0:02:38 > 0:02:41To a devout minority, the Sabbath is a day of worship.
0:02:41 > 0:02:44A day on which no unnecessary work should be done.
0:02:44 > 0:02:47But even the great cathedrals don't always attract big congregations.
0:02:49 > 0:02:52Though there are some churches which are nearly always full.
0:02:52 > 0:02:54The village church still remains one of the centres of
0:02:54 > 0:02:56Britain's country life.
0:02:56 > 0:03:00Yet it is estimated that although half the population officially belong
0:03:00 > 0:03:03to a church, only about 1 person in 10 goes regularly.
0:03:06 > 0:03:10People disagree strongly about Sunday and how it should be spent.
0:03:10 > 0:03:13The opposition is organised and influential.
0:03:13 > 0:03:16The Lord's Day Observance Society believes firmly in the
0:03:16 > 0:03:20traditional Sunday and much, though not all, church opinion is behind it.
0:03:20 > 0:03:23To millions of people, perhaps the great majority,
0:03:23 > 0:03:25Sunday is the day for getting out and about.
0:03:27 > 0:03:30While most of the shops stay closed, the street markets in London do a
0:03:30 > 0:03:33huge business and are part of the Sunday scene.
0:03:33 > 0:03:35The national playgrounds are crowded,
0:03:35 > 0:03:37there's hardly room to move on the river.
0:03:37 > 0:03:39But a man can always moor up alongside
0:03:39 > 0:03:42and relax away from the mainstream if he wants to.
0:03:42 > 0:03:45That's the charm of Sunday - it can be spent to fit most moods.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00We live in an age of stress and life in a
0:04:00 > 0:04:02big town or city is no rest cure.
0:04:09 > 0:04:13Today, 20th century blues, or what doctors call emotional illness,
0:04:13 > 0:04:16affect all sorts of people at some time or another.
0:04:26 > 0:04:28And it's partly due to the conditions in which we
0:04:28 > 0:04:31live and work, to this kind of thing.
0:04:31 > 0:04:34No wonder some people get jittery and nervous, excited or depressed.
0:04:34 > 0:04:38No wonder heads ache and hearts thump and blood pressure goes up.
0:04:38 > 0:04:42We live tightly jammed among a mass of restrictions which
0:04:42 > 0:04:44in themselves can cause irritation.
0:04:44 > 0:04:47This sixpenny sentinel for instance.
0:04:47 > 0:04:49And in the closely packed suburbs is the eternal fight to
0:04:49 > 0:04:51keep up with the Joneses.
0:04:51 > 0:04:54Doctors have a name for it - they call it suburban neurosis.
0:04:56 > 0:05:00Stress is part of the price we pay for progress as life gets
0:05:00 > 0:05:03faster and noisier - some days you can almost scream.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08But stress builds up inside and what really gets people down is
0:05:08 > 0:05:10one unsolved problem on top of another.
0:05:11 > 0:05:15Look at this chap. A businessman may complicate his ordinary
0:05:15 > 0:05:18business worries by fears of the future - he may be too ambitious,
0:05:18 > 0:05:23he may worry about the chaps who are after his job. All this builds
0:05:23 > 0:05:25up tension which can affect people in factories just as much
0:05:25 > 0:05:29in offices and which isn't left behind when he goes home.
0:05:29 > 0:05:32Many business executives are victims of tension and
0:05:32 > 0:05:34here, in a castle, is one of the clinics
0:05:34 > 0:05:36which has been created to help them.
0:05:37 > 0:05:41Patients come from all over the country, from some of the 2,000 firms
0:05:41 > 0:05:45which have been invited to send their executives for rest and treatment.
0:05:55 > 0:05:59Inside the castle are all the appliances of modern treatment -
0:05:59 > 0:06:00for instance, the jet spray.
0:06:04 > 0:06:07The electric light bath can wind a man down and tone him up.
0:06:08 > 0:06:11This is a kind of bathing whose end product is health.
0:06:12 > 0:06:15I wonder what those blokes at the office are doing now?
0:06:18 > 0:06:21Well, there are worse ways of spending time.
0:06:21 > 0:06:24And foam baths never did those film beauties any harm.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31So much for the body, but what of the mind?
0:06:32 > 0:06:36Some people take the easy way out, they take pills.
0:06:36 > 0:06:38It's an incredible fact that in Britain today,
0:06:38 > 0:06:43we swallow more than a million happiness pills every 24 hours.
0:06:43 > 0:06:47We are spending on tranquilisers around £6 million a year.
0:06:47 > 0:06:51These pills are meant to reduce tension without clouding the mind.
0:06:51 > 0:06:54Some students use them to get through exams and motorists
0:06:54 > 0:06:57have been known to take them to settle those driving test nerves.
0:06:57 > 0:06:59But tranquilisers are open to misuse
0:06:59 > 0:07:01and they don't remove the real causes of stress.
0:07:10 > 0:07:13While industry is beginning to look after its workers,
0:07:13 > 0:07:15nothing much seems to be done in the home
0:07:15 > 0:07:17where stress can be just as acute.
0:07:28 > 0:07:32Stress, say the doctors, often starts in childhood, but it's not
0:07:32 > 0:07:36always the child on whose mind frustration leaves its impression.
0:07:36 > 0:07:39To any mother, the daily round of shopping, taking the children
0:07:39 > 0:07:41to school and looking after the family
0:07:41 > 0:07:44can sometimes become a bit overwhelming.
0:07:56 > 0:07:59Is it any wonder that some women find that they just can't cope?
0:08:08 > 0:08:10And here's a mixture for making what has come to be known
0:08:10 > 0:08:14throughout the world simply as The Pill.
0:08:14 > 0:08:17Millions of words have been written for and against it.
0:08:17 > 0:08:21For this little white tablet is more explosive than dynamite.
0:08:21 > 0:08:24Sermons have been preached on it, men and women have argued over it.
0:08:24 > 0:08:27It's the most controversial pill ever produced and today
0:08:27 > 0:08:31it's being taken by nearly half a million women in Britain alone.
0:08:31 > 0:08:34Scientifically, it's a dramatic step forward in the control of nature.
0:09:14 > 0:09:17These marches on London from Aldermaston are concerned
0:09:17 > 0:09:20with the biggest issue in the world today. Whatever the pros and cons
0:09:20 > 0:09:24of banning the hydrogen bomb may be, theirs is a protest which has
0:09:24 > 0:09:26brought together people from widely different spheres -
0:09:26 > 0:09:28students and teachers, workers and bosses,
0:09:28 > 0:09:31they may regard themselves as forerunners
0:09:31 > 0:09:34of what is to come, the uniting of humanity itself. But in the
0:09:34 > 0:09:38meantime, humanity itself is divided about the safest way to get there.
0:09:39 > 0:09:41These voices will have to fill more of Britain
0:09:41 > 0:09:44than Trafalgar Square to change a country's mind.
0:09:44 > 0:09:47They're emphasising the right of people to protest, to make
0:09:47 > 0:09:51themselves heard whether other people listen to them or not.
0:10:10 > 0:10:15One of the exciting things about London is the astonishing mixture
0:10:15 > 0:10:19of races - not a colour, a religion, a nationality is unrepresented.
0:10:19 > 0:10:20This has been so for centuries
0:10:20 > 0:10:23and the capital has never ceased to profit by it.
0:10:23 > 0:10:24What with their Red Guards
0:10:24 > 0:10:28and hydrogen bombs, the Chinese make a lot of noise in China.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32But in England, they are usually the quietest immigrants of all.
0:10:32 > 0:10:35In the '50s, there was scarcely a Chinese restaurant to be found
0:10:35 > 0:10:38outside the big cities. There are 20 today for every one
0:10:38 > 0:10:40a mere ten years ago and this spells
0:10:40 > 0:10:42a revolution in British eating habits.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45Half the fun of Chinese eating is having a go with
0:10:45 > 0:10:48the chopsticks. But if you want to really eat the Chinese way, you
0:10:48 > 0:10:53should make lots of noise, especially with the soup, it shows you like it.
0:10:53 > 0:10:55Strange how manners can differ -
0:10:55 > 0:10:57noisy eating, yet no Chinese gentleman
0:10:57 > 0:11:00would dream of blowing his nose in public.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03Our debt to China is not only for food,
0:11:03 > 0:11:07their art has enriched Western culture for centuries.
0:11:07 > 0:11:11Britain's Chinese, about 45,000 in number, many of very humble,
0:11:11 > 0:11:14peasant origin, are remarkably law-abiding -
0:11:14 > 0:11:16cause the authorities virtually no trouble.
0:11:16 > 0:11:20Many are here without families, bent on saving enough to go back
0:11:20 > 0:11:22to Hong Kong and start their own businesses.
0:11:22 > 0:11:25Not all the Chinese in Britain are manual workers.
0:11:25 > 0:11:29At the other end of the scale, a fine house in Hampstead,
0:11:29 > 0:11:31property of ship-owner, P Y Shoo.
0:11:32 > 0:11:36The Shoos have been in England 17 years now, completely integrated
0:11:36 > 0:11:39with English life socially and in business. They yet preserve at
0:11:39 > 0:11:43home the disciplined tranquillity - the way of life consciously
0:11:43 > 0:11:47evolved over thousands of years that modern China has largely rejected.
0:11:59 > 0:12:03The first Poles to come to Britain settled in Scotland in 1830.
0:12:03 > 0:12:08This leather manufacturer was one of the 60,000 more who came with
0:12:08 > 0:12:13the Free Polish Forces in 1940 after their country had been overrun.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17Today, only about 4,500 Poles remain in Scotland.
0:12:17 > 0:12:19Most of the community live in the south of England.
0:12:19 > 0:12:22Britain's principle Polish club is the Polish Hearth,
0:12:22 > 0:12:26in South Kensington, which was started in 1940 as a centre
0:12:26 > 0:12:28for the Free Polish Forces.
0:12:28 > 0:12:31More Poles have settled in the Ealing area of West London
0:12:31 > 0:12:33than in any other part of Britain.
0:12:33 > 0:12:36Many have changed their jobs to make a living.
0:12:36 > 0:12:40Ealing grocer Stefan Rozwadowski was once a textile engineer,
0:12:40 > 0:12:42now he sells Polish food to Polish housewives
0:12:42 > 0:12:44and to some English ones, as well.
0:12:45 > 0:12:49You'll find Poles in almost every walk of life in Britain today.
0:12:49 > 0:12:51Mateusz Grabowski, for instance,
0:12:51 > 0:12:55is a chemist with one of the most unusual chemist shops in the country.
0:12:55 > 0:12:57At the back of it, he has a gallery in which he
0:12:57 > 0:13:00displays the works of modern painters and sculptors
0:13:00 > 0:13:02who might not otherwise have exhibitions.
0:13:05 > 0:13:09Though most of Britain's Poles take a full part in everyday life,
0:13:09 > 0:13:12many of them keep up their national customs.
0:13:12 > 0:13:14Here, for instance, at the Polish Young People's Club in
0:13:14 > 0:13:19South Kensington, Olga's dancing group perform traditional dances.
0:13:19 > 0:13:22HE SINGS IN POLISH
0:13:46 > 0:13:49Today, many young Poles would feel much more at home doing
0:13:49 > 0:13:52the Twist. For although Britain's Poles will always be
0:13:52 > 0:13:54proud of their heritage, they are more
0:13:54 > 0:13:58interested in marching into tomorrow than in looking back to yesterday.
0:14:21 > 0:14:25Over the last 10 years, West Indians have been flocking into Britain.
0:14:25 > 0:14:28Today, there are some 350,000 of them living here,
0:14:28 > 0:14:31nearly half of them in London.
0:14:31 > 0:14:32Why do they come to this country?
0:14:32 > 0:14:35To find jobs and better opportunities and because, as
0:14:35 > 0:14:38British subjects, they look on Britain as their second home.
0:14:43 > 0:14:47Their own homelands, ten beautiful islands in the sun which
0:14:47 > 0:14:50for 300 years have been part of the British Commonwealth and Empire,
0:14:50 > 0:14:55cannot provide work for them all in a rapidly increasing population.
0:14:55 > 0:14:57These West Indians were among the last to
0:14:57 > 0:15:00arrive at Southampton before immigration was controlled.
0:15:15 > 0:15:19At Waterloo Station, many were met by relatives and friends,
0:15:19 > 0:15:22but some had no-one to greet them.
0:15:22 > 0:15:25Others had only addresses in Manchester, Birmingham or Leeds.
0:15:25 > 0:15:26To get them on their way,
0:15:26 > 0:15:29reception committees worked throughout the night.
0:15:34 > 0:15:37As most of the West Indies live by agriculture, the majority
0:15:37 > 0:15:40who've come to Britain are unskilled for industry,
0:15:40 > 0:15:43so jobs present a major problem.
0:15:43 > 0:15:46London Transport has a highly successful scheme which recruits
0:15:46 > 0:15:49bus conductors from Barbados, one of the West Indian islands.
0:15:49 > 0:15:52Candidates are chosen on the island and some 200 of them
0:15:52 > 0:15:55come to Britain every year to join London's bus conductor force
0:15:55 > 0:15:57of more than 14,000 men and women.
0:16:07 > 0:16:10A day's outing and it's raining.
0:16:10 > 0:16:13Britain's climate is something else that West Indians have
0:16:13 > 0:16:16to get used to. This party is off to Clacton-on-Sea.
0:16:24 > 0:16:278,000 West Indians served in the British forces during the war
0:16:27 > 0:16:31and about 1,000 a year came to Britain just after the war.
0:16:31 > 0:16:34It was during the early '50s that immigration started in earnest,
0:16:34 > 0:16:38when 20,000 a year were arriving here, practically all men.
0:16:38 > 0:16:41But over the next five years, more and more women
0:16:41 > 0:16:44and children arrived to create a family pattern.
0:16:49 > 0:16:52They're essentially a simple, fun-loving people
0:16:52 > 0:16:55and this sort of outing makes them forget their worries.
0:17:02 > 0:17:05For a few hours, they can escape the bewilderment of trying to
0:17:05 > 0:17:08adjust themselves to living in a world of different customs
0:17:08 > 0:17:09and different outlooks.
0:17:09 > 0:17:11Old prejudices die hard
0:17:11 > 0:17:15and misunderstandings can become even more confusing.
0:17:15 > 0:17:17Though if you're very young, your problems tend to be different.
0:17:33 > 0:17:3825 years ago, not one father in 10,000 saw his baby born.
0:17:38 > 0:17:41Today, more and more fathers like to be there, especially at home.
0:17:45 > 0:17:49Accountant Fred Brown saw both his children's births.
0:17:49 > 0:17:52Buckinghamshire was one of the first counties to run mothers' clubs,
0:17:52 > 0:17:54held in the evenings when fathers can babysit.
0:18:02 > 0:18:04One of the lectures is on the dangers to children
0:18:04 > 0:18:08in the home, with special emphasis on inflammable garments...
0:18:12 > 0:18:14..and non-inflammable materials.
0:18:18 > 0:18:21Meanwhile, Father is finding some hazards too.
0:18:36 > 0:18:40Here, at one of Britain's only chain of combined mother and baby shops,
0:18:40 > 0:18:44she chooses an all-purpose suit that will stretch as the baby gets bigger.
0:18:47 > 0:18:5029 of these shops have been opened in London in three years.
0:18:50 > 0:18:53It's amazing what you can get for babies these days -
0:18:53 > 0:18:56there's a bottle and teat that can be sterilised together,
0:18:56 > 0:18:59an example of how designers are concentrating on producing
0:18:59 > 0:19:02goods to make mothers' lives easier and save time.
0:19:13 > 0:19:16Bedford and Coventry, Glasgow, Oxford, Cambridge
0:19:16 > 0:19:19and Gloucester, Basildon and Bishop Stortford, London, Liverpool,
0:19:19 > 0:19:22Birmingham are just a few of the places where new city
0:19:22 > 0:19:25and shopping centres are changing the way of life for millions.
0:19:30 > 0:19:33The Bull Ring has been a flourishing trade centre for over 1,000 years
0:19:33 > 0:19:36and is now probably the most advanced of its kind in the world -
0:19:36 > 0:19:4123 acres of it under one roof, built at a cost of £8 million.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44Department stores, markets, supermarkets, a hundred shops,
0:19:44 > 0:19:48escalators to transport 150,000 people an hour.
0:19:48 > 0:19:50The problem of getting to and from the Bull Ring has been
0:19:50 > 0:19:53superbly solved - ring motorways lead into car parks.
0:20:09 > 0:20:12The architects have striven to retain something of
0:20:12 > 0:20:14the character of the old Bull Ring.
0:20:14 > 0:20:17This poultry and fish market, for instance, where independent traders
0:20:17 > 0:20:20compete and competition there rarely seems to be - not many places will
0:20:20 > 0:20:22sell you chicken at one and tuppence a pound.
0:20:45 > 0:20:48All sorts of household goods are nowadays weighed not
0:20:48 > 0:20:52just in pounds and ounces, but in kilos and grams, as well.
0:20:52 > 0:20:55It makes it simpler to market them on the Continent.
0:20:59 > 0:21:02In these ways, we are gradually getting used to new weights
0:21:02 > 0:21:04and measures without realising it.
0:21:11 > 0:21:13Some goods, such as wine, are sold on a
0:21:13 > 0:21:16mixture of the two systems, the old and the new.
0:21:19 > 0:21:21And in places like Soho,
0:21:21 > 0:21:23many a shop will serve a kilo as casually
0:21:23 > 0:21:25as it'll serve a couple of pounds.
0:21:27 > 0:21:29The change is already starting,
0:21:29 > 0:21:33although the beauty queens are still 36-22-36.
0:21:33 > 0:21:37It may be many years yet before they are 90-55-90 in centimetres.
0:21:37 > 0:21:40But luckily they'll still look the same.
0:21:40 > 0:21:44But the big change will be when we finally decide to go over to
0:21:44 > 0:21:48decimal coinage, for pounds shillings and pence, with some
0:21:48 > 0:21:52units split into 12 and others split into 20, are a real headache for
0:21:52 > 0:21:56foreigners - so they are to everyone who isn't quick at figuring.
0:21:56 > 0:21:58A decimal coinage would do away with threepenny bits
0:21:58 > 0:22:02and half-crowns. Instead, we'd have a main unit like a pound
0:22:02 > 0:22:04and a cent - all so much simpler.
0:22:31 > 0:22:34Rubbish, refuse, garbage,
0:22:34 > 0:22:39litter, trash, junk and scrap.
0:22:39 > 0:22:43Our instant way of living out of cans, bottles, bags and packets
0:22:43 > 0:22:49merely helps to aggravate the debris generated by our throwaway society.
0:22:49 > 0:22:51The waste we create in this routine living
0:22:51 > 0:22:55averages 2lb a day for every person in Britain,
0:22:55 > 0:23:00and every two or three hundredweight of it averages a cubic yard in size.
0:23:00 > 0:23:01On the shelves of stores
0:23:01 > 0:23:04and supermarkets throughout the country thousands of commodities
0:23:04 > 0:23:08each have their own separate containers. Nearly everything we
0:23:08 > 0:23:13eat or use is wrapped in something - either a can, a bottle, a bag or
0:23:13 > 0:23:17a packet. Soon these containers are adding to the pile in the dustbin.
0:23:21 > 0:23:25Shall we burn it? Grind it? Pulverise it?
0:23:25 > 0:23:26Take it to sea and sink it?
0:23:26 > 0:23:29Or pile it up somewhere else?
0:23:29 > 0:23:31Refuse disposal is quite a problem
0:23:31 > 0:23:34but to the resourceful ones it's also an opportunity.
