0:02:53 > 0:02:56In Britain, two kinds of machine carried the deterrent.
0:02:56 > 0:02:58One of them is this, the Vulcan bomber.
0:03:01 > 0:03:04In a demonstration shown to the Prime Minister,
0:03:04 > 0:03:08it took four big Victor jet bombers less than five minutes
0:03:08 > 0:03:10from the alarm until the last bomber was away.
0:03:10 > 0:03:12These bombers form part of the celebrated
0:03:12 > 0:03:15V-force of Valiants, Vulcans and Victors.
0:03:15 > 0:03:18All capable of carrying the deterrent and launching it
0:03:18 > 0:03:20if ever the fatal signal was given.
0:03:22 > 0:03:25The Look At Life cameras were not allowed to see the thing this
0:03:25 > 0:03:29plane is designed to carry somewhere inside that mighty triangle.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33We only know it can destroy as much in one explosion as the entire
0:03:33 > 0:03:37Allied air forces accomplished in the six years of the Second World War.
0:04:08 > 0:04:11These marchers on London from Aldermaston are concerned
0:04:11 > 0:04:14with the biggest issue in the world today.
0:04:14 > 0:04:17Whatever the pros and cons of banning the hydrogen bomb may be,
0:04:17 > 0:04:21there is a protest that has brought together people from widely different spheres.
0:04:21 > 0:04:24Students and teachers, workers and bosses, the artists
0:04:24 > 0:04:28and the artless, wise heads and eggheads walking the same road.
0:04:36 > 0:04:41They may regard themselves as forerunners of what is to come - the uniting of humanity itself.
0:04:41 > 0:04:45But, in the meantime, humanity itself is divided about the safest way to get there.
0:06:06 > 0:06:09Half a city, 100 miles behind the Iron Curtain.
0:06:10 > 0:06:14Half a city the West rebuilt in the heart of Communist East Germany.
0:06:14 > 0:06:19The last outpost of Western democracy on the road to Moscow.
0:06:24 > 0:06:28The Kurfurstendamm is the Bond Street and Piccadilly of West Berlin.
0:06:28 > 0:06:32But as you travel east along it, the shops and bars get fewer
0:06:32 > 0:06:34and the noticeboards go up.
0:06:34 > 0:06:37Everything stops at the border with East Berlin.
0:06:57 > 0:07:00Frontier Police check cars on both sides of the border.
0:07:00 > 0:07:03The East German People's Police are on the alert.
0:07:05 > 0:07:08This bridge marks another part of the border.
0:07:08 > 0:07:11And on the other side Communist slogans are evident.
0:07:15 > 0:07:18A bear is the coat of arms of the West Berliners.
0:07:18 > 0:07:22They enjoy their days out at the zoo or in the park.
0:07:23 > 0:07:25The nearness of the slogans
0:07:25 > 0:07:28and the red flags doesn't stop the fountains playing.
0:07:36 > 0:07:40And here is the memorial to the men who lost their lives building
0:07:40 > 0:07:44the biggest air bridge of all time. That was 10 years ago.
0:07:44 > 0:07:47The Russians closed the roads into West Berlin
0:07:47 > 0:07:51and 2,250,000 people were fed, fuelled and clothed from the air.
0:07:57 > 0:08:01This year, Earl Attlee, Mayor Brandt, the generals
0:08:01 > 0:08:05and the politicians laid wreaths at the 10th anniversary ceremony.
0:08:09 > 0:08:11Today, the roads are open again.
0:08:11 > 0:08:16Under the watchful eye of the guards, the traffic flows freely.
0:08:16 > 0:08:22But the city stays divided. Beyond the Brandenburg Gate is East Berlin.
0:08:22 > 0:08:26And, on the border, is the Russian war memorial where armed red
0:08:26 > 0:08:28soldiers maintain a 24-hour patrol.
0:08:38 > 0:08:41Over the border go the West Berliners to spend their much
0:08:41 > 0:08:43more valuable West German marks.
0:08:46 > 0:08:49And the West Berlin police make a polite
0:08:49 > 0:08:51but thorough search of every car.
0:09:06 > 0:09:10East Berlin's Piccadilly is the Stalinallee with its huge
0:09:10 > 0:09:13blocks of flats, offices and state-owned department stores.
0:09:17 > 0:09:20Here too are slogans and propaganda posters.
0:09:21 > 0:09:26This one says, "Sweep away NATO. Make West Berlin clean."
0:09:29 > 0:09:32In East Berlin is the cemetery in the War Memorial Park
0:09:32 > 0:09:36of 6,000 Soviet soldiers who fell in the battle for Berlin.
0:09:36 > 0:09:38The statues were moulded in Moscow.
0:09:45 > 0:09:49The Soviet Union sends more tourists to East Germany than any
0:09:49 > 0:09:51other country, says the official handout.
0:09:51 > 0:09:54And some of the sites must be familiar to them.
0:09:54 > 0:09:58Functional blocks of flats on the Moscow pattern. A lot of them.
0:09:58 > 0:10:01But much of East Berlin has still to be rebuilt.
0:10:01 > 0:10:05Walk up the steps of any East Berlin tube station near the border
0:10:05 > 0:10:08and you're back with war damage as it was in 1945.
0:10:12 > 0:10:15But the biggest human hangover of the war is the endless
0:10:15 > 0:10:19stream of refugees. 10,000 a year.
0:10:19 > 0:10:23Walking, riding, hiding their way from East Germany to the West.
0:10:23 > 0:10:25How long will this stream go on?
0:10:47 > 0:10:48East German troops
0:10:48 > 0:10:52and police closed the border to stop the flow of refugees.
0:10:52 > 0:10:55Armoured cars are brought out under the cover of night to block
0:10:55 > 0:10:56the Brandenburg Gate.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03Barbed wire fences were rushed up.
0:11:07 > 0:11:09East German police were heavily reinforced.
0:11:12 > 0:11:14But all this was only a stunt.
0:11:14 > 0:11:17Within a few days, walls of cement blocks were being
0:11:17 > 0:11:21built across every street leading from East to West Berlin.
0:11:29 > 0:11:32Where West Berlin joins the Soviet zone of Germany,
0:11:32 > 0:11:35the border takes no account of jobs, homes or families.
0:11:35 > 0:11:38Here in the British sector, it runs down the middle of the street.
0:11:38 > 0:11:40On the right is West Berlin.
0:11:42 > 0:11:46The grass grown roadway on the left is in the Soviet zone.
0:11:46 > 0:11:50The British patrols must not cross the middle of the road.
0:11:50 > 0:11:52People living in the houses on the right look across the road
0:11:52 > 0:11:55at their neighbours and that's all they can do.
0:11:55 > 0:11:57They can't visit them, they can't telephone them,
0:11:57 > 0:12:01for the houses on the East side are fenced in with wire.
0:12:01 > 0:12:04And the phones to the West are cut off.
0:12:04 > 0:12:08And when the road turns to go into the Soviet zone, it is blocked.
0:12:08 > 0:12:09Like this.
0:12:11 > 0:12:14Behind the wire, the East German police, armed with Tommy guns,
0:12:14 > 0:12:19looking out from watchtowers, hiding in bushes, reporting every move.
0:12:23 > 0:12:27But the British, American and French troops live in constant readiness
0:12:27 > 0:12:30though Berliners do not see the exercises which, in the British sector,
0:12:30 > 0:12:32take place in the heart of the Berlin forest.
0:12:32 > 0:12:36Here, United States helicopters cooperate with British infantry and
0:12:36 > 0:12:40tanks in mock battles to keep men and machines at the peak of fitness.
0:13:38 > 0:13:42At the Potsdamer Platz, once one of Berlin's biggest squares,
0:13:42 > 0:13:44the wall is fortified with barbed wire.
0:13:44 > 0:13:49Behind it, steel girders embedded in concrete form a tank track.
0:13:50 > 0:13:53British soldiers keep watch on East German police.
0:13:57 > 0:13:59The police watch the British soldiers.
0:14:01 > 0:14:04When the wall was first built, angry West Berliners used to flock
0:14:04 > 0:14:08to the Brandenburg Gate but, today, they are forbidden to approach it.
0:14:08 > 0:14:11Only tourists from other countries and the patrolling British
0:14:11 > 0:14:14scout cars are allowed within 100 yards of it.
0:14:20 > 0:14:24These sightless windows look down on Bernauer Strasse in the French sector.
0:14:24 > 0:14:26The street of crosses.
0:14:27 > 0:14:30Each cross marks the spot where a man or woman has
0:14:30 > 0:14:33died in a desperate leap for freedom.
0:14:33 > 0:14:37Many more have been shot on the eastern side of the wall
0:14:37 > 0:14:38while trying to escape.
0:14:38 > 0:14:42Yet hundreds have managed to tunnel under the wall or climb over it
0:14:42 > 0:14:43or get through the wire.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46Among them are about 700 East German police and soldiers.
0:15:04 > 0:15:07Erected in an attempt to divide a people,
0:15:07 > 0:15:11the wall today stands as a symbol never intended by its builders.
0:15:11 > 0:15:13A symbol of the triumph of the spirit of man.
0:15:33 > 0:15:37A high-speed armed patrol boat of the Federal German Border Police
0:15:37 > 0:15:39sets out on a regular mission.
0:15:39 > 0:15:44She's patrolling an invisible line which runs out into the Baltic Sea.
0:15:44 > 0:15:47The start of the demarcation line between West Germany
0:15:47 > 0:15:50and the Communist-controlled East.
0:15:50 > 0:15:52Night and day of ceaseless watches kept
0:15:52 > 0:15:57all along the border by the West German force of more than 15,000 men.
0:15:57 > 0:16:01Trained to detect any changes in what has now become a formidable barrier.
0:16:04 > 0:16:07It began as a simple barbed wire fence.
0:16:07 > 0:16:11But now, as it runs through forests and plains, hills and valleys,
0:16:11 > 0:16:17it is often more of a military fortification in a zone three miles deep.
0:16:17 > 0:16:21In the border police headquarters, there are models of the new barriers.
0:16:24 > 0:16:27And here's the real thing running across the back
0:16:27 > 0:16:30garden of a house which is just inside West Germany.
0:16:30 > 0:16:34Down past the washing on the line goes the border guards to keep
0:16:34 > 0:16:37an eye on what is happening on the other side
0:16:37 > 0:16:38were 52,000 men of the so-called
0:16:38 > 0:16:43Border Command Of The People's Army Of East Germany keep watch on the West.
0:16:49 > 0:16:52To the wire fences have been added a ditch,
0:16:52 > 0:16:55a mine belt and a wide strip of land ploughed to show
0:16:55 > 0:16:58footprints of anybody trying to escape to the West.
0:17:04 > 0:17:07In the woods are East German patrols.
0:17:07 > 0:17:11Behind the river are barricades and, always, the observation towers.
0:17:11 > 0:17:14More than 500 of them have been built along the border.
0:17:21 > 0:17:25Photos are taken constantly of people looking across the border.
0:17:25 > 0:17:28Somewhere, no doubt, they are classified and indexed.
0:17:31 > 0:17:34As the people go about the streets on their daily work,
0:17:34 > 0:17:37they know they are being watched, always.
0:17:38 > 0:17:42The Iron Curtain dividing Germany joins the Czech frontier
0:17:42 > 0:17:44near the town of Hof.
0:17:44 > 0:17:47Roads leading out of it to the east come to an abrupt end.
0:17:47 > 0:17:49Minefields bar the way.
0:17:52 > 0:17:55On the Czechoslovakian frontier, things look much the same.
0:17:55 > 0:17:59German farmers work the land almost up to the dividing line.
0:17:59 > 0:18:02But, here, the wire fences are electrified with
0:18:02 > 0:18:05a force of 5,000 volts.
0:18:10 > 0:18:11Between Czechoslovakia
0:18:11 > 0:18:16and Austria, the traffic goes through recognised frontier posts.
0:18:22 > 0:18:24Like other Iron Curtain countries,
0:18:24 > 0:18:28Czechoslovakia is trying to attract more tourists from the West.
0:18:28 > 0:18:32But the restrictions on Czechs going abroad are still severe.
0:19:18 > 0:19:23Ever since it went behind the Iron Curtain, Hungary has been
0:19:23 > 0:19:26a closed book to most of the Western world.
0:19:26 > 0:19:28But, slowly, it is opening up again.
0:19:28 > 0:19:32Here in Budapest, 26 countries - Britain among them -
0:19:32 > 0:19:36are showing their wares at the annual trade fair,
0:19:36 > 0:19:38competing for a slice of a new market.
0:19:43 > 0:19:4540 British firms are represented here.
0:19:45 > 0:19:49Knitting machines are among a wide range of industrial goods.
0:19:53 > 0:19:56So is lighting equipment for cinema and television.
0:19:56 > 0:19:59But none of these is bought on the spot.
0:19:59 > 0:20:01It is an opportunity to show ordinary Hungarians
0:20:01 > 0:20:04the quality of the goods Britain makes.
0:20:04 > 0:20:07Buying is done by a state purchasing agency.
0:20:07 > 0:20:12The idea is that Hungarian technicians will be sufficiently interested to come to Britain
0:20:12 > 0:20:16and see goods, such as this copying machine, being produced.
0:20:16 > 0:20:18Out of such visits business will result.
0:20:25 > 0:20:32For years, Hungarians did most of their trade with other Iron Curtain countries.
0:20:32 > 0:20:34But Hungary is changing.
0:20:34 > 0:20:37Today, like other countries behind the Iron Curtain,
0:20:37 > 0:20:40she is looking for new ties through trade with Western Europe.
0:21:34 > 0:21:37For the first time, Look At Life brings to the cinema screen
0:21:37 > 0:21:41a series of four films on life in Russia today.
0:21:41 > 0:21:44Special permission was given to travel the Soviet Union far
0:21:44 > 0:21:48and wide to meet people in their homes, at work and at play.
0:21:49 > 0:21:52It must be something of a shock for many to
0:21:52 > 0:21:58stand in a Leningrad Street or a Moscow market and see, what? Angels?
0:21:58 > 0:22:01Bogeymen? Or people like themselves?
0:22:01 > 0:22:03For, to everyone outside it,
0:22:03 > 0:22:07the Soviet Union is not only a state but a state of mind.
0:22:07 > 0:22:10At one extreme they talk about a workers' paradise
0:22:10 > 0:22:13and at the other about the Communist menace.
0:22:13 > 0:22:15But everyone reacts to the word Russia.
0:22:20 > 0:22:22This is the time of celebration.
0:22:22 > 0:22:25The 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution.
0:22:30 > 0:22:34Giant dams and housing projects are a measure of the present
0:22:34 > 0:22:36but the past is not forgotten.
0:22:36 > 0:22:39Untold millions being spent on lovingly restoring
0:22:39 > 0:22:43the masterworks of the Russian past, particularly the fine churches,
0:22:43 > 0:22:45many of which are still functioning.
0:22:48 > 0:22:50The Soviets love the biggest and best
0:22:50 > 0:22:53and here in Moscow is the world's biggest hotel.
0:22:55 > 0:22:58In the middle of the city, a giant swimming pool.
0:23:03 > 0:23:07No need to detail the achievements of Soviet sportsmen.
0:23:14 > 0:23:17Or to dwell on the frightening military might of a superpower.
0:23:34 > 0:23:36Perhaps a greater achievement still is
0:23:36 > 0:23:40the transformation of a semiliterate peasant people
0:23:40 > 0:23:44into one of the most advanced technological nations on Earth.
0:25:14 > 0:25:18Nothing unusual about this iron shot except that it was
0:25:18 > 0:25:20played behind the Iron Curtain.
0:25:20 > 0:25:23To Communists, golf is a bourgeois game.
0:25:23 > 0:25:24There are no courses in Russia.
0:25:24 > 0:25:28But this is not Russia, it is Czechoslovakia.
0:25:28 > 0:25:31Whatever the outcome was to be in the events of 1968,
0:25:31 > 0:25:35the Czechs in that summer were enjoying their new freedom.
0:25:42 > 0:25:46Jazz, folk and pop were all the rage.
0:25:46 > 0:25:49Students could and did discuss anything openly.
0:25:56 > 0:25:59Censorship had been abolished in the press, radio and television.
0:26:05 > 0:26:10An astonishing thing to find in a Communist capital...flower people.
0:26:10 > 0:26:12As everywhere, most adults disapproved
0:26:12 > 0:26:14but the point was nobody stopped them.
0:26:17 > 0:26:20Life in Prague had become pleasant and carefree
0:26:20 > 0:26:23but freedoms are hard-won, easy-lost.
0:26:24 > 0:26:28Czechoslovakia is strangely placed. Hemmed in by six countries.
0:26:36 > 0:26:38All of them, especially Russia,
0:26:38 > 0:26:41deeply concerned with the changing pattern of Czech life.
0:26:41 > 0:26:44But Czechs are no strangers to change and upheaval.
0:26:44 > 0:26:47They've been around a long time, as this ancient
0:26:47 > 0:26:49and beautiful city of Prague goes to show.
0:27:04 > 0:27:06But idyllic scenes like this,
0:27:06 > 0:27:09although fine for the tourists, are a headache for those striving
0:27:09 > 0:27:12to improve Czechoslovakia's economic status.
0:27:12 > 0:27:14The same people who instigated the reforms.
0:27:15 > 0:27:18At the head, Mr Dubcek, the party secretary
0:27:18 > 0:27:22whose pursuit of a middle path won the applause of the majority.
0:27:24 > 0:27:27With him, Mr Cernik, the Prime Minister.
0:27:27 > 0:27:30Both seeking to lead the country along paths of social
0:27:30 > 0:27:33and economic reform whilst preserving the one-party system
0:27:33 > 0:27:36and the firm alliances that exist with the Soviet Bloc.
0:28:59 > 0:29:02Subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing by Red Bee Media Ltd