0:00:02 > 0:00:06My interest in the mining business stems from when I was a boy.
0:00:06 > 0:00:10People don't realise that in this village
0:00:10 > 0:00:14there were about nine collieries,
0:00:14 > 0:00:18as well as the Darcy Lever Coal and Terracotta Company.
0:00:18 > 0:00:20Most of the pit-owners
0:00:20 > 0:00:23lived in this neighbourhood.
0:00:23 > 0:00:28The far end was called "dolly tub city" - they took washing in
0:00:28 > 0:00:30to subsidise their poor wages.
0:01:04 > 0:01:07Bolton had its share of collieries.
0:01:07 > 0:01:12The areas around Bolton were heavily mined up until the 1900s.
0:01:12 > 0:01:17Just down here are the remains of Ladyshore colliery
0:01:17 > 0:01:19where I cycled as a small boy.
0:01:19 > 0:01:24Amazing site, the whole basin where the pit were,
0:01:24 > 0:01:28were completely full of canal boats, all sunk.
0:01:28 > 0:01:30They all had LMS Railway Company
0:01:30 > 0:01:35or Ladyshore Coal Company on their prows and sterns.
0:01:35 > 0:01:38My auntie, she used to say to me,
0:01:38 > 0:01:43"There's a mine shaft under my house" - I half believed her.
0:01:43 > 0:01:48But when she died, and the road eventually got demolished,
0:01:48 > 0:01:54just where her house was, there's a chestnut fence about 60 foot square.
0:01:54 > 0:01:57She must have known something.
0:01:58 > 0:02:04Now these pithead remains are all that's left of the mine here.
0:02:04 > 0:02:10But there are still some mines that show what it was like to be a miner.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13I went over to the Yorkshire coalfield.
0:02:13 > 0:02:18The National Coal Mining Museum is near Wakefield, in West Yorkshire.
0:02:18 > 0:02:25Work has stopped, but the mine is as it was when it was still working.
0:02:27 > 0:02:32Not long ago, England had a vast mining industry.
0:02:32 > 0:02:36It's very sad to say it's practically nearly all gone.
0:02:36 > 0:02:41There are still lots of places like Caphouse colliery, here,
0:02:41 > 0:02:46where you can still go below ground and see how it used to be.
0:02:52 > 0:02:55- Now then, David.- All right, Fred?
0:02:55 > 0:02:59Not so bad. I see you've still got a wooden headgear.
0:02:59 > 0:03:04- Aye, it's one of the only ones left in Europe.- I can imagine!
0:03:04 > 0:03:08- This engine was installed in 1876. - Yeah.
0:03:08 > 0:03:11It was in regular use until 1979.
0:03:11 > 0:03:17- I see you've got an aviary as well! - Aye, one or two swallows in.
0:03:20 > 0:03:24- This is the pit bank. - This is it - where we descend.
0:03:24 > 0:03:29This is a brass coin, so we know how many people are underground at once.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33- If anything happens, you know where I am!- Right.
0:03:33 > 0:03:36After you, Fred, in you go.
0:03:36 > 0:03:38Mind your head.
0:03:38 > 0:03:40Yeah!
0:03:40 > 0:03:45'This one isn't very deep but in some pits,
0:03:45 > 0:03:48'the cage went down 3,000 feet.
0:03:48 > 0:03:54'When you got down, the coalface might have been a mile away.'
0:03:54 > 0:03:57This is where the tour starts, date-wise.
0:03:57 > 0:04:01- We're talking early 1800s. - That looks a bit grim!
0:04:01 > 0:04:06It's the New Hard's coal seam. He'd pick it off the solid,
0:04:06 > 0:04:08and shovel it onto that sledge.
0:04:08 > 0:04:11This woman - his daughter or wife -
0:04:11 > 0:04:14would drag the sledge down here.
0:04:14 > 0:04:19This little lad is the door trapper. He'd open and close that door
0:04:19 > 0:04:24once she'd gone through, to keep the ventilation going.
0:04:24 > 0:04:28Round here are some of the drilling machines we used.
0:04:28 > 0:04:32- See, there's a very early hatchet one.- Aye.
0:04:32 > 0:04:35Hydraulic and compressed air ones.
0:04:35 > 0:04:40The miners' equivalent to Black & Decker - a portable electric drill.
0:04:40 > 0:04:44- Weighing half a ton! - Bit on the heavy side.
0:04:44 > 0:04:49A chap would hold it on his shoulder and three would shove at the back.
0:04:49 > 0:04:53That were all instead of them fancy props.
0:04:53 > 0:04:57Start with a drill that long, finish with one of eight foot.
0:04:57 > 0:05:01This is the business end of the job.
0:05:01 > 0:05:04- Aye.- A shearing machine, disc there.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08That's designed to give us small coal for power stations.
0:05:08 > 0:05:12- It's like a grindstone. - Just grinds it up into powder.
0:05:12 > 0:05:18'Despite modern equipment, it was still a dangerous place to work.
0:05:18 > 0:05:21'Coal used to be cut by a hewer.'
0:05:21 > 0:05:27The miner would use a small pick and lie on his side
0:05:27 > 0:05:30to undercut the coal seam.
0:05:30 > 0:05:34As a miner, you always had to live with danger.
0:05:34 > 0:05:40In such a hazardous environment, workers had to rely on each other.
0:05:40 > 0:05:44Because of this, a strong sense of comradeship developed,
0:05:44 > 0:05:48probably more than in any other industry.
0:05:48 > 0:05:52This affected daily life. Mining communities were very close
0:05:52 > 0:05:57with strong loyalties, and a great sense of tradition.
0:05:57 > 0:06:01The thing is, none of this is ancient history.
0:06:01 > 0:06:06In 1947, there were nearly 750,000 miners in this country.
0:06:06 > 0:06:12During the strikes of 1984, there were still over 200,000 miners.
0:06:12 > 0:06:17But there's no trace left of all their pits,
0:06:17 > 0:06:22and the communities they lived in have all been completely changed.
0:06:25 > 0:06:31One of these communities was at Newtongrange, south of Edinburgh.
0:06:31 > 0:06:36Lady Victoria colliery was closed in 1981, but all the buildings
0:06:36 > 0:06:40have been preserved as the Scottish Mining Museum.
0:06:40 > 0:06:42The colliery's pipe band goes on.
0:06:42 > 0:06:48BAND PLAYS "Scotland The Brave"
0:07:26 > 0:07:31You can't go underground here, but the surface workings are impressive.
0:07:31 > 0:07:37Sad as well, when you think of the men working here, all the activity.
0:07:37 > 0:07:42This is the area where the maintenance men did their stuff.
0:07:42 > 0:07:47They got all the locomotives and pit ponies, that sort of thing.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51This is the bell that did the signalling.
0:07:51 > 0:07:55I don't think anyone will come now.
0:07:55 > 0:07:57Yeah, this is the top of the shaft
0:07:57 > 0:08:03which went down, I think, for...1,500 feet
0:08:03 > 0:08:06into the bowels of the Earth.
0:08:06 > 0:08:08All very quiet.
0:08:10 > 0:08:16None of these places can give you a real feel for what it was like -
0:08:16 > 0:08:19the dirt, noise and sheer violence.
0:08:19 > 0:08:25A record-breaking 40 million tonnes of coal rolled off these wagons
0:08:25 > 0:08:28during the mine's 90-year history.
0:08:29 > 0:08:33This is a bank of eight Lancashire boilers
0:08:33 > 0:08:36that once generated the steam
0:08:36 > 0:08:41to drive the winding engine - and when they were first installed,
0:08:41 > 0:08:44they would be fired with coal.
0:08:44 > 0:08:50Later, for economy's sake, it's just coal dust which were blown in
0:08:50 > 0:08:53with a fan system to keep it going.
0:08:53 > 0:08:58It's rather sad and eerie, really, in here.
0:08:58 > 0:09:02Once it would be the scene of unbelievable activity,
0:09:02 > 0:09:05with coal shovels flying about.
0:09:05 > 0:09:08Now, it's quiet and peaceful.
0:09:09 > 0:09:15Somebody's nicked all the water gauges. It's so sad.
0:09:15 > 0:09:18There should be a water level arrow.
0:09:18 > 0:09:22You can even see where it's been repaired.
0:09:22 > 0:09:27New rivets in the gusset stays inside. Not too articulately -
0:09:27 > 0:09:31the guy must have been to the pub, there are dinges in it
0:09:31 > 0:09:36instead of the rivet head - misfiring with his hammer.
0:09:46 > 0:09:50After this, I wanted to get back to the old mining days
0:09:50 > 0:09:55when the wealth was underground - and not just coal.
0:09:55 > 0:09:58Tin, copper, slate and lead were extracted.
0:09:58 > 0:10:05Whatever you mined, life was hard and conditions were primitive.
0:10:05 > 0:10:09In the 18th and 19th centuries, the North Pennines
0:10:09 > 0:10:12were Britain's major lead producer.
0:10:12 > 0:10:17I stopped there to find out about working conditions.
0:10:17 > 0:10:21The Killhope Lead Mining Centre is near Alston.
0:10:21 > 0:10:26You can see how water power drained the mines and powered the machines,
0:10:26 > 0:10:31and you can see the conditions that hundreds of children worked in,
0:10:31 > 0:10:34separating the ore from the waste.
0:10:34 > 0:10:39- ..Intensive-looking contraptions. - This is where the kids worked.
0:10:40 > 0:10:46It's good to come here today, you get a proper authentic feeling of it.
0:10:46 > 0:10:49- Did they never have a roof?- No.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52- This is it, then.- There we go.
0:10:52 > 0:10:56- Then what? - You and I have got to work.
0:10:57 > 0:11:01- We're gonna wash this stuff.- Yeah. - Have a rake.
0:11:01 > 0:11:04- What would you call that?- A hoe.
0:11:04 > 0:11:07- A coal rake, they call it.- Oh, right.
0:11:07 > 0:11:10Tell you what, this is poor stuff.
0:11:10 > 0:11:14- There's not many shiny bits! - Not a lot here.
0:11:14 > 0:11:17- This is your next job over here. - Yeah.
0:11:17 > 0:11:20Oh, heck!
0:11:20 > 0:11:25That's quite a poor apology for a hammer, isn't it?!
0:11:25 > 0:11:29How old would they be when they did that?
0:11:29 > 0:11:33You'd start here at nine, maybe ten years old.
0:11:33 > 0:11:37- And you'd graduate when you were about 18.- Yeah?
0:11:37 > 0:11:40- You'd graduate to down the mine.- Oh.
0:11:40 > 0:11:43- A man's job!- Yeah.
0:11:43 > 0:11:46What does this contraption do?
0:11:46 > 0:11:50This is the main weapon for separating the stuff.
0:11:50 > 0:11:52A hotching tub.
0:11:52 > 0:11:57- Is it?- You've got a sieve here in the water like that.
0:11:57 > 0:12:00- You put your broken bits in there. - Yeah.
0:12:00 > 0:12:04And you jiggle that up and down, with this arm.
0:12:04 > 0:12:07- Do you want a go?- Thank you, Ian!
0:12:07 > 0:12:10- On this lovely day!- Can I watch?
0:12:10 > 0:12:14- The start of my apprenticeship into ushing.- That's it!
0:12:19 > 0:12:22Once you've got the water into it,
0:12:22 > 0:12:25it goes harder, doesn't it? Ooh!
0:12:26 > 0:12:29- Do you want a job?- No!
0:12:29 > 0:12:34I'd think I'd be better constructing an engine to do that.
0:12:34 > 0:12:37This was the engine they developed.
0:12:48 > 0:12:52Well, this is the automated version, is it not?
0:12:52 > 0:12:56This is the upmarket, improved version.
0:12:56 > 0:13:00- It's a bit drier. - And less strenuous!
0:13:00 > 0:13:04- It's just the same job the kids were doing outside.- Yeah.
0:13:04 > 0:13:09Sloshing it up and down, the heavier stuff sinks. Same idea.
0:13:09 > 0:13:12Just in the time we've stood here,
0:13:12 > 0:13:16you'd be tired, doing it as many times by hand
0:13:16 > 0:13:20- as what that eccentric's done.- Yeah.
0:13:29 > 0:13:34By the Bolton-Bury-Manchester canal, there are interesting remains
0:13:34 > 0:13:39where you can see how water was used in an 18th century coal mine.
0:13:39 > 0:13:44Wet Earth colliery was in the Irwell Valley in Salford
0:13:44 > 0:13:48and water was the only source of power
0:13:48 > 0:13:51for driving machines and drainage.
0:13:51 > 0:13:56The water used to come along here for the water wheel, did it?
0:13:56 > 0:14:00- This is the feeder stream for the pit.- Yeah.
0:14:00 > 0:14:04'Alan Davies's team from the Lancashire Mining Museum
0:14:04 > 0:14:08'have been rooting about for quite a few years.
0:14:08 > 0:14:14'They've found lots of interesting things designed by James Brindley
0:14:14 > 0:14:17'to provide the water power.
0:14:17 > 0:14:20'I went out exploring with them
0:14:20 > 0:14:25'and it turned out to be real industrial archaeology.'
0:14:25 > 0:14:29- That's original brickwork. - Is it?- Original brickwork, 1749.
0:14:29 > 0:14:34Is that beeping the modern equivalent of a Davy lamp?
0:14:34 > 0:14:41We used to rely on lamps but now we've got these electronic monitors.
0:14:41 > 0:14:46- If there's gas, does it go off like a burglar alarm?- It does, yeah.
0:14:46 > 0:14:49MONITOR BEEPS
0:14:49 > 0:14:53- That's the hole is it, down there? - Just down there.
0:14:53 > 0:14:55Don't slip!
0:14:55 > 0:15:00Brindley's idea was sophisticated and even involved digging a siphon
0:15:00 > 0:15:04to take the water channel under the river.
0:15:04 > 0:15:11- Why did he do it?- Maybe there was a landowner who didn't want it there
0:15:11 > 0:15:15- so he had to do all this. - Like, "I don't want your railway!"
0:15:15 > 0:15:19- ..Very interesting. - There's the big hole.
0:15:19 > 0:15:24- James Brindley's wheel chamber. - This is where it were?
0:15:24 > 0:15:26Yeah, about 1750.
0:15:26 > 0:15:30- Shall we have a look further down? - Aye, let's look.
0:15:39 > 0:15:41Any further here?
0:15:41 > 0:15:46- It'll be up to your neck in there. - Oh, heck, I'm not doing that!
0:15:49 > 0:15:51Right. So!
0:15:51 > 0:15:54The wheel rubbed on the wall there.
0:15:54 > 0:15:58It's a diameter of about 22 foot, by 18 foot wide.
0:15:58 > 0:16:04There'd have been cog wheels and gear wheels, like a Swiss clock.
0:16:07 > 0:16:13These girders are something, eh? How did they get them round here?
0:16:13 > 0:16:19Coal, lead, tin and copper. Whatever was being extracted,
0:16:19 > 0:16:22the miner's main enemy was water.
0:16:22 > 0:16:26As the quest for minerals drew miners deeper underground,
0:16:26 > 0:16:28water was an impenetrable barrier.
0:16:28 > 0:16:31Mines were drowned out, abandoned,
0:16:31 > 0:16:35and water-powered systems couldn't cope.
0:16:35 > 0:16:40The development of more efficient pumping machinery
0:16:40 > 0:16:44wasn't due to coal miners but the Cornish tin miners
0:16:44 > 0:16:47who had experienced the difficulty
0:16:47 > 0:16:51of keeping the mines free of water much earlier.
0:16:51 > 0:16:55Credit for the use of the steam engine must go to them.
0:16:55 > 0:16:59The Geevor and Levant mines were on the Cornish coast
0:16:59 > 0:17:01at Pendeen.
0:17:03 > 0:17:07The last shift at Geevor came up in 1990.
0:17:07 > 0:17:11It's now a mining heritage centre.
0:17:11 > 0:17:15Johnny Johnson, a guide here, was on the last shift.
0:17:15 > 0:17:19Standing there you can see what my light's shining on.
0:17:19 > 0:17:24- What's his name?- The guides have their own names for him.
0:17:24 > 0:17:29'The guide takes you into some old workings and you can see
0:17:29 > 0:17:34'why Thomas Newcomen was called the father of the steam engine
0:17:34 > 0:17:40'and why its early development took place here for mine drainage.'
0:17:42 > 0:17:46Half a mile along the cliff from Geevor
0:17:46 > 0:17:51is the older Levant mine, and in its engine house
0:17:51 > 0:17:55you can see the original beam engine working.
0:17:55 > 0:17:59'It was restored by some volunteers from the Trevithick Society
0:17:59 > 0:18:02'whose nickname is the Greasy Gang.'
0:18:02 > 0:18:07When it's done, there's nowt to do, only rub it with a rag.
0:18:07 > 0:18:12- I had a go at driving their engine. - It's all yours.- Right. Thank you.
0:18:13 > 0:18:16First thing is handbrake off.
0:18:17 > 0:18:20Watch the block on the flywheel.
0:18:20 > 0:18:24Keep going. Right, it's off the block.
0:18:24 > 0:18:27Right. Now, then...
0:18:31 > 0:18:35Watch the vacuum gauge. 20...
0:18:35 > 0:18:3824. Now it's self-sustaining.
0:18:40 > 0:18:43'This engine dates back to 1840
0:18:43 > 0:18:49'and it used to wind two skips up and down the shaft at a speed
0:18:49 > 0:18:52'of 400 feet per minute.'
0:18:56 > 0:19:00You learnt that quickly. You've done it before.
0:19:00 > 0:19:06Keep your eye on the flywheel - pin out, throttle closed. Watch the mark.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09A bit more. Bring her round. Off.
0:19:09 > 0:19:12Coming up nicely.
0:19:12 > 0:19:15Right off. Look at that.
0:19:15 > 0:19:20- And that's it. - Very good. Can I have my diploma?
0:19:25 > 0:19:30Back at Geevor, you can see the much more modern winding machinery
0:19:30 > 0:19:37and the tin processing plant that was in use until the mine was closed.
0:19:42 > 0:19:49Once the ore had been separated from the waste, a lot of it was shipped to South Wales,
0:19:49 > 0:19:53where there was a good supply of coal for smelting.
0:19:54 > 0:19:58The Big Pit is at Blaenavon in South Wales.
0:19:58 > 0:20:03Mining grew alongside the iron smelting industry.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06This is Big Pit in Blaenavon.
0:20:06 > 0:20:14You can see how the coal and iron industries altered the landscape of the South Wales valleys.
0:20:14 > 0:20:21There was the growth in iron production that led to the increase in the demand for coal.
0:20:21 > 0:20:23If you look behind me,
0:20:23 > 0:20:31all them pit heaps - 100 years ago, it must've been an unbelievable sight of the mining industry.
0:20:31 > 0:20:35If you look south, you see where the iron works were.
0:20:35 > 0:20:42They were all there to feed the mouths of the blast furnaces on the iron works.
0:20:46 > 0:20:50This place is the real thing.
0:20:50 > 0:20:57It looks like it did in February 1980, when the last miners clocked off.
0:21:03 > 0:21:08- Here we are. Welcome to my world. - Aye. It's exciting stuff up here.
0:21:08 > 0:21:14There's been a bit of digging and trouble and strife over there.
0:21:14 > 0:21:18- There were 162 drifts. - Drift mines, just little'uns.
0:21:18 > 0:21:23And 34 of these shafts. There's been quite a bit of mining over the years.
0:21:23 > 0:21:27'In its heyday, this pit employed 1,300 men
0:21:27 > 0:21:33'and over 250,000 tonnes of coal a year were brought up these shafts.
0:21:33 > 0:21:37'This is another pit with an underground tour.
0:21:37 > 0:21:43'Because the shaft is still in use, it is inspected every 24 hours.'
0:21:43 > 0:21:49We'll descend the shaft on top of the cage, which will be interesting.
0:21:49 > 0:21:55Isn't that right? I feel a bit like Houdini in this lot - chains.
0:21:56 > 0:21:58Goodbye.
0:21:59 > 0:22:02Aye. Now, then.
0:22:03 > 0:22:09- This is a magnificent elliptical shaft, isn't it?- Yeah.
0:22:09 > 0:22:12These pipes drain the water away.
0:22:12 > 0:22:16- Other cage going by. - Yeah, he's going home.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20It's nice brickwork that, isn't it?
0:22:20 > 0:22:25- Nobody could see it and yet... - ..they did a nice job. Modern rope.
0:22:25 > 0:22:28Yeah, the wire hoses.
0:22:28 > 0:22:32The water garlands all tip to this side,
0:22:32 > 0:22:36so the water drains from garland to garland.
0:22:36 > 0:22:40- You can see the chicken wire behind. - They covered it up.
0:22:40 > 0:22:48- Is that a piece of... - ..a piece of timber.- Nice looking. It looks like it's been up years.
0:22:54 > 0:22:58That's the signalling system for up...up top.
0:22:58 > 0:23:01- We're setting off.- We're off.
0:23:01 > 0:23:08You can see as we go a bit further where the cage was rubbing at one time.
0:23:08 > 0:23:13- The pressure on the sides of them. - Loads of pressure.- Yeah, yeah...
0:23:16 > 0:23:19I enjoyed that.
0:23:19 > 0:23:26At its peak before the First World War, 10% of Wales worked in the mines
0:23:26 > 0:23:31and a lot more relied on the industry for their livelihood.
0:23:31 > 0:23:39The Rhonda Valley alone contained 53 working collieries in an area 16 miles long.
0:23:39 > 0:23:45It was the most intensely mined area in the world and densely populated.
0:23:45 > 0:23:49Work was plentiful, but conditions and pay were poor.
0:23:49 > 0:23:53Between the 1870s and the 1920s,
0:23:53 > 0:24:00statistics show that a miner was killed every six hours and one was injured every two minutes.
0:24:04 > 0:24:07If South Wales was famous for its coal,
0:24:07 > 0:24:12North Wales was, and still is, famous for its slate.
0:24:12 > 0:24:17I headed north to one of the great centres of the Welsh slate industry.
0:24:19 > 0:24:22Here at Llechwedd slate caverns
0:24:22 > 0:24:26in the heart of Snowdonia, near Blanaeu Ffestiniog,
0:24:26 > 0:24:32is the last of the greatest Victorian slate mines in the world.
0:24:32 > 0:24:36There used to be 16 working levels,
0:24:36 > 0:24:41with 24 miles of underground tramway in its heyday.
0:24:41 > 0:24:43I think there's now three left
0:24:43 > 0:24:50to show the people how it were in the Victorian era, mining slate.
0:24:50 > 0:24:53I've been up a few ladders,
0:24:53 > 0:24:57but he's got rather a precarious job.
0:24:57 > 0:25:00They refer to him as the "danger man".
0:25:00 > 0:25:04He checked the ceiling for loose bits.
0:25:07 > 0:25:10To see what happens to the slate
0:25:10 > 0:25:16after it's been quarried, come to The Welsh Slate Museum at Llanberis
0:25:16 > 0:25:19and see what they do with it all.
0:25:20 > 0:25:26Well, David, eh... God were good to us when he gave us that stuff.
0:25:26 > 0:25:30It's thin and yet rain doesn't come through.
0:25:30 > 0:25:35'The skills of slate splitting and dressing are demonstrated here.
0:25:35 > 0:25:40'It was originally done in the quarry itself.
0:25:40 > 0:25:45'Some of the people who do the demonstrations in the museum
0:25:45 > 0:25:52'can say their forefathers have worked the slates of Wales.
0:25:52 > 0:25:57'It's not changed for 200 years and is more difficult than it looks.'
0:26:02 > 0:26:05Success!
0:26:05 > 0:26:07Can you come closer to the traverse?
0:26:13 > 0:26:16This is more difficult than that.
0:26:21 > 0:26:26They're better than mine now. That's the measuring stick, yeah?
0:26:28 > 0:26:30Right...
0:26:32 > 0:26:39Back at Llechwedd, you get an idea of what it was like to be a miner here.
0:26:39 > 0:26:45TANNOY: "This is the true memorial to the Welsh slate miners.
0:26:45 > 0:26:50"These vast chambers hewn out of the rock using gunpowder and muscle.
0:26:50 > 0:26:55"This chamber and many like it stretching for 25 miles..."
0:27:01 > 0:27:06That's all that's left of our mines - now part of the tourist industry.
0:27:06 > 0:27:13But mining is too much a part of our recent past to be seen only as an industrial heritage.
0:27:13 > 0:27:21Tough and dangerous as it was, it provided a livelihood for tens of thousands of men in Britain,
0:27:21 > 0:27:26until, despite the fight to save it, the industry was destroyed.
0:27:26 > 0:27:32It's a way of life that we'll never see again, not in this country.
0:27:32 > 0:27:39But because it was all so recent, there are still plenty of places to see.
0:27:57 > 0:28:01Subtitles by Sue Mongredien and Glen Laker, BBC - 1999