0:23:35 > 0:23:39Take wastepaper, for instance. At the end of a pen pusher's day,
0:23:39 > 0:23:43there's an awful lot of paper in the basket. So after collection with
0:23:43 > 0:23:46all the other rubbish, it's sorted and baled at the delivery centre.
0:23:52 > 0:23:57So, collected, sorted, baled, transported, pulped,
0:23:57 > 0:24:01cleansed, sterilised, rolled, pressed, printed and stitched.
0:24:01 > 0:24:05Last week's letters, memos and wrappings have become next
0:24:05 > 0:24:07week's brand-new cartons and containers.
0:24:17 > 0:24:22In a world where costs keep rising, we just can't afford to waste.
0:24:22 > 0:24:25But is there anybody who doesn't waste something?
0:24:32 > 0:24:38The rag and bone merchant with his horse and cart, his grotesque heap of junk and his vociferous street cry
0:24:38 > 0:24:43is a fading scene. When mass production can so easily replace
0:24:43 > 0:24:47things, piecemeal collection and sale of junk offers little reward.
0:24:47 > 0:24:52Of the wares he collects, assorted rags are perhaps the most negotiable.
0:24:52 > 0:24:56After sorting, the cotton rags become industrial cleaning material,
0:24:56 > 0:24:58carpet felt and roof felt.
0:25:13 > 0:25:15For generations, families have roasted
0:25:15 > 0:25:18themselves round the living room fire with most of the heat
0:25:18 > 0:25:22going up the chimney, by the way, and then frozen upstairs.
0:25:22 > 0:25:25Until recently, only two and a half million of the 17 million
0:25:25 > 0:25:29homes in Britain had any form of central heating.
0:25:29 > 0:25:32It's still a bit of a novelty, but it's catching on.
0:25:32 > 0:25:35And now, 400,000 new installations are being put into homes each
0:25:35 > 0:25:39year to give all the year round domestic hot water supplies
0:25:39 > 0:25:42and a constant temperature in the rooms.
0:25:42 > 0:25:46At long last the experts are being called in to provide a degree of
0:25:46 > 0:25:50comfort which used to be considered a luxury, if not downright immoral.
0:26:05 > 0:26:09Here, people can look at the various methods of central heating -
0:26:09 > 0:26:14electricity, gas, solid fuel and oil -
0:26:14 > 0:26:16and get advice on which best suits their own needs.
0:26:24 > 0:26:27No less than £100 million is being spent annually on
0:26:27 > 0:26:30heating appliances and having them installed.
0:26:31 > 0:26:34Yet, unless the houses are efficiently insulated,
0:26:34 > 0:26:38and most of them aren't, one third of all the heat produced
0:26:38 > 0:26:42escapes through doors, windows, walls and roof.
0:26:42 > 0:26:44The surprising thing is that there are
0:26:44 > 0:26:47no official standards for insulating houses.
0:26:48 > 0:26:52Insulated homes manage on much smaller radiators and heat can
0:26:52 > 0:26:56be prevented from escaping through the cavity walls by filling them in.
0:27:05 > 0:27:09Some people put the sun to work. Large quantities of solar radiation
0:27:09 > 0:27:12still get through even on cloudy days in Britain.
0:27:15 > 0:27:18The same idea is being used on this Cheshire housing estate,
0:27:18 > 0:27:21where some of the houses are having solar panels fitted.
0:27:21 > 0:27:24They'll produce 30 gallons of domestic hot water
0:27:24 > 0:27:28a day by preheating it to 85 degrees Fahrenheit
0:27:28 > 0:27:30and thus cut down on fuel bills.
0:27:31 > 0:27:34This well-insulated school at Wallasey in Cheshire has no
0:27:34 > 0:27:37central heating and for several years now,
0:27:37 > 0:27:39it's had no heating bills either.
0:27:39 > 0:27:44It's the first school in Britain to be heated by solar radiation.
0:27:44 > 0:27:47With the cost of fuel still going up, you would think
0:27:47 > 0:27:51the problem of wasting heat ought to be a matter of national importance -
0:27:51 > 0:27:54we can't really afford to go on warming up the sky.
0:28:35 > 0:28:38Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd