0:00:07 > 0:00:09It's very hard singing so early in the morning.
0:00:09 > 0:00:11- Yeah, OK.- Really.
0:00:11 > 0:00:12- No problem.- Yeah.
0:00:12 > 0:00:14- No problem.- Hey!
0:00:14 > 0:00:18Singer and actress, Marianne Faithfull,
0:00:18 > 0:00:21has a career spanning almost five decades.
0:00:22 > 0:00:24She's produced more than 30 albums,
0:00:24 > 0:00:27including the global hit, Broken English.
0:00:27 > 0:00:31# Those who were good to go to bliss unalloyed
0:00:31 > 0:00:38# Those who were bad are rejected for ever
0:00:38 > 0:00:42# Gnashing their teeth gnashing their teeth
0:00:42 > 0:00:47# Gnashing their teeth in a gibbering void. #
0:00:51 > 0:00:55When I was growing up in this little house in Reading,
0:00:55 > 0:00:58my mother would tell me these wonderful stories
0:00:58 > 0:01:02about castles and parties and balls.
0:01:03 > 0:01:07She liked to call herself Baroness Erisso.
0:01:08 > 0:01:13It was faintly ridiculous, I think. Because it seems so fantastic.
0:01:15 > 0:01:16Marianne's also known
0:01:16 > 0:01:19for her infamous relationship with Mick Jagger
0:01:19 > 0:01:22and a long struggle with drug addiction,
0:01:22 > 0:01:26which earned her a label as the ultimate '60s rock chick.
0:01:26 > 0:01:29This is the rehearsal for Tuesday for you?
0:01:29 > 0:01:31Yes. And I'm very grateful.
0:01:31 > 0:01:33- Yes.- All right?
0:01:33 > 0:01:38In terms of my mother's history, I don't really know what happened.
0:01:38 > 0:01:41She was half Jewish, she told me.
0:01:41 > 0:01:43She lived under the Nazis.
0:01:44 > 0:01:47And my grandfather became a very brave resistance fighter.
0:01:49 > 0:01:51It must have been terribly hard,
0:01:51 > 0:01:54especially for somebody like my mother, with Jewish blood.
0:01:56 > 0:01:59She also told me she was a young dancer in Berlin.
0:02:01 > 0:02:03I'd love to find out more.
0:02:03 > 0:02:07I want to find out the facts about what really happened.
0:02:07 > 0:02:12It might not be as wonderful as I think. I don't know.
0:02:12 > 0:02:15But it might be more wonderful.
0:02:15 > 0:02:17That's the thing.
0:02:50 > 0:02:53This film was made in 1965,
0:02:53 > 0:02:55when convent girl, Marianne Faithfull,
0:02:55 > 0:02:59had just become an overnight pop sensation.
0:02:59 > 0:03:01She'd been discovered at a party
0:03:01 > 0:03:04by the producer of the Rolling Stones.
0:03:06 > 0:03:08I gave my mother a terribly hard time when I was young,
0:03:08 > 0:03:10which she really didn't need.
0:03:13 > 0:03:18And why, you know, just the '60s, why couldn't I just have...
0:03:18 > 0:03:22It wouldn't have killed me to do what she wanted, it wasn't hard.
0:03:22 > 0:03:26But no, no, no, I had to sort of leave home, go off, be a pop singer.
0:03:28 > 0:03:33Marianne's first hit, As Tears Go By, was one of the first songs
0:03:33 > 0:03:36co-written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards.
0:03:36 > 0:03:41# It is the evening of the day
0:03:41 > 0:03:49# I sit and watch the children play
0:03:49 > 0:03:53# Smiling faces I can see
0:03:53 > 0:03:57# But not for me
0:03:57 > 0:04:02# I sit and watch as tears go by. #
0:04:02 > 0:04:06A year later, Marianne married art dealer, John Dunbar,
0:04:06 > 0:04:09and had a son, Nicholas.
0:04:09 > 0:04:13But the marriage didn't last and she quickly became involved
0:04:13 > 0:04:16in a high-profile relationship with Mick Jagger.
0:04:18 > 0:04:22For four years, they were the golden couple of the swinging '60s.
0:04:22 > 0:04:27But in 1970, the relationship ended when Marianne decided to walk away.
0:04:30 > 0:04:32He loved me and I loved him.
0:04:33 > 0:04:39And something in me just compelled me to not do that.
0:04:39 > 0:04:42So I just walked away.
0:04:42 > 0:04:44And I don't really know why.
0:04:45 > 0:04:49But there was something about not being able to do that,
0:04:49 > 0:04:53not allowed to do that, or not...
0:04:53 > 0:04:55I had to move on.
0:04:55 > 0:04:58And, of course, it was very painful
0:04:58 > 0:05:00and very, very hard because I loved him.
0:05:03 > 0:05:07And I think my mother, the way she was and this unconscious,
0:05:07 > 0:05:10unspoken loathing of men,
0:05:10 > 0:05:13had a huge effect on me.
0:05:13 > 0:05:17And it was a big problem for me in the '60s.
0:05:17 > 0:05:21Especially as I had to pretend that everything was so wonderful
0:05:21 > 0:05:24and wild and sexual and it really wasn't, actually.
0:05:27 > 0:05:32That same year, Marianne began to spiral down into drug addiction.
0:05:32 > 0:05:35She lost custody of five-year-old Nicholas
0:05:35 > 0:05:39and spent the next two years as a homeless heroin addict,
0:05:39 > 0:05:42living on the streets of London's Soho.
0:05:44 > 0:05:47I think heroin was my reaction to all that.
0:05:47 > 0:05:51Because it was like living in cotton wool, you know.
0:05:51 > 0:05:52I didn't have to feel anything.
0:05:54 > 0:05:58So for two years, I quite honestly didn't feel anything at all.
0:06:00 > 0:06:03I didn't want to be aware of how much...
0:06:03 > 0:06:07I had sort of not lived up to expectations.
0:06:08 > 0:06:11It was hard for Eva, I think, for my darling mum.
0:06:15 > 0:06:17Marianne's Austrian mother, Eva,
0:06:17 > 0:06:20met British soldier, Robert Glynn Faithfull,
0:06:20 > 0:06:23in Vienna at the end of the Second World War.
0:06:25 > 0:06:27They married in 1946
0:06:27 > 0:06:29and Marianne was born later that year.
0:06:32 > 0:06:33But by the time she was six,
0:06:33 > 0:06:36her parents had gone through a bitter divorce.
0:06:38 > 0:06:40I loved my father and I loved my mother.
0:06:42 > 0:06:47I'd grown up at my father's house, which was beautiful or wild, anyway,
0:06:47 > 0:06:50and I could run along the battlements
0:06:50 > 0:06:55and, and have beautiful grounds to run about in. I loved it.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59And then suddenly, my mother and I were put into Milman Road.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02It was like the meanest possible house my father could find for her.
0:07:02 > 0:07:04I'm sure he did it on purpose.
0:07:06 > 0:07:08It was very hard watching her,
0:07:08 > 0:07:11because she had all these huge pieces of furniture and tapestries
0:07:11 > 0:07:15and things like that which she couldn't get into this little house.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19Gradually, she got smaller and smaller and smaller.
0:07:20 > 0:07:24She was depressed. She drank quite a lot.
0:07:24 > 0:07:28She would drink whiskey and she took a lot of prescription drugs.
0:07:28 > 0:07:31She had no-one else to talk to...
0:07:31 > 0:07:33and so she talked to me.
0:07:35 > 0:07:37It was overwhelming, really.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41But she told me about the Russians coming into Vienna
0:07:41 > 0:07:43and raping everybody.
0:07:43 > 0:07:47Because they raped her and my grandmother.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51I have a strong feeling that my mother and my father's marriage
0:07:51 > 0:07:54didn't work because my mother hated men.
0:07:57 > 0:08:00I didn't understand my relationship with my mother.
0:08:00 > 0:08:02When I grew up with Eva in that little house...
0:08:04 > 0:08:07..I had felt like I was part of her body.
0:08:08 > 0:08:10So I pushed her away.
0:08:12 > 0:08:19I had no idea and no real respect for what she'd done.
0:08:19 > 0:08:21Or of what happened to her.
0:08:25 > 0:08:29Eva and her brother, Alexander, grew up in Vienna.
0:08:29 > 0:08:32Their mother, Flora, was a Hungarian Jew.
0:08:32 > 0:08:36Their Austrian father, Artur Sacher-Masoch,
0:08:36 > 0:08:38was a minor aristocrat
0:08:38 > 0:08:40and had served as a colonel in the First World War.
0:08:42 > 0:08:47In the 1920s, Eva and her family relocated to Berlin.
0:08:47 > 0:08:50Her father, Artur, worked as a novelist.
0:08:50 > 0:08:53Her brother, Alexander, became a leftwing journalist.
0:08:54 > 0:08:58And Eva began her career as a dancer.
0:09:00 > 0:09:03Marianne has come here to see what she can find out
0:09:03 > 0:09:05about her mother's life.
0:09:06 > 0:09:11My mother did talk a bit about her life as a young dancer, you know.
0:09:11 > 0:09:13Not enough. She was about 18.
0:09:14 > 0:09:18She was arty and very Berlin, I think.
0:09:18 > 0:09:22But I don't know where she played, what theatre.
0:09:27 > 0:09:30In the 1920s, Germany was living through the Weimar Republic,
0:09:30 > 0:09:33a fragile parliamentary democracy
0:09:33 > 0:09:35that had replaced the imperial government
0:09:35 > 0:09:37at the end of the First World War.
0:09:39 > 0:09:41During this time, Berlin was enjoying
0:09:41 > 0:09:45a period of unprecedented artistic and cultural freedom
0:09:45 > 0:09:49that had earned it a reputation as the world's most thrilling city.
0:09:52 > 0:09:55Marianne has come to the Renaissance Theatre,
0:09:55 > 0:09:59one of only five Weimar-era theatres to have survived in Berlin.
0:10:02 > 0:10:04It's incredible. Is this the '20s?
0:10:04 > 0:10:07This theatre was built in the 1920s.
0:10:07 > 0:10:09When everything was really cooking.
0:10:09 > 0:10:12- Oh, a very exciting time.- Yes.
0:10:12 > 0:10:16She's meeting dance historian, Karl Toepfer.
0:10:16 > 0:10:18That's gorgeous!
0:10:19 > 0:10:25The dance world of that time, er...
0:10:25 > 0:10:29I believe was unprecedented and unsurpassed.
0:10:29 > 0:10:32Er...it had so many exciting personalities,
0:10:32 > 0:10:34so much creativity going on.
0:10:34 > 0:10:36Eva was a part of that.
0:10:37 > 0:10:41She did so many different, interesting things.
0:10:41 > 0:10:45Eva pursued modern dance, as well as cabaret dancing.
0:10:45 > 0:10:48She told me she danced with her friend, Hede.
0:10:48 > 0:10:50Yes, Hede, her partner.
0:10:52 > 0:10:56They'd do duets and they did these kind of mirror dances,
0:10:56 > 0:10:59where they emulated each other's movements.
0:11:01 > 0:11:04These kinds of mirror dances with the same sex
0:11:04 > 0:11:06had a homoerotic dimension.
0:11:06 > 0:11:07- I didn't know that.- Yeah.
0:11:09 > 0:11:11Here we have a couple of board pictures.
0:11:11 > 0:11:17And there, Eva and Hede have got this parody of marriage.
0:11:17 > 0:11:22She's playing the lady and Hede's playing the man.
0:11:22 > 0:11:28Audiences delighted in this kind of gender-bending performance.
0:11:31 > 0:11:34I love that one. It's wonderful!
0:11:35 > 0:11:38What a woman! I'd no idea what she was doing.
0:11:39 > 0:11:42This is a contract...
0:11:42 > 0:11:45for performing at the Barberina.
0:11:45 > 0:11:5231st December, 1932 to 15th January, 1933.
0:11:52 > 0:11:54If you look at these pictures,
0:11:54 > 0:11:59- as you can see, it looks like a pretty opulent club.- Wow!
0:11:59 > 0:12:01The contract with the Barberina is pretty impressive
0:12:01 > 0:12:03since the Barberina represented
0:12:03 > 0:12:08the epitome of the Weimar nightclub culture.
0:12:10 > 0:12:12You know, she's just 20 years old.
0:12:12 > 0:12:14That's brilliant. Yeah.
0:12:16 > 0:12:19Clubs in Berlin, like the Barberina,
0:12:19 > 0:12:21where Marianne's mother performed,
0:12:21 > 0:12:23were infamous for their erotic
0:12:23 > 0:12:26and artistically-adventurous performances.
0:12:26 > 0:12:31Their wild nightlife provided the inspiration for the film, Cabaret.
0:12:32 > 0:12:34They did things in the theatre
0:12:34 > 0:12:37that you weren't going to see in other cities.
0:12:37 > 0:12:38- Was it really daring?- Yeah.
0:12:38 > 0:12:41They were places where people made connections
0:12:41 > 0:12:43and different kinds of...
0:12:43 > 0:12:46- Assignations. - ..sexual inclinations circulated.
0:12:47 > 0:12:50And the stage acts encouraged it.
0:12:52 > 0:12:55They had a kind of reputation for...
0:12:55 > 0:12:56- Risque...- Yeah.
0:12:56 > 0:12:59- ..and challenging, and... - That's right.
0:13:03 > 0:13:06But Eva's avant-garde lifestyle was coming under threat.
0:13:07 > 0:13:11In 1929, a global economic crash
0:13:11 > 0:13:13pushed Germany towards the brink of collapse.
0:13:15 > 0:13:18As mass unemployment spread through the country,
0:13:18 > 0:13:21the Nazis, at that point, a minor political party,
0:13:21 > 0:13:24began an aggressive campaign for power.
0:13:25 > 0:13:29Using a potent mix of rhetoric threats and violence,
0:13:29 > 0:13:32they began pushing the German public towards Nazism.
0:13:35 > 0:13:38Despite this politically-menacing climate,
0:13:38 > 0:13:41Eva continued to push artistic boundaries.
0:13:45 > 0:13:46You know what that is?
0:13:46 > 0:13:49Well, I don't, really, but that's my mother.
0:13:49 > 0:13:53And I've had this photograph for a long, long time.
0:13:53 > 0:13:55I've grown up with it.
0:13:55 > 0:13:58- If you look at these pictures...- Mm.
0:13:58 > 0:14:00This is, er...Hannah Rovina.
0:14:02 > 0:14:06She played the role of Leah'le in a Jewish play called, The Dybbuk.
0:14:06 > 0:14:11Eva's been inspired by that play.
0:14:11 > 0:14:15That's a very powerful image of Jewish mistresses of...
0:14:15 > 0:14:18And, of course, my mother was half Jewish.
0:14:21 > 0:14:25The Dybbuk is a play about a young Jewish woman, Leah'le,
0:14:25 > 0:14:27who rebels against her father's wishes
0:14:27 > 0:14:29to marry her off to a rich suitor,
0:14:29 > 0:14:32and instead, remains true to her dead lover.
0:14:34 > 0:14:38Leah'le is a woman following her desires
0:14:38 > 0:14:42independently of what this society around her wants her to do.
0:14:42 > 0:14:46I'm fascinated! I can't believe it that she was really doing that.
0:14:49 > 0:14:52The art scene in Berlin had been strongly influenced
0:14:52 > 0:14:56by Jewish intellectuals and performers.
0:14:56 > 0:15:01But by the early 1930s, as the Nazis stepped up their bid for power,
0:15:01 > 0:15:04time for all of them was running out.
0:15:04 > 0:15:08But Eva was determined to remain true to her art
0:15:08 > 0:15:11and began performing in politically-radical shows,
0:15:11 > 0:15:13despite the Nazis increasing attacks
0:15:13 > 0:15:17on leftwing and Jewish artists.
0:15:17 > 0:15:20That was a very, very scary time.
0:15:20 > 0:15:23They intimidated the spectators in the theatre
0:15:23 > 0:15:26- or they intimidated actors. - They weren't in power yet.
0:15:26 > 0:15:29That was just a few months away.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34- Here we have some reviews.- Reviews.
0:15:34 > 0:15:38- In, er...October of 1932.- Yeah.
0:15:38 > 0:15:40And here's the translation.
0:15:42 > 0:15:46"Four Ping Pong ladies have joined the four Ping Pong gents.
0:15:48 > 0:15:53"One of them being Dora Gerson, the famous..."
0:15:53 > 0:15:57"The ladies' foursome is complete with two young talents,
0:15:57 > 0:16:00"Hede Mehrmann and Eva von Sacher-Masoch."
0:16:00 > 0:16:02Yeah. So this is very interesting.
0:16:02 > 0:16:07- Ping Pong was a very leftwing kind of political cabaret.- Yes.
0:16:07 > 0:16:10Composed of, um...Jewish talents from Berlin.
0:16:10 > 0:16:16- Completely not the kind of culture the Nazis wanted.- Oh, no.
0:16:16 > 0:16:21I'm not sure what happened to other members of the Ping Pong collective,
0:16:21 > 0:16:25but Dora Gerson's fate was unfortunately tragic.
0:16:25 > 0:16:26What happened?
0:16:26 > 0:16:30Er...she died in Auschwitz in 1943.
0:16:30 > 0:16:32- No!- Yes.
0:16:33 > 0:16:35- Very sad.- Yes.
0:16:40 > 0:16:44You get a very rich and complex image of Eva
0:16:44 > 0:16:49in so far as she's, um...she's got a message
0:16:49 > 0:16:52that she's trying to communicate in different ways.
0:16:52 > 0:16:56At the time, a very hard thing to do.
0:16:59 > 0:17:03Talking to Karl has made the little bits I know
0:17:03 > 0:17:09about her working life and her inner life in Berlin
0:17:09 > 0:17:13and what she really was doing, much, much clearer.
0:17:13 > 0:17:17I really didn't know she had that kind of consciousness.
0:17:18 > 0:17:20And I'd love to find out more.
0:17:27 > 0:17:31In January 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany,
0:17:31 > 0:17:36promising to restore the nation's prosperity and purify public life.
0:17:38 > 0:17:40He immediately brought in laws
0:17:40 > 0:17:42excluding Jews from the civil service,
0:17:42 > 0:17:46the legal profession and from schools and universities.
0:17:49 > 0:17:53Next, he began targeting Jews working in the arts, declaring,
0:17:53 > 0:17:56"Blood and race will once more
0:17:56 > 0:17:58"become the source of artistic intuition."
0:18:01 > 0:18:03For half-Jewish Eva,
0:18:03 > 0:18:07the artistic freedom she'd enjoyed during the Weimar years was gone.
0:18:08 > 0:18:13Almost overnight, her opportunities to work began to shut down.
0:18:18 > 0:18:22Marianne is meeting cultural historian, Andrew Webber,
0:18:22 > 0:18:24at Berlin's Volksbuhne Theatre
0:18:24 > 0:18:29to find out what impact this new repressive era had on her mother.
0:18:29 > 0:18:33- It's one of the, er...the great Berlin theatres.- Wow!
0:18:33 > 0:18:36And in the late 1920s in particular,
0:18:36 > 0:18:38the Volksbuhne was famous.
0:18:38 > 0:18:41It always had a left-liberal tradition,
0:18:41 > 0:18:44but was quite revolutionary in the late '20s in particular.
0:18:46 > 0:18:49- I'd like to show you a document here.- Oh!
0:18:49 > 0:18:51Um...from 1933.
0:18:53 > 0:18:55"Der Bauer als Millionar."
0:18:55 > 0:18:57Mm-hm. The Farmer As Millionaire.
0:18:58 > 0:19:00This is a cast list from a production.
0:19:01 > 0:19:03"Eva von Sacher-Masoch."
0:19:03 > 0:19:06- She was Triton, which is... - With, er...Neptune.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09- Exactly. One of Neptune's messengers.- Oh!
0:19:09 > 0:19:13And this was a fairytale musical drama from the early 19th century.
0:19:13 > 0:19:17And, um...a very different kind of theatre
0:19:17 > 0:19:20to the sort that your mother was involved in during the 1920s,
0:19:20 > 0:19:21beginning of the '30s,
0:19:21 > 0:19:24which, of course, was more satirical and political.
0:19:24 > 0:19:27- This wouldn't be political. - It's work.
0:19:27 > 0:19:29It's work. It's work, I think.
0:19:29 > 0:19:32- It's not her dream, her ideal.- No.
0:19:33 > 0:19:36Eva was performing at the Volksbuhne Theatre
0:19:36 > 0:19:40in Der Bauer Als Millionar in June 1933,
0:19:40 > 0:19:44just five months after Hitler had taken office.
0:19:44 > 0:19:48The play was typical of the kind of conventional productions
0:19:48 > 0:19:50the Nazis approved of.
0:19:50 > 0:19:55What we see here is a real move away from that left-liberal tradition
0:19:55 > 0:19:57to a much more neutral kind of theatre.
0:19:57 > 0:19:59- A straight theatre. - Yep. Straight theatre,
0:19:59 > 0:20:01spectacle, essentially.
0:20:01 > 0:20:03And it would have been one of the many signs
0:20:03 > 0:20:06of what was happening in the theatre world at that time,
0:20:06 > 0:20:09the constraints that were being applied.
0:20:09 > 0:20:12It will have been very clear to them at that point, to journalists,
0:20:12 > 0:20:14to the people working in the theatre,
0:20:14 > 0:20:17that their future was deeply uncertain.
0:20:17 > 0:20:20The ensemble would have been made up of many people
0:20:20 > 0:20:22who would be on the black list for the Nazis.
0:20:22 > 0:20:23Absolutely! Look at them.
0:20:23 > 0:20:26Jews, Communists, those on the left.
0:20:26 > 0:20:28Genia Kurz, Ernst Karchow.
0:20:28 > 0:20:30And indeed, the Volksbuhne Theatre itself
0:20:30 > 0:20:32would be closed in the course of 1933,
0:20:32 > 0:20:36as so many institutions, cultural institutions,
0:20:36 > 0:20:38newspapers and others were.
0:20:38 > 0:20:42But, of course, Hitler was elected earlier in 1933,
0:20:42 > 0:20:46and in May 1933, there was a major historical event,
0:20:46 > 0:20:48the book-burning.
0:20:48 > 0:20:50(Oh, my God!)
0:20:50 > 0:20:52- Which you are familiar with.- Yes.
0:20:57 > 0:20:59Taking place just one month before
0:20:59 > 0:21:03Eva accepted her inoffensive role in Der Bauer Als Millionar,
0:21:03 > 0:21:07the book-burning was the Nazis' first big public display,
0:21:07 > 0:21:12warning that non-Aryan influences would not be tolerated in the arts.
0:21:14 > 0:21:19Under the instigation of Joseph Goebbels, Minister for Propaganda,
0:21:19 > 0:21:23Nationalist students all over Germany organised bonfires.
0:21:24 > 0:21:27Goebbels himself led the proceedings in Berlin.
0:21:31 > 0:21:3525,000 books were destroyed with 40,000 onlookers.
0:21:35 > 0:21:37There was a huge crowd.
0:21:37 > 0:21:39It was one of the first of those big national,
0:21:39 > 0:21:41Socialist street spectacles.
0:21:41 > 0:21:45- The books of Einstein, Freud, Brecht, all of them.- Of course.
0:21:47 > 0:21:51Perhaps we could look at what Goebbels had to say on that night.
0:21:51 > 0:21:53- Oh, yes.- On 10th of May.- Tell me.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56Um...and his speech is here.
0:21:56 > 0:21:59Perhaps you'd like to read it.
0:21:59 > 0:22:02"Un-German Literature on the Pyre.
0:22:02 > 0:22:06"Then Reichsminister, Dr Goebbels, spoke.
0:22:06 > 0:22:12"The era of extreme Jewish intellectualism has come to an end
0:22:12 > 0:22:15"and the German revolution has again opened the way
0:22:15 > 0:22:18"for the true essence of being German."
0:22:18 > 0:22:21- Dear me!- Hm.
0:22:21 > 0:22:24"Your libraries were inundated with trash
0:22:24 > 0:22:28"and filth of Jewish asphalt literate."
0:22:28 > 0:22:30Jewish asphalt literate.
0:22:30 > 0:22:32It's the pavement, isn't it?
0:22:32 > 0:22:34Yes.
0:22:34 > 0:22:37And this, of course, was all about taking control of the streets.
0:22:37 > 0:22:40- And the mind.- Yep.
0:22:40 > 0:22:41I can't bear it.
0:22:41 > 0:22:44It, of course, doesn't show the full horror of what's to come.
0:22:44 > 0:22:46It was the 19th-century German poet, Heine,
0:22:46 > 0:22:49who famously said in one of his plays
0:22:49 > 0:22:52that when they start burning books,
0:22:52 > 0:22:54in the end, they'll also burn people.
0:22:54 > 0:22:58And, of course, this was the year when so many left Berlin.
0:22:58 > 0:23:02So many people who were Jewish and on the left.
0:23:02 > 0:23:06And the last record we have of your mother on the stage
0:23:06 > 0:23:10- is indeed this play we've been talking about.- And then she left.
0:23:10 > 0:23:14- She left after that. - The dream was over. Yeah.
0:23:14 > 0:23:15Yes, yes.
0:23:18 > 0:23:22Marianne can find no further trace of her mother, Eva,
0:23:22 > 0:23:25or her grandparents, Artur and Flora, in Berlin.
0:23:26 > 0:23:30But records show that her half-Jewish uncle, Alexander,
0:23:30 > 0:23:34decided to risk staying in the city and to keep working as a writer.
0:23:36 > 0:23:41But in 1934, Goebbels tightened the noose again.
0:23:41 > 0:23:45Alexander clearly would also have been terribly upset
0:23:45 > 0:23:48- and worried, fearful. - But in danger, too.
0:23:48 > 0:23:50Fearful, exactly.
0:23:50 > 0:23:54Um...and at this time,
0:23:54 > 0:23:56part of what Goebbels did
0:23:56 > 0:24:02was to make anybody who wanted to write, to publish,
0:24:02 > 0:24:06belong to the Nazi National Organisation of Writers.
0:24:06 > 0:24:11Writers who had any Jewish blood
0:24:11 > 0:24:13were not allowed to be members of this organisation.
0:24:13 > 0:24:16This, of course, was a problem for your uncle.
0:24:16 > 0:24:19..Included Alex. Yes, he was half Jewish.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23So I'd like to show you a document which was to do with that.
0:24:23 > 0:24:26And here's a translation.
0:24:26 > 0:24:29Board of Control.
0:24:29 > 0:24:31- They're not messing around.- No.
0:24:31 > 0:24:33"15th May, 1935.
0:24:33 > 0:24:36"Proof of Aryan ancestry.
0:24:36 > 0:24:39"Dear comrade in profession!
0:24:39 > 0:24:41"To complete your personal file,
0:24:41 > 0:24:45"we seek for immediate presentation of documents
0:24:45 > 0:24:48"proving your Aryan ancestry.
0:24:48 > 0:24:51"Kindly greeting, Heil Hitler."
0:24:51 > 0:24:55- Hm.- And there was no way he could do that.
0:24:55 > 0:24:57I think you're right.
0:24:57 > 0:24:59Because of his Jewish mother.
0:25:01 > 0:25:05So they followed that up with a further letter.
0:25:06 > 0:25:10"Dear comrade in profession!
0:25:10 > 0:25:13"Having received your letter from the 16th of this month,
0:25:13 > 0:25:15"we have to inform you
0:25:15 > 0:25:19"that records concerning only your father's lineage will not suffice."
0:25:19 > 0:25:22"We have to ask you to fill in
0:25:22 > 0:25:25"every part of the attached genealogical table."
0:25:25 > 0:25:29"Birth name, birthday, date of baptism,
0:25:29 > 0:25:31"day of death, marriage,
0:25:31 > 0:25:33"first names, place of birth,
0:25:33 > 0:25:36"place of baptism and church, place of death."
0:25:38 > 0:25:41And here is the next letter.
0:25:41 > 0:25:43"Dear comrade in profession!
0:25:43 > 0:25:46"As you haven't, as requested on the 15th of May
0:25:46 > 0:25:50"and the 26th of July of this year,
0:25:50 > 0:25:54"provided proof of Aryan ancestry,
0:25:54 > 0:25:58"we have to assume that you are unable to do so.
0:25:58 > 0:26:02"Should we not receive this by the 30th of this month,
0:26:02 > 0:26:05"we will be forced to request your exclusion.
0:26:05 > 0:26:07"Heil Hitler."
0:26:07 > 0:26:10The authorities are catching up with him.
0:26:10 > 0:26:12They know that he's lied to them.
0:26:13 > 0:26:17Ooh! Does that mean the Gestapo knock on the door?
0:26:17 > 0:26:20This would be a sign that that might happen.
0:26:20 > 0:26:23And so, another document.
0:26:23 > 0:26:26"Dear Sirs, I herewith sincerely declare
0:26:26 > 0:26:28"that I will cancel my membership
0:26:28 > 0:26:31"with the Reich Association of German Writers
0:26:31 > 0:26:35"as I am about to change my place of residence
0:26:35 > 0:26:39"and will relocate in my home country."
0:26:39 > 0:26:41Oh, my God! That's close, isn't it?
0:26:43 > 0:26:49- This was the beginning of a process of dispossession.- Yes.
0:26:49 > 0:26:52- Being dispossessed of your career was one thing.- Yes.
0:26:52 > 0:26:55But the other kinds of dispossession have yet to come.
0:26:59 > 0:27:02This kind of inch-by-inch,
0:27:02 > 0:27:05moment-by-moment, terrible loss.
0:27:06 > 0:27:11To have so much. Truth, beauty, love,
0:27:11 > 0:27:13and it was hijacked by the Nazis.
0:27:13 > 0:27:15So to me, it's terribly sad.
0:27:21 > 0:27:24Marianne knows that after fleeing Nazi Germany,
0:27:24 > 0:27:27her uncle Alexander went to Yugoslavia.
0:27:27 > 0:27:30The rest of the family returned to Austria.
0:27:30 > 0:27:32But she doesn't know when they arrived here,
0:27:32 > 0:27:34or what happened to them.
0:27:37 > 0:27:41I've come to Vienna to find out about my grandparents,
0:27:41 > 0:27:45Flora and Artur Sacher-Masoch, and my mother.
0:27:45 > 0:27:48I don't know exactly what they did.
0:27:48 > 0:27:50I'm longing to know what happened.
0:27:52 > 0:27:54She's come to the National Library
0:27:54 > 0:27:57to see if she can find any records about her family.
0:27:57 > 0:28:00She's meeting historian, William Godsey.
0:28:02 > 0:28:08So, William, we were in Berlin when my family went,
0:28:08 > 0:28:10and then, in 1933, they left.
0:28:10 > 0:28:14And I would love to know exactly what happened.
0:28:14 > 0:28:16I think I have some documents here
0:28:16 > 0:28:19that might help us pick up the trail of your family.
0:28:19 > 0:28:23The first thing I'd like to show you are their registration cards.
0:28:23 > 0:28:29- Oh, yes.- Your grandfather had to register with the authorities
0:28:29 > 0:28:33when he moved back to Vienna in 1934.
0:28:33 > 0:28:36Yes. 1934.
0:28:36 > 0:28:38Your grandfather was listed here
0:28:38 > 0:28:41as a high-ranking military officer in retirement.
0:28:41 > 0:28:43Where does it say that?
0:28:43 > 0:28:44Oberstleutnant.
0:28:44 > 0:28:47Oberstleutnant. Oh, yes.
0:28:47 > 0:28:50- He was a lieutenant colonel... - In the First World War.
0:28:50 > 0:28:51- In the First World War.- Yes.
0:28:53 > 0:28:56And also, he's registered with his full noble title,
0:28:56 > 0:28:57Ritter von Sacher-Masoch.
0:28:59 > 0:29:01Ritter is rank of knight.
0:29:04 > 0:29:06Artur was almost 60
0:29:06 > 0:29:08when he brought his family back to his homeland,
0:29:08 > 0:29:11where he had contacts through his military connections
0:29:11 > 0:29:13and his old family title.
0:29:16 > 0:29:18I like this idea of the knight.
0:29:18 > 0:29:21- Do you know where it comes from?- No.
0:29:22 > 0:29:25- Here we have a family tree.- Ah!
0:29:25 > 0:29:28Oh, this is what I've always wanted to see.
0:29:31 > 0:29:33That's wonderful!
0:29:33 > 0:29:37There you have the whole family, starting with yourself.
0:29:37 > 0:29:41Here we have your parents. Your father, Robert Glynn Faithfull,
0:29:41 > 0:29:44- and your mother, Eva Hermine von Sacher-Masoch.- Yeah.
0:29:44 > 0:29:48And then up the top here, your great, great, great grandfather,
0:29:48 > 0:29:53- Johann Nepomuk Stephan Ritter von Sacher.- Sacher.
0:29:53 > 0:29:58- And he was the first member of the family to be ennobled.- Wow!
0:29:58 > 0:30:00He was the first person in your family
0:30:00 > 0:30:03- who bore the title, Ritter von Sacher.- Yeah.
0:30:03 > 0:30:06So I think that's very interesting.
0:30:06 > 0:30:08This is the original of the pattern of nobility.
0:30:08 > 0:30:11I thought I would just, um...show you.
0:30:11 > 0:30:14- Written in the old German script. - Yes.
0:30:15 > 0:30:18And we have the English translation of this document.
0:30:18 > 0:30:19- Yeah.- Of this document here.
0:30:22 > 0:30:26"In consideration of the years of his effort and useful service,
0:30:26 > 0:30:30"his proven loyalty and devotion to the state,
0:30:30 > 0:30:34"we elevate Johann Nepomuk Stephan Sacher
0:30:34 > 0:30:39"and all his legitimate descendents of both gender for all time,
0:30:39 > 0:30:42"into knighthood in the Austrian Empire.
0:30:42 > 0:30:46"We have granted the coat of arms
0:30:46 > 0:30:48"shown in the middle of this document."
0:30:50 > 0:30:52That's beautiful to see.
0:30:53 > 0:30:541832.
0:30:56 > 0:30:59So it's not as old a family as I was told.
0:30:59 > 0:31:01It's still pretty old.
0:31:01 > 0:31:04She said it was back to Charlemagne.
0:31:05 > 0:31:08I think we're probably all descended from Charlemagne.
0:31:08 > 0:31:10Probably! MARIANNE LAUGHS
0:31:12 > 0:31:15So, William, I'm fascinated by
0:31:15 > 0:31:21my mother's use of the baroness title, Baroness Erisso.
0:31:21 > 0:31:25I mean, this is after I've run off with Mick Jagger
0:31:25 > 0:31:27and shamed her so terribly.
0:31:28 > 0:31:32So she decided she didn't want to be Faithfull any more.
0:31:33 > 0:31:36Well, in Austria, as you see, your family, as far as we know,
0:31:36 > 0:31:39- had never received the title of baron here.- No.
0:31:39 > 0:31:44- Which is a rank above a knight.- Hm.
0:31:44 > 0:31:45I've got another explanation
0:31:45 > 0:31:48- for how the title of baron might have come back.- Oh, come on, then.
0:31:48 > 0:31:51- You know, Austrian society, it's very addicted to titles.- I know.
0:31:51 > 0:31:53And especially with nobility.
0:31:55 > 0:31:58Often, in daily conversation,
0:31:58 > 0:32:01waiters might have referred to your grandmother
0:32:01 > 0:32:03or your grandfather as Frau Baronin.
0:32:03 > 0:32:06- Right.- Or Herr Baron.- Yeah. - This is very common.
0:32:06 > 0:32:10- Austrians can often be very courteous.- Yeah.
0:32:10 > 0:32:13They always give you a place slightly above
0:32:13 > 0:32:16- the one you might be entitled to. - Ah! OK.- So this is...
0:32:16 > 0:32:20- So, that's what she did, too? - That's what she might have done.
0:32:21 > 0:32:23My mum did exaggerate.
0:32:23 > 0:32:26I knew it! Because I could sense it,
0:32:26 > 0:32:28even then, when I was little,
0:32:28 > 0:32:30that she was making things bigger and better
0:32:30 > 0:32:32because of what she went through.
0:32:35 > 0:32:39In the years since Eva and her family had fled Nazi Germany,
0:32:39 > 0:32:42the safe haven to which Artur had brought them
0:32:42 > 0:32:45was coming under increasing threat.
0:32:46 > 0:32:50Hitler had always dreamed of making his beloved Austria
0:32:50 > 0:32:53part of the greater German Empire.
0:32:55 > 0:33:00By 1937, political pressure on the Austrian government to unify
0:33:00 > 0:33:03brought Nazi rule one step closer.
0:33:04 > 0:33:09Artur made another move to try to protect his family.
0:33:09 > 0:33:12- I've got another document for you. - OK.- OK?
0:33:12 > 0:33:16- This is the second registration card.- Hm.
0:33:16 > 0:33:18- This is from March of 1937.- Hm.
0:33:18 > 0:33:21They moved to the Museums Casa,
0:33:21 > 0:33:23a Hungarian Cultural Institute,
0:33:23 > 0:33:26which, at that time, was a part of the Hungarian Embassy.
0:33:26 > 0:33:30I think in order to have gotten an apartment in such a building
0:33:30 > 0:33:35- in the very centre of Vienna, they must have had connections.- Hm.
0:33:35 > 0:33:40- At that point, Austria was moving closer to Nazi Germany.- Hm.
0:33:40 > 0:33:43Um...and the pressure of Nazi Germany
0:33:43 > 0:33:46- was increasing on Austria.- Hm.
0:33:46 > 0:33:50And they may have seen moving into the Hungarian Embassy
0:33:50 > 0:33:53as a form of...of protection
0:33:53 > 0:33:56um...against whatever might come.
0:33:58 > 0:34:02- Maybe that was a little bit of diplomatic immunity.- Possibly.
0:34:08 > 0:34:11In spring 1938,
0:34:11 > 0:34:15just four years after Artur had brought his family back to Austria,
0:34:15 > 0:34:17Hitler annexed the country
0:34:17 > 0:34:20and made it part of Nazi Germany.
0:34:22 > 0:34:27On 15th March, a triumphant Fuhrer marched into Vienna,
0:34:27 > 0:34:29calling it his greatest achievement.
0:34:34 > 0:34:38Almost immediately, violence against Jews spread across the country.
0:34:38 > 0:34:42And anti-Semitic laws forcing them into ghettoes
0:34:42 > 0:34:46and restricting all aspects of their lives were introduced.
0:34:48 > 0:34:52Life for Marianne's family was about to change dramatically.
0:34:55 > 0:35:00My mother always told me that when the Nazis marched into Vienna,
0:35:00 > 0:35:02she lived a very dangerous life,
0:35:02 > 0:35:05because my grandmother was Jewish.
0:35:05 > 0:35:09You know, it was a terrible game of tension and horror.
0:35:10 > 0:35:12It's just waiting and pressure.
0:35:12 > 0:35:15And you don't know what's going to happen.
0:35:15 > 0:35:18I've often thought about it. I've always wanted to know.
0:35:21 > 0:35:25Marianne has come to meet historian, Jeremy Noakes.
0:35:27 > 0:35:29Jeremy, it's really nice to meet you
0:35:29 > 0:35:33and I'm very, very curious to find out
0:35:33 > 0:35:36what my family's life was during the war.
0:35:38 > 0:35:40Um...and I'm nervous and I'm scared.
0:35:42 > 0:35:46- I'm not surprised. It was a very dark period, I think.- Hm.
0:35:46 > 0:35:51- For all the people in the position your family was in.- Hm.
0:35:51 > 0:35:54Have a look at this document.
0:35:55 > 0:35:59You see a Nazi official document with the swastika stamp.
0:35:59 > 0:36:02Elisabeth Flora Sara. That wasn't her name.
0:36:03 > 0:36:07What happened was that in 1938, the Nazis introduced a rule
0:36:07 > 0:36:10that all Jews had to take on an additional name.
0:36:10 > 0:36:13Women had to take on the name of Sarah or Sara
0:36:13 > 0:36:15and the men had to take on the name of Israel.
0:36:15 > 0:36:18Oh, dear, dear.
0:36:18 > 0:36:19Here's the translation.
0:36:21 > 0:36:25"The Jew, Elisabeth Flora Sara Sacher-Masoch,
0:36:25 > 0:36:28"wife of a lieutenant colonel,
0:36:28 > 0:36:32"has accepted to carry the name Sara as of today."
0:36:32 > 0:36:37It meant that officials would see immediately from their name,
0:36:37 > 0:36:40- "A-ha! We've got a Jew in front of us."- (My God!)
0:36:42 > 0:36:44Jesus!
0:36:44 > 0:36:47And this is her identity card,
0:36:47 > 0:36:50- made a few days later.- Hm.
0:36:50 > 0:36:56And as you will see, there's a big J for Jude.
0:36:57 > 0:36:59I'm shocked. Um...
0:37:00 > 0:37:04My grandmother, my lovely granny, Nana, we called her.
0:37:05 > 0:37:09But, er, that's, in a sense, the beginning of the story.
0:37:09 > 0:37:13Your grandfather, her husband, was a protection, in fact.
0:37:15 > 0:37:18The point was that the Nazis introduced a distinction
0:37:18 > 0:37:21in Jewish and German marriages
0:37:21 > 0:37:23between privileged and non-privileged.
0:37:23 > 0:37:26And they were in a privileged marriage.
0:37:28 > 0:37:32Jewish women like Flora married to an Aryan man
0:37:32 > 0:37:35created a problem for the Nazis.
0:37:35 > 0:37:38They couldn't deport them for fear of a public backlash,
0:37:38 > 0:37:42so they created a category of, "Privileged Marriage,"
0:37:42 > 0:37:46which protected these women from the most extreme anti-Semitic laws.
0:37:48 > 0:37:51Within a year of the country being annexed,
0:37:51 > 0:37:56Austrian Jews faced the same fate as German Jews,
0:37:56 > 0:38:00as the Nazis began transporting them to the concentration camps.
0:38:01 > 0:38:03Those who could, fled.
0:38:03 > 0:38:09But in 1941, the Nazis closed the borders to Jews wishing to exit.
0:38:09 > 0:38:12Now there was no escape.
0:38:14 > 0:38:16But because they were married,
0:38:16 > 0:38:18Artur hoped he could keep Flora safe.
0:38:20 > 0:38:23What would have happened if he had not been there?
0:38:23 > 0:38:26It would have been a much, much worse situation
0:38:26 > 0:38:29for her without Artur. There would have been no question,
0:38:29 > 0:38:33she would have been sent to the extermination camps.
0:38:33 > 0:38:35That's just horrendous.
0:38:35 > 0:38:38Hm. Hm. I think there's no question about that.
0:38:39 > 0:38:43Well, so far, we've been talking about your grandparents,
0:38:43 > 0:38:46but, of course, your mother was affected by all this.
0:38:46 > 0:38:50And I'd like you to have a look at this document.
0:38:50 > 0:38:52This is simply a registration of address,
0:38:52 > 0:38:55- basically, where they're living. - Yeah.
0:38:55 > 0:38:58But if you look at the top of the document.
0:38:58 > 0:39:00What does that mean?
0:39:00 > 0:39:02"Mischling ersten Grades."
0:39:02 > 0:39:04That means Mischling, first degree.
0:39:04 > 0:39:06And that's what your mother was.
0:39:07 > 0:39:11Now, the Nazis had a problem
0:39:11 > 0:39:14- with defining who was a Jew.- Yes.
0:39:14 > 0:39:17They wanted to get rid of Jews, but who actually was a Jew?
0:39:17 > 0:39:21- How Jewish did you have to be to count as a Jew?- Hm.
0:39:21 > 0:39:26In 1935, they introduced a regulation
0:39:26 > 0:39:32with a sort of intermediate stage between Jew and non-Jew.
0:39:32 > 0:39:36- Hm.- And that intermediate stage was called a mischling.
0:39:36 > 0:39:40Now, mischling in German basically means mongrel.
0:39:40 > 0:39:43- Oh!- It's a term used for dogs.
0:39:43 > 0:39:44No!
0:39:47 > 0:39:51In 1935, Hitler had issued the Nuremberg Laws,
0:39:51 > 0:39:55which defined degrees of Jewishness
0:39:55 > 0:39:58and outlined respective laws restricting a person's life,
0:39:58 > 0:40:01depending on how Jewish they were.
0:40:01 > 0:40:03His goal had been to eliminate
0:40:03 > 0:40:07even the smallest degree of Jewish blood from Aryan life.
0:40:10 > 0:40:12A mongrel first degree
0:40:12 > 0:40:17was somebody who had one Jewish parent, like your mother.
0:40:17 > 0:40:20So this is another extraordinary document.
0:40:20 > 0:40:22- Have a look at that.- Yes.
0:40:25 > 0:40:29- Heavens!- I don't know whether you've ever seen anything like that before.
0:40:31 > 0:40:33No. What the hell is it?
0:40:33 > 0:40:37This was published by the racial office of the Nazi Party.
0:40:39 > 0:40:43And you'll see they were subject to restrictions
0:40:43 > 0:40:46in marriage and sexual relations.
0:40:47 > 0:40:52"Forbidden! Marriage between those of German blood and Jews."
0:40:54 > 0:40:56Oh, dear!
0:40:58 > 0:41:02"Further, one should not enter into a marriage
0:41:02 > 0:41:04"if it is expected that the offspring
0:41:04 > 0:41:09"will jeopardise maintaining the purity of German blood."
0:41:09 > 0:41:11- They are insane!- They are.
0:41:12 > 0:41:15But basically, what it meant was that your mother
0:41:15 > 0:41:20would not have been able to marry somebody who was non-Jewish.
0:41:20 > 0:41:22She would have been forced to marry
0:41:22 > 0:41:26somebody who was half-Jewish or who was a Jew.
0:41:26 > 0:41:29They couldn't have children, they couldn't contaminate...
0:41:29 > 0:41:31- Exactly!- ..the blood line. - That's right.
0:41:31 > 0:41:34And, you, of course, would have been a mischling, second degree.
0:41:34 > 0:41:36- Quarter Jewish.- Quarter Jewish.
0:41:36 > 0:41:40And so, you would not have been allowed to marry Germans.
0:41:40 > 0:41:42They would have had to get permission.
0:41:42 > 0:41:44And the permission, basically, was a fraud.
0:41:44 > 0:41:46You would be subjected to a physical examination.
0:41:46 > 0:41:48Oh! But why?
0:41:48 > 0:41:52And they would look...Know all aspects of your physique...
0:41:52 > 0:41:56They really did that, this physiognomy thing?
0:41:56 > 0:41:59This was, you know, serious stuff from their point of view.
0:41:59 > 0:42:01For example, an historian interviewed
0:42:01 > 0:42:03a large number of mischling after the war
0:42:03 > 0:42:07and there was one woman who wanted to be a nurse.
0:42:07 > 0:42:09And she was given a physical examination
0:42:09 > 0:42:14and it turned out that her earlobes and breasts
0:42:14 > 0:42:17were not considered to be racially satisfactory.
0:42:17 > 0:42:21And so she was denied the possibility of becoming a nurse.
0:42:22 > 0:42:25Your mother wouldn't have been able to get employment at all
0:42:25 > 0:42:26because she was half-Jewish.
0:42:27 > 0:42:30It's all completely insane.
0:42:30 > 0:42:33- Yes.- Hm.- It's horrendous.
0:42:35 > 0:42:39As the war went on, the Nazis' plans for the Mischlinge, like Eva,
0:42:39 > 0:42:43were becoming more and more ominous.
0:42:44 > 0:42:47The noose was tightening towards the end of the war.
0:42:47 > 0:42:52- There was a major dispute going on at the top of the regime.- Yes.
0:42:52 > 0:42:56Um...with the party, the Nazi Party leadership
0:42:56 > 0:43:01and the SS leadership pushing for Mischling, first degree,
0:43:01 > 0:43:04your mother, to be deported with the rest of the Jews.
0:43:04 > 0:43:06My poor mother!
0:43:07 > 0:43:10Your mother's fate was, you know, in a sense...
0:43:10 > 0:43:11- Hanging in the balance.- That's right.
