0:00:19 > 0:00:23'From the top of a hill on the Isle of Bute,
0:00:23 > 0:00:27'in the early 1920s, Scots would have seen an incredible sight,
0:00:27 > 0:00:33'and a clue to the great hidden catastrophe of 20th century Scotland.'
0:00:41 > 0:00:46Down there, the Firth of Clyde would have been full of ships, coming and going across the world.
0:00:46 > 0:00:50Made from Scottish steel, powered by Scottish coal,
0:00:50 > 0:00:53these ships were the backbone of Scottish life.
0:00:53 > 0:00:56What was so wrong with all of that?
0:00:56 > 0:00:57The cargo.
0:01:04 > 0:01:09That cargo was the most precious thing Scotland could produce - its own people.
0:01:09 > 0:01:11Tens of thousands of them
0:01:11 > 0:01:16abandoning their homeland for the promise of a better life across the sea.
0:01:22 > 0:01:27Scotland was bleeding, the lifeblood of the nation draining away.
0:01:27 > 0:01:34And as the ambitious, the talented, the optimistic and the restless departed, some of those left behind
0:01:34 > 0:01:37began to ask what could be done to stop the human haemorrhage,
0:01:37 > 0:01:39to save this failing nation.
0:01:41 > 0:01:44Over 200 years earlier, Scotland had surrendered her
0:01:44 > 0:01:48sovereignty to become a partner in Great Britain.
0:01:49 > 0:01:55And through that Union, and the Empire that followed, Scots had earned rich rewards.
0:01:55 > 0:02:00But, with Scotland in crisis, was it time to renegotiate that Union?
0:02:02 > 0:02:07Was it time for Scotland to take back control of her own affairs?
0:03:04 > 0:03:06The Scotland that entered the 20th century
0:03:06 > 0:03:10boasted one of the strongest economies in all of Europe,
0:03:10 > 0:03:14strength that was rooted almost entirely in heavy industry.
0:03:19 > 0:03:21The 20th century was forged here,
0:03:21 > 0:03:23in the ironworks of Lanarkshire.
0:03:23 > 0:03:27These hand stoked furnaces turned iron ore into some of the
0:03:27 > 0:03:31hardest, strongest metals the world had yet seen,
0:03:31 > 0:03:35and transformed Central Scotland into the workshop of the British Empire
0:03:35 > 0:03:39when the British Empire covered a quarter of the globe.
0:03:40 > 0:03:43Girders, boilers, bridges, ships.
0:03:47 > 0:03:53Scottish engineering became a guarantee of precision and quality, renowned across the world...
0:03:53 > 0:03:58and Scotland's industrialists grew outrageously rich on the rewards.
0:04:00 > 0:04:03Their success was fuelled by the iron ore and coal
0:04:03 > 0:04:06locked inside the earth of Central Scotland.
0:04:06 > 0:04:08Around towns like Motherwell.
0:04:13 > 0:04:20One family firm of metal makers, the Colvilles, started smelting iron here in the 1870s.
0:04:20 > 0:04:27They were just one of many small independent ironworks in the town but they were the most innovative.
0:04:27 > 0:04:30And they quickly developed the technological know-how
0:04:30 > 0:04:34to make the new metal that everyone wanted - steel.
0:04:35 > 0:04:40Something which would transform their fortunes and allow them to take their place
0:04:40 > 0:04:43among Scotland's other magnates of global industry.
0:04:47 > 0:04:49The Colvilles were the sort of bosses
0:04:49 > 0:04:53who kept wages low but gave workers time off on Sundays to go to church.
0:04:53 > 0:04:58They were big on God, big on politics, and, of course, big on profit.
0:05:01 > 0:05:03Archibald and David Colville -
0:05:03 > 0:05:05the second generation of the family -
0:05:05 > 0:05:07were in charge of the firm
0:05:07 > 0:05:09as Britain and Germany prepared for war,
0:05:09 > 0:05:13and demand for their Motherwell steel was sent rocketing.
0:05:16 > 0:05:20The First World War was an opportunity for many Scottish industries,
0:05:20 > 0:05:21and Colville's was no different.
0:05:21 > 0:05:24This plant was flung into the war effort,
0:05:24 > 0:05:28churning out orders for armour, for shell casings and for tanks.
0:05:28 > 0:05:34As the war progressed, Colville's expanded to become the biggest steelworks in Scotland.
0:05:34 > 0:05:39By 1917, this was the kind of munitions factory that the King visited.
0:05:39 > 0:05:42BRASS BAND PLAYS
0:05:48 > 0:05:52In the post-war years the firm kept expanding.
0:05:52 > 0:05:54As the firm grew and grew, the whole town came to
0:05:54 > 0:05:59identify itself with steel, with Colville's in particular.
0:05:59 > 0:06:03The workers formed bands, sports clubs, educational institutes
0:06:03 > 0:06:07and created a community out of an industry.
0:06:10 > 0:06:15Across Central Scotland, similar communities rose up around coal seams,
0:06:15 > 0:06:17iron foundries and steelworks.
0:06:17 > 0:06:21Heavy industry wove Central Scotland together.
0:06:24 > 0:06:27TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS
0:06:27 > 0:06:30There was a catch.
0:06:30 > 0:06:32A particularly Scottish catch.
0:06:34 > 0:06:36Brought home every week on wages day.
0:06:36 > 0:06:38The day when Scotland's skilled workers
0:06:38 > 0:06:43received much less money than their counterparts in England for doing exactly the same job.
0:06:44 > 0:06:50It made Scottish industry competitive, but it consigned many Scottish families to live in squalor
0:06:50 > 0:06:53without running water or basic sanitation.
0:06:56 > 0:06:58Overcrowding was six times higher than in England,
0:06:58 > 0:07:03and infant mortality was among the very worst in Western Europe.
0:07:04 > 0:07:06This was the contract.
0:07:06 > 0:07:10The unspoken agreement that bound industrial Scotland together.
0:07:10 > 0:07:16Acceptance of it was the secret ingredient locked inside every ton of coal, every ingot of iron,
0:07:16 > 0:07:18and every penny of profit.
0:07:21 > 0:07:26But still the workers came, drawn to the furnaces like moths to the flame.
0:07:26 > 0:07:29Sucked in to the workshop of the Empire,
0:07:29 > 0:07:33until by 1921 across Central Scotland
0:07:33 > 0:07:37around 500,000 livelihoods depended on the health of heavy industry,
0:07:37 > 0:07:41on steelworks and coal mines and shipbuilding.
0:07:41 > 0:07:44On an incredible boom that couldn't last forever.
0:07:44 > 0:07:48Scotland had become a house of cards.
0:07:53 > 0:07:57When the collapse came, it came fast.
0:07:57 > 0:08:02In peacetime, no-one needed shell casings or tanks.
0:08:02 > 0:08:04No-one needed new ships.
0:08:05 > 0:08:08So the workshop of the Empire grew quiet.
0:08:11 > 0:08:15Industrial Scotland was plunged into crisis.
0:08:17 > 0:08:21The fortunate ones merely had their wages slashed.
0:08:21 > 0:08:25The unfortunate ones lost everything.
0:08:26 > 0:08:29Around the steel town of Motherwell alone, unemployment
0:08:29 > 0:08:33increased from under 2,000 to over 12,000.
0:08:35 > 0:08:39Motherwell became one of the worst hit places in Scotland.
0:08:42 > 0:08:47The unemployed, the able-bodied destitute poor as they were known,
0:08:47 > 0:08:50flooded into the parish councils of Lanarkshire looking for poor relief.
0:08:50 > 0:08:57And here, in Airbles Cemetery in Motherwell, they found the best that industrial Scotland had to offer -
0:08:57 > 0:09:01one week in three, earning 11 pence a day, burying the dead.
0:09:07 > 0:09:11Those that wanted something better than poor relief or the dole
0:09:11 > 0:09:13started to leave their stricken communities,
0:09:13 > 0:09:17to emigrate from Central Scotland like they'd never emigrated before.
0:09:23 > 0:09:27In 1921 alone, Scotland lost 50,000 people.
0:09:27 > 0:09:31A greater proportion that year than almost any other country in Europe.
0:09:45 > 0:09:48This wasn't a clearance, but it was an exodus.
0:09:48 > 0:09:52Scots left in droves, on one-way tickets to the New World.
0:09:52 > 0:09:58And as ship after ship sailed out of the Clyde, away past Canada Hill, more and more Scots began to ask
0:09:58 > 0:10:01just why their country was in such a mess.
0:10:01 > 0:10:06What they wanted was a new world, right here in Scotland itself.
0:10:12 > 0:10:16Scots weren't alone in seeking a new world, a new beginning.
0:10:16 > 0:10:21Just a few years earlier, Russia had had its communist revolution.
0:10:21 > 0:10:26And in the Balkans, a host of brand-new nations had emerged from the ashes
0:10:26 > 0:10:28of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
0:10:28 > 0:10:35Much closer to home, Ireland was in the grip of assertive nationalism to free itself from Britain's grip.
0:10:35 > 0:10:40Was it time for Scotland to take control of her own future, too?
0:10:41 > 0:10:43Was it time for Home Rule?
0:11:00 > 0:11:02Home Rule was hardly a new idea.
0:11:02 > 0:11:05Earlier British governments had flirted with the notion,
0:11:05 > 0:11:09seeing it as a way to strengthen the Empire rather than weaken it.
0:11:09 > 0:11:15But with Scotland in crisis, calls for a new kind of Home Rule began to grow louder.
0:11:18 > 0:11:22The most radical Scots called for complete independence.
0:11:22 > 0:11:25For national liberation, as they saw it.
0:11:29 > 0:11:34And in 1922, one of the strongest supporters of that idea
0:11:34 > 0:11:38was to be found tucked away in the quiet seaside town of Montrose.
0:11:42 > 0:11:47Christopher Murray Grieve was a journalist who lived here in Montrose.
0:11:47 > 0:11:49His pen name was Hugh MacDiarmid.
0:11:49 > 0:11:52And his house was just along this street.
0:11:54 > 0:11:57'He made his home at 16 Links Avenue.
0:11:57 > 0:12:02'And in 1922 the first number of a literary magazine was issued from that address.
0:12:02 > 0:12:05'It was the beginning of a Scottish literary revival.
0:12:05 > 0:12:08'And there was a new name among the contributors.'
0:12:11 > 0:12:14To MacDiarmid, Scotland's journey to independence
0:12:14 > 0:12:16had to start with poetry.
0:12:17 > 0:12:19He thought that Scotland had lost itself.
0:12:19 > 0:12:23Been swamped by its bigger neighbour. By England.
0:12:23 > 0:12:27And he wanted to kick-start Scottish culture,
0:12:27 > 0:12:32to create something modern and vital by drawing on something old and pure.
0:12:39 > 0:12:41The language of the Medieval poets,
0:12:41 > 0:12:45poets who wrote before the influence of England and English,
0:12:45 > 0:12:51who expressed their ideas and their emotions in their own distinctive way.
0:12:53 > 0:12:59In 1922, MacDiarmid launched his own magazine The Scottish Chapbook,
0:12:59 > 0:13:04publishing modern poems written in a kind of ancient Scots.
0:13:04 > 0:13:07A language that turned rainbows back into "watergaws".
0:13:14 > 0:13:17Ae weet forenicht I' the yow-trummle
0:13:17 > 0:13:19I saw yon antrin thing
0:13:19 > 0:13:22A watergaw wi its chitterin licht
0:13:22 > 0:13:25Ayont the onding
0:13:25 > 0:13:28An I thocht o' the last wild leuk ye gied
0:13:28 > 0:13:30Afore ye deed
0:13:30 > 0:13:34There was nae reek I' the laverock's hoose that nicht
0:13:34 > 0:13:35and nane I' mine
0:13:35 > 0:13:38But I hae thocht o' that foolish licht
0:13:38 > 0:13:40Even sin syne
0:13:41 > 0:13:44An I think that mebbe at last I ken
0:13:44 > 0:13:47What yer leuk meant then
0:13:52 > 0:13:57MacDiarmid's poems seemed at once ancient and modern
0:13:57 > 0:13:58and were rapturously received.
0:14:00 > 0:14:02MacDiarmid's voice,
0:14:02 > 0:14:06and his agenda, reached the ears of other writers and poets
0:14:06 > 0:14:09and ignited the whole Scottish literary scene.
0:14:09 > 0:14:13His house became a meeting place for all those drawn into his circle.
0:14:13 > 0:14:17Here, great writers like Lewis Grassic Gibbon and Compton Mackenzie,
0:14:17 > 0:14:19congregated to talk about Scotland.
0:14:21 > 0:14:26They didn't all share MacDiarmid's conviction that Scotland needed to be liberated
0:14:26 > 0:14:27from English influence,
0:14:27 > 0:14:30and they didn't all write in Scots,
0:14:30 > 0:14:36but they did agree that Scottish culture desperately needed to be revived.
0:14:36 > 0:14:40Hugh MacDiarmid had got Scotland going.
0:14:40 > 0:14:46He had succeeded in opening a door into the world of modern ideas and started a movement,
0:14:46 > 0:14:50a movement that became known as a Scottish Renaissance.
0:14:54 > 0:14:57Soon, the newspapers and the magazines were full of articles,
0:14:57 > 0:15:02letters and reviews, all of them discussing the national condition
0:15:02 > 0:15:07and asking just what it was that was wrong with this small, failing nation
0:15:07 > 0:15:09and what could be done to make it better.
0:15:12 > 0:15:17With Scottish culture invigorated, MacDiarmid wanted to go further.
0:15:17 > 0:15:20He was already involved in local politics,
0:15:20 > 0:15:24as a socialist councillor with nationalist sympathies.
0:15:24 > 0:15:29But, in 1923, he took up the latest political movement sweeping Europe...
0:15:32 > 0:15:33Fascism.
0:15:40 > 0:15:44TRANSLATION: Fascist Italy is now a great country, great place
0:15:44 > 0:15:46and so well organised...
0:15:48 > 0:15:52Not long after Mussolini marched on Rome to seize power in Italy,
0:15:52 > 0:15:56MacDiarmid published an article inciting Scottish fascism.
0:15:56 > 0:16:02He even urged unemployed ex-servicemen to march on the highlands and islands
0:16:02 > 0:16:04and reclaim the land for themselves.
0:16:08 > 0:16:11"Is it not time for a Scottish fascism
0:16:11 > 0:16:18"to oppose the anti-national forces which are robbing Scotland of the finest elements of its population
0:16:18 > 0:16:21"and at one and the same time denying the Scottish people
0:16:21 > 0:16:27"access to millions of acres of the finest scenery in Scotland
0:16:27 > 0:16:32"and setting the sport of English plutocrats before the vital needs of the country?
0:16:32 > 0:16:38"Is it not time to smash the laws which sanction and ensure such things?
0:16:38 > 0:16:40"Rights are not asked.
0:16:40 > 0:16:48"They are taken, and Scotland is a sovereign country, entitled to resume her independence at will!"
0:16:54 > 0:16:59But MacDiarmid's call to fascism went unheeded among those who might have joined an uprising.
0:17:07 > 0:17:11Instead, the unemployed and low paid workers of the industrial belt
0:17:11 > 0:17:15listened to the promises of Scotland's growing socialist movement,
0:17:15 > 0:17:19whose activists and Labour MPs encouraged them to believe in the kind of improvements
0:17:19 > 0:17:24that a socialist government in charge of Britain would deliver.
0:17:25 > 0:17:30If Scotland's socialists also supported Home Rule - and many of them did -
0:17:30 > 0:17:34it was never as much of a priority for them as housing or sanitation.
0:17:34 > 0:17:38Or the issue that would finally force Britain into confrontation...
0:17:40 > 0:17:41Wages.
0:17:44 > 0:17:48In 1926, when coalminers were facing a wage cut,
0:17:48 > 0:17:52Britain's unions joined together and called a general strike.
0:17:56 > 0:17:58The Government placed troops on standby
0:17:58 > 0:18:01and called for volunteers to keep essential services running.
0:18:03 > 0:18:07Thousands volunteered, terrified that the Bolsheviks, as they saw them,
0:18:07 > 0:18:09might take over Britain.
0:18:11 > 0:18:17After just a few days, the strike in Scotland lost its momentum.
0:18:18 > 0:18:24Some miners held out for several months, but eventually they all returned, defeated, to work.
0:18:28 > 0:18:33For many workers of the industrial belt, the future would be just like the past,
0:18:33 > 0:18:36where they had to know their place, not their worth.
0:18:45 > 0:18:50And those industrialists who ran Scotland were only too happy to oblige.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09Most of the men who owned Scotland's factories
0:19:09 > 0:19:12resisted the influence of trade unions.
0:19:12 > 0:19:16And if they looked out for their employees, it was largely through good Christian charity.
0:19:18 > 0:19:21John Colville, one of the third generation of the family,
0:19:21 > 0:19:25donated a golf course to his grateful workers to thank them
0:19:25 > 0:19:29for making his firm a fortune during the last war.
0:19:31 > 0:19:33On the board of his family's steel firm,
0:19:33 > 0:19:37he sat alongside some of the supreme magnates of Scotland's industry,
0:19:37 > 0:19:41men, who between them, sat on the board of over 50 leading companies,
0:19:41 > 0:19:45and who effectively controlled the Scottish economy.
0:19:48 > 0:19:51Their grip extended deep into politics.
0:19:51 > 0:19:57John Colville would himself become an MP and later, Secretary of State for Scotland.
0:19:59 > 0:20:03They were symptomatic of a country that was locked in the past.
0:20:06 > 0:20:10And those Scots who wanted a better life had to seek it abroad.
0:20:10 > 0:20:1350,000 left in 1926.
0:20:15 > 0:20:18And yet another 50,000 in 1927.
0:20:26 > 0:20:30To nationalists like Hugh MacDiarmid, the scale of emigration
0:20:30 > 0:20:33was a sure sign that Scotland was in crisis.
0:20:37 > 0:20:41MacDiarmid no longer called for fascist uprisings.
0:20:41 > 0:20:45Instead, he concentrated his efforts on the ballot box.
0:20:47 > 0:20:52In 1928, he joined up with a small handful of fellow travellers
0:20:52 > 0:20:57to form a new political party, the National Party of Scotland.
0:20:58 > 0:21:03MacDiarmid set out the party's aims in a letter that's held at Edinburgh University.
0:21:06 > 0:21:11Here on page two you see what it was that prompted MacDiarmid to write this.
0:21:11 > 0:21:14In one word, emigration. See here...
0:21:14 > 0:21:18"A very large part of the Scottish expenditure on education has gone
0:21:18 > 0:21:23"not to build up the national prosperity but to export Scotsmen to America and elsewhere
0:21:23 > 0:21:29"to undertake precisely the kind of work they ought to have been doing at home."
0:21:29 > 0:21:35In other words, MacDiarmid wanted all the opportunities of the New World here in Scotland itself
0:21:35 > 0:21:39and he believed that the only way to do that was through independence.
0:21:39 > 0:21:44This wasn't the first time a Scottish Parliament had been called for.
0:21:44 > 0:21:48Over the years many of the established political parties had backed Home Rule,
0:21:48 > 0:21:51but as MacDiarmid says here, bill after bill
0:21:51 > 0:21:55had been defeated by the sheer number of English MPs at Westminster.
0:21:55 > 0:22:00Now Scots who wanted Home Rule would have a new option -
0:22:00 > 0:22:05a political party whose sole objective was independence.
0:22:06 > 0:22:13MacDiarmid expected the National Party to attract big support at the election of 1929,
0:22:13 > 0:22:16but they secured just 3,000 votes.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20An unconvincing start for a liberation movement.
0:22:23 > 0:22:28Instead, Scots voted for the devil they knew, for socialism,
0:22:28 > 0:22:33for Union and for men of the old industrial order like John Colville.
0:22:35 > 0:22:40But just a few months after the election, THEIR world was shaken to its core.
0:22:40 > 0:22:44The financial markets crashed, the Great Depression took hold,
0:22:44 > 0:22:50and the economic crises of the previous decade were dreadfully outdone.
0:23:01 > 0:23:05"Now the ice lays its smooth claws on the sill,
0:23:05 > 0:23:07"The sun looks from the hill
0:23:07 > 0:23:10"Helmed in his winter casket,
0:23:10 > 0:23:14"And sweeps his arctic sword across the sky.
0:23:14 > 0:23:19"The water at the mill Sounds more hoarse and dull.
0:23:19 > 0:23:21"The miller's daughter walking by
0:23:21 > 0:23:24"With frozen fingers soldered to her basket
0:23:24 > 0:23:26"Seems to be knocking
0:23:26 > 0:23:28"Upon a hundred leagues of floor
0:23:28 > 0:23:33"With her light heels, and mocking Percy and Douglas dead,
0:23:33 > 0:23:36"And Bruce on his burial bed."
0:23:39 > 0:23:43To Edwin Muir, one of the leading writers of the Scottish Renaissance,
0:23:43 > 0:23:46it was as though Scotland was stuck in a perpetual winter.
0:23:49 > 0:23:53Unlike MacDiarmid, he wasn't a nationalist first and foremost,
0:23:53 > 0:23:58but a socialist, a political position that he developed as a youth.
0:23:58 > 0:24:02Edwin Muir came originally from Orkney,
0:24:02 > 0:24:05and arrived in the centre of industrialised Glasgow aged just 14,
0:24:05 > 0:24:11something he said was like leaving the 18th century and leaping straight into the 20th.
0:24:20 > 0:24:25Muir developed a dark fascination for the industrial world he saw around him.
0:24:27 > 0:24:30And in 1934 he decided to go on a journey
0:24:30 > 0:24:32round Scotland to see for himself
0:24:32 > 0:24:36what had become of the country at the hands of those who ruled it.
0:24:40 > 0:24:46Here in Lanarkshire, Edwin Muir found a world made up of exploiters and exploited.
0:24:46 > 0:24:49A landscape utterly devoid of humanity.
0:24:49 > 0:24:54Among the unemployed hanging around the labour exchanges, he found only despair.
0:24:54 > 0:24:56The civilised world had forgotten about them,
0:24:56 > 0:24:59had forgotten this whole part of Scotland.
0:24:59 > 0:25:02As a socialist, Muir was appalled.
0:25:06 > 0:25:10Muir compared it to the most painful episode of Scotland's history.
0:25:13 > 0:25:17'A century ago there was a great clearance from the Highlands
0:25:17 > 0:25:21'which still rouses the anger of the people living there.
0:25:21 > 0:25:27'At present on a far bigger scale, a silent clearance is going on in industrial Scotland,
0:25:27 > 0:25:32'a clearance not of human beings but of what they depend upon for life.
0:25:32 > 0:25:36'Everything which could give meaning to their existence in the grotesque
0:25:36 > 0:25:40'industrial towns of Lanarkshire is slipping from them.'
0:25:45 > 0:25:50The 20th century was not even 35 years old, yet almost as many
0:25:50 > 0:25:53Scottish children had died in poverty
0:25:53 > 0:25:57as soldiers had been killed during the entire First World War.
0:25:57 > 0:26:03And over 400,000 Scots had left in the preceding 13 years alone.
0:26:05 > 0:26:09Old Scotland had failed and something had to be done.
0:26:11 > 0:26:13To those like Edwin Muir,
0:26:13 > 0:26:15the solution was clear.
0:26:15 > 0:26:22Only the power of a socialist government in Westminster could fix all Scotland's social problems.
0:26:22 > 0:26:26But MacDiarmid and his fellow nationalists disagreed.
0:26:28 > 0:26:33Their revolution would see all Scotland's problems fixed by its OWN parliament.
0:26:36 > 0:26:41But the nation's internal problems would be overshadowed by concerns of graver consequence
0:26:41 > 0:26:45and the new Scotland would have to wait.
0:26:45 > 0:26:47AIR SIRENS WAIL
0:27:05 > 0:27:08ON FILM: 'The Kingdom of Fife.'
0:27:17 > 0:27:22Glenrothes is one of the very few Scottish towns without a memorial
0:27:22 > 0:27:28to the dead either of the First or Second World War because history didn't start here until 1948.
0:27:32 > 0:27:36Glenrothes and the other Scottish new towns were planned towns,
0:27:36 > 0:27:38emblems of a new world,
0:27:38 > 0:27:40of an optimism born of victory.
0:27:42 > 0:27:47During the Second World War, Britain had pulled together to defeat Hitler's fascism.
0:27:47 > 0:27:52The nation's efforts had been directed from London, specifically from Whitehall.
0:27:53 > 0:27:57Now, the first government after the Second World War wanted to use the
0:27:57 > 0:28:02power of that same central planning to create a new Britain.
0:28:02 > 0:28:07A socialist Britain that would eradicate five giant evils -
0:28:07 > 0:28:14squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease.
0:28:14 > 0:28:18In Glenrothes, their plans included a house
0:28:18 > 0:28:22and a job for life, at the nearby Rothes Super Pit.
0:28:22 > 0:28:26And miners came in their thousands from the Central Belt,
0:28:26 > 0:28:30drawn by the prospect of new houses and hourly wages.
0:28:32 > 0:28:36From cradle to grave, the state would provide
0:28:36 > 0:28:39and Scotland embraced this Great British future.
0:28:41 > 0:28:47A visionary scheme to light up the highlands through hydro electric power was set up in Argyllshire.
0:28:47 > 0:28:50At a stroke, 10,000 jobs were created,
0:28:50 > 0:28:5410,000 livelihoods were secured.
0:28:54 > 0:28:58A car factory was boldly founded at Linwood making Hillman Imps.
0:29:01 > 0:29:06In Motherwell, money was sunk into more steel-making on a site at Colville's.
0:29:06 > 0:29:11Using all the latest technology, this place would roll steel thinner than ever before.
0:29:12 > 0:29:15It was to be called Ravenscraig.
0:29:38 > 0:29:44The planners had projected that some old industries would struggle, that some would even die.
0:29:44 > 0:29:48But these vast new projects would mop up any unemployed -
0:29:48 > 0:29:54they would be the industrial lynchpins around which the new Scotland would take shape.
0:29:54 > 0:29:59And through the next decade, through changes of government and boom and bust,
0:29:59 > 0:30:03the British state grew, and unemployment remained low.
0:30:05 > 0:30:07But by the early 1960s,
0:30:07 > 0:30:10it was clear that Scotland wasn't going to plan.
0:30:12 > 0:30:17Scotland might have started to look different, but for most Scots, it didn't feel different -
0:30:17 > 0:30:24new industries, major projects like this bridge started to appear but not quickly enough.
0:30:24 > 0:30:30And as the old industries went into terminal decline, so the unemployment figures crept up.
0:30:32 > 0:30:35Remote control from Whitehall wasn't working.
0:30:35 > 0:30:41It was as if the planners were out of touch with the consequences of their decisions.
0:30:41 > 0:30:45What Scotland needed was someone who would shake up the planners,
0:30:45 > 0:30:48someone who could ensure that Britain served Scotland better.
0:30:48 > 0:30:53In Harold Wilson's Labour Party there was just the man.
0:30:53 > 0:30:56The actual facts are stark...
0:30:56 > 0:30:59they're grim for Scotland, and only Labour planning
0:30:59 > 0:31:03will improve the position and give us the 40,000 jobs a year that we really need.
0:31:03 > 0:31:07In housing, it's a tragic story.
0:31:13 > 0:31:16"And I will make you fishers of men."
0:31:16 > 0:31:23Those were Christ's words to Andrew and Peter, the first apostles when he returned from the wilderness
0:31:23 > 0:31:25and found them fishing on the Sea of Galilee.
0:31:28 > 0:31:30It's meant as a rallying cry
0:31:30 > 0:31:34for those who work here at St Andrew's House, the Government
0:31:34 > 0:31:39HQ in Scotland, to look out for the welfare of their fellow men.
0:31:39 > 0:31:45In 1964, the new boss here was Willie Ross and he was determined to do just that...
0:31:45 > 0:31:48in his own distinctive way.
0:31:48 > 0:31:54Willie Ross was the son of a train driver whose political beliefs had been forged when he worked
0:31:54 > 0:31:59as a teacher in working-class communities in Glasgow, in the 1920s and 1930s.
0:31:59 > 0:32:07During the war, he had served as Lord Mountbatten's personal signals officer in the Far East.
0:32:07 > 0:32:13Once demobbed, he became a Labour MP and had spent over a decade in opposition,
0:32:13 > 0:32:15learning how Britain worked.
0:32:16 > 0:32:21Willie Ross knew that the fight for Scotland didn't just lie here in Edinburgh.
0:32:21 > 0:32:24He took it right to the heart of the British Government.
0:32:24 > 0:32:29In Cabinet meetings he would bang on the table demanding more money for his patch, more money for Scotland.
0:32:29 > 0:32:34Ross was a fearsome sight, and even the Prime Minister was intimidated.
0:32:35 > 0:32:39Willie Ross decided to bring the planning process closer to home,
0:32:39 > 0:32:44to St Andrew's House, and he quickly set to work on a detailed master plan.
0:32:44 > 0:32:50The master plan for improving Scotland was unveiled early in 1966.
0:32:50 > 0:32:55It was state planning socialist-style and on a scale never before seen in Scotland.
0:32:55 > 0:33:00It was big on ambition and obsessive about the details -
0:33:00 > 0:33:03jobs, houses, roads, power supplies -
0:33:03 > 0:33:05nothing was overlooked.
0:33:05 > 0:33:08And if it succeeded, Scotland would be transformed.
0:33:12 > 0:33:17It was to cost £2,000 million.
0:33:17 > 0:33:21But the ink was barely dry on the master plan before disaster struck.
0:33:21 > 0:33:28In 1967, the pound was devalued, the British Treasury froze all Government spending,
0:33:28 > 0:33:32and the promises Willie Ross had made to the electorate just a year earlier,
0:33:32 > 0:33:35were, at a stroke, in tatters.
0:33:40 > 0:33:45The unemployment that he'd been trying to alleviate went through the roof.
0:33:45 > 0:33:49And Scots left for Canada and Australia
0:33:49 > 0:33:52on £10 tickets to a brighter future.
0:34:56 > 0:34:59# Oh, flower of Scotland... #
0:34:59 > 0:35:04Away from the world of politics, of failed plans and economic turmoil,
0:35:04 > 0:35:07Scotland had been quietly changing.
0:35:07 > 0:35:10Seeds sown in the Scottish Renaissance of the 1920s
0:35:10 > 0:35:14had finally taken root in the popular imagination.
0:35:14 > 0:35:20And a new generation had woken up to Scotland's distinctive culture and history.
0:35:21 > 0:35:26The site of Bannockburn, the battle in 1314, where the Scots decisively
0:35:26 > 0:35:28defeated an invading English army,
0:35:28 > 0:35:31was commemorated with THIS state-of-the-art monument
0:35:31 > 0:35:35and a statue was raised to the victorious Robert the Bruce.
0:35:35 > 0:35:39# ..And in the past They must remain... #
0:35:39 > 0:35:44Bruce's exploits were further celebrated in a new song -
0:35:44 > 0:35:49Flower Of Scotland, that urged Scots to rise now and be a nation again.
0:35:49 > 0:35:53# ..And be the nation again That stood against... #
0:35:53 > 0:35:59The mythology of Scotland as a once-victorious nation struck a chord with those Scots
0:35:59 > 0:36:05who felt that Scotland had been reduced to Scotland-shire, a sort of badly run province of Britain.
0:36:05 > 0:36:12All of this powerful nationalist sentiment couldn't help but spill over into Scottish politics.
0:36:13 > 0:36:16- Winifred Margaret Ewing... - Scottish Nationalist Party.
0:36:16 > 0:36:2018,397. CHEERING
0:36:20 > 0:36:24And so the Scottish Nationalists have taken Hamilton.
0:36:24 > 0:36:30And I declare Winifred Margaret Ewing has been duly elected to serve in Parliament
0:36:30 > 0:36:33as the Member for the Hamilton constituency.
0:36:33 > 0:36:35APPLAUSE
0:36:35 > 0:36:37In November 1967,
0:36:37 > 0:36:40the Scottish National Party won a by-election in Hamilton.
0:36:41 > 0:36:44The party that had spent three decades losing deposits
0:36:44 > 0:36:48up and down the country suddenly seemed to be in tune with the times.
0:36:50 > 0:36:55I have to say thanks to Hamilton for making history for Scotland...
0:36:55 > 0:36:57CHEERING
0:36:57 > 0:37:01The major political parties hoped it was a blip...
0:37:01 > 0:37:03but it wasn't.
0:37:03 > 0:37:07The SNP started to pick up votes from new supporters,
0:37:07 > 0:37:11drawn from new battlegrounds in Scottish politics.
0:37:16 > 0:37:18All along the River Clyde, shipyards had turned out
0:37:18 > 0:37:22some of the most famous vessels the world had ever seen.
0:37:22 > 0:37:24This wasn't just an industry -
0:37:24 > 0:37:27it was a symbol of a nation's identity and it was in trouble.
0:37:27 > 0:37:31One by one, the shipyards started to go to the wall.
0:37:38 > 0:37:41In 1971, one shipyard -
0:37:41 > 0:37:43Upper Clyde Shipyard -
0:37:43 > 0:37:48employed around 13,000 people and was struggling with large debts.
0:37:48 > 0:37:51Its closure would devastate the local area.
0:37:53 > 0:37:56Yet, the Westminster Government was refusing to bail it out.
0:37:58 > 0:38:04The workers started a sit-in, and a campaign to keep the shipyard open took off.
0:38:06 > 0:38:12Churches, councils, trade unions, tens of thousands of ordinary Scots joined the protests.
0:38:14 > 0:38:17Eventually, the shipyard was kept open.
0:38:19 > 0:38:25But more Scots than ever before were coming to believe that Westminster was either completely out of touch
0:38:25 > 0:38:28with Scottish affairs, or worse,
0:38:28 > 0:38:30simply didn't care.
0:38:35 > 0:38:39And all the time, the Scottish National Party felt the benefit.
0:38:44 > 0:38:51Then, somewhere in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, the drill of an oil rig hit black gold
0:38:51 > 0:38:55and sent support for Scottish independence rocketing.
0:39:01 > 0:39:07Oil changed Scottish politics overnight and there was lots of it.
0:39:07 > 0:39:12Imagine what could happen, said the Nationalists, if Scotland kept it all?
0:39:16 > 0:39:18It was Scotland's oil after all...
0:39:18 > 0:39:20wasn't it?
0:39:22 > 0:39:24To the SNP, it was,
0:39:24 > 0:39:27and they argued it should be used to benefit Scotland.
0:39:28 > 0:39:35After two decades of planning and spending, the five great social evils had far from vanished.
0:39:35 > 0:39:39Scots still lived in some of the poorest housing in Britain,
0:39:39 > 0:39:45had the worst health in the Western world, had the smallest children in the UK.
0:39:45 > 0:39:52Oil, said the SNP, could eliminate all of these ills in a way that Westminster planning never had.
0:39:55 > 0:40:00The people of Scotland could have the best health care, housing, education.
0:40:00 > 0:40:06Scotland could finally catch up with England, might even be a match for anywhere in the world.
0:40:13 > 0:40:18By early 1974, almost a fifth of Scots backed the SNP.
0:40:20 > 0:40:24Their picture of a wealthy, independent Scotland was particularly seductive
0:40:24 > 0:40:30in a Britain that seemed locked in a downward spiral of inflation, strikes and strife.
0:40:31 > 0:40:36In the General Election of February that year, the SNP turned their support
0:40:36 > 0:40:39into an all-time electoral high of seven seats.
0:40:41 > 0:40:44Where would the SNP rise end?
0:40:46 > 0:40:50To the bigger parties, it was clear that SOMETHING had to be done.
0:40:53 > 0:40:57The answer seemed to be a kind of Home Rule called devolution.
0:40:59 > 0:41:01It would see the powers that one man - Willie Ross -
0:41:01 > 0:41:06enjoyed as Scottish Secretary, placed under the control of an elected assembly.
0:41:09 > 0:41:14The only problem was that many of the Scottish Labour MPs didn't want it.
0:41:17 > 0:41:21They believed that the problems of Scotland were more likely to be solved
0:41:21 > 0:41:25by a socialist government in Westminster than by any assembly in Edinburgh.
0:41:27 > 0:41:33Chairman, I want to enter this debate in terms of the context of devolution...
0:41:33 > 0:41:37All through the summer of 1974, the ruling Labour Party remained
0:41:37 > 0:41:41bogged down in debate and divided on grounds of principle.
0:41:41 > 0:41:47In Scotland at the moment, there are a very large number of pressure groups, led largely by the SNP...
0:41:48 > 0:41:51But the time for principles was nearing an end.
0:41:51 > 0:41:55Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson wanted to call another election
0:41:55 > 0:41:58to strengthen his position in Westminster.
0:41:58 > 0:42:03To him it was simple - devolution would be a vital vote winner in Scotland.
0:42:05 > 0:42:09With another general election looming and the SNP still
0:42:09 > 0:42:12on the rise, the Labour Party had to have a Home Rule policy.
0:42:12 > 0:42:18So Harold Wilson forced it through against the wishes of many Scottish Labour MPs, who felt
0:42:18 > 0:42:24it was a betrayal of socialism and a policy guaranteed to lead to the break-up of Britain.
0:42:24 > 0:42:28It was in this atmosphere of division and self-interest
0:42:28 > 0:42:31that Scotland's first Home Rule referendum was born.
0:42:37 > 0:42:42Labour's promise of a referendum on Home Rule didn't stave off the rise of the SNP.
0:42:42 > 0:42:47Nor did it unite the ruling Labour Party, or even the public.
0:42:47 > 0:42:51- You think you're going to vote "yes"...or would you vote "no"? - I haven't decided.- OK.
0:42:51 > 0:42:53- I can't put that on you, then? - Not yet.
0:42:53 > 0:42:57It took the politicians four years to agree the scheme.
0:42:57 > 0:43:02And during those four years, it was transformed into a referendum with a catch...
0:43:02 > 0:43:10a catch that said 40% of the entire electorate would have to vote "yes", to win the day.
0:43:11 > 0:43:15What actually do we control if we vote "yes"?
0:43:15 > 0:43:19Well, you'll control education, housing, health, the environment, transport...
0:43:19 > 0:43:23a lot of the things that are run by the Secretary of State at the moment.
0:43:24 > 0:43:31'With an electorate of nearly 3.75 million, the Scottish Office has drafted in an army of clerks
0:43:31 > 0:43:35'to count the votes, and they'll be in action from early tomorrow morning.'
0:43:36 > 0:43:41On the 1st of March 1979, Scotland went to the polls.
0:43:41 > 0:43:43I hereby declare
0:43:43 > 0:43:49that, on the basis of the count results in the several counting areas,
0:43:49 > 0:43:54the count result which I intend to certify for Scotland is as follows...
0:43:54 > 0:43:57Oh, look at this!
0:43:57 > 0:44:00This was all prepared for 1979.
0:44:05 > 0:44:09Edinburgh's Royal High School was kitted out like a parliament in the expectation
0:44:09 > 0:44:13that Scots would vote "yes" in the devolution referendum.
0:44:17 > 0:44:25Number of "yes" votes - 1,230,937.
0:44:28 > 0:44:30Number of "no" votes -
0:44:30 > 0:44:341,153,502.
0:44:34 > 0:44:37Scotland HAD voted "yes",
0:44:37 > 0:44:40but the majority wasn't big enough to win the referendum.
0:44:41 > 0:44:46If it was a test of the country's determination, then it showed a lack of national resolve.
0:44:46 > 0:44:51It also revealed a population divided between Scottishness and Britishness.
0:44:55 > 0:44:59The plan for an assembly in the Royal High School was Britain's
0:44:59 > 0:45:01solution to its Scottish problem.
0:45:01 > 0:45:07To many Scots, it was just another Westminster promise that didn't deliver,
0:45:07 > 0:45:12a half-hearted enterprise that failed because of its half-heartedness.
0:45:14 > 0:45:18As the momentum towards Home Rule petered out,
0:45:18 > 0:45:22a new era dawned, one that would have a profound influence on Scotland.
0:45:26 > 0:45:28Good afternoon, Prime Minister!
0:45:30 > 0:45:33Margaret Thatcher had a new vision for Britain,
0:45:33 > 0:45:38one inspired by the work of an 18th-century Scot called Adam Smith...
0:45:40 > 0:45:44The man who had given the world the idea of free trade.
0:45:47 > 0:45:53Smith believed that markets had to operate freely, according to their own fundamental laws.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00And in Margaret Thatcher's modern version of his idea,
0:46:00 > 0:46:04the free market had to be brought to bear with greatest urgency
0:46:04 > 0:46:07on Britain's nationalised industries.
0:46:17 > 0:46:21To her, these vast, dilapidated and inefficient concerns
0:46:21 > 0:46:25had been kept open by the state for purely social reasons -
0:46:25 > 0:46:28to provide jobs rather than make profit -
0:46:28 > 0:46:30something which couldn't go on.
0:46:33 > 0:46:37Shipbuilding had won a few battles, but had lost its war.
0:46:39 > 0:46:44And in the early 1980s, that other great pillar of Scottish industry,
0:46:44 > 0:46:47of Scottish life, came under threat...
0:46:51 > 0:46:53Coal.
0:46:56 > 0:47:00Coal had been nationalised to free the industry from the worst excesses
0:47:00 > 0:47:03of private ownership, of exploitation.
0:47:03 > 0:47:09But many of the pits had never been profitable and had been kept going only by subsidies.
0:47:09 > 0:47:14Now any pits that couldn't make money were to be closed.
0:47:24 > 0:47:28- MARGARET THATCHER:- Where there is discord, may we bring harmony.
0:47:28 > 0:47:31Where there is error, may we bring truth.
0:47:31 > 0:47:34Where there is doubt, may we bring faith.
0:47:34 > 0:47:38And where there is despair, may we bring hope.
0:47:52 > 0:47:57Can you describe when you became aware that the industry was going downhill?
0:47:57 > 0:48:01Was there a day came when you realised the game was up?
0:48:01 > 0:48:03I was sorry it was ever coming to that.
0:48:03 > 0:48:07I knew it was coming, but I was sorry, because there would be a lot of people with no jobs.
0:48:07 > 0:48:12- That was that. - It made so much sense, why all these towns were here.
0:48:12 > 0:48:16- They were either here to support a pit or for the steel... - That's how it was, aye.
0:48:16 > 0:48:22And now it's as if the tide's gone out and left these places high and dry.
0:48:22 > 0:48:23There's nothing left.
0:48:27 > 0:48:31Allanton, Shotts, Cumnock, Bonnyrigg...
0:48:31 > 0:48:35the list of places left behind as that tide went out
0:48:35 > 0:48:38stretches from one end of Central Scotland to the other.
0:48:44 > 0:48:50Those who had chosen to stay, those who had faced the future here in Scotland rather than emigrate
0:48:50 > 0:48:56were left adrift, as once and for all their way of life was lost.
0:49:01 > 0:49:08In the early 1980s, unemployment returned to levels unknown since the 1920s.
0:49:13 > 0:49:16If this was Margaret Thatcher's new vision of Britain,
0:49:16 > 0:49:20then it seemed to many Scots to be a place without compassion.
0:49:24 > 0:49:26And Scots began to notice
0:49:26 > 0:49:31that only a small number of them had voted for her and her party.
0:49:34 > 0:49:37When Margaret Thatcher and the Conservatives won the election in 1987,
0:49:37 > 0:49:40it was their third victory in a row.
0:49:40 > 0:49:45And the third time that Scotland voted overwhelmingly against her.
0:49:47 > 0:49:52Scotland was being ruled without the consent of the majority of its people,
0:49:52 > 0:49:56and at this rate, its national interests could be overlooked forever.
0:50:01 > 0:50:06As this reality sank in, Home Rule got a new lease of life.
0:50:10 > 0:50:14The idea of devolution had once divided Scottish opinion.
0:50:14 > 0:50:17What was needed now was a scheme that would unite.
0:50:20 > 0:50:25In 1988, many of the country's political and civic leaders met
0:50:25 > 0:50:29to thrash out a plan that would restore the Scottish people's right
0:50:29 > 0:50:31to decide their own form of government.
0:50:33 > 0:50:37A scheme based on the principle of self-determination.
0:50:43 > 0:50:45And here it is -
0:50:45 > 0:50:47a Claim of Right for Scotland.
0:50:47 > 0:50:51"We, gathered as the Scottish Constitutional Convention,
0:50:51 > 0:50:53"do hereby acknowledge and assert
0:50:53 > 0:50:57"the sovereign right of the Scottish people to determine the form of government
0:50:57 > 0:51:03"best suited to their needs. We further declare and pledge that our actions and deliberations
0:51:03 > 0:51:06"shall be directed to the following end -
0:51:06 > 0:51:10"to agree a scheme for an assembly or parliament for Scotland."
0:51:10 > 0:51:14And there, the second name - Donald Dewar.
0:51:14 > 0:51:19And after his, name after name, page after page.
0:51:22 > 0:51:25The Claim of Right was clear and unequivocal.
0:51:25 > 0:51:30The crisis of the 20th century had gone far beyond material things -
0:51:30 > 0:51:32beyond jobs, beyond housing.
0:51:32 > 0:51:36It threatened the very nature of Scotland's existence.
0:51:36 > 0:51:41The people should no longer be ruled without consent, said the Claim of Right,
0:51:41 > 0:51:45only a Scottish parliament could safeguard Scotland's identity now.
0:51:53 > 0:51:55One opposition party, the SNP,
0:51:55 > 0:51:57didn't back the Claim of Right,
0:51:57 > 0:52:04but for almost 60 years, their calls for a parliament had echoed across Scottish politics.
0:52:04 > 0:52:07With support for out and out independence increasing
0:52:07 > 0:52:11and Scotland's other opposition parties now committed to a parliament as well,
0:52:11 > 0:52:14Scotland grew restless.
0:52:16 > 0:52:20Among the people, a sense of nationhood grew and was heard.
0:52:20 > 0:52:25At Murrayfield, in 1990, Scots embraced
0:52:25 > 0:52:29their own unofficial national anthem for a rugby match against England.
0:52:29 > 0:52:32What song did they choose?
0:52:33 > 0:52:3860,000 Scots got behind their country and belted out the sentimental '60s
0:52:38 > 0:52:43folk song, Flower Of Scotland, and inspired Scotland to a famous victory
0:52:43 > 0:52:45over their oldest adversaries.
0:52:45 > 0:52:48BAGPIPES PLAY "Flower Of Scotland" THEN CROWD SINGS
0:52:48 > 0:52:53# Oh, flower of Scotland When will we see
0:52:53 > 0:52:57# Your like again?
0:52:57 > 0:53:02# That fought and died for
0:53:02 > 0:53:05# Your wee bit hill and glen
0:53:05 > 0:53:10# And stood against him
0:53:10 > 0:53:14# Proud Edward's army... #
0:53:14 > 0:53:16And the English team
0:53:16 > 0:53:19went right on singing God Save The Queen,
0:53:19 > 0:53:23as if England and Britain were one and the same thing.
0:53:23 > 0:53:28# ..Long live our noble Queen... #
0:53:28 > 0:53:30It was just sport.
0:53:30 > 0:53:32But it told its own story.
0:53:34 > 0:53:38People who had begun the century as loyal subjects of Britain had changed
0:53:38 > 0:53:43their allegiances and they no longer unquestioningly accepted that to be Scottish was,
0:53:43 > 0:53:46first and foremost, to be British.
0:54:11 > 0:54:13But Britain had changed too.
0:54:15 > 0:54:20The version of Britain that Scots had understood and supported was gone
0:54:20 > 0:54:23and it had been replaced with something very different,
0:54:23 > 0:54:27something that Scots didn't recognise as their own creation.
0:54:45 > 0:54:49Ravenscraig Steelworks had been the jewel of post-war planning,
0:54:49 > 0:54:54one of the foundations on which 20th-century Scotland was supposed to be built.
0:54:57 > 0:55:02By the time it came down in 1996, Scots the length and breadth
0:55:02 > 0:55:06of the country were united in an urgent mission to take back political control.
0:55:11 > 0:55:13The nation had a settled will.
0:55:32 > 0:55:36The birch trees are reclaiming the site of Ravenscraig.
0:55:36 > 0:55:41The furnaces, coke piles, iron stores and cooling towers
0:55:41 > 0:55:46are long gone, and now any traces of one version of the old Scotland
0:55:46 > 0:55:49are giving way to a much older one.
0:55:49 > 0:55:54The heavy industries of the 19th and 20th century have all but vanished.
0:55:54 > 0:55:56And Scotland, the land,
0:55:56 > 0:55:58is taking the place back.
0:55:58 > 0:56:04But what lingers is a sense that something has gone that has not yet been replaced.
0:56:10 > 0:56:13There once was a settled will.
0:56:13 > 0:56:17In 1999, that settled will was turned into a Parliament -
0:56:17 > 0:56:20not an assembly, but a Parliament.
0:56:24 > 0:56:28When hard economic times forced Scots to question the Union,
0:56:28 > 0:56:32Scotland created a new relationship with its old partner,
0:56:32 > 0:56:37and in doing so, helped to create a new kind of Britain.
0:56:38 > 0:56:42For most of the 20th century, Scotland's story was the story
0:56:42 > 0:56:47of a failing nation, one that couldn't keep hold of its population.
0:56:51 > 0:56:56In the first years of the 21st century, Scotland's story changed.
0:56:56 > 0:57:04Scotland became a place in which to stay rather than leave, a place to come to rather than go from.
0:57:06 > 0:57:11So what of the future for the 5 million people who live here today?
0:57:11 > 0:57:18As the 21st century stretches out ahead, what will fill the empty spaces, what will fill this void
0:57:18 > 0:57:21where the nations' industrial heart once beat?
0:57:24 > 0:57:27And what will become of us, as a nation?
0:57:27 > 0:57:34Is it "Scottish" that most defines us now, or does "British" still run deep too?
0:57:34 > 0:57:40Is Scotland's journey to self- determination at an end or is there more to come on the road ahead?
0:58:11 > 0:58:14Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd