0:00:37 > 0:00:42On January the 30th 1649, the English killed their king.
0:00:42 > 0:00:45It had happened before, of course,
0:00:45 > 0:00:50all those Edwards and Richards violently done in by their subjects,
0:00:50 > 0:00:52but this WAS different.
0:00:52 > 0:00:56Now the British monarchy itself had been exterminated.
0:00:56 > 0:01:00Now there was just the people and its Parliament,
0:01:00 > 0:01:04the keepers of the liberties of England.
0:01:04 > 0:01:09But what was the point of freedom when you were frightened?
0:01:09 > 0:01:13What the people really wanted to know was - who would keep them safe?
0:01:16 > 0:01:21Who would stop the soldiers from burning and pillaging,
0:01:21 > 0:01:25allow people to sleep quietly in their beds?
0:01:25 > 0:01:32Who would protect them from the wars of religion and politics which seemed to go on and on and on?
0:01:32 > 0:01:34Would it be Parliament?
0:01:34 > 0:01:39Or would it be a great general, like Oliver Cromwell?
0:01:40 > 0:01:46It doesn't matter, said the hard-headed philosopher Thomas Hobbes,
0:01:46 > 0:01:50a royalist who'd come back to Cromwell's England.
0:01:50 > 0:01:55"What the country needs is a strong ruler who embodies all of the people.
0:01:58 > 0:02:02"Whatever or whoever can save the country from anarchy,
0:02:02 > 0:02:06"whatever can save you from yourselves.
0:02:06 > 0:02:13"Never mind about what's right or wrong - put yourself in the hands of the power that protects,
0:02:13 > 0:02:16"the all-powerful leviathan.
0:02:21 > 0:02:28"If that's Oliver Cromwell, then so be it. It's the reasonable thing to do."
0:02:28 > 0:02:33But the Scots, English and Irish were not about to be reasonable -
0:02:33 > 0:02:36because they were too busy being righteous.
0:02:36 > 0:02:41Over the next 50 years, righteousness would kill a lot of the British.
0:02:41 > 0:02:47At the end, reason would appear, but not before a lot of tears had been shed,
0:02:47 > 0:02:50tears of rapture and tears of grief.
0:03:28 > 0:03:35Not everyone was lying awake at night, biting their nails about the plight of kingless Britain.
0:03:35 > 0:03:39For many, this was the dawn of a new age.
0:03:39 > 0:03:45It's true no-one had foreseen this during the civil wars,
0:03:45 > 0:03:51but, in giving them victory, the Almighty had shown them that Albion must be turned into Jerusalem.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55He had lain the Stuart kings in the dust.
0:03:55 > 0:03:58The only king to follow now was King Jesus,
0:03:58 > 0:04:02and the only true government that of his saints.
0:04:09 > 0:04:12Let them sing aloud upon their beds!
0:04:12 > 0:04:18Let the high praise of God be in their mouths and a two-edged sword in their hands!
0:04:24 > 0:04:26The Kingdom of God was at hand,
0:04:26 > 0:04:29the most blessed revolution of all,
0:04:29 > 0:04:37and no-one was more convinced of this than Albion's holy warrior, Oliver Cromwell.
0:04:39 > 0:04:43"Religion is not at first the thing contended for,
0:04:43 > 0:04:50"but God brought it to that issue at last and at last it proved that which was most dear to us."
0:04:53 > 0:04:56Cromwell called himself a seeker,
0:04:56 > 0:05:04and what he sought all his life was God's destiny for himself and for his country.
0:05:04 > 0:05:07At first, he'd been innocent of the Lord's design.
0:05:07 > 0:05:13For years, he'd just led the life of an obscure East Anglian country gentleman.
0:05:13 > 0:05:18Just as Cromwell was beginning to make his way in the world,
0:05:18 > 0:05:22some sort of crisis happened to his modest fortune.
0:05:22 > 0:05:28But what the world might have seen as misfortune was, through the cunning of the Almighty,
0:05:28 > 0:05:31his saving grace.
0:05:31 > 0:05:34He underwent some kind of religious conversion.
0:05:34 > 0:05:39The vanities were stripped away so he might be opened to the light.
0:05:42 > 0:05:46"Oh, I lived in and loved darkness and hated the light!
0:05:46 > 0:05:52"This is true. I hated godliness, yet God had mercy on me.
0:05:52 > 0:05:55"Oh, the riches of his mercy!"
0:05:59 > 0:06:06The sense that God had some special service for him made a new man of Cromwell.
0:06:06 > 0:06:10He knew where he was going and what had to be done.
0:06:10 > 0:06:17What had to be done was to tear the sword out of the hands of the untrustworthy, Papist-loving king.
0:06:18 > 0:06:25He went to war as a complete novice, with no military experience whatsoever,
0:06:25 > 0:06:29but his sense of divine appointment was his armour.
0:06:29 > 0:06:33It made him supremely confident, cool under fire,
0:06:33 > 0:06:35but never reckless.
0:06:36 > 0:06:41An aura of invincibility began to cling to him.
0:06:41 > 0:06:46He became the driving force of the godly revolution.
0:06:46 > 0:06:51When the vanquished king defied God's judgment,
0:06:51 > 0:06:55his blood was needed to expiate the crime.
0:06:55 > 0:07:02But it was obvious that doing away with the monarch was no guarantee of doing away with the monarchy.
0:07:02 > 0:07:08For if Charles couldn't be among his subjects in person, his proxy could.
0:07:11 > 0:07:16The Greek word "eikon" means both an image and a copy,
0:07:16 > 0:07:23and the Eikon Basilike, the spitting image of the king, appeared within a week of his execution.
0:07:23 > 0:07:28It was an instant bestseller, going through 35 editions in a year,
0:07:28 > 0:07:31and it made Charles an imperishable martyr,
0:07:31 > 0:07:37a latter-day Christ, sacrificed for the sins of his people.
0:07:37 > 0:07:44Like Christ, Charles too would be resurrected wearing his heavenly crown,
0:07:44 > 0:07:48and made flesh in the person of his son Charles II,
0:07:48 > 0:07:51awaiting the call from exile in France.
0:07:51 > 0:07:59The poet John Milton, an ardent champion of the Parliamentary Commonwealth,
0:07:59 > 0:08:06was hired to attack the cult of the king-martyr as "so much wicked idolatry",
0:08:06 > 0:08:12to persuade the fearful and the gullible they didn't need a Charles I, nor any Stuart monarch.
0:08:12 > 0:08:19"Look," he wanted to say, "Just stop worrying about the dead king. You're the sovereign now.
0:08:19 > 0:08:25"Come to think of it, you've always been the sovereign. Kings have been yours to hire or fire."
0:08:25 > 0:08:33But when Cromwell and Milton told the people that it was time for them to govern themselves,
0:08:33 > 0:08:37they didn't, of course, mean to be taken literally.
0:08:37 > 0:08:43What? Every jumped-up weaver or ploughman with some sixpenny-book learning
0:08:43 > 0:08:49announcing he'd just appointed himself magistrate, granting himself the vote?
0:08:49 > 0:08:52Heaven forbid! That way lay chaos!
0:08:52 > 0:08:56No, the people should put the government of the state
0:08:56 > 0:09:01into the hands of the kind of men God saw fittest to exercise it -
0:09:01 > 0:09:05incorruptible men of substance and piety.
0:09:05 > 0:09:10"Oh, I see," said freeborn John Lilburne, the Leveller,
0:09:10 > 0:09:16an ex-army officer who wanted to level the distance between the mighty and humble, the rich and poor,
0:09:16 > 0:09:21"You mean the same kind of people who got us into this mess?"
0:09:27 > 0:09:34We've all known a John Lilburne, haven't we? Some of us have even been John Lilburne -
0:09:34 > 0:09:39first to the barricades, first to be arrested, won't shut up,
0:09:39 > 0:09:43but, love or hate him, you know he won't go away.
0:09:45 > 0:09:52To Squire Cromwell, he was a pain in the neck, a dangerous loudmouth, capable of wrecking army discipline.
0:09:54 > 0:09:59Lilburne, for his part, detested the new regime.
0:10:01 > 0:10:05"All you intended when you set us a-fighting
0:10:05 > 0:10:11"was merely to unhorse and dismount our old riders and tyrants so that you might ride in their stead."
0:10:11 > 0:10:16The soldiers read freeborn John and believed they should have the vote.
0:10:16 > 0:10:21Give them an inch and they'd take a mile.
0:10:21 > 0:10:28Pretty soon, the men would start believing their officers were the tyrants Lilburne said they were.
0:10:28 > 0:10:34They had to be stopped. An army was not - repeat, NOT - a commune.
0:10:37 > 0:10:45I tell you, you have no other way to deal with these men, but to break them or they will break you,
0:10:45 > 0:10:52yea, and bring and all the guilt of the blood and treasures shed and spent in this kingdom
0:10:52 > 0:10:54upon your heads and shoulders,
0:10:54 > 0:10:58and frustrate and make void all that work
0:10:58 > 0:11:03that, with so many years' industry, toil and pains, you have done!
0:11:03 > 0:11:07I tell you again - you are necessitated to break them.
0:11:07 > 0:11:11Off to the Tower went the Leveller leaders,
0:11:11 > 0:11:14like so many traitors.
0:11:14 > 0:11:18But then something astounding happened...
0:11:18 > 0:11:25A petitioning campaign to demand the release of the Levellers was mobilised by Leveller women.
0:11:25 > 0:11:31Now, for the Puritans, the cardinal virtues of women were silence and meekness,
0:11:31 > 0:11:36but these women were shameless, obstinate, loud-mouthed
0:11:36 > 0:11:39and, it has to be admitted, brave.
0:11:39 > 0:11:45Leveller women had always been involved in the movement's political campaigns.
0:11:45 > 0:11:52Elizabeth Lilburne was politicised through her efforts to spring her husband from various prisons.
0:11:52 > 0:11:59Mary Overton had been brutally punished for printing and distributing her husband's tracts,
0:11:59 > 0:12:05tied to the end of a cart and dragged through London's streets with her six-month-old baby,
0:12:05 > 0:12:08pelted like a common whore.
0:12:08 > 0:12:14But the most impassioned and articulate of the sisters was Katherine Chidley.
0:12:14 > 0:12:17She started as a charismatic preacher
0:12:17 > 0:12:23and turned to politics in an attempt to make the Commonwealth understand the particular sufferings of her sex.
0:12:23 > 0:12:30"Considering that we have an equal share and interest with men in the Commonwealth,
0:12:30 > 0:12:33"and it cannot be laid waste,
0:12:33 > 0:12:42"and considering that poverty, misery and famine like a mighty torrent is breaking in upon us,
0:12:42 > 0:12:46"and we are not able to see our children cry out for bread
0:12:46 > 0:12:52"and not have wherewithal to feed them, we had rather die than see that day."
0:12:55 > 0:13:00This was not what Oliver Cromwell had expected from Jerusalem.
0:13:00 > 0:13:03It got worse.
0:13:08 > 0:13:11In May 1649, some hundreds of soldiers mutinied
0:13:11 > 0:13:16and tried to combine forces in Oxfordshire.
0:13:16 > 0:13:23Cromwell rode hell for leather, 50 miles in a day, and caught them in the middle of the night at Burford.
0:13:27 > 0:13:33One of the prisoners, Anthony Sedley, locked in the church, expecting the worst,
0:13:33 > 0:13:36carved his name into the font.
0:13:36 > 0:13:44The next morning, three of his comrades in arms were led out into the churchyard and shot.
0:13:45 > 0:13:51Then Oliver went off to get an honorary degree in law from Oxford.
0:13:54 > 0:13:59He made sure the mutinous soldiers were shipped off to a place
0:13:59 > 0:14:04where they could vent their frustration on someone else.
0:14:04 > 0:14:07"Angry, are we?" was his line.
0:14:07 > 0:14:11"Want to know who's to blame for prolonging the civil wars?"
0:14:11 > 0:14:16"Say hello to the Antichrist across the Irish Sea."
0:14:16 > 0:14:23The target of Cromwell's march through blood was an army of royalists holding out in Ireland
0:14:23 > 0:14:26in the name of King Charles's son.
0:14:26 > 0:14:31In fact, it was as much Protestant as Catholic,
0:14:31 > 0:14:38but in his conviction they were the legions of the devil, Cromwell was not about to make nice distinctions.
0:14:38 > 0:14:43At Drogheda, on the main road between Dublin and Ulster,
0:14:43 > 0:14:48he made it only too clear what he had in mind.
0:14:48 > 0:14:52There is no point sidestepping this horror.
0:14:52 > 0:14:54This was Cromwell's war crime.
0:14:54 > 0:15:00This great atrocity has contaminated Anglo-Irish history ever since.
0:15:00 > 0:15:04But we need to get right just what this atrocity was.
0:15:04 > 0:15:08It wasn't indiscriminate butchery of women and children.
0:15:08 > 0:15:13No eyewitnesses ever claimed to have seen any such thing.
0:15:13 > 0:15:18What Cromwell DID order, unhesitatingly and without any mercy,
0:15:18 > 0:15:22was, in any case, an act of unspeakable murder.
0:15:30 > 0:15:35At least 3,000 royalist soldiers were butchered at Drogheda.
0:15:36 > 0:15:41The vast majority after they had surrendered and disarmed.
0:15:50 > 0:15:56At St Peter's Church, Cromwell's soldiers burnt the pews beneath the steeple,
0:15:56 > 0:16:01to smoke out the defenders, who were incinerated in the flames.
0:16:01 > 0:16:06The general saw no need to hang his head about the massacre.
0:16:06 > 0:16:12"We have come to break the power of a company of lawless rebels...
0:16:12 > 0:16:19"..Enemies to human society, whose principles are to destroy... all men not complying with them.
0:16:19 > 0:16:27"We come by the assistance of God to hold forth and maintain the lustre and glory of English liberty
0:16:27 > 0:16:31"in a nation where we have an undoubted right to it."
0:16:32 > 0:16:39This is absolutely authentic Oliver Cromwell, and today it makes for unbearable reading.
0:16:39 > 0:16:43No, it's not the confession of a genocidal lunatic,
0:16:43 > 0:16:51but it IS the confession of a narrow-minded, pigheaded, Protestant bigot and English imperialist,
0:16:51 > 0:16:53and that, surely, is bad enough.
0:16:56 > 0:17:02Cromwell treated Ireland like the primitive colony he thought it was,
0:17:02 > 0:17:07moving the Irish off their farms and using the land to pay his soldiers.
0:17:07 > 0:17:12Before he could finish pacification, if that's what he thought it was,
0:17:12 > 0:17:17another piece of unquiet Britain rose up to mock him.
0:17:17 > 0:17:24For the Scots had invited the 20-year-old Charles II to come and be their king,
0:17:24 > 0:17:27and went to war on his behalf.
0:17:30 > 0:17:34Cromwell lured them into England in the summer of 1651,
0:17:34 > 0:17:40where the Scottish army found itself caught between two bigger forces.
0:17:42 > 0:17:47At the Battle Of Worcester, on the 3rd September,
0:17:47 > 0:17:51it went down to a ruinous and irreversible defeat.
0:17:54 > 0:17:57Charles went on the run,
0:17:57 > 0:17:59hidden by royalist sympathisers
0:17:59 > 0:18:03until he could get smuggled out of the country.
0:18:09 > 0:18:14So when Oliver Cromwell returned to London in the Autumn of 1651,
0:18:14 > 0:18:17it was as an English Caesar -
0:18:17 > 0:18:22the like of whom had not been seen since the days of Edward I.
0:18:23 > 0:18:25If Cromwell was God's Englishman,
0:18:25 > 0:18:31it was because he felt that England was God's true promised land,
0:18:31 > 0:18:37and it was best for Britain to become as English as possible.
0:18:37 > 0:18:43The Stuart dream of a united Britain had been what had started the civil wars.
0:18:43 > 0:18:47Now Cromwell had ended them by making that dream a reality,
0:18:47 > 0:18:53not as a united kingdom, but as a united republic of Great Britain.
0:18:56 > 0:19:00But what kind of republic was it supposed to be?
0:19:00 > 0:19:06Cromwell knew the country was exhausted from almost 15 years of war.
0:19:06 > 0:19:10It was time, as he said, to heal and settle.
0:19:12 > 0:19:15This didn't mean business as usual.
0:19:15 > 0:19:20Surely God didn't mean for so much blood to have been spilled
0:19:20 > 0:19:25only so that ungodly lawyers and money brokers could get richer?
0:19:25 > 0:19:30That was the way things were under the government of the Parliament -
0:19:30 > 0:19:35the keeper of the liberties of England, as it styled itself.
0:19:36 > 0:19:43It sat as it had when its members had been purged by the army to allow the trial of the king to proceed,
0:19:43 > 0:19:46ridiculed by enemies as the "Rump".
0:19:47 > 0:19:50To Cromwell, the Rump was a monstrosity -
0:19:50 > 0:19:56a bastion of selfishness and greed, more like Sodom than Jerusalem.
0:19:56 > 0:20:02Worst of all, it showed no signs at all of wanting ever to close down.
0:20:02 > 0:20:08When it came up with a bill designed to keep itself going indefinitely,
0:20:08 > 0:20:10this was the last straw.
0:20:15 > 0:20:18On April 20th, 1653,
0:20:18 > 0:20:24Cromwell marched down to Westminster with a troupe of musketeers.
0:20:30 > 0:20:34Moses was descending from the mountain,
0:20:34 > 0:20:37and he was not a happy prophet.
0:20:41 > 0:20:46At first, it seemed as though the Member for Cambridge would behave.
0:20:46 > 0:20:50Cromwell sat in his usual seat, he doffed his hat,
0:20:50 > 0:20:53he asked if he might address the house,
0:20:53 > 0:20:58and he commended the Rump for its care of the public good.
0:20:58 > 0:21:02But, as he warmed up, the niceties were tossed aside,
0:21:02 > 0:21:09and he began to berate the astounded members for their indifference to justice and piety.
0:21:09 > 0:21:13"I expect you think this is not parliamentary language," he said.
0:21:13 > 0:21:16"Well, I confess, it is not,
0:21:16 > 0:21:21"and neither are you to expect any such from me."
0:21:22 > 0:21:25The hat went back on - always a bad sign.
0:21:25 > 0:21:29And Cromwell started to march up and down,
0:21:29 > 0:21:36shouting that the Lord had done with them and had chosen instruments more worthy of their calling.
0:21:36 > 0:21:39Someone tried to stop him in full spate,
0:21:39 > 0:21:45but, by this time, Cromwell was in exterminating-angel mode and brushed him aside.
0:21:45 > 0:21:50"You are no parliament!" he bellowed. "I say, you are no parliament!"
0:21:50 > 0:21:53Then he called in the musketeers.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56The boots entered heavily, noisily.
0:21:57 > 0:22:00Parliament was shut down.
0:22:06 > 0:22:11It was a depressingly modern moment - a classic coup d'etat, in fact.
0:22:11 > 0:22:17Cromwell had crossed the line from mere bullying to dictatorship.
0:22:17 > 0:22:22In so doing, he undid at a stroke the entire point of the war
0:22:22 > 0:22:27that HE had fought against the King's unparliamentary conduct.
0:22:27 > 0:22:33Cromwell claimed he was striking a blow against ambition and avarice,
0:22:33 > 0:22:38but what he wounded, and fatally, was the commonwealth, itself.
0:22:47 > 0:22:52This is the point at which Cromwell could have seized power,
0:22:52 > 0:22:54and everyone expected him to.
0:22:55 > 0:23:00But he wasn't working for himself - he was working for God.
0:23:01 > 0:23:08In Parliament's place, he would set up an assembly of men chosen for their piety.
0:23:08 > 0:23:11It would be an assembly of saints.
0:23:11 > 0:23:18His language was very different as he exhorted them to go about their business.
0:23:21 > 0:23:24"Love all the sheep, love the lambs,
0:23:24 > 0:23:26"love all,
0:23:26 > 0:23:29"tender all."
0:23:29 > 0:23:36But mystical rapture and politics don't go well together - at least, not in Britain -
0:23:36 > 0:23:43and in a few months the unworkable assembly collapsed - its leaders begging Cromwell to end it.
0:23:46 > 0:23:49He duly obliged.
0:23:49 > 0:23:55Now there seemed no alternative but to take the crown - to become Oliver I.
0:23:56 > 0:24:03But this was still a step too far for a man whom God had told to punish the haughtiness of kings.
0:24:03 > 0:24:07Instead, he chose to become a lord protector.
0:24:07 > 0:24:11That had a good ring to it. Authority but not tyranny.
0:24:13 > 0:24:17He was king in all but name, but a constitutional sovereign,
0:24:17 > 0:24:22ruling with a council and a newly elected parliament.
0:24:24 > 0:24:27His great hope was for a settling,
0:24:27 > 0:24:34but the Protector himself was unsure in his own mind about the direction he should take the country.
0:24:34 > 0:24:38Should Britain be righteous or reasonable?
0:24:38 > 0:24:44It was a civil war that he fought over and over again in his own head.
0:24:44 > 0:24:50Squire Cromwell saw the virtues of a reasonable state of affairs.
0:24:50 > 0:24:56Given a little breathing space, the old world of the counties was coming back to life.
0:24:56 > 0:25:01Magistrates were sitting at courts, gentlemen riding to hounds,
0:25:01 > 0:25:06war-damaged houses being repaired, children being married off,
0:25:06 > 0:25:09friends and neighbours asked to dinner.
0:25:10 > 0:25:16And when some gentlemen were elected to the Protectorate parliaments,
0:25:16 > 0:25:23the old connections between Westminster and the counties - the secret of English government -
0:25:23 > 0:25:26were at last being put back together.
0:25:27 > 0:25:30The righteous Cromwell fretted.
0:25:30 > 0:25:38This return to older methods was only too successful. It was not so much healing as backsliding -
0:25:38 > 0:25:40royalism by the back door.
0:25:42 > 0:25:47So, in 1655, Cromwell turned his mastiffs loose.
0:25:49 > 0:25:51The major generals.
0:25:54 > 0:26:01It was their job to take righteousness out into the shires - the Protestant Taliban on horseback.
0:26:01 > 0:26:03Muffle the bell ringers,
0:26:03 > 0:26:05snoop on the ale houses,
0:26:05 > 0:26:07lock up fornicators,
0:26:07 > 0:26:09cancel Christmas.
0:26:14 > 0:26:18John Evelyn, royalist and gentleman of letters,
0:26:18 > 0:26:22who endured the leviathan of the Cromwellian state,
0:26:22 > 0:26:28was one of many who found themselves the victim of the general's bullying.
0:26:29 > 0:26:36"My wife and I went to London to celebrate Christmas Day - Mr Gunning preaching in Exeter Chapel.
0:26:36 > 0:26:42"As he was giving us the Holy sacrament, the chapel was surrounded by soldiers.
0:26:44 > 0:26:48"All the assembly surprised and kept prisoner by them -
0:26:48 > 0:26:51"some in the house, others removed."
0:26:55 > 0:27:00It was a public relations disaster for the Protectorate.
0:27:00 > 0:27:07Cromwell reasserted himself over the pious, and got rid of the major generals in a hurry.
0:27:09 > 0:27:16There were some places, though, where the two instincts worked together and changed Britain as a result,
0:27:16 > 0:27:21and this is one of them - the synagogue of Bevis Marks in London.
0:27:22 > 0:27:30Historians claim it's difficult to find hard evidence of any good at all that came out of the Protectorate.
0:27:30 > 0:27:33This is hard enough evidence for me.
0:27:33 > 0:27:37It was on these unforgiving, backless oak benches
0:27:37 > 0:27:45that the first Jews to be admitted since the expulsion 360-something years before parked their behinds.
0:27:45 > 0:27:51It was under the Protectorate that Jews were allowed finally to worship openly and to live openly
0:27:51 > 0:27:55in what became a piece of multi-cultural London.
0:27:55 > 0:27:58Cromwell is to thank for that -
0:27:58 > 0:28:04for opening a new chapter of Anglo-Jewish history - MY history.
0:28:17 > 0:28:20His apocalyptic timetable told him
0:28:20 > 0:28:25that the conversion of the Jews would herald the coming of the last days.
0:28:25 > 0:28:30But he saw that with a network in the Dutch and Spanish trading world,
0:28:30 > 0:28:37the Jews could be a priceless source of commercial and military intelligence.
0:28:37 > 0:28:44Piety and pragmatism - those twin qualities so often at odds inside Cromwell's personality -
0:28:44 > 0:28:50this time came together to make him, as far as the Jews were concerned, a true lord protector.
0:28:51 > 0:28:53But not king.
0:28:53 > 0:29:01In the end - and so unlike the king he had destroyed - Cromwell could not lose his sense of unworthiness.
0:29:01 > 0:29:06It was what saved him and Britain from a true dictatorship.
0:29:07 > 0:29:13Cromwell believed he worked for God - real dictators think they ARE God.
0:29:13 > 0:29:20It was THOSE men who fancied themselves as little gods - Charles I or the republican oligarchs -
0:29:20 > 0:29:23who most aroused Cromwell's contempt.
0:29:23 > 0:29:29Simplicity was a word he used about himself, and it was the highest of moral compliments,
0:29:29 > 0:29:36but to prolong the Protectorate, Cromwell needed to be more of a leviathan than he could stomach.
0:29:36 > 0:29:41And that is both is exoneration and his failure.
0:29:41 > 0:29:46It's one of the most extraordinary ironies of British history
0:29:46 > 0:29:52that Cromwell's Protectorate, demonized by both royalists and republicans alike,
0:29:52 > 0:29:57ultimately formed the blueprint for our constitutional monarchy.
0:29:57 > 0:30:04A chief executive chose his government, but both were answerable to a regularly elected parliament.
0:30:04 > 0:30:09But Cromwell himself would not live to see this happen.
0:30:12 > 0:30:18On September 3rd 1658, the anniversary of the Battle of Worcester, Cromwell died,
0:30:18 > 0:30:23while an immense, black tempest was raging over England,
0:30:23 > 0:30:29ripping out trees and sending belfries crashing to the ground.
0:30:35 > 0:30:40It was, the old wives said, the devil coming for his soul.
0:30:44 > 0:30:50What Oliver Cromwell left behind was not a workable political system, but a vision.
0:30:50 > 0:30:57He may have been an angry, ruthless, overbearing man, perhaps even a manic depressive,
0:30:57 > 0:31:03but that vision was something of startling sweetness, a sighting of Jerusalem,
0:31:03 > 0:31:08a place where everyone would be free to receive Christ in their own way,
0:31:08 > 0:31:13provided they did not disturb the peace and conscience of anybody else.
0:31:13 > 0:31:19After all his marches and slaughters and fits of table-pounding, red-faced fury,
0:31:19 > 0:31:25what it turned out Oliver Cromwell wanted for everyone was a quiet life.
0:31:26 > 0:31:33But Catholics were excluded from this vision because for Cromwell, and the country at large,
0:31:33 > 0:31:36Catholicism meant tyranny.
0:31:36 > 0:31:41The Protector left the country safe from despots, but not from anarchy.
0:31:41 > 0:31:48After his death, it returned - power swinging between the soldiers and the politicians, sleepless nights,
0:31:48 > 0:31:52the nagging questions from ten years before.
0:31:52 > 0:31:59"Who will keep us safe?" "Who do we obey?" "Where do we find a sovereign to protect us?"
0:31:59 > 0:32:03It took another hard-headed soldier to see the only way to restore order.
0:32:03 > 0:32:08General George Monck had been a royalist in the Civil War,
0:32:08 > 0:32:14and a Cromwellian when it seemed that only the Protector could keep the peace.
0:32:14 > 0:32:22Now he realised that with the Lord Protector gone, there was only one person who could take his place.
0:32:22 > 0:32:24That was a new king.
0:32:27 > 0:32:31Ironically, Charles II came to the throne
0:32:31 > 0:32:35not because England needed a successor to Charles I,
0:32:35 > 0:32:40but because England needed a successor to Oliver Cromwell.
0:32:47 > 0:32:52There was universal rejoicing, bonfires and feasting.
0:32:52 > 0:32:56The chaos brought by Cromwell's death was ending.
0:32:56 > 0:33:03This new Charles seemed just what everyone had hoped for, a model of sweet reason.
0:33:03 > 0:33:06That was what Samuel Pepys thought.
0:33:06 > 0:33:10Pepys was a pure product of Cromwell's England.
0:33:10 > 0:33:15He was present when the new king boarded his flagship home.
0:33:15 > 0:33:22On route, the tall, dark-haired man told the story of his escape after the Battle of Worcester.
0:33:22 > 0:33:25Here was a king full of charisma.
0:33:27 > 0:33:30He had magic.
0:33:36 > 0:33:41But would his reason survive the emotions stirred by his return?
0:33:41 > 0:33:48The diarist John Evelyn recorded, with unrepentant royalism burning in his breast...
0:33:48 > 0:33:53"This day came in His Majesty to London after a sad and long exile.
0:33:53 > 0:33:57"With a triumph of above 20,000 horse and foot,
0:33:57 > 0:34:02"brandishing their swords and shouting with inexpressible joy,
0:34:02 > 0:34:06"the ways strewn with flowers, the bells ringing.
0:34:06 > 0:34:10"I stood in the Strand and beheld it and blessed God.
0:34:10 > 0:34:17"And all this without one drop of blood, and by that very army which had rebelled against him."
0:34:17 > 0:34:23The King was crowned at Westminster on 23rd April 1661.
0:34:23 > 0:34:28His reign was backdated to the day after his father had been beheaded.
0:34:28 > 0:34:36But even before the coronation, there were those with long memories who were looking for revenge.
0:34:38 > 0:34:41On January 30th 1661,
0:34:41 > 0:34:46exactly 12 years after Charles I's severed head dropped into the straw,
0:34:46 > 0:34:51the remains of Cromwell and the regicides were taken from the tombs
0:34:51 > 0:34:59and hanged from the common gallows at Tyburn before being buried in a deep pit.
0:34:59 > 0:35:05Over the next months, eleven other king killers were hanged, drawn and quartered.
0:35:11 > 0:35:16The old Cromwellians watched this in tactful, furtive silence.
0:35:16 > 0:35:21They wondered just how reasonable this new regime might actually be.
0:35:23 > 0:35:28Killing the kill-joys, Charles knew, would not damage his popularity.
0:35:28 > 0:35:36Given a free vote, the people would, especially after the major generals, vote for pleasure over piety.
0:35:37 > 0:35:42# Lavender's green, dilly dilly... #
0:35:42 > 0:35:47And leading the dance, of course, was Charles himself,
0:35:47 > 0:35:51constitutionally incapable of being so churlish
0:35:51 > 0:35:57as to spurn any woman generous enough to invite him into her bed. They all did.
0:35:57 > 0:35:59# ..I love you. #
0:35:59 > 0:36:02This was the golden age of ogling.
0:36:02 > 0:36:09If Puritan England had been governed by the ear, wide open to receive the Word of God,
0:36:09 > 0:36:13the Restoration restored the sovereignty of the eye.
0:36:15 > 0:36:18Its ruling passion was scopophilia,
0:36:18 > 0:36:20the addiction of gaze.
0:36:20 > 0:36:28Whether eyeballing an outrageous wig, a plunging neckline, a louse caught in the lens of a microscope,
0:36:28 > 0:36:30or the constellations of the stars.
0:36:30 > 0:36:35# Lavender's blue, diddle diddle
0:36:35 > 0:36:40# Lavender's green... #
0:36:40 > 0:36:45Charles's boyish enthusiasm with the latest optical instruments
0:36:45 > 0:36:48suggested he might be a new kind of Stuart.
0:36:48 > 0:36:55One whose vision dwelt not in cloudy realms of absolutism, but which was precisely focused,
0:36:55 > 0:37:00concerned to observe reality, political as well as physical.
0:37:00 > 0:37:05He might even turn out to be a reasonable Stuart king.
0:37:06 > 0:37:13This was the Stuart for whom the physical world was his alpha and omega, who was earthy in his realism.
0:37:14 > 0:37:19All too earthy, some thought, as they looked down in disgust
0:37:19 > 0:37:26at the theatre of indolence punctuated by debauchery that had become the court.
0:37:26 > 0:37:33They were not SO worldly, as to be free of the fear that some day there would be a reckoning.
0:37:33 > 0:37:36Some day soon, as it turned out.
0:37:40 > 0:37:45In the summer of 1664, a comet appeared in the skies over England.
0:37:45 > 0:37:52Its sallow tail could be seen with unprecedented clarity through the lens of the new telescopes,
0:37:52 > 0:37:55owned among others by the King.
0:37:55 > 0:37:59What most people saw was disaster in the offing.
0:37:59 > 0:38:02They had all read their almanacs.
0:38:02 > 0:38:07They knew the Apocalypse would be heralded by pestilence, fire and war.
0:38:12 > 0:38:19A year later, thousands of bodies, killed by bubonic plague, were being tossed each week
0:38:19 > 0:38:21into the great pit of Aldgate.
0:38:21 > 0:38:29And there was nothing that science could do about it, except count the dead with a care demanded
0:38:29 > 0:38:32by modern statistics.
0:38:34 > 0:38:37# My part of death
0:38:37 > 0:38:42# No-one so true
0:38:43 > 0:38:48# Did share it
0:38:49 > 0:38:52# Come away
0:38:52 > 0:38:55# Come away
0:38:55 > 0:38:58# Death... #
0:39:02 > 0:39:07One-sixth of London's population perished.
0:39:07 > 0:39:13The infection ebbed with the onset of autumn, but the trepidation hung around,
0:39:13 > 0:39:18for the number of the beast was 666.
0:39:22 > 0:39:26And sure enough, up from the smoky regions of hell,
0:39:26 > 0:39:29in the first week of September 1666,
0:39:29 > 0:39:32came the diabolical fire.
0:39:37 > 0:39:41In the early hours of Sunday, September 2nd,
0:39:41 > 0:39:45the Lord Mayor of London was woken from his sleep
0:39:45 > 0:39:50to be told that a fire had started in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane.
0:39:50 > 0:39:52His response was...
0:39:52 > 0:39:55"Pish! A woman might piss it out."
0:40:03 > 0:40:11As he snored on, the flames reached the warehouses flanking the Thames between the Tower and London Bridge,
0:40:11 > 0:40:14brimful of tallow, pitch and brandy.
0:40:15 > 0:40:21A monstrous fireball came roaring and sucking out of the narrow streets,
0:40:21 > 0:40:25feeding on the overhanging bays and gables.
0:40:27 > 0:40:32In another hour, 200-300 houses had been swallowed by the flames.
0:40:37 > 0:40:44John Evelyn, who'd been saying for years that overcrowded London was a disaster waiting to happen,
0:40:44 > 0:40:49took no joy in the fulfilment of his prophecy.
0:40:50 > 0:40:55"Oh, the miserable and calamitous spectacle!
0:40:55 > 0:40:59"God grant mine eyes that I never behold the like again,
0:40:59 > 0:41:04"who now saw 10,000 houses all in one flame.
0:41:04 > 0:41:09"The noise and crackle and thunder of the impetuous flames.
0:41:09 > 0:41:11"The shriek of women and children.
0:41:11 > 0:41:18"The hurry of people. The fall of towers, houses and churches, like a hideous storm.
0:41:18 > 0:41:21"London was, but is no more."
0:41:33 > 0:41:35THUNDER CRASHES
0:41:37 > 0:41:44When the rain started, a week after the outbreak of the fire, allowing an early stocktaking,
0:41:44 > 0:41:49the scale of the devastation horrified even the pessimists.
0:41:49 > 0:41:5613,200 houses had been destroyed, along with some of the most famous buildings of the city.
0:41:58 > 0:42:01St Paul's Cathedral was in ruins.
0:42:01 > 0:42:06The new leviathan, it seemed, had no fire insurance.
0:42:06 > 0:42:13Still, there were those who were determined that London would rise as a Phoenix from its ashes
0:42:13 > 0:42:18and, like the reborn, rebuilt Rome, astonish the world.
0:42:18 > 0:42:23This sort of thing had long been on the mind of Christopher Wren,
0:42:23 > 0:42:28mathematician, architect and prodigy of the Royal Society.
0:42:28 > 0:42:33So when Roman antiquities were found in the debris around St Paul's,
0:42:33 > 0:42:40one of them a tablet bearing the Latin inscription, "Resurgam" - "I shall arise,"
0:42:40 > 0:42:42Wren took the message to heart.
0:42:42 > 0:42:46London had once been a great Roman city
0:42:46 > 0:42:49and now would outdo the ancients,
0:42:49 > 0:42:56with great piazzas, broad avenues, calculated to afford geometrically satisfying vistas
0:42:56 > 0:42:59and up to 50 new churches.
0:42:59 > 0:43:03And at its heart would be a new St Paul's,
0:43:03 > 0:43:08a cathedral the like of which had never been seen in northern Europe.
0:43:08 > 0:43:15He even built a giant wooden model to show the King and clergy just what they would be getting.
0:43:17 > 0:43:24How could they not be awestruck by the huge dome that used the same technology as a microscope
0:43:24 > 0:43:26to flood the interior with light?
0:43:54 > 0:43:56But there was a problem.
0:43:56 > 0:44:00Wren had designed his cathedral as a Greek cross,
0:44:00 > 0:44:08sacrificing the traditional design of a Protestant church in favour of perfect acoustics and light.
0:44:08 > 0:44:13You can almost hear the mystified, angry complaints of the reverends,
0:44:13 > 0:44:20"And where exactly is the choir supposed to go? And how do we process up a nave which isn't there?"
0:44:20 > 0:44:27Most of all, they said, "Call us old-fashioned, but this looks to us like a Catholic basilica.
0:44:27 > 0:44:34"We'll be, if you pardon the phrase, damned, if we're going to let St Paul's turn into St Peter's."
0:44:34 > 0:44:39When the King joined critics, telling him to go back to the drawing board,
0:44:39 > 0:44:44Wren's normally very dry eyes are said to have filled with tears.
0:44:44 > 0:44:48He would have his chance to build his domed cathedral,
0:44:48 > 0:44:54but only when it was joined to a long nave, something like a traditional church.
0:44:54 > 0:45:03The irony was that, for all his Roman enthusiasm, Wren believed he was building a truly Protestant church,
0:45:03 > 0:45:06but his timing was terrible.
0:45:06 > 0:45:13Ever since the days of the Reformation, Britain had been victim to anti-Catholic fear.
0:45:13 > 0:45:17And once again, in Charles's reign, it erupted.
0:45:20 > 0:45:26Not all of it was misplaced - Charles was suspected of having secret Catholics in his government,
0:45:26 > 0:45:29and so he did.
0:45:29 > 0:45:35He was also suspected of making secret treaties with the militantly Catholic Louis XIV of France,
0:45:35 > 0:45:37and so he had.
0:45:37 > 0:45:40But there was worse...
0:45:40 > 0:45:42much worse.
0:45:42 > 0:45:48The King's own brother, James, Duke of York, had actually converted to the Roman Church,
0:45:48 > 0:45:50and he made no secret of it.
0:45:50 > 0:45:58With no children born to the King, the first Catholic ruler since Bloody Mary was an imminent prospect.
0:45:58 > 0:46:01They were shivering in the Shires.
0:46:01 > 0:46:06A century before, England's Queen Elizabeth had been threatened
0:46:06 > 0:46:08with Catholic assassination plots.
0:46:08 > 0:46:15The Jesuit lurking in the shadows was a permanent fixture in the popular nightmare.
0:46:15 > 0:46:22So when an ex-Jesuit called Titus Oates concocted a pack of lies about a plot to murder the King,
0:46:22 > 0:46:27invite a French invasion and create a Catholic state under James,
0:46:27 > 0:46:29he tripped the Guy Fawkes alert.
0:46:29 > 0:46:37And when the magistrate investigating the charges was found mysteriously murdered on Primrose Hill,
0:46:37 > 0:46:42it seemed obvious that Oates knew what he was talking about.
0:46:42 > 0:46:46It sent the jittery country right over the edge.
0:46:58 > 0:47:03Anti-Catholic violence swept the country -
0:47:03 > 0:47:07riots, burnings, lynch mobs, kangaroo courts.
0:47:10 > 0:47:18For some politicians, the country's ugly mood was a golden opportunity to press their favourite cause -
0:47:18 > 0:47:25James, Duke of York, should never be allowed to sit on the throne. He HAD to be excluded.
0:47:25 > 0:47:31Anything to stop the cycle of religious wars from breaking out again.
0:47:31 > 0:47:36It was an extraordinary crisis in the history of the British monarchy,
0:47:36 > 0:47:42for at stake were not only the lives of hundreds of those victimised by all the lies and hysteria,
0:47:42 > 0:47:44but the fate of the polity itself,
0:47:44 > 0:47:49because to concede exclusion was to accept that Parliament had the right
0:47:49 > 0:47:54to judge who was fit or unfit to occupy the throne.
0:47:54 > 0:47:59And THAT was a concession Charles II was absolutely not about to make.
0:48:00 > 0:48:07But Charles met the most serious crisis of his reign with his most powerful weapon - reason.
0:48:07 > 0:48:10He offered a compromise.
0:48:10 > 0:48:16His brother would be allowed to succeed IF he agreed to be a private Catholic
0:48:16 > 0:48:19and not to lay a finger on the Church of England.
0:48:19 > 0:48:26Riding the wave of paranoia, the newly elected Parliament, summoned to Oxford, turned him down.
0:48:26 > 0:48:30They assumed that memory was on their side,
0:48:30 > 0:48:34that this Charles would remember the fate of his stubborn father,
0:48:34 > 0:48:40who had triggered a war when he, too, had been suspected of being soft on Catholicism.
0:48:40 > 0:48:44But historical memory is a double-edged sword.
0:48:44 > 0:48:47FANFARE
0:48:47 > 0:48:51When the Commons filed into the Great Hall of Christchurch
0:48:51 > 0:48:55to hear what they THOUGHT would be the royal capitulation,
0:48:55 > 0:49:00they found themselves instead confronted by a leviathan in ermine.
0:49:02 > 0:49:06"This is the King's will," he said, in effect.
0:49:06 > 0:49:09"Take it or leave it."
0:49:11 > 0:49:14It was a breathtaking gamble.
0:49:14 > 0:49:16Backed up by the House of Lords,
0:49:16 > 0:49:23Charles had left the Exclusionists in the Commons no alternative but to go to war.
0:49:25 > 0:49:31And he was betting that the memory of the last round would be a deterrent.
0:49:31 > 0:49:33He was right -
0:49:33 > 0:49:40the granite and marble tombs of the dead from Edgehill, Marston Moor and Worcester were still being carved.
0:49:40 > 0:49:46That war had begun as a parliamentary protest and ended in Puritan crusade.
0:49:46 > 0:49:50Who wanted that back? Not the Exclusionists.
0:49:50 > 0:49:52THEY blinked first.
0:49:53 > 0:49:59James did get the keys to the kingdom when his brother died, in 1685,
0:49:59 > 0:50:05and he inherited a new parliament with a massively royalist majority,
0:50:05 > 0:50:08along with widespread public sympathy.
0:50:08 > 0:50:13Within three years, though, he had squandered it all.
0:50:17 > 0:50:21James never had any intention of hiding his faith.
0:50:21 > 0:50:28His Catholicism wasn't just a private comfort to be celebrated away from the public gaze.
0:50:28 > 0:50:33No, James was going to be a visible Catholic king,
0:50:33 > 0:50:35but he was playing a dangerous game.
0:50:37 > 0:50:42When James tried to reverse anti-Catholic laws,
0:50:42 > 0:50:49the pillars of the Establishment - the country gentry in the Church of England - were horrified.
0:50:49 > 0:50:56When the bishops complained, the King declared, "I shall find a way to do my business without you."
0:50:56 > 0:51:02The protesting bishops were locked up in the Tower.
0:51:06 > 0:51:09James's timing was disastrous,
0:51:09 > 0:51:15for he was doing all this when Louis XIV, the militantly Catholic King of France,
0:51:15 > 0:51:19was threatening Europe.
0:51:19 > 0:51:24By January 1688, James had managed to alienate all his natural allies,
0:51:24 > 0:51:30and to turn himself into an even more dangerous version of his father, Charles I.
0:51:30 > 0:51:36He was even filling the officer ranks of the Army with Irish Catholics.
0:51:38 > 0:51:43The only consolation was that, at 52, he had no son.
0:51:43 > 0:51:48The next in line to the throne was his daughter Mary,
0:51:48 > 0:51:52a staunch Protestant who'd married the Dutch Prince William of Orange,
0:51:52 > 0:51:55hero of the resistance to Louis XIV.
0:51:56 > 0:52:00On June 10th 1688, all this changed.
0:52:00 > 0:52:04James's wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a boy,
0:52:04 > 0:52:09who was duly baptised with Roman rites.
0:52:09 > 0:52:12Now not only was the king Catholic,
0:52:12 > 0:52:14so was his dynasty.
0:52:14 > 0:52:19What could be done? Well, something quite extraordinary.
0:52:20 > 0:52:27A group of seven leading statesmen sent a message to Holland with an explosive request.
0:52:27 > 0:52:34"Prince William," they asked, "would you mind invading Britain and saving us from a Catholic king?"
0:52:35 > 0:52:41William wanted to save his country from Catholic despots all right,
0:52:41 > 0:52:47but the country HE had in mind, first, foremost and always, was the Dutch republic.
0:52:47 > 0:52:52English politics were a sideshow, for William, to the main event -
0:52:52 > 0:52:55the great European war against Louis XIV.
0:52:57 > 0:53:02What choice did he have? There would be British troops in that war.
0:53:02 > 0:53:07To make sure that they'd be fighting for him, not against him,
0:53:07 > 0:53:11exactly 100 years after the Spanish Armada failed to do the same thing,
0:53:11 > 0:53:14William set out to conquer Britain.
0:53:18 > 0:53:22He was nothing if not thorough.
0:53:22 > 0:53:2660,000 copies of William's manifesto blanketed England
0:53:26 > 0:53:29in an effort to present the planned invasion
0:53:29 > 0:53:34as a response to a spontaneous uprising against the Catholic tyrant.
0:53:34 > 0:53:41It was so persuasive that he succeeded in making James seem the foreigner in his own land
0:53:41 > 0:53:43and the Dutchman the TRUE Brit.
0:53:46 > 0:53:50The fate of the Armada was a sobering thought,
0:53:50 > 0:53:54so his Dutch invasion force made the Spanish one seem puny.
0:53:54 > 0:53:59This time there were 600 vessels and up to 20,000 troops.
0:54:14 > 0:54:18He landed at Torbay on November 5th - Guy Fawkes Day.
0:54:18 > 0:54:21Obviously, God was a Protestant.
0:54:21 > 0:54:27When he realised that this Protestant invasion was really going to oust him,
0:54:27 > 0:54:30James' courage failed him.
0:54:30 > 0:54:37His resolution in melt-down, his nights haunted by the ghost of his beheaded daddy,
0:54:37 > 0:54:39he fled the kingdom.
0:54:45 > 0:54:50William claimed that he'd come just to restore English liberties,
0:54:50 > 0:54:54but now he had Dutch soldiers in the streets.
0:54:54 > 0:55:00And if he'd decided to be king after all, who was going to say otherwise?
0:55:06 > 0:55:13In February 1689, William of Orange and Mary Stuart were proclaimed King and Queen of England.
0:55:15 > 0:55:20But during the ceremony, something profoundly novel happened.
0:55:20 > 0:55:23A declaration of rights was read out,
0:55:23 > 0:55:30listing the conditions under which the new monarchs would be allowed to sit on the throne.
0:55:30 > 0:55:34Parliament had changed the job description of the ruler.
0:55:34 > 0:55:38It turned out the country did not need leviathan.
0:55:38 > 0:55:40It wanted a chairman of the board.
0:55:40 > 0:55:45Dutch William fitted that role to a T.
0:55:45 > 0:55:50William III would fight HIS wars by asking, not demanding,
0:55:50 > 0:55:54funds from the elected representatives of the people.
0:55:54 > 0:55:57And ruling together with Parliament,
0:55:57 > 0:56:04his government looked remarkably like a reasonable version of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate.
0:56:05 > 0:56:09History has called this a Glorious Revolution.
0:56:09 > 0:56:12It was probably neither.
0:56:12 > 0:56:17But afterwards, the British monarchy would never be the same again.
0:56:23 > 0:56:29But the old monarchy had one last, desperate, play to make.
0:56:29 > 0:56:33In March 1689, James landed in Ireland
0:56:33 > 0:56:36with 20,000 French troops.
0:56:36 > 0:56:40The Catholic Irish flocked to their king.
0:56:40 > 0:56:46Like the English, they had become pawns in someone else's chess game.
0:56:51 > 0:56:57Outside Drogheda, two armies - two worlds - faced each other across the River Boyne.
0:56:57 > 0:57:01One belonged to the old world of faith and fervour.
0:57:01 > 0:57:07The other - Dutch and German professionals - were part of a modern war machine.
0:57:17 > 0:57:20No prizes for guessing who won.
0:57:21 > 0:57:23Nobody.
0:57:34 > 0:57:38It is the patriotic duty of Irish men and Irish women
0:57:38 > 0:57:42to engage in that legitimate armed struggle.
0:57:42 > 0:57:45WE WILL NEVER SURRENDER!
0:57:45 > 0:57:46NEVER!
0:57:46 > 0:57:48NEVER!
0:57:48 > 0:57:50NEVER!
0:57:50 > 0:57:52- Never... - CHEERING
0:57:52 > 0:57:59I would appeal to Unionists to engage fully in the search for a lasting peace.
0:57:59 > 0:58:01I, too, am an Ulster man,
0:58:01 > 0:58:05and we don't need British ministers to rule us...
0:58:05 > 0:58:08# ..By Christ and Saint Patrick
0:58:08 > 0:58:13# The nation's our own
0:58:13 > 0:58:17# Lilli burlero
0:58:17 > 0:58:24# Bullen a la. #