0:43:11 > 0:43:15It must have been an extraordinarily stressful time for your grandparents
0:43:15 > 0:43:16and for your mother,
0:43:16 > 0:43:21living, not knowing almost from day to day, you know, what might happen.
0:43:21 > 0:43:22And that was very real.
0:43:22 > 0:43:25Because anything could have happened.
0:43:26 > 0:43:30And just to show you how vulnerable and the kind of pressures,
0:43:30 > 0:43:35if you look at this er...red line there?
0:43:35 > 0:43:36Yes.
0:43:36 > 0:43:40It says, "Gestapo..."
0:43:40 > 0:43:43- Yes.- "..for A1."
0:43:43 > 0:43:46That was the department in the Reich Security Headquarters,
0:43:46 > 0:43:49- which was basically the Gestapo. - Yes.
0:43:49 > 0:43:52And it says, "We should be informed of any change of address
0:43:52 > 0:43:54"for these people."
0:43:54 > 0:43:57In other words, the Gestapo had their eyes on them.
0:43:57 > 0:44:01- They were marked people.- Yes.
0:44:01 > 0:44:03This department of the Gestapo
0:44:03 > 0:44:07specialised in dealing with opposition.
0:44:07 > 0:44:11Um...so it may well have been that they, um...
0:44:11 > 0:44:17believed that your family were engaged in some kind of...
0:44:17 > 0:44:21- Resistance. Subversive... - Subversive activity.
0:44:21 > 0:44:24Quite possibly. Something like that.
0:44:24 > 0:44:28My mother did talk a bit about the resistance,
0:44:28 > 0:44:30but the actual truth, I don't know.
0:44:37 > 0:44:42The first shock was my grandmother having to call herself Sara
0:44:42 > 0:44:44because she was Jewish.
0:44:44 > 0:44:47I've never seen a document like that in my life.
0:44:49 > 0:44:53It makes it very much more real, what the whole family went through.
0:44:56 > 0:44:57How incredible!
0:44:57 > 0:45:01If the family were involved in some form of resistance.
0:45:05 > 0:45:08Marianne's on her way to the documentation centre
0:45:08 > 0:45:12of the Austrian Resistance to meet Dr Winfried Garsche
0:45:12 > 0:45:16to see if she can find any evidence confirming her mother's story
0:45:16 > 0:45:19that her family were involved in anti-Nazi activities.
0:45:21 > 0:45:24- We got some documents here and I'll show you something...- Yeah.
0:45:24 > 0:45:27Maybe that would be interesting for you.
0:45:27 > 0:45:30Do you know who that was?
0:45:30 > 0:45:31No.
0:45:31 > 0:45:33This is Walter Kampf.
0:45:33 > 0:45:38He was one of the leading figures of a group of young Communists.
0:45:39 > 0:45:41He got arrested in 1942.
0:45:41 > 0:45:43Yeah.
0:45:43 > 0:45:48Walter Kampf was among those few people who dared to send
0:45:48 > 0:45:53secret messages from the Gestapo prison to the world outside.
0:45:54 > 0:45:59And so maybe that would be interesting for you, this one here.
0:46:00 > 0:46:03Walter Kampf learned inside the Gestapo prison,
0:46:03 > 0:46:07these people are in danger, and he wanted to warn them.
0:46:08 > 0:46:12"Major Hahn - used public phone to call him.
0:46:12 > 0:46:14"Might be imprisoned already.
0:46:14 > 0:46:21"Also Fritz and Karl, Lieutenant Colonel Sacher-Masoch knows them
0:46:21 > 0:46:23"and shall warn them against informers."
0:46:25 > 0:46:28So you see, your grandfather was crucial for that warning.
0:46:28 > 0:46:30It was your grandfather...
0:46:30 > 0:46:32Who did it.
0:46:32 > 0:46:35I knew it, I knew they were involved
0:46:35 > 0:46:36in some form of resistance.
0:46:36 > 0:46:37Mm-hm.
0:46:37 > 0:46:38It's incredible.
0:46:41 > 0:46:44This document is one of two secret messages
0:46:44 > 0:46:47smuggled out of the Gestapo prison by the resistance
0:46:47 > 0:46:52that mention Marianne's grandfather, Artur Sacher-Masoch.
0:46:52 > 0:46:55These messages are the only contemporary evidence
0:46:55 > 0:46:58linking Artur to the network.
0:46:58 > 0:47:01Unsurprisingly, those in the resistance were careful
0:47:01 > 0:47:04about what they wrote down.
0:47:04 > 0:47:06- We have very little documents... - Yeah.
0:47:06 > 0:47:09..about how he behaved. It was oral,
0:47:09 > 0:47:12he gave the information.
0:47:12 > 0:47:14He warned other people,
0:47:14 > 0:47:18but because he was connected with Jews...
0:47:18 > 0:47:19Yeah.
0:47:19 > 0:47:20It was too dangerous.
0:47:23 > 0:47:26Artur had become involved with the communist Resistance
0:47:26 > 0:47:30through his leftwing son, Alexander, who'd already fled to Yugoslavia.
0:47:32 > 0:47:35In an interview Alexander gave to a researcher in the 1970s,
0:47:35 > 0:47:40he explains how he introduced his father to the Communists,
0:47:40 > 0:47:42and how close the Nazis came
0:47:42 > 0:47:45to discovering Artur's involvement in the Resistance.
0:47:49 > 0:47:51"This is a friend of mine.
0:47:51 > 0:47:55"He helped me out here and he will help you too.
0:47:55 > 0:47:57"Make sure you are there for him when he needs you.
0:47:59 > 0:48:03"My old father had to see the Gestapo five times."
0:48:05 > 0:48:07Oh!
0:48:07 > 0:48:09"Once, they hanged him from his hands."
0:48:11 > 0:48:12Jesus Christ!
0:48:14 > 0:48:17Do you know how old your grandfather was when he was arrested
0:48:17 > 0:48:20- and hanged by his hands? - I have no idea.
0:48:21 > 0:48:24- Well, he was in his late sixties already.- Was he?
0:48:24 > 0:48:26Yeah, and they tortured him in that manner.
0:48:26 > 0:48:27SHE EXHALES
0:48:28 > 0:48:31- He gave them no names. - No, he wouldn't.
0:48:33 > 0:48:35I don't know what he would have done if they had brought
0:48:35 > 0:48:39Flora and Eva to the prison and said, "We're going to kill them,
0:48:39 > 0:48:44"we're going to send them to Auschwitz now unless you tell us."
0:48:44 > 0:48:47You can hardly overestimate
0:48:47 > 0:48:53the danger what it meant for a person like your grandfather.
0:48:53 > 0:48:54Hm.
0:48:54 > 0:48:55He had a Jewish wife.
0:48:55 > 0:48:59- He had a half-Jewish daughter. - Yeah.
0:48:59 > 0:49:01- He joined the Resistance.- Yeah.
0:49:01 > 0:49:05- In that situation... It was his personal choice.- Yeah.
0:49:05 > 0:49:11And it was very brave and it was not that easy, I think,
0:49:11 > 0:49:15- to endanger the most beloved ones, but he did it...- Yeah.
0:49:15 > 0:49:18Because of his principles, because of his beliefs...
0:49:18 > 0:49:21- Yeah.- Because he loved his country.
0:49:21 > 0:49:24My mother told me she was involved too.
0:49:24 > 0:49:30And my grandfather treated her and taught her to behave like a soldier.
0:49:30 > 0:49:34We don't know anything about your mother...
0:49:34 > 0:49:38- We only know something about your grandfather.- Yes.
0:49:38 > 0:49:42But resistance was possible only by the help of
0:49:42 > 0:49:47all those people who were nearby.
0:49:47 > 0:49:51So you see, the whole family was complicit
0:49:51 > 0:49:53with the Resistance network.
0:49:53 > 0:49:56The whole family was aware...
0:49:56 > 0:49:58- Oh, yeah.- ..of the danger.
0:49:59 > 0:50:03Imagine what that meant for your grandmother.
0:50:03 > 0:50:04Being Jewish.
0:50:04 > 0:50:09Knowing that your husband endangers himself,
0:50:09 > 0:50:11and by that the whole family...
0:50:11 > 0:50:17and if he would have been arrested and executed,
0:50:17 > 0:50:19she will be sent to an extermination camp.
0:50:19 > 0:50:20Jesus Christ!
0:50:20 > 0:50:22I mean, that's the...
0:50:22 > 0:50:26She lost it just before the end of the war
0:50:26 > 0:50:30while it was still going on, but it was nearly over.
0:50:30 > 0:50:33My mother came into a room in the Hungarian Institute
0:50:33 > 0:50:36and Flora was on the windowsill, about to jump.
0:50:38 > 0:50:42Because she felt this was all her fault because she was Jewish.
0:50:44 > 0:50:48To give you a sense how lucky they were
0:50:48 > 0:50:56in that nothing happened to them - 65,000 Viennese Jews had been killed
0:50:56 > 0:50:58in the extermination camps.
0:50:58 > 0:51:02- Hm.- 65,000. 5,000 survived.- Hm.
0:51:02 > 0:51:06And so your grandmother and your mother were among those 5,000,
0:51:06 > 0:51:08and not the 65,000.
0:51:12 > 0:51:13They got through.
0:51:13 > 0:51:15- They got through.- Yeah.
0:51:23 > 0:51:27My goodness, I am... I'm really astounded, you know.
0:51:27 > 0:51:32I didn't know exactly what my family did in the war here.
0:51:32 > 0:51:36I knew they were involved in resistance,
0:51:36 > 0:51:40and to get the actual facts and the details is fantastic.
0:51:41 > 0:51:43They were extraordinary people.
0:51:57 > 0:52:02On 13th April 1945, almost half a million Red Army soldiers
0:52:02 > 0:52:05marched into Vienna and liberated it.
0:52:07 > 0:52:11Artur, Flora and Eva had survived the Nazi era.
0:52:12 > 0:52:15But their suffering did not end there.
0:52:17 > 0:52:22Marianne is meeting historian Barbara Stetzl-Matz.
0:52:22 > 0:52:24This is a difficult bit for me.
0:52:24 > 0:52:25Hm.
0:52:25 > 0:52:30My mother told me at the very end of the war when the Russians,
0:52:30 > 0:52:34the Red Army came, marched into Vienna, erm,
0:52:34 > 0:52:37they raped every woman in Vienna.
0:52:38 > 0:52:40Erm, very violently.
0:52:40 > 0:52:43My mother was raped and my grandmother was raped.
0:52:47 > 0:52:51I wonder what you can tell me about the context of this.
0:52:51 > 0:52:55- It was a very, sort of, difficult situation...- Yeah.
0:52:55 > 0:52:56..at the time.
0:52:56 > 0:53:02In Vienna alone, approximately 100,000 women were raped
0:53:02 > 0:53:05- which is a...- Good God! - ..very, very high number, of course.
0:53:05 > 0:53:08Yeah, and they just came and raped everybody.
0:53:08 > 0:53:12When the Red Army soldiers entered Austrian territory,
0:53:12 > 0:53:15there was this feeling of hatred in them.
0:53:15 > 0:53:18There was this strong Soviet propaganda
0:53:18 > 0:53:22that encouraged the soldiers to take revenge.
0:53:22 > 0:53:24Good God.
0:53:24 > 0:53:27And they did not make a difference then, in the end in 1945,
0:53:27 > 0:53:29who was Austrian, who was German,
0:53:29 > 0:53:33because Austria still was part of the Third Reich.
0:53:33 > 0:53:34Yeah.
0:53:34 > 0:53:37It was a dangerous situation, miserable situation and...
0:53:37 > 0:53:43Awful, between the trauma and the horror and the lifelong trauma.
0:53:43 > 0:53:44Yeah.
0:53:48 > 0:53:49My mother, particularly,
0:53:49 > 0:53:56and my grandmother, naturally enough, really, really hated men.
0:53:59 > 0:54:01It twisted them both.
0:54:04 > 0:54:09My grandmother turned away from my grandfather, who adored her.
0:54:09 > 0:54:13And Eva never got over that and always hated men.
0:54:14 > 0:54:15Yeah, this is something...
0:54:15 > 0:54:19And passed it onto me, actually.
0:54:19 > 0:54:22I think this is something that happened quite frequently,
0:54:22 > 0:54:26that because of this trauma of having been raped
0:54:26 > 0:54:33that some women were not able to have a good, er...
0:54:33 > 0:54:36- Normal.- Normal affair or a normal, a relationship with men.
0:54:36 > 0:54:38A sexual relationship, yeah.
0:54:40 > 0:54:43This is really sad that the trauma was passed on
0:54:43 > 0:54:45- from your mother onto you.- Onto me.
0:54:47 > 0:54:50She wouldn't even have realised it.
0:54:50 > 0:54:52It just happened, you know.
0:54:54 > 0:54:58It took me years, until by the time I'm 50, I'm actually able
0:54:58 > 0:55:01to be in a relationship and love,
0:55:01 > 0:55:06and not have to take to drink or take drugs to have sex.
0:55:06 > 0:55:07Yeah.
0:55:07 > 0:55:10It's good that you were able to, to come over it, finally.
0:55:10 > 0:55:12Finally, yeah.
0:55:12 > 0:55:13Hm.
0:55:13 > 0:55:14What I'd like to ask you,
0:55:14 > 0:55:18do you know what your mother did at the end of the war?
0:55:18 > 0:55:22I do, well, I know what she told me.
0:55:22 > 0:55:27She told me that she started a magazine called "Frau und Mutter".
0:55:28 > 0:55:31"Frau und Mutter" was not a new magazine,
0:55:31 > 0:55:35but your mother restarted it after the war.
0:55:35 > 0:55:37We have got the first issue...
0:55:37 > 0:55:38Wow, wonderful.
0:55:40 > 0:55:44This article was written by your mother in August 1945.
0:55:44 > 0:55:45Yeah.
0:55:45 > 0:55:49Only a couple of months after your mother was raped by the Red Army.
0:55:51 > 0:55:56"Every single woman who felt the powerful fist of oppression
0:55:56 > 0:56:01"was united with all other women in their thoughts of retribution,
0:56:01 > 0:56:04"even those women who did not have the enemy in their country,
0:56:04 > 0:56:08"but who nevertheless had to make tremendous sacrifices
0:56:08 > 0:56:11"in the name of humanity and equality.
0:56:11 > 0:56:16"And those hardships include the terrible crimes in Austria
0:56:16 > 0:56:21"and all the other countries of the rapists who poisoned our souls.
0:56:24 > 0:56:28"But now we are free of suppression and coercion.
0:56:28 > 0:56:33"And so we can and want to be ourselves again,
0:56:33 > 0:56:37"real, true women filled with an eagerness to do good,
0:56:37 > 0:56:41"to be good mothers, full of love for all mankind."
0:56:43 > 0:56:47And I'm sure she believed that, that's very strong.
0:56:47 > 0:56:50- Yeah.- You know, she was not crushed.
0:56:50 > 0:56:52She was not crushed, yeah.
0:56:52 > 0:56:55Your mother's voice comes across here so strongly.
0:56:55 > 0:56:57Ah! It's incredible.
0:57:05 > 0:57:09That article is extraordinary, I've never seen that before.
0:57:09 > 0:57:11It's always a thing to realise
0:57:11 > 0:57:15that your mother is much more than your mother.
0:57:15 > 0:57:19That she's a human being and a person with a real mission in life.
0:57:19 > 0:57:23What this programme is doing for me
0:57:23 > 0:57:26is helping me to have much more understanding
0:57:26 > 0:57:32and compassion of Eva's, sort of, craziness when I was little.
0:57:40 > 0:57:45This journey has given me facts about my family.
0:57:45 > 0:57:47And truth and...
0:57:49 > 0:57:54This is what I needed, this is what I really wanted and I understand now.
0:57:55 > 0:58:01Erm... Much more than stories and fantasies and illusions.
0:58:02 > 0:58:05The amount of bravery and courage
0:58:05 > 0:58:09and integrity they had is pretty awe-inspiring.
0:58:11 > 0:58:14'Your family is the ground you stand on.
0:58:14 > 0:58:19'And what has happened is that the ground has been put back.
0:58:19 > 0:58:20'I'm very lucky.'
0:58:22 > 0:58:23Thank you.
0:58:51 > 0:58:55Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd