > 0:29:07Now, that is a picture of the three girls, the oldest one, Edith,
0:29:07 > 0:29:11then Brenda, and then little Natalie there.
0:29:11 > 0:29:16- Oh, wow.- But, of course, as we know, there's no safety in the Second World War.- No.
0:29:16 > 0:29:17Brighton was badly bombed.
0:29:17 > 0:29:23On 9th April, 1941, a moonlit raid was to devastate Brighton.
0:29:26 > 0:29:29What happened, unfortunately, in that moonlit raid,
0:29:29 > 0:29:33was that a bomb fell on Norfolk Square,
0:29:33 > 0:29:39- where Nathan, Minnie and the three children were living.- Oh.
0:29:39 > 0:29:41If you have a look here.
0:29:41 > 0:29:43So, Brenda, she was only 11.
0:29:43 > 0:29:46"Died due to war operations.
0:29:46 > 0:29:50"Edith Cassler, 16 years.
0:29:51 > 0:29:53"Natalie Cassler, female of five."
0:29:55 > 0:29:57Blimey. So, five, 11 and 16.
0:29:59 > 0:30:02A day later, their father's body was found.
0:30:03 > 0:30:07Miraculously, Ian's great-aunt Minnie survived the blast.
0:30:07 > 0:30:11I mean, to live the rest of your life with that,
0:30:11 > 0:30:14to have been the one that survived, you'd almost, probably,
0:30:14 > 0:30:17preferred to have died as well.
0:30:17 > 0:30:20Well, it's interesting,
0:30:20 > 0:30:22when you think about where to send your children.
0:30:22 > 0:30:27I mean, obviously, they chose to go to Brighton, which, maybe,
0:30:27 > 0:30:28that makes it all the worse.
0:30:28 > 0:30:32- Can you imagine if that was our three children?- Mmm.
0:30:32 > 0:30:34She thought she was keeping her family together
0:30:34 > 0:30:37by doing what she did, and then she didn't.
0:30:37 > 0:30:40Ultimately, she didn't end up with the children.
0:30:43 > 0:30:46We should never forget, and we should talk about it more,
0:30:46 > 0:30:50and I think it's important that we don't forget, going forward.
0:30:56 > 0:31:00Almost 8,000 British children lost their lives during the war.
0:31:00 > 0:31:03NEWSREEL: From cities and towns, children in their thousands
0:31:03 > 0:31:06have left their parents and been drafted off to safety zones.
0:31:07 > 0:31:10Evacuation out of the cities was agreed by all
0:31:10 > 0:31:13to be the best way to keep children safe.
0:31:14 > 0:31:19In total, over two million kids were sent away by their parents
0:31:19 > 0:31:22to the perceived safety of the countryside.
0:31:22 > 0:31:27Right, what you need in your suitcases are your pyjamas.
0:31:27 > 0:31:31The women of Albert Road aren't just losing their husbands.
0:31:33 > 0:31:34- Jack.- Yeah?
0:31:34 > 0:31:37Would you like a new cardigan to take?
0:31:37 > 0:31:40I think, in the modern day,
0:31:40 > 0:31:43you try and prepare your children for everything.
0:31:43 > 0:31:46I think they'll all be fine, as long as they're together.
0:31:46 > 0:31:49I'm sad and happy.
0:31:49 > 0:31:54Sad because Mum's on her own, and happy because I'm going
0:31:54 > 0:31:59with my friends and we're going to have a really nice time.
0:31:59 > 0:32:02It must have been tough for mums. It's hard to be without your family.
0:32:02 > 0:32:05But you know you've done your best for them.
0:32:07 > 0:32:10Just keep them safe, and I think it's your duty, as a mum.
0:32:11 > 0:32:15To keep them safe, and it's your duty as a wife to carry on.
0:32:15 > 0:32:18I'm trying to keep positive about it.
0:32:18 > 0:32:21This must have been heartbreaking for the mums,
0:32:21 > 0:32:27having to pack all the cases up with their belongings in.
0:32:27 > 0:32:31I think it would be really hard for the children.
0:32:31 > 0:32:34Yeah, because they're leaving their mum, for weeks, maybe.
0:32:36 > 0:32:39And it would be hard for mums, as well, wouldn't it?
0:32:39 > 0:32:43Yeah, because they'll have to stay at home.
0:32:43 > 0:32:44- On their own.- All the time.
0:32:44 > 0:32:51We're all together, and then we just have to leave each other, don't we?
0:32:51 > 0:32:53One happy day.
0:32:53 > 0:32:55Yeah, just one.
0:32:55 > 0:32:58And then it's like the Edwardian times.
0:32:58 > 0:32:59Yeah.
0:33:05 > 0:33:07MUSIC: "We'll Meet Again" by Vera Lynn
0:33:07 > 0:33:09# Let's say goodbye With a smile, dear
0:33:09 > 0:33:12# Just for a while, dear
0:33:12 > 0:33:14# We must part... #
0:33:14 > 0:33:15Wartime parents said goodbye,
0:33:15 > 0:33:19not knowing when it would be safe for their children to return.
0:33:19 > 0:33:23Or how long it would be until they saw them again.
0:33:24 > 0:33:26Will you be a good boy?
0:33:27 > 0:33:28That's ours.
0:33:28 > 0:33:30You're very excited, aren't you?
0:33:30 > 0:33:33# We'll meet again
0:33:33 > 0:33:38# Don't know where, don't know when
0:33:38 > 0:33:45# But I know we'll meet again Some sunny day... #
0:33:45 > 0:33:47Thank you.
0:33:52 > 0:33:54You have to smile for them, don't you?
0:33:54 > 0:33:55- Yes.- Smile for them.
0:33:59 > 0:34:07# Till the blue skies chase those dark clouds far away... #
0:34:07 > 0:34:12# We'll meet again
0:34:12 > 0:34:19# Don't know where, don't know when
0:34:19 > 0:34:33# But I know we'll meet again Some sunny day. #
0:34:33 > 0:34:36Another era, another separation.
0:34:38 > 0:34:40Yeah, it's really difficult.
0:34:40 > 0:34:43I suppose you just try to imagine what women must have been going through.
0:34:43 > 0:34:46It must have been hell. Absolute hell.
0:34:46 > 0:34:49Yeah, because you didn't have any idea when they'd be back.
0:34:49 > 0:34:51Some of the time, you don't even know where they're going.
0:34:51 > 0:34:55And by now, I'd already have rang the other end to check that
0:34:55 > 0:34:57they're there, on the other end, waiting to receive them,
0:34:57 > 0:35:00and there would have to be another phone call this evening to check
0:35:00 > 0:35:03that they'd eaten, and another one to check that they were in bed.
0:35:03 > 0:35:05Come on, let's go home.
0:35:09 > 0:35:12Teenagers Genevieve, Saskia and Megan
0:35:12 > 0:35:14are old enough not to face being evacuated.
0:35:14 > 0:35:16Oh.
0:35:16 > 0:35:18I hate chickens with a passion.
0:35:18 > 0:35:21Instead, they are going to be making up for the shortage
0:35:21 > 0:35:25of agricultural labourers by joining the Women's Land Army.
0:35:25 > 0:35:28Aaah! Oh, my god!
0:35:31 > 0:35:32Are there any more in there?
0:35:32 > 0:35:35NEWSREEL: Ladies and gentlemen.
0:35:35 > 0:35:38We cows are in a very serious predicament.
0:35:38 > 0:35:41There are not enough people to milk us.
0:35:41 > 0:35:42What?
0:35:42 > 0:35:44Has anybody ever milked a cow?
0:35:44 > 0:35:46- No.- No.- What's that smell?
0:35:46 > 0:35:48COW MOOS
0:35:48 > 0:35:51One third of all Land Girls came from the cities,
0:35:51 > 0:35:55and had almost no experience of life on the farm.
0:35:55 > 0:35:56Do you know which end you milk a cow?
0:35:56 > 0:35:58- Yeah.- That.
0:35:58 > 0:36:00Ugh.
0:36:00 > 0:36:01Well done, Saskia.
0:36:01 > 0:36:04- Have you got some?- Yeah. - I can hear it.
0:36:04 > 0:36:07I'm not going to lie, this isn't pleasant.
0:36:07 > 0:36:09It looks a bit like it's semi-skimmed.
0:36:09 > 0:36:11No, it's not semi-skimmed.
0:36:12 > 0:36:15- I'll try now.- Right, off you go.
0:36:15 > 0:36:16I just wanted to see someone do it.
0:36:16 > 0:36:18Ah. Come on.
0:36:18 > 0:36:21Ugh! I can't do it!
0:36:21 > 0:36:24Being able to work with Saskia and Genevieve is really good,
0:36:24 > 0:36:28because before, being upper-class and being working-class meant that
0:36:28 > 0:36:31with the class divisions, we couldn't actually talk to each other.
0:36:31 > 0:36:34This era, it just seems like everybody's brought together.
0:36:34 > 0:36:37So it's really nice to get out of your family group, and out
0:36:37 > 0:36:41of all the class restrictions, and just mixing with everybody.
0:36:41 > 0:36:43Ugh!
0:36:43 > 0:36:47That's what happens as well!
0:36:47 > 0:36:50I don't really want to get back over there, now!
0:36:50 > 0:36:54Get in!
0:36:54 > 0:36:56It does have a bit of a waft going on!
0:37:01 > 0:37:06The war has separated Naomi Golding from her entire family.
0:37:06 > 0:37:08I think they'll be absolutely fine.
0:37:08 > 0:37:10They didn't seem bothered at all, actually!
0:37:10 > 0:37:13They were really happy.
0:37:13 > 0:37:18I'm lucky, but women in the '40s wouldn't have been so lucky in the war,
0:37:18 > 0:37:20because I know it's only a finite time.
0:37:21 > 0:37:27The only sad thing, I suppose, was I'd got my basket ready
0:37:27 > 0:37:31to take to the shelter later, and I had to take four mugs out.
0:37:31 > 0:37:32I thought, "I don't need those."
0:37:32 > 0:37:33So that was sad.
0:37:39 > 0:37:43I think that'll be weird, tonight, if there's an air raid siren,
0:37:43 > 0:37:46to go next door and just be on my own.
0:37:46 > 0:37:47That would be weird.
0:37:52 > 0:37:55Very hard, because all the pictures and paintings and everything
0:37:55 > 0:37:57tell you to keep a stiff upper lip.
0:37:57 > 0:38:01I guess, in these quiet times, is when women did have their emotions.
0:38:03 > 0:38:07And all the pictures you see and all the propaganda you see is that we
0:38:07 > 0:38:11all got on with it, and I'm sure we did when we left the house.
0:38:14 > 0:38:16But when you're on your own, and you've got quiet time,
0:38:16 > 0:38:19that's when it hits you that it's very quiet.
0:38:19 > 0:38:22It's very lonely. I don't like being on my own.
0:38:24 > 0:38:27Waving the kids off was really difficult.
0:38:27 > 0:38:30I've got Megan, which is lovely, to have somebody,
0:38:30 > 0:38:33and she'll be my kind of rock now, to keep me going.
0:38:33 > 0:38:38What would be the alternative? Sitting here blubbing into my hanky?
0:38:38 > 0:38:41Who's that going to help? It's helping nobody.
0:38:41 > 0:38:43The only thing that I can do, now, to help,
0:38:43 > 0:38:46is to get the street together, make sure everybody's fed and warm
0:38:46 > 0:38:49and ready for what the next disaster might be,
0:38:49 > 0:38:56so yeah, I can kind of see how this Blitz spirit gets everybody driven.
0:38:58 > 0:39:00So that Naomi isn't left alone,
0:39:00 > 0:39:02the whole street has come together at Adele's house.
0:39:02 > 0:39:03Hello, everybody.
0:39:03 > 0:39:07And they are pooling their rations to make them go that little bit further.
0:39:07 > 0:39:10This is Suzie's offering of beef stew,
0:39:10 > 0:39:12which looks absolutely cracking, actually.
0:39:12 > 0:39:17To some absent comrades. Good luck to the boys, is what we can say.
0:39:17 > 0:39:19- Drink, drink.- And the children.
0:39:19 > 0:39:21And the kids, yeah, absolutely.
0:39:21 > 0:39:22And Suzie.
0:39:22 > 0:39:24AIR RAIN SIREN WAILS
0:39:26 > 0:39:28Another night, another air raid.
0:39:28 > 0:39:31One more mouthful!
0:39:31 > 0:39:35Londoners suffered 57 consecutive nights of bombing...
0:39:37 > 0:39:39..and the Blitz raged for nine gruelling months.
0:39:39 > 0:39:42Look, look!
0:39:43 > 0:39:46Well, what a homely scene this is.
0:39:46 > 0:39:50Everyone tucking in. Seven, six women and me. Joy.
0:39:50 > 0:39:51Here they come.
0:39:51 > 0:39:53AIRCRAFT ENGINES OVERHEAD
0:39:53 > 0:39:55That is loud!
0:39:55 > 0:39:57I'm not sleeping if it's like that all night.
0:39:58 > 0:40:00Oh!
0:40:00 > 0:40:02With the kids not here, I'm actually more relaxed,
0:40:02 > 0:40:03because I worry about them.
0:40:03 > 0:40:06It's nice to know they're out there, having fun,
0:40:06 > 0:40:09even if we're stuck down here.
0:40:09 > 0:40:11And they've experienced one night, and that's quite plenty.
0:40:11 > 0:40:14- THUD - Oh!
0:40:14 > 0:40:17For the families on Albert Road, there is no let-up either.
0:40:17 > 0:40:20The remaining residents are forced to stay overnight in the shelter.
0:40:24 > 0:40:27The dawn brings a shock for the remaining resident
0:40:27 > 0:40:29of number two, Albert Road.
0:40:32 > 0:40:33Oh, my gosh.
0:40:33 > 0:40:36Around 2.25 million Britons were made homeless
0:40:36 > 0:40:38as a result of German bombs.
0:40:41 > 0:40:45It was strange to come in and see it. I suspected that might happen.
0:40:45 > 0:40:47I suspected it might have been bombed,
0:40:47 > 0:40:50so it wasn't a total surprise.
0:40:52 > 0:40:54You just want to make it right.
0:40:54 > 0:40:58Just want to make it better, just come in, clear up and get on with it.
0:40:59 > 0:41:01Meanwhile, Suzie Meadows is reeling from seeing
0:41:01 > 0:41:05the luxury of the Taylor house for the first time.
0:41:05 > 0:41:08They have it so much better than we do.
0:41:08 > 0:41:12I mean, I come home, and already I'm covered in soot.
0:41:15 > 0:41:16It's horrible, and there's no bathroom,
0:41:16 > 0:41:21and I really, really, really, really want a bathroom.
0:41:21 > 0:41:24Mum, no, we're in good moods this morning.
0:41:24 > 0:41:27It's because of people like Suzie that we won the war.
0:41:30 > 0:41:3430 miles away, in the Yorkshire Dales, new conscripts Michael
0:41:34 > 0:41:37and Ian are being put through basic army training.
0:41:37 > 0:41:40- Are you suffering, Mr Golding? - No, sir.
0:41:40 > 0:41:41- Are you suffering?- No, sir.
0:41:41 > 0:41:44Come on, the enemy's firing at you! Let's get up there!
0:41:44 > 0:41:48This is where you have to dig deep, find something else inside you.
0:41:48 > 0:41:50I'm not as fit as I used to be.
0:41:50 > 0:41:53I mean, running up hills is all right when you're 18, 19,
0:41:53 > 0:41:56but at 39 it's not much fun any more.
0:41:56 > 0:41:58Come on, John. We'll get through this.
0:41:58 > 0:42:00With the men away at war,
0:42:00 > 0:42:03a revolution is under way on the Home Front.
0:42:04 > 0:42:07By 1943, the majority of married women
0:42:07 > 0:42:08were working for the war effort.
0:42:10 > 0:42:14For many, it was the first time they'd worked outside the home,
0:42:14 > 0:42:17doing jobs that had always been the sole preserve of men.
0:42:17 > 0:42:19I can't see!
0:42:19 > 0:42:24Adele and Naomi are learning the skills their 1940s counterparts used
0:42:24 > 0:42:27to build planes and bombs for the war effort.
0:42:27 > 0:42:33Michael would die if he saw me. He doesn't trust me with a kettle.
0:42:33 > 0:42:37Look what you've done! Brilliant!
0:42:37 > 0:42:40I love it. I'm thinking of a career change.
0:42:42 > 0:42:46This time of war gave women the opportunity to work.
0:42:46 > 0:42:49In the '30s, it was not seen the right thing to be done,
0:42:49 > 0:42:50for a married woman to work,
0:42:50 > 0:42:54so I think this is the start of women being able to have the choice,
0:42:54 > 0:42:59so I think the war has started to enable women to have even more of a voice
0:42:59 > 0:43:03than they had in the inter-war years, especially when it comes to working.
0:43:04 > 0:43:06I really enjoyed that. So good.
0:43:06 > 0:43:10I just wonder, after a period of time,
0:43:10 > 0:43:12though, whether this becomes your new life,
0:43:12 > 0:43:16and are you so keen to give it up when everybody comes home?
0:43:17 > 0:43:21During the six long years of war, the Ministry of Food encouraged
0:43:21 > 0:43:26people to think more creatively when putting food on the table.
0:43:26 > 0:43:31Joe Crowley's sent the Meadows one type of meat that Britain wasn't short of.
0:43:31 > 0:43:32Aaah!
0:43:32 > 0:43:33Squirrel.
0:43:33 > 0:43:35Ready?
0:43:35 > 0:43:37- Ugh!- Is it hairy?
0:43:37 > 0:43:39- Yeah.- Oh, god!
0:43:39 > 0:43:40I don't believe it.
0:43:40 > 0:43:42We've got a cookbook and a couple of recipes.
0:43:42 > 0:43:44Squirrel pie?
0:43:44 > 0:43:48It's squirrel pie, squirrel soup and roast squirrel, but I am sorry.
0:43:48 > 0:43:50Even if you cook it, I can't eat it.
0:43:51 > 0:43:54For those who couldn't stomach changing their eating habits,
0:43:54 > 0:43:57and were prepared to put their conscience to one side,
0:43:57 > 0:44:02the illegal black market made the pain of rationing easier to swallow.
0:44:02 > 0:44:05Can I ask who you are, sorry, if you're walking into my kitchen?
0:44:05 > 0:44:07I'm just door-to-door.
0:44:07 > 0:44:08Oh, right, OK.
0:44:08 > 0:44:10Anything I can interest you in?
0:44:10 > 0:44:12Some coffee? Flour? Sugar? Chocolate?
0:44:12 > 0:44:15Oh. I'm tempted by the coffee.
0:44:15 > 0:44:19The coffee. Tell you what, I'll do the coffee at two shillings.
0:44:19 > 0:44:20That's a bargain.
0:44:20 > 0:44:21Where has all this come from?
0:44:21 > 0:44:23I've got my sources. I can't tell you that.
0:44:23 > 0:44:26- Don't have a conscience about it. You need coffee. - I do have a conscience!
0:44:26 > 0:44:29- You want oranges. - There's a war on.
0:44:29 > 0:44:31I'm going to say no on this occasion.
0:44:31 > 0:44:33No? I'll tell you what. Last price, one shilling.
0:44:33 > 0:44:37No. I'm going to stick to my principles and say no.
0:44:37 > 0:44:39Right.
0:44:39 > 0:44:42Coffee. I love coffee.
0:44:42 > 0:44:43I don't know what people would have done,
0:44:43 > 0:44:45but I felt really uncomfortable taking it
0:44:45 > 0:44:48if I'm thinking it's coming off somebody else.
0:44:48 > 0:44:52Then I'm going to be gutted if everybody else has bought it
0:44:52 > 0:44:54and I haven't!
0:44:55 > 0:44:57- Morning.- Hi, there. How are you?
0:44:57 > 0:45:00- Loads of goodies for you today. - Oh, yeah? What have we got in there? - All sorts.
0:45:00 > 0:45:03- Oh, we've not seen some of this for a while.- I bet you ain't.
0:45:03 > 0:45:05Chocolate. Don't let my kids see that.
0:45:05 > 0:45:06What are you interested in?
0:45:06 > 0:45:08Coffee for me and the wife, bit of chocolate,
0:45:08 > 0:45:10just the treat stuff would be good.
0:45:10 > 0:45:12We're not doing too bad for the others at the moment.
0:45:12 > 0:45:15- What about eggs? - Oh, we could do with some eggs.
0:45:15 > 0:45:16What about a little deal?
0:45:16 > 0:45:21What about five shillings plus two fresh squirrels?
0:45:22 > 0:45:23Done.
0:45:23 > 0:45:25Deal. Excellent, OK.
0:45:25 > 0:45:26- See you next time.- Cheers.
0:45:26 > 0:45:31This would have been the way that they survived. It's not excessive.
0:45:31 > 0:45:33If he was turning up in a truck going,
0:45:33 > 0:45:36"Right, here's your bully beef that should be at the front,
0:45:36 > 0:45:39"feeding soldiers," I don't think anyone would take it.
0:45:39 > 0:45:41I do feel as though I'm putting enough in
0:45:41 > 0:45:44that a little treat like this works in the positive.
0:45:44 > 0:45:47I would do it again, if I'm honest. I bet everyone did.
0:45:47 > 0:45:52As ever, Juliet Gardiner is on hand to underline the rules of history.
0:45:53 > 0:45:57Selling on the black market was punishable by prison
0:45:57 > 0:45:59or a fine equivalent to five times the average weekly wage.
0:46:01 > 0:46:02Phil, how could you?
0:46:02 > 0:46:05Caught red-handed. I couldn't resist a little treat for my family.
0:46:05 > 0:46:07Do you know who got eggs?
0:46:07 > 0:46:10- Normally, your family would be getting something like an egg a fortnight.- Yes.
0:46:10 > 0:46:14Extra eggs are for expectant mothers, nursing mothers.
0:46:14 > 0:46:18What do you think rationing's for, Phil? Rationing is to give fair shares to everyone.
0:46:18 > 0:46:21I mean, nobody wanted to be rationed, of course they didn't,
0:46:21 > 0:46:26but they recognised the fairness of it, the justice of it. This has been stolen.
0:46:26 > 0:46:31I'd definitely go to prison! I've had some horrible things happen to me.
0:46:31 > 0:46:34I don't want to go to prison now, please!
0:46:34 > 0:46:35Consider yourself reprimanded.
0:46:35 > 0:46:37Bye!
0:46:37 > 0:46:39I felt like I was back at school.
0:46:43 > 0:46:48As the war drew to a close and the risk of bombing receded,
0:46:48 > 0:46:51thousands of kids began heading home,
0:46:51 > 0:46:55as mums started to rebuild their families.
0:47:00 > 0:47:01Ah, Mummy!
0:47:03 > 0:47:05Hello!
0:47:07 > 0:47:10Have you had a good time? Hello!
0:47:12 > 0:47:13How have you been?
0:47:16 > 0:47:17How perfect is this?
0:47:19 > 0:47:21Jack, are you ready for some dinner?
0:47:22 > 0:47:26Adele's declared an open house, and the whole street is invited.
0:47:26 > 0:47:29This looks spectacular.
0:47:29 > 0:47:33It's just like one big, happy family, all here together,
0:47:33 > 0:47:37and in half an hour, they'll all be fighting and squabbling.
0:47:38 > 0:47:40But it's lovely. Full house.
0:47:50 > 0:47:54Today, Michael and Ian are expected to return
0:47:54 > 0:47:56from their military service.
0:47:56 > 0:47:59It's a bit of a sad statistic that Ian and I
0:47:59 > 0:48:04have lived together for 18 years, and we've only not spoken
0:48:04 > 0:48:07for one night in the whole of that time, in 18 years.
0:48:07 > 0:48:11And now it's been two nights, so thanks to this experience,
0:48:11 > 0:48:13we're breaking a new record.
0:48:13 > 0:48:18Naomi and Adele want to doll themselves up for their men.
0:48:18 > 0:48:21But with simple beauty products in short supply...
0:48:21 > 0:48:23It looks like a little chemistry session.
0:48:23 > 0:48:26..they're going to have to improvise.
0:48:27 > 0:48:29I'm putting beetroot on my face.
0:48:31 > 0:48:33That's all right, actually, isn't it?
0:48:35 > 0:48:38And it's got a nicer taste than the normal lipstick.
0:48:38 > 0:48:41To recreate the allure of a pair of stockings,
0:48:41 > 0:48:46an anti-fungal treatment, potassium permanganate, was applied to bare legs.
0:48:47 > 0:48:49Oh, my gosh.
0:48:49 > 0:48:51I've got a dodgy fake tan!
0:48:51 > 0:48:53I've got to do the whole leg now!
0:48:53 > 0:48:57Oh, no. That's not attractive, is it? And it smells.
0:48:57 > 0:48:59Oh!
0:48:59 > 0:49:03My hands are all brown, as well.
0:49:03 > 0:49:07I think I'd have been happy just with white legs, really.
0:49:08 > 0:49:11It must have been really weird when their husbands came back.
0:49:11 > 0:49:15Michael's done four-month tours, and you kind of get very independent,
0:49:15 > 0:49:18you get used to managing your own stuff, and then when he came home,
0:49:18 > 0:49:20although I was glad to see him come home,
0:49:20 > 0:49:22I was a little bit resentful as well,
0:49:22 > 0:49:25because I thought, "I've got this ship running really well,
0:49:25 > 0:49:29"and then you're coming in," and it's a lot of conflicts.
0:49:29 > 0:49:32Eyeliner is used to create a stocking seam,
0:49:32 > 0:49:35a look that few men could resist.
0:49:35 > 0:49:37So, which look's more realistic?
0:49:37 > 0:49:39The leg with the patchy brown stains?
0:49:39 > 0:49:41Or the line?
0:49:43 > 0:49:45The line looks really good.
0:49:47 > 0:49:50I think, maybe, I might get a pair of trousers.
0:49:52 > 0:49:56Wartime dads could have been away from home for years.
0:50:03 > 0:50:07Unlike Michael and Ian, nearly 300,000 British men
0:50:07 > 0:50:09never returned to see their families again.
0:50:14 > 0:50:16- Wahey!- Give us a kiss.
0:50:17 > 0:50:21One of those who didn't come home, as Susanna Reid has discovered,
0:50:21 > 0:50:25was Michael Taylor's great-uncle, Thomas Henry Worthington.
0:50:28 > 0:50:31He was in the First Battalion of the Manchester Regiment.
0:50:32 > 0:50:37He was posted to Singapore, and we know that from his military records.
0:50:37 > 0:50:42These are his enlistment papers, when he first joined the war.
0:50:43 > 0:50:48On 8th February 1942, Japanese forces invaded Singapore.
0:50:50 > 0:50:56The battle lasted just seven days, and on 15th February, the island fell.
0:50:57 > 0:51:01It was described as the worst defeat
0:51:01 > 0:51:06and largest capitulation in British history by Churchill himself.
0:51:06 > 0:51:07Yeah.
0:51:07 > 0:51:10So it was hugely significant.
0:51:10 > 0:51:1580,000 Allied soldiers were taken as prisoners of war.
0:51:15 > 0:51:17That's a lot.
0:51:17 > 0:51:23And we know that your great-uncle, Thomas Henry Worthington,
0:51:23 > 0:51:26was taken as a prisoner of war after that battle.
0:51:26 > 0:51:28Crikey.
0:51:28 > 0:51:31He was taken to Thailand,
0:51:31 > 0:51:33and taken to work on the Thailand-Burma railway.
0:51:33 > 0:51:35Right.
0:51:35 > 0:51:40And it was one of the most notorious and brutal places to work,
0:51:40 > 0:51:42so it didn't get much better.
0:51:42 > 0:51:44What a rubbish time he had, you know what I mean?
0:51:44 > 0:51:45Yeah.
0:51:45 > 0:51:48Ends up like that, you think, crikey. Bless him.
0:51:48 > 0:51:52We have here a photograph of some of the survivors.
0:51:53 > 0:51:56- Bless them. - Look at the state of them.
0:51:56 > 0:51:58Now, they look thrilled to be liberated.
0:51:58 > 0:52:01But they've got no meat on their bones at all, have they?
0:52:01 > 0:52:03Skin and bones, aren't they?
0:52:03 > 0:52:05All so young, as well. Kids.
0:52:05 > 0:52:09I don't know how they managed the treatment of them. It was awful.
0:52:09 > 0:52:15- We have his prisoner of war record card here.- Oh, right, crikey.
0:52:15 > 0:52:20And from his prisoner of war record, we also know what happened to him,
0:52:20 > 0:52:23because a red line was drawn through the card.
0:52:23 > 0:52:25Right.
0:52:25 > 0:52:28- Meaning someone died. You can see from...- The red line.
0:52:28 > 0:52:33Denied basic medical treatment by his captors, on 1st June, 1943,
0:52:33 > 0:52:36Thomas Worthington died of cholera.
0:52:36 > 0:52:40He was 32 years old, and left behind a widow, Gwendolen.
0:52:41 > 0:52:42They must have been terrified,
0:52:42 > 0:52:46absolutely terrified to go away, and they all still did it,
0:52:46 > 0:52:49and they still got up, and still went across and still fought,
0:52:49 > 0:52:52and got captured and still carried on as best they could.
0:52:52 > 0:52:55We've experienced a taster,
0:52:55 > 0:53:01but all along, you can't recreate that element of real danger
0:53:01 > 0:53:04and real fear and real loss that these people are going through.
0:53:04 > 0:53:06It's just...
0:53:06 > 0:53:10War brings out the best and the worst in human nature, doesn't it?
0:53:10 > 0:53:12We've seen the best.
0:53:12 > 0:53:15You know, if this was my street now,
0:53:15 > 0:53:18I would be so proud of it that we've all pulled together,
0:53:18 > 0:53:20but that's awful.
0:53:22 > 0:53:23It truly is.
0:53:27 > 0:53:30CHURCHILL: The German war is at an end.
0:53:30 > 0:53:33Today is Victory in Europe Day.
0:53:35 > 0:53:39On 8th May, 1945, Germany surrendered.
0:53:39 > 0:53:41MUSIC: "Roll Out The Barrel" by the Andrews Sisters
0:53:41 > 0:53:42# Roll out the barrel
0:53:42 > 0:53:46# We'll have a barrel of fun... #
0:53:46 > 0:53:50The war in Europe was over, and for the first time in six years,
0:53:50 > 0:53:53British families had something to celebrate.
0:53:55 > 0:53:56Advance Britannia!
0:53:56 > 0:53:57CHEERING
0:53:57 > 0:53:59ANNOUNCER: Hip hip! CROWD: Hooray!
0:53:59 > 0:54:01ANNOUNCER: Hip hip! CROWD: Hooray!
0:54:01 > 0:54:03ANNOUNCER: Hip hip! CROWD: Hooray!
0:54:03 > 0:54:09As their wartime experience draws to a close, the families
0:54:09 > 0:54:12on Albert Road are throwing their own VE Day party for the locals.
0:54:17 > 0:54:20I think the highlight has been us coming together as three families.
0:54:20 > 0:54:23We're all different people from different walks of life,
0:54:23 > 0:54:26but we all came together, and that was wonderful.
0:54:31 > 0:54:32For me, this has been fantastic.
0:54:32 > 0:54:37The best decade yet, and I kind of do it with a guilty edge,
0:54:37 > 0:54:40because I'm aware there's a serious side to it,
0:54:40 > 0:54:41but I've loved every minute.
0:54:41 > 0:54:44Why, Adele? Why, in particular?
0:54:44 > 0:54:47Because when we're together, we are truly together.
0:54:47 > 0:54:50When the kids are at home we are all chipping in,
0:54:50 > 0:54:52and this has just been wonderful.
0:54:52 > 0:54:55The hardships of the Second World War,
0:54:55 > 0:54:58that changed things for women, and for you, in a good way.
0:54:58 > 0:55:00I can make decisions, I can do stuff,
0:55:00 > 0:55:03and in the last two eras, I've just felt that I've been
0:55:03 > 0:55:06locked in this cage, and this has been let's cook together,
0:55:06 > 0:55:10eat together, you know, sleep together is wrong, but...
0:55:10 > 0:55:12but share my cellar with you.
0:55:12 > 0:55:15Wait till the '60s, come on!
0:55:17 > 0:55:20How about you, then? What's been the decade you'd choose?
0:55:20 > 0:55:24Oh, this one. We all mucked in, we all had tea together.
0:55:24 > 0:55:25The little things. Like family.
0:55:25 > 0:55:27# Bless 'em all
0:55:27 > 0:55:30# Bless 'em all
0:55:30 > 0:55:32# The long and the short and tall
0:55:33 > 0:55:37# Bless all the sergeants and WO1's
0:55:37 > 0:55:40# Bless all those corporals And their blinkin' sons
0:55:40 > 0:55:44# Cos we're saying goodbye to them all... #
0:55:44 > 0:55:47How about you, Suzie? What did you think about the '40s?
0:55:47 > 0:55:51I've had a few big roles, so, you know, I was the ARP,
0:55:51 > 0:55:54which meant that I was in a position of authority,
0:55:54 > 0:55:57which I actually quite like,
0:55:57 > 0:56:00so I've liked the job, I've liked the fact that women are taking
0:56:00 > 0:56:04control a bit of stuff going on back home.
0:56:04 > 0:56:07The respect that I have now for the generation
0:56:07 > 0:56:10that lived through the war is as high as it could possibly be,
0:56:10 > 0:56:13because I am not sure that we would cope.
0:56:15 > 0:56:17Being the softies from the 21st century,
0:56:17 > 0:56:20I actually don't think we would survive it.
0:56:20 > 0:56:24They were amazing, on every single level.
0:56:27 > 0:56:29With a new Britain emerging after the war,
0:56:29 > 0:56:33middle-class families sought a fresh start,
0:56:33 > 0:56:36and new suburbs and towns were being built to accommodate them.
0:56:36 > 0:56:39Ian's grandparents moved to the suburbs,
0:56:39 > 0:56:42and therefore, the Goldings will be following them,
0:56:42 > 0:56:45marking the end of Ian and Naomi's time on Albert Road.
0:56:45 > 0:56:46Amazing experience.
0:56:46 > 0:56:50It's something you can't learn from a history book,
0:56:50 > 0:56:55to actually live it, you feel the emotion behind it as well.
0:56:55 > 0:56:58It's been, I think, one of the most amazing experiences of my life,
0:56:58 > 0:57:02and I don't regret for a second doing it.
0:57:02 > 0:57:05But the other thing that hasn't amazed me
0:57:05 > 0:57:07is how amazing Naomi's been.
0:57:07 > 0:57:08Oh, don't say that as well!
0:57:08 > 0:57:10But it's true!
0:57:10 > 0:57:12I think men, even today, think they've got it tough,
0:57:12 > 0:57:15but the men have never had the hard job.
0:57:15 > 0:57:19It's the woman that keeps the family together, and always has been.
0:57:19 > 0:57:23And Naomi has shown, I think, through all three periods,
0:57:23 > 0:57:25what an amazing woman she is.
0:57:25 > 0:57:27Oh, stop it.
0:57:32 > 0:57:36The war years have changed things for ever on Albert Road.
0:57:40 > 0:57:45It's time to say goodbye to the Golding family.
0:57:45 > 0:57:48You're going to be leaving us here at Albert Road,
0:57:48 > 0:57:49and we're going to miss you.
0:57:53 > 0:57:58Next time, the swinging '60s hit Albert Road.
0:57:58 > 0:58:00- It's not bad. It's all right. - Lordy!
0:58:00 > 0:58:02For the Meadows, life is sweet...
0:58:02 > 0:58:03Oh, wow!
0:58:03 > 0:58:06We've got a television!
0:58:06 > 0:58:08I mean, I'm just so happy.
0:58:08 > 0:58:11..until rebellious teens threaten to spoil the party.
0:58:11 > 0:58:15You guys have really offended us. You do know that, don't you?
0:58:15 > 0:58:17It's back to work for the Taylors.
0:58:17 > 0:58:20I hate sitting around thinking about things.
0:58:20 > 0:58:22I'd rather be busy and occupied.
0:58:22 > 0:58:26And it's a rude awakening for the new arrivals on the street.
0:58:28 > 0:58:32Can't sleep in this. It's not the way I've been brought up.
0:58:54 > 0:58:57Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd