0:00:03 > 0:00:09In the Britain of King William III, turning up late could get you killed.
0:00:09 > 0:00:15The business of state was meant to run like clockwork. Time was money. Money was power.
0:00:19 > 0:00:26In the Highlands of Scotland, though, the timeless tradition of the clans still ruled.
0:00:26 > 0:00:31To William's annoyance, some of those clans remained obstinately loyal
0:00:31 > 0:00:36to his predecessor, James II, the Stuart king driven out in 1688.
0:00:37 > 0:00:45Even worse, those Jacobites had won a short-lived victory over William's men at the Battle of Killiecrankie.
0:00:56 > 0:01:00William's right-hand man in Scotland, the Lord Advocate,
0:01:00 > 0:01:05believed it was high time to teach the clans a lesson in loyalty.
0:01:05 > 0:01:11The chiefs were given a deadline to pledge an oath of allegiance - January 1st 1692.
0:01:11 > 0:01:18"Acknowledge William as your lawful king. Those who make the pledge will be rewarded.
0:01:18 > 0:01:20"Those who don't, punished."
0:01:20 > 0:01:26The Chief of the Macdonald clan of Glencoe missed his appointment by five days.
0:01:31 > 0:01:35At dawn on February 13th 1692,
0:01:35 > 0:01:40Williamite troops from the Argyll Regiment, already quartered in Glencoe,
0:01:40 > 0:01:43were ordered to carry out a massacre.
0:01:43 > 0:01:51They butchered 38 of the clan, and the rest of the village - old men, women and children, some half-naked -
0:01:51 > 0:01:55fled into a raging snowstorm where many of them died.
0:01:57 > 0:02:04In London and Edinburgh, news of the massacre at Glencoe was greeted with pious professions of shock,
0:02:04 > 0:02:11especially, of course, from those who'd been responsible for organising it. An enquiry was held.
0:02:11 > 0:02:13Needless to say, it was a sham.
0:02:13 > 0:02:20And if the intention had been to cow the Jacobites into submission, it had all gone horribly wrong.
0:02:20 > 0:02:25The massacre was a public relations disaster for William's government.
0:02:25 > 0:02:30The Scottish Parliament voted it an act of murder.
0:02:31 > 0:02:36How could victim and perpetrator ever be reconciled now?
0:02:36 > 0:02:42How could Scotland, stricken with poverty, with its national pride deeply wounded,
0:02:42 > 0:02:48ever come together with its rich and ruthless neighbour? But come together they did.
0:02:48 > 0:02:54The two countries which had for centuries been divided by politics and religion
0:02:54 > 0:02:59would make a future together based on profit and interest.
0:02:59 > 0:03:06What began as a hostile merger would end as a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world,
0:03:06 > 0:03:13Britannia Incorporated. It was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history,
0:03:13 > 0:03:15and this is how it happened...
0:03:56 > 0:03:58In England, the 1690s were the years
0:03:58 > 0:04:05when the victors of 1688 congratulated themselves on a Glorious Revolution.
0:04:10 > 0:04:14In Scotland, they were years of purgatory.
0:04:17 > 0:04:22After the massacre at Glencoe came famine and pestilence.
0:04:22 > 0:04:28For several summers in a row, the sun refused to appear. Torrential rains poured down.
0:04:28 > 0:04:35Cattle and sheep became diseased with foot rot. Fields of barley and oats turned into mildewed slurry.
0:04:35 > 0:04:43The Jacobite clergy said THIS was God's wrath for turfing out the rightful king.
0:04:44 > 0:04:50In all this darkness, there were some who saw the light,
0:04:50 > 0:04:55a light that was going to shine hot and strong on Scotland.
0:04:55 > 0:05:00A plan that would transform the country from impotence and destitution
0:05:00 > 0:05:05into riches and power beyond anyone's wildest dreams.
0:05:05 > 0:05:12It would make Scotland, or its colonial trading post, New Caledonia, the hub of the universe.
0:05:12 > 0:05:15And where was that to be?
0:05:15 > 0:05:18Well, of course, in Panama.
0:05:20 > 0:05:22A group of merchants and bankers,
0:05:22 > 0:05:27including William Paterson, Scottish founder of the Bank of England,
0:05:27 > 0:05:33had the idea of creating a Scottish trading post on the Isthumus of Darien in Panama.
0:05:33 > 0:05:38At first sight, the idea sounds like the purest lunacy.
0:05:38 > 0:05:42But take a look at the map of world trade, and it becomes visionary.
0:05:42 > 0:05:50A major obstacle to East-West trade was the long, dangerous and ruinously expensive journey round Cape Horn.
0:05:50 > 0:05:55A trade route that cut through Panama was an obvious boon.
0:05:55 > 0:06:01At Darien, the distance between the Pacific and the Atlantic was only 40 miles.
0:06:01 > 0:06:08Goods could be carried across the narrow strip of land to waiting merchant ships.
0:06:08 > 0:06:15The trading economy of the world would be revolutionised, and Scotland would run it.
0:06:17 > 0:06:24The Darien scheme instantly captured the imagination of the Scottish people.
0:06:24 > 0:06:33Men and women from all walks of life, and from all over Scotland, queued up to invest in the venture.
0:06:40 > 0:06:45So, when the first fleet sailed from the Firth of Forth,
0:06:45 > 0:06:50in July 1698, flying the saltire, and the extraordinary company flag
0:06:50 > 0:06:55of Indians, llamas, elephants and the rising sun,
0:06:55 > 0:07:01it was carrying more than the 1,200 people selected to be the lucky colonists.
0:07:01 > 0:07:06It was carrying the hopes of an entire nation.
0:07:08 > 0:07:15But the only information the Company of Scotland had about Darien was from a pirate surgeon called Lionel Wafer,
0:07:15 > 0:07:20who claimed he knew the Caribbean like the back of his hand.
0:07:20 > 0:07:27The climate was mild, he said, the soil fertile and the natives friendly.
0:07:27 > 0:07:33They were also vain, spending much of the day combing their long hair.
0:07:33 > 0:07:38Naturally, the ship's cargo included combs - thousands of them.
0:07:38 > 0:07:45And the rest of the ship's cargo says something about the conditions they were expecting to encounter.
0:07:45 > 0:07:53Crate-loads of catechisms and Bibles for converting the pagans. 1,400 hats. An even greater supply of wigs.
0:07:53 > 0:07:58The Darienites were expecting to live like lairds of the lagoon.
0:07:58 > 0:08:05But before the ship got anywhere near Darien, the dream had turned into a nightmare.
0:08:05 > 0:08:0940 crew and passengers died on the long voyage.
0:08:09 > 0:08:13And when they found their golden island,
0:08:13 > 0:08:18it was, of course, a mosquito-infested swamp.
0:08:18 > 0:08:23The natives did not, it seemed, want their combs or anything else.
0:08:23 > 0:08:30In a sweltering, rainy jungle, all the colonists' efforts went into lugging cannon
0:08:30 > 0:08:34into a primitive stockade, bravely christened Fort St Andrew.
0:08:34 > 0:08:39They were dying now, of disease and hunger, at a rate of ten a day.
0:08:39 > 0:08:42And their supplies ran with maggots.
0:08:44 > 0:08:46And there was no outside help.
0:08:46 > 0:08:51Tropical New Caledonia was a direct threat to the English trading empire
0:08:51 > 0:08:56and the Government in Westminster was determined it should fail.
0:08:56 > 0:09:02A law was passed making it illegal for any Englishman to invest in the scheme
0:09:02 > 0:09:07or give assistance to the desperate Darienites.
0:09:07 > 0:09:12When a second Scottish expedition arrived at New Edinburgh,
0:09:12 > 0:09:16all they found were hundreds of graves.
0:09:18 > 0:09:23Back home, when the full extent of the disaster sunk in,
0:09:23 > 0:09:28the fate of the Darien expeditions became a national trauma.
0:09:28 > 0:09:33They consumed a full third of Scotland's liquid capital.
0:09:33 > 0:09:40But the most serious casualty of the fiasco had been the last, best hope of a national rebirth,
0:09:40 > 0:09:46Scotland going it alone. That hope died in the malarial swamps of Darien.
0:09:46 > 0:09:54Many laid the failure of Darien squarely at England's door, for its deliberate sabotage of the scheme.
0:09:54 > 0:10:01A wave of Anglophobia swept the country, startling the men who ran things in Westminster.
0:10:01 > 0:10:08They became even more worried when it looked likely that Queen Anne, who had succeeded William in 1702,
0:10:08 > 0:10:13would die childless. A crisis over the succession loomed.
0:10:13 > 0:10:20For the defenders of the revolution of 1688, whoever succeeded her simply had to be Protestant.
0:10:20 > 0:10:24In Scotland, however, after the humiliation of Darien,
0:10:24 > 0:10:30many Scots now favoured Anne's half-brother, the Catholic, James Edward Stuart,
0:10:30 > 0:10:35who was living in exile with England's old enemy, France.
0:10:35 > 0:10:40Westminster could not tolerate these threats from its own back yard.
0:10:40 > 0:10:47It knew it had to take away Scotland's independence and insist on full political union.
0:10:47 > 0:10:55The creation of a single British state, under a single parliament, was now a matter of urgency.
0:10:55 > 0:11:02The Westminster politicians knew they needed a sweetener to make the union more palatable.
0:11:02 > 0:11:05And THIS is it.
0:11:05 > 0:11:12In this chest was deposited the exact amount that had been lost in the Darien adventure,
0:11:12 > 0:11:15all £398,000 of it.
0:11:15 > 0:11:20You can almost hear the advocates of union saying, as they beamed broadly,
0:11:20 > 0:11:27"THIS is what union means. You seem to be a little hard-pressed for funds, my dear fellows.
0:11:27 > 0:11:34"Well, now Scotland's debts will be Britain's. Sink or swim, we shall do it together."
0:11:34 > 0:11:39The equivalent money, along with favourable trade concessions,
0:11:39 > 0:11:44was the carrot dangled before members of the Scottish Parliament.
0:11:44 > 0:11:51And, by now, there were many who were already looking south, saw reality, smelt the profits.
0:11:51 > 0:11:55But behind the carrot, of course, lay the stick.
0:11:55 > 0:12:03Westminster threatened to block Scottish exports to England unless Scotland entered union negotiations.
0:12:05 > 0:12:07The writing was on the wall.
0:12:08 > 0:12:15Distraught, Lord Belhaven delivered a lament over the funeral pyre of Scottish independence.
0:12:16 > 0:12:23I see our ancient mother, Caledonia, like Caesar sitting in the midst of the Senate,
0:12:23 > 0:12:28attending the final blow and breathing out her last.
0:12:28 > 0:12:31We are an obscure, poor people,
0:12:31 > 0:12:34though formerly of better account,
0:12:34 > 0:12:40removed to a remote corner of the world, without name and without alliances.
0:12:42 > 0:12:47In 1707, the deed was done. A Treaty of the Union had been drafted.
0:12:47 > 0:12:54It took just ten weeks to go through the Scottish Parliament, six through Westminster.
0:12:56 > 0:13:01Scotland and England were now joined at the hip.
0:13:06 > 0:13:10What kind of nation was this "Great Britain"?
0:13:11 > 0:13:13To answer that question,
0:13:13 > 0:13:18all you needed to do was to go along to the new Royal Naval hospital,
0:13:18 > 0:13:24a palatial retirement home for pensioned-off servicemen, in Greenwich.
0:13:27 > 0:13:32It was a triumphal statement of how Britain saw its place in the world
0:13:32 > 0:13:34in the early 18th century.
0:13:45 > 0:13:50On the ceiling, painted by Sir James Thornhill,
0:13:50 > 0:13:57a jubilant allegory celebrates the reign of William of Orange and his wife Mary.
0:13:57 > 0:14:03Thornhill's design is a shameless steal from the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles.
0:14:03 > 0:14:08But the artistic larceny is, of course, making a point.
0:14:11 > 0:14:16Here, Apollo the sun god shines, NOT on the Catholic Sun King, Louis XIV,
0:14:16 > 0:14:19but on the British monarchs.
0:14:19 > 0:14:23Over there in France, despotism and popery.
0:14:23 > 0:14:27Over here, thanks to William, liberty and Protestantism.
0:14:27 > 0:14:33Over there, the curses of serfdom, misery and superstition.
0:14:33 > 0:14:38Over here, the blessings of navigation, trade and science.
0:14:38 > 0:14:45But, of course, you don't go to ceiling paintings for the unvarnished truth.
0:14:45 > 0:14:52The truth was that we had been at war for almost 25 years, give or take a few intermissions.
0:14:52 > 0:14:58During that time, Britain had been completely transformed by the experience.
0:14:58 > 0:15:04It was no longer a case of gallant little England defending the sceptred isle
0:15:04 > 0:15:06against the serried ranks of despots.
0:15:06 > 0:15:12Now WE sat at the heart of the greatest war machine in the world.
0:15:16 > 0:15:21That machine couldn't work without the lubrication of money.
0:15:21 > 0:15:27So, along came a national debt, needed to pay for it all.
0:15:27 > 0:15:32And this debt needed servicing, so enter the armies of money men -
0:15:32 > 0:15:36accountants, tax assessors, customs and excise officers.
0:15:36 > 0:15:41Buried inside all the crowing propaganda of the Greenwich ceiling,
0:15:41 > 0:15:45there was one crucial nugget of truth.
0:15:45 > 0:15:50Louis XIV could DEMAND money for his wars. William III had to ASK for it.
0:15:50 > 0:15:56Almost everywhere else in Europe, the more military the state, the stronger the king.
0:15:56 > 0:16:02Except in Britain. Here it was Parliament, not the Monarchy, who signed the cheques.
0:16:02 > 0:16:10The longer the war went on, the stronger Parliament became, as the purse on which it sat grew bigger.
0:16:10 > 0:16:17What's more, the kind of politics raging in Britain we can now recognise as distinctly modern.
0:16:17 > 0:16:24Two parties - the Whigs and Tories - diametrically opposed, not just about the policies of the day,
0:16:24 > 0:16:29but about the entire political character of the nation
0:16:29 > 0:16:33and the upheaval of 1688 that had created it.
0:16:33 > 0:16:41The Whigs and Tories were not just two parties who, when the barracking was done, could meet up for a drink.
0:16:41 > 0:16:48They went to different taverns, different coffee houses, different clubs. They were two armed camps.
0:16:48 > 0:16:53The artillery barrages that flew between them were often red hot.
0:16:56 > 0:17:03A quarter of a million votes were at stake in elections, more than 20% of the adult male population,
0:17:03 > 0:17:09and nothing was spared to grab them - money, drink, libels, gangs of toughs.
0:17:09 > 0:17:13This was all-out war at the hustings.
0:17:15 > 0:17:23Tories accused the Whigs of being fanatics, the dregs of the populace, atheists, Commonwealth men.
0:17:24 > 0:17:30Whigs accused Tories of being willing tools of the Jesuits and the French.
0:17:33 > 0:17:39Since the Revolution had said there should be an election every three years,
0:17:39 > 0:17:43this guaranteed an awful lot of politics.
0:17:43 > 0:17:48The political temperature reached fever pitch in 1714,
0:17:48 > 0:17:53when Queen Anne died with no heir. To make sure of a Protestant successor,
0:17:53 > 0:17:59no fewer than 57 individuals with blood ties to Anne were passed over
0:17:59 > 0:18:03to arrive at the next King of England,
0:18:03 > 0:18:08an uncharismatic, middle-aged man who didn't speak English -
0:18:08 > 0:18:13George, Elector of Hanover, now King George I of Great Britain.
0:18:13 > 0:18:17It was the Whigs who backed his arrival in Britain
0:18:17 > 0:18:22and were rewarded when the new King appointed a Whig Government.
0:18:22 > 0:18:28In response, the Tories ridiculed the new King as a lecherous dolt.
0:18:28 > 0:18:32His coronation was greeted with rioting in 20 towns.
0:18:45 > 0:18:50But by far the most serious trouble now came from across the border.
0:18:50 > 0:18:56The Union had failed to dampen enthusiasm in Scotland for the Jacobite cause.
0:18:56 > 0:19:02The promised miracle of trade and abundance had failed to cross the Firth of Forth,
0:19:02 > 0:19:08and all of Scotland was suffering from high taxes imposed by Westminster.
0:19:08 > 0:19:15The Jacobite leader, the Earl of Mar, buoyed up by promises of support from English Tories and Jacobites,
0:19:15 > 0:19:20declared James the rightful King, at Braemar,
0:19:20 > 0:19:22and proceeded to raise an army.
0:19:22 > 0:19:26The Jacobite slogan of "King James and no Union"
0:19:26 > 0:19:32meant support from both the Highlands and Lowlands came swiftly.
0:19:32 > 0:19:3510,000 men joined the Rebellion.
0:19:40 > 0:19:45And when news came through of a Jacobite rising in Lancashire,
0:19:45 > 0:19:49the Government knew it was in serious trouble.
0:19:50 > 0:19:55But the Earl of Mar set new records for military ineptness.
0:19:55 > 0:20:00After the Battle of Sheriffmuir, which ended in a draw,
0:20:00 > 0:20:05and with his troops still outnumbering the Hanoverian army, Mar retreated.
0:20:05 > 0:20:12By the time James Edward Stuart landed at Peterhead on December 22nd, it was all over.
0:20:19 > 0:20:21The Hanoverian dynasty remained.
0:20:21 > 0:20:28But the Jacobite Rising was yet another demonstration of how unstable the new political order was.
0:20:28 > 0:20:32After this stormy start to the 18th century,
0:20:32 > 0:20:37if anyone would have predicted it would be followed by decades of calm,
0:20:37 > 0:20:42they would've been thought an absurd optimist. Yet that's what happened.
0:20:42 > 0:20:49And it came about through the efforts, not of a king, a religious leader or even a general,
0:20:49 > 0:20:53but a political manager of uncanny genius.
0:20:55 > 0:21:02He'd been, like his father and grandfather before him, a Norfolk squire and an MP.
0:21:02 > 0:21:09He'd moved smoothly through the big-money jobs - Paymaster General, Chancellor of the Exchequer -
0:21:09 > 0:21:14and he'd dominate British political life for a quarter of a century.
0:21:14 > 0:21:17He was Robert Walpole.
0:21:18 > 0:21:26Although he never actually had the title, Walpole was in effect Britain's first Prime Minister.
0:21:26 > 0:21:31Under his leadership, the British economy boomed as never before.
0:21:39 > 0:21:43Walpole's appeal was to shameless self-interest.
0:21:43 > 0:21:49From the pursuit of it, he believed, would come the country's greater good.
0:21:49 > 0:21:56"Which would you prefer," he might have said, "a battle over principles and religious convictions?"
0:21:56 > 0:22:01That was only going to lead to war, turmoil and poverty.
0:22:01 > 0:22:08- "Or would you rather have what- I- can offer you - peace, political stability and low taxes?"
0:22:08 > 0:22:13What today we'd call a healthy business environment.
0:22:13 > 0:22:15Walpole, nicknamed Cock Robin,
0:22:15 > 0:22:21had made a bet that the politics of the future would be about portfolio management
0:22:21 > 0:22:25rather than religious passion or legal debate.
0:22:25 > 0:22:29In 1712, he'd been sent to prison for embezzlement
0:22:29 > 0:22:37and the experience had been a painful lesson in how intertwined were political and financial fortunes.
0:22:37 > 0:22:44But perhaps his greatest asset was his unerring grip on the psychology of loyalty.
0:22:44 > 0:22:51Walpole made a point of taking every new Whig member of the House of Commons out to dinner...
0:22:51 > 0:22:57tete-a-tete. And there, with a glass of HIS best claret in your fat little hand
0:22:57 > 0:23:03and a haunch of mutton juicily oozing on the trencher,
0:23:03 > 0:23:07and Cock Robin's eyes twinkling amiably at you,
0:23:07 > 0:23:14assuring you that the life of the party, the state of the nation depended on YOU,
0:23:14 > 0:23:20how could you NOT express undying devotion and loyalty to his interest?
0:23:20 > 0:23:24Walpole sat at the controlling centre of a vast empire of patronage.
0:23:24 > 0:23:30The jobs at his disposal conferred honour as well as cash on the holder.
0:23:30 > 0:23:35And they were dangled on a string by the great political puppeteer.
0:23:36 > 0:23:41In retrospect, we can see that Walpole built
0:23:41 > 0:23:46Britain's, in fact, the world's first modern party-political machine.
0:23:46 > 0:23:51He had placemen in Parliament primed to vote as HE directed.
0:23:51 > 0:23:56He had George I, and then George II, eating out of the palm of his hand.
0:23:56 > 0:24:01And, just in case anyone was tempted to flirt with the opposition,
0:24:01 > 0:24:06he had the kind of information that could make life difficult for them.
0:24:06 > 0:24:08In short, Walpole had the goods.
0:24:08 > 0:24:13The goods, in fact, in EVERY sense of the word.
0:24:13 > 0:24:18For, as well as looking after the country's interest,
0:24:18 > 0:24:21Walpole looked after his own.
0:24:21 > 0:24:28Just how much of a fortune he made for himself is spectacularly on view here at his country house in Norfolk,
0:24:28 > 0:24:31Houghton Hall.
0:24:31 > 0:24:36Houghton was the Whig Xanadu, the last word in opulence.
0:24:36 > 0:24:41Anything that riches could buy, Walpole bought.
0:24:41 > 0:24:45Marble, mahogany, figured damask, shimmering silks and satins,
0:24:45 > 0:24:50classical sculpture, glorious Renaissance and Baroque art,
0:24:50 > 0:24:54all shipped to his East Anglian pleasure dome.
0:25:00 > 0:25:07But Houghton was not just about living the good life, much as its master revelled in it,
0:25:07 > 0:25:12it was also a statement of grandeur meant to stun sceptics
0:25:12 > 0:25:20into recognising that only someone truly in command of the nation's fortunes could afford all this.
0:25:20 > 0:25:25King George may have had the throne, but Cock Robin had the palace.
0:25:25 > 0:25:31There's no doubt that Walpole's appeal to self-interest was infectious.
0:25:31 > 0:25:36With glittering prizes dangled before their noses, the governing class,
0:25:36 > 0:25:44just 180 peers and 1,500 country gentry, lined up to trade in party passion for Palladian houses.
0:25:44 > 0:25:48They stopped shouting and started building.
0:25:51 > 0:25:59And what they built was designed to insulate them from the grubbiness of the real world.
0:25:59 > 0:26:03And Robert Walpole showed them the way.
0:26:05 > 0:26:10This column marks the spot where the village of Houghton once stood.
0:26:10 > 0:26:15It had been here for centuries, but now it was just an inconvenience.
0:26:15 > 0:26:20It was much too close to Walpole's great house and it spoiled the view.
0:26:20 > 0:26:24So he had it demolished and moved down the road.
0:26:24 > 0:26:29Of course, they could tell themselves, and they did,
0:26:29 > 0:26:36that their great houses and parks were not just monuments to wealthy self-indulgence.
0:26:36 > 0:26:41They were also a testimony to the greatness and glory of the nation.
0:26:43 > 0:26:50Stephen Switzer, one of the leading landscape architects of the day, certainly saw this as his duty.
0:26:50 > 0:26:57Magnificent gardens, statues and waterworks complete the grandeur of the British nation.
0:26:57 > 0:27:01It is then that we may hope to excel the gardens of the French
0:27:01 > 0:27:07and make that nation give way to the superior beauties of OUR gardens,
0:27:07 > 0:27:12as her late prince has to the invincible force of British arms.
0:27:12 > 0:27:19Well, this was the kind of battle the rich and powerful in Hanoverian Britain really liked to fight -
0:27:19 > 0:27:21war by gardening.
0:27:25 > 0:27:31Stourhead in Wiltshire is one of the great 18th-century landscaped gardens.
0:27:31 > 0:27:37Taking their inspiration from the villas of ancient Rome,
0:27:37 > 0:27:44aristocrats, like Sir Henry Hall who built Stourhead, thought of their parks as a kind of public education
0:27:44 > 0:27:52and encouraged the locals to pay a visit, provided they stuck rigidly to the designated tour route.
0:27:52 > 0:28:00That route would not just meander between ponds and trees, but towards little classical buildings
0:28:00 > 0:28:05designed to kindle feelings of virtue and patriotism in their breast.
0:28:10 > 0:28:15But sharing all this pastoral graciousness only went so far.
0:28:18 > 0:28:23For the ruling class, their land was now a money pump.
0:28:23 > 0:28:30Big, profit-yielding farms replaced strip farming. Smallholders were turfed off their land. Too bad!
0:28:30 > 0:28:35Landowners needed all the money they could get to keep up appearances,
0:28:35 > 0:28:39not just in the country, but in the town
0:28:39 > 0:28:45and above all in the biggest, brashest, fastest-growing city in Europe - London.
0:28:47 > 0:28:54Here, the winners and losers of Walpole's Britain jostled side by side.
0:28:54 > 0:28:59700,000 of them - one in ten Englishmen.
0:28:59 > 0:29:06Foreign visitors were astounded at the noise, the hectic throngs packing the streets,
0:29:06 > 0:29:11the tireless hucksterism, the glittering greediness.
0:29:11 > 0:29:16The modern morality tales of the painter and engraver William Hogarth
0:29:16 > 0:29:22are peopled by innocents arriving dewy-fresh from the country
0:29:22 > 0:29:27surrendering to the temptations of the city
0:29:27 > 0:29:32and falling into a deep, dark sink of iniquity and disease.
0:29:34 > 0:29:41But however much moralists frowned on the new consumerism that had gripped the city,
0:29:41 > 0:29:45economic realists knew it was the way forward.
0:29:45 > 0:29:49# Come buy my greens and flowers fine
0:29:49 > 0:29:52# Your houses to adorn... #
0:29:52 > 0:29:58There had been other great emporium cities in Europe, but nothing like this.
0:29:58 > 0:30:05London had invented serious shopping and it had something like 20,000 shops to prove it.
0:30:05 > 0:30:11London shops would lure customers to buy something they'd never thought of acquiring,
0:30:11 > 0:30:16novelty items like Oriental goldfish which became an aristocratic marvel.
0:30:16 > 0:30:20Caged canaries, finches and parrots.
0:30:21 > 0:30:28Unheard-of luxuries became commonplace, priced to appeal to the middle class.
0:30:28 > 0:30:32China from Holland from which to sip your tea,
0:30:32 > 0:30:36exotic fruits, like pomegranates and pineapples.
0:30:36 > 0:30:41The first commercially available condoms - lambskin for the rich,
0:30:41 > 0:30:46linen soaked in brine for the not-so-rich.
0:30:46 > 0:30:53London's consumer culture was Mephistopheles winking an eye and proffering credit.
0:30:54 > 0:31:01But terrible things could happen to those who ran out of credit and ran out of time.
0:31:04 > 0:31:09A debt of just £2 would get you locked up in a debtors' prison.
0:31:09 > 0:31:16The prison, like almost everything else in greedy, managerial, Hanoverian Britain, was a business,
0:31:16 > 0:31:21a matter of pounds, shillings and pence.
0:31:21 > 0:31:27£5,000 was the price one John Huggins paid for the wardenship of the Fleet prison,
0:31:27 > 0:31:33the equivalent of £½ million today. The way he could recoup his investment
0:31:33 > 0:31:40was to charge the inmates for their stay, the hotel from hell, including the rent for their shackles.
0:31:40 > 0:31:43A fiver would get you your own cell.
0:31:43 > 0:31:47A few shillings more, something approximating food.
0:31:47 > 0:31:52Less than that and you took your chance in the packed common prison,
0:31:52 > 0:31:56sleeping on the floor, no air, no sanitation
0:31:56 > 0:31:59and smallpox waiting to get you.
0:32:04 > 0:32:10"Who are the real criminals" was the cry on the streets and in the newspapers of London.
0:32:10 > 0:32:18Everywhere you looked, the line between the law enforcers and the law breakers seemed arbitrary.
0:32:18 > 0:32:25In 1725, the Lord Chancellor was convicted of embezzling £80,000. People had had enough.
0:32:26 > 0:32:32In the 1730s, satires and essays and poems and pictures
0:32:32 > 0:32:38documented a rising wave of revulsion at the world Walpole had brought into being,
0:32:40 > 0:32:48a sense that beneath all the platitudes about peace and stability lay squalor and corruption.
0:32:50 > 0:32:56A walk through London, for example, was a walk through prostrate bodies,
0:32:56 > 0:32:58big and little.
0:32:58 > 0:33:05Infants whose mothers were unable, or sometimes unwilling, to raise them were abandoned on the streets.
0:33:09 > 0:33:17But there came a point when someone was tired enough of stepping over half-dead babies found in the gutter
0:33:17 > 0:33:20to do something about it.
0:33:22 > 0:33:29That someone was a 53-year-old retired merchant sea captain called Thomas Coram.
0:33:29 > 0:33:36Coram had made his fortune in Massachusetts from the transatlantic timber trade.
0:33:36 > 0:33:44All he wanted was to settle down into a quiet life in Rotherhithe where he could smell the Thames and the sea.
0:33:44 > 0:33:50But the sight of all those tiny, abandoned corpses wouldn't leave him in peace.
0:33:50 > 0:33:57Worse, he knew that the mortality rate for infants born in the workhouse and sent to a wet nurse
0:33:57 > 0:33:59was close to 100%.
0:33:59 > 0:34:04So Thomas Coram determined to tap some of that new-found wealth
0:34:04 > 0:34:11to create a foundling hospital, where babies could be deposited, legitimate or illegitimate,
0:34:11 > 0:34:16and would be given a decent chance of survival. For nearly 20 years,
0:34:16 > 0:34:24he made himself a nuisance to his friends, petitioning the King and everyone else, to raise the funds.
0:34:24 > 0:34:29In 1741, the hospital opened its doors to its first children.
0:34:29 > 0:34:34Not surprisingly, it couldn't cope with the demand.
0:34:34 > 0:34:38To decide which children could get places, there was a lucky dip.
0:34:38 > 0:34:43Mothers drew balls out of a bag. A white ball and your baby was in.
0:34:43 > 0:34:47A red ball, you were on the reserve list.
0:34:47 > 0:34:52A black ball... well, you were back on the streets.
0:34:52 > 0:34:59Inside this cabinet are some of the saddest things left to us by the 18th century.
0:34:59 > 0:35:04These are the keepsake tokens given to their babies by desperate mothers,
0:35:04 > 0:35:11just at the point when they were going to leave them to the tender mercies of the foundling hospital.
0:35:11 > 0:35:17There's a whole world of sorrow and love in this extraordinary cabinet.
0:35:17 > 0:35:22It speaks not just of the very destitute. Some of the pieces,
0:35:22 > 0:35:28like this mother-of-pearl heart, with the initials, presumably of the baby, on it,
0:35:28 > 0:35:32suggest that some of the mothers were well-to-do.
0:35:32 > 0:35:37But in many other cases, the pieces speak of real hardship.
0:35:37 > 0:35:44They were just things the mothers happened to have on them when they were leaving the children.
0:35:44 > 0:35:50Some of the mothers had nothing to offer their little babies except...a nut.
0:35:50 > 0:35:54A nut which was meant to be worn as a pendant.
0:35:54 > 0:35:57There's a little hole for the string.
0:35:57 > 0:36:04Sometimes things which had a little work on them, like this beautiful sewn heart.
0:36:04 > 0:36:07Or most desperate of all, perhaps,
0:36:07 > 0:36:10just this flimsy piece of ribbon.
0:36:10 > 0:36:16You can imagine a mother on the point of saying goodbye for the last time to her baby
0:36:16 > 0:36:21just taking a piece of ribbon from her hair and giving it to her child.
0:36:21 > 0:36:26Now, if this wasn't heartbreak enough, it only gets worse
0:36:26 > 0:36:32when you know that none of these things ever found their way to the children.
0:36:32 > 0:36:39And, of course, the foundling hospital couldn't hope to work miracles overnight.
0:36:39 > 0:36:43Nearly half the babies died in the first year.
0:36:43 > 0:36:48But that was a huge improvement over the usual figures.
0:36:48 > 0:36:51This was the middle-class parish at work.
0:36:51 > 0:36:56Well-off, busily charitable and as much interested in virtue as in wit.
0:36:56 > 0:37:00There'd been philanthropy before, of course,
0:37:00 > 0:37:07but this was the first time that businessmen came together with artists, writers and sculptors
0:37:07 > 0:37:16in a campaign of conscience to attack a hideous evil in what was SUPPOSED to be a Christian modern metropolis.
0:37:17 > 0:37:25The charges of the hospital, if they survived, would be employed in the service of the nation -
0:37:25 > 0:37:31most likely in the Navy, if they were boys, or in domestic service, if they were girls.
0:37:31 > 0:37:36The foundling hospital was philanthropy with a purpose.
0:37:38 > 0:37:42Its charges would be model Britons of the future,
0:37:42 > 0:37:45not gin-soaked, syphilitic rakes.
0:37:45 > 0:37:50They were going to be sober, educated, industrious, God-fearing
0:37:50 > 0:37:53and, above all, patriotic.
0:37:53 > 0:37:55# Rule Britannia... #
0:37:55 > 0:37:59This was Britannia's time.
0:37:59 > 0:38:05# Britons never, never, never will be slaves
0:38:05 > 0:38:08# Rule Britannia
0:38:08 > 0:38:11# Britannia rule the waves
0:38:11 > 0:38:17# Britons never, never, never will be slaves. #
0:38:17 > 0:38:24The lyrics for this chest-thumping new song were written by two Scots for a play about Alfred the Great.
0:38:24 > 0:38:30They were sung lustily by the merchants and businessmen
0:38:30 > 0:38:35who saw Britain's future lay with the blue-water empire of trade.
0:38:35 > 0:38:40But someone was in the way of this prosperous future.
0:38:40 > 0:38:45That someone was Robert Walpole. As far as the merchants were concerned,
0:38:45 > 0:38:52Walpole and his cronies cared too much about land and not enough about business.
0:38:52 > 0:38:54So they were not amused
0:38:54 > 0:39:00when Walpole raised the taxes on the kinds of things that made money for them - beer and coal,
0:39:00 > 0:39:05while making damn sure to keep the land tax low.
0:39:05 > 0:39:11What would be the only thing that could raise those land taxes? War, of course.
0:39:11 > 0:39:17So, no wonder Walpole, unforgivably, pussyfooted around the Spanish
0:39:17 > 0:39:21when they presumed to interfere with OUR ships.
0:39:22 > 0:39:28When he signed a treaty with Spain that was seen as an unpatriotic sellout,
0:39:28 > 0:39:33the merchants were even more incensed.
0:39:34 > 0:39:40Walpole's effigy was burned in the streets by crowds roaring for his political head.
0:39:40 > 0:39:47Walpole's allies and timeservers in Parliament were suddenly nowhere to be seen.
0:39:47 > 0:39:52His political enemies closed in gleefully for the kill.
0:39:52 > 0:40:00To deprive them of the satisfaction, Walpole walked, a broken man, back to his wine and his dogs at Houghton.
0:40:02 > 0:40:05It was the end of an era.
0:40:09 > 0:40:18Now the gung-ho patriots could have their get-rich war. And they must have thought it would be a breeze.
0:40:21 > 0:40:26Britain could fight abroad because it was so united at home.
0:40:26 > 0:40:28But in 1745,
0:40:28 > 0:40:33that unity would prove a bitter illusion.
0:40:48 > 0:40:55The Jacobite cause had refused to die, especially among the clans of northwest Scotland,
0:40:55 > 0:41:00where it fed off continued opposition to the Union.
0:41:00 > 0:41:04What the Jacobites needed was a figurehead. In 1745, they got one.
0:41:04 > 0:41:09A leader many saw as a model of virile fearlessness -
0:41:09 > 0:41:12the son of James Edward Stuart,
0:41:12 > 0:41:16the man known to us, and to posterity, as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
0:41:16 > 0:41:25The fact that the Prince's full name was Charles Edward Louis Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart
0:41:25 > 0:41:31should tell us that the Prince was less the incarnation of the old Scotland of the clans
0:41:31 > 0:41:34and much more a graduate
0:41:34 > 0:41:41of the pan-European, Italo-Polish, Franco-Irish, Catholic international community.
0:41:41 > 0:41:47But still, he was a Stuart. And that blood certainly mattered to the Prince himself
0:41:47 > 0:41:55who, at the age of 24, had sailed from France to Scotland to win back the throne for his father.
0:41:55 > 0:41:58On 19th August 1745,
0:41:58 > 0:42:05Prince Charles Edward Stuart stood here at Glenfinnan, watched his family standard being raised
0:42:05 > 0:42:11and told the assembled clansmen he'd come to make Scotland happy.
0:42:11 > 0:42:13That would have been news to crofters
0:42:13 > 0:42:21who'd been threatened with having their cottages burned unless they joined the Jacobite army.
0:42:21 > 0:42:29But the sight of Bonnie Prince Charlie - and compared to George II and to his own embittered father,
0:42:29 > 0:42:31he certainly was bonnie -
0:42:31 > 0:42:39standing here at the head of Loch Shiel in his tartan did seem to promise a new Scottish future,
0:42:39 > 0:42:44or at the very least, the end of the miserable captivity of the Union.
0:42:44 > 0:42:49But happiness, well, that was going to prove a lot harder to come by.
0:42:49 > 0:42:55The structure of clan society meant that support for the Prince gathered quickly.
0:42:55 > 0:42:59In England, families were more and more becoming a kind of business.
0:42:59 > 0:43:05In the Highlands of Scotland, kinship was much more a matter of blood.
0:43:05 > 0:43:12Clan loyalty was built around the idea, even when it was a mythical idea, of a common ancestor.
0:43:12 > 0:43:18Now, the grandest landlords in the Highlands, just like their Lowland counterparts,
0:43:18 > 0:43:22were becoming connoisseurs of fine claret and chamber music.
0:43:22 > 0:43:27But the local laird had a lot in common with his crofters.
0:43:27 > 0:43:35They both spoke Gaelic and made sure they'd have broadsword and daggers at the ready when the chief called.
0:43:42 > 0:43:50Buoyed by the Prince's claim that the French were behind the Rebellion and planned an imminent invasion,
0:43:50 > 0:43:54Bonnie Prince Charlie and his army moved swiftly,
0:43:54 > 0:43:59capturing the woefully inadequate Hanoverian forces in Scotland.
0:43:59 > 0:44:06But when the Prince finally took what was the big prize - Edinburgh - he hadn't won over all of Scotland.
0:44:06 > 0:44:10The Lowlands were overwhelmingly loyal to King George.
0:44:10 > 0:44:17It's possible that more Scots fought against Bonnie Prince Charlie than for him.
0:44:17 > 0:44:22Nonetheless, it seemed that the Prince couldn't put a foot wrong.
0:44:22 > 0:44:28And when his army faced the Hanoverians at the Battle of Prestonpans,
0:44:28 > 0:44:30they won a resounding victory.
0:44:35 > 0:44:39At Holyrood House, debate raged as to what to do next.
0:44:39 > 0:44:44The Highland chiefs, sceptical of finding support in England,
0:44:44 > 0:44:50advised Charles to make the Stuarts masters of the north, but to go no further.
0:44:50 > 0:44:58But for Charles, nothing less than a conquest of England would do. He won the day by a single vote.
0:44:58 > 0:45:02The Jacobites were on their way south.
0:45:02 > 0:45:07In rapid succession, Carlisle, Lancaster, Preston and Manchester
0:45:07 > 0:45:12all fell to the Prince's army without a shot being fired in their defence.
0:45:12 > 0:45:16With the Jacobites approaching Derby at the beginning of December,
0:45:16 > 0:45:21and with the bulk of His Majesty's forces fighting in Europe,
0:45:21 > 0:45:25there was something close to pandemonium in London.
0:45:25 > 0:45:31There was a run on the Bank of England and all the shops closed.
0:45:31 > 0:45:38The handful of soldiers left to protect the capital were not of the calibre to inspire much confidence.
0:45:38 > 0:45:44But, just as in 1715, it could be said the Jacobites defeated themselves.
0:45:44 > 0:45:52And they didn't do it on the field of battle, but in this room at Exeter House in Derby on December 5th 1745.
0:45:54 > 0:46:00The Prince and his chiefs argued bitterly whether to go forward or retreat.
0:46:00 > 0:46:08"London is just 130 miles away," said the Prince. "Move on the capital and the French will come.
0:46:08 > 0:46:14"Besides, we've got precious little time. The Redcoats will be back from Europe soon."
0:46:14 > 0:46:19"No," said Lord George Murray, joint commander of the Prince's army.
0:46:19 > 0:46:26"I no longer believe the French are coming. It's time to cut our losses. It's time to go home."
0:46:27 > 0:46:32This time, the Prince lost the vote by a substantial margin.
0:46:32 > 0:46:37The Jacobites turned about and headed north,
0:46:37 > 0:46:42beginning the long tramp back to Scotland through dreadful winter weather,
0:46:42 > 0:46:50pursued by those newly-returned British regiments. Their retreat turned into a nightmare.
0:46:50 > 0:46:55It was hard to know which was more murderous - the snows of winter
0:46:55 > 0:47:01or the vengeful pursuing troops of George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland.
0:47:03 > 0:47:08Cumberland gave a taste of what he was capable of at Carlisle.
0:47:08 > 0:47:13The garrison had been captured by Jacobites on their march south,
0:47:13 > 0:47:18but they were unable to hold out against Cumberland.
0:47:22 > 0:47:27Into this tiny space were crammed hundreds of Jacobite soldiers,
0:47:27 > 0:47:31locked up without any air or any water.
0:47:32 > 0:47:37What they DID have were these shiny stones,
0:47:37 > 0:47:40smooth, damp, slimy.
0:47:40 > 0:47:42A terrible memento of their distress.
0:47:42 > 0:47:47To this day, they're called Licking Stones,
0:47:47 > 0:47:52because the prisoners were brought to such horrible extremity
0:47:52 > 0:47:58that they were forced and reduced to sliding their tongues in these cavities
0:47:58 > 0:48:04to try to collect the pathetic amount of moisture gathered on the rock.
0:48:04 > 0:48:09This really was Hanoverian Britain's black hole of Calcutta.
0:48:15 > 0:48:20By the time that winter turned into spring in the Highlands,
0:48:20 > 0:48:25it was unmistakably clear that the Jacobite war was lost.
0:48:25 > 0:48:33With every week that passed, the Hanoverian advantage in men, money and guns told.
0:48:34 > 0:48:40The two armies eventually faced each other at Culloden, near Inverness.
0:48:40 > 0:48:47Cumberland's force was only a third as big again as the Prince's, but it was lethally better equipped.
0:48:47 > 0:48:54A new verse of the national anthem proved to be prophetic, as the big guns began to fire.
0:49:46 > 0:49:50Just an hour after the firing had started,
0:49:50 > 0:49:58there were 1,500 Jacobite Highlanders lying slaughtered. Only 50 of the Hanoverians had perished.
0:49:58 > 0:50:03It was, perhaps, better to be one of those felled by the Hanoverian guns,
0:50:03 > 0:50:09as it spared you the sight of the British soldiers coming at you, while you lay wounded,
0:50:09 > 0:50:14to finish you off with their new-fangled bayonets.
0:50:14 > 0:50:21- As one Hanoverian officer noted, - "Our men, dabbling their feet in blood and splashing it about,
0:50:21 > 0:50:26"look like so many butchers, rather than Christian soldiers."
0:50:27 > 0:50:33Charles Edward survived the battle and gave the order "Every man for himself".
0:50:33 > 0:50:39He went on the run until it was safe to be shipped back to France.
0:50:39 > 0:50:47In England, the victory was riotously celebrated. Effigies of Bonnie Prince Charlie were burned.
0:50:47 > 0:50:53But many in Scotland, too, were pleased to see the end of the Jacobite threat,
0:50:53 > 0:50:56delighted the Prince had gone.
0:50:56 > 0:51:00But in the heartland of his support in northwest Scotland,
0:51:00 > 0:51:07Charles left behind a population prostrate before the avenging army of the Duke of Cumberland,
0:51:07 > 0:51:12determined to break the Jacobite clans for ever.
0:51:17 > 0:51:20Villages were burned to the ground,
0:51:20 > 0:51:23captured men hanged or shot,
0:51:23 > 0:51:28cattle were stolen, thousands driven from their homes.
0:51:28 > 0:51:32Even the wearing of Highland dress was banned,
0:51:32 > 0:51:38in an effort to strip the clans, not just of their possessions, but of their identity.
0:51:43 > 0:51:49The hopes and dreams of the Jacobites had to live in the secret world of things now,
0:51:49 > 0:51:53things that could be hidden or disguised.
0:51:53 > 0:52:00A lock of Bonnie Prince Charlie's hair or the mysterious emblems engraved on wine glasses.
0:52:00 > 0:52:05At first sight, this board seems like an indecipherable smudge of paint.
0:52:05 > 0:52:10But if you look at it the right way, reflected against the cylinder,
0:52:10 > 0:52:15it turns into the lost love, the boy born to be king,
0:52:15 > 0:52:17the saviour across the water.
0:52:20 > 0:52:24Unhappily for the keepers of the Jacobite flame,
0:52:24 > 0:52:29Charles Edward in exile went rapidly downhill. Too many mistresses,
0:52:29 > 0:52:35far too much drink, years of indolence made him prematurely decrepit.
0:52:37 > 0:52:43# Will ye no' come back again...? #
0:52:43 > 0:52:50But the romantic myth of Bonnie Prince Charlie would survive the wreckage of his REAL history.
0:52:50 > 0:52:55It would live in the poems and popular ballads,
0:52:55 > 0:53:00where he would always be the dashing, charismatic boy prince.
0:53:00 > 0:53:08# Will ye no' come back again? #
0:53:10 > 0:53:14But Jacobitism as a political force WAS spent.
0:53:14 > 0:53:21In the decades following Culloden, a transformation would take place in Scotland.
0:53:21 > 0:53:25The Jacobite warriors who'd been unable to break Britannia
0:53:25 > 0:53:31were given an alternative to returning to their old obsessions of clan loyalty.
0:53:31 > 0:53:36"Join the future. Join the army of the British Empire."
0:53:36 > 0:53:39Many thousands took the offer.
0:53:39 > 0:53:45Instead of being the perennial victims of that Empire, they now colonised it.
0:53:45 > 0:53:49In the cities, too, a new Scotland was being born.
0:53:49 > 0:53:52Just 20 years after Culloden,
0:53:52 > 0:53:58it became commonplace to refer to Edinburgh and Glasgow as hotbeds of genius.
0:53:58 > 0:54:06The collapse of the backward-looking cult of honour had made room for the forward-looking cult of modernity.
0:54:06 > 0:54:12In the academies, drawing rooms and reading clubs of the Scottish cities,
0:54:12 > 0:54:18hopeless dreams were replaced by the appetite for hard facts and hard cash.
0:54:18 > 0:54:25The first British theory of progress was sketched out by Scottish philosophers,
0:54:25 > 0:54:27like Adam Ferguson and David Hume.
0:54:27 > 0:54:32They looked at the tragedy of their own country
0:54:32 > 0:54:37and saw in its history the entire arc of human social evolution,
0:54:37 > 0:54:41from hunting and gathering societies, to settled farmers
0:54:41 > 0:54:48and finally to true civilisation - the world of commerce, science and industry, the world of the towns.
0:54:53 > 0:54:56It was another Scot, Robert Adam,
0:54:56 > 0:55:01who became the first British king of architectural style.
0:55:01 > 0:55:07Less than 20 years after Bonnie Prince Charlie had retreated from Derby,
0:55:07 > 0:55:14a different kind of Scottish conqueror came back to Derbyshire and, this time, he was invincible.
0:55:21 > 0:55:28At Kedleston Hall, Robert Adam built in a new style, for a new kind of aristocrat.
0:55:28 > 0:55:32Its owner, the first Lord Scarsdale, was a true new Briton.
0:55:32 > 0:55:37Rich, not just from land, but from the coal mines of Derbyshire.
0:55:38 > 0:55:46What he wanted was a house that would not overpower the visitor with vulgar displays of swaggering wealth,
0:55:46 > 0:55:52but somewhere that would speak instead of Roman grandeur, of noble, classical austerity,
0:55:52 > 0:55:57of loftiness of mind, of purity of taste, a palace of contemplation,
0:55:57 > 0:55:59a temple of virtue.
0:56:01 > 0:56:06Couldn't the accumulation of private riches
0:56:06 > 0:56:10somehow be a force for general happiness?
0:56:11 > 0:56:18The Scot who made the deepest mark on the future of Britain certainly thought so.
0:56:18 > 0:56:24In 1746, while the last survivors of Cumberland's butchery were being hunted down,
0:56:24 > 0:56:30Adam Smith, the son of a customs officer, had an exhilarating vision of the future.
0:56:30 > 0:56:35That vision was based on Smith's rejection of guilt and sin.
0:56:35 > 0:56:40But it would be his revolutionary book, the Wealth of Nations,
0:56:40 > 0:56:44which would mark Scotland's farewell to sentimental self-destruction.
0:56:44 > 0:56:49Optimistic about the happiness of material life,
0:56:49 > 0:56:55Smith laid out as a matter of scientific fact mankind's natural drive to self-betterment.
0:56:55 > 0:57:02Allowed to follow their natural urges, men would create, without even willing it, a better world,
0:57:02 > 0:57:07richer, freer, more educated. The best thing that government could do
0:57:07 > 0:57:12was to allow the invisible hand of the market to do its work.
0:57:14 > 0:57:18The economic world was like a watch, he wrote.
0:57:18 > 0:57:24Its springs and wheels all admirably adjusted to the ends for which it was made.
0:57:24 > 0:57:29So, too, the countless movements of men would perfectly interact
0:57:29 > 0:57:35for the purposes for which God had made them. That purpose was progress.
0:57:35 > 0:57:43And it was one of history's sweetest ironies that it had fallen to poor, bloodied, mutilated Scotland
0:57:43 > 0:57:45to show Britannia the way ahead.
0:57:45 > 0:57:52So, if you want to see the future, forget the pompous monuments of England's past.
0:57:52 > 0:57:59Come north, instead, to the new towns of Glasgow and Edinburgh and see the future of Britain.
0:57:59 > 0:58:02The future, perhaps, of the world.
0:58:11 > 0:58:15Subtitles by Audrey Flynn BBC Scotland 2001