0:01:12 > 0:01:16The Nazis were obsessed with images of order.
0:01:16 > 0:01:20In their museums, exhibits like this "glass man"
0:01:20 > 0:01:26showed how the perfect human body was ordered into one interlocking whole.
0:01:29 > 0:01:36And through their parades and pageants, they sought to show how one individual human being
0:01:36 > 0:01:40was but a part of the ordered national community.
0:01:44 > 0:01:49But in Germany, the Nazis only created an illusion of order.
0:02:26 > 0:02:29On January 30th, 1933,
0:02:29 > 0:02:33Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.
0:02:38 > 0:02:42Chief among those who rejoiced at the news
0:02:42 > 0:02:48were the Nazi storm troopers, the party's paramilitary wing, led by Ernst Rohm.
0:03:07 > 0:03:10ALL SING ROUSING ANTHEM
0:03:21 > 0:03:26In '33, you thought it was the beginning of a new German
0:03:26 > 0:03:29wonderful period.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33It was a true, enthusiastic movement of the people,
0:03:33 > 0:03:38except the people who were, by their hearts, socialists
0:03:38 > 0:03:41who were, from the beginning,
0:03:41 > 0:03:46persecuted and had to emigrate or were in concentration camps.
0:03:46 > 0:03:53One knew of these camps. One said, "The communists would have done the same and this is a revolution."
0:03:53 > 0:04:00The first to be imprisoned in this revolution were the Nazis' political opponents,
0:04:00 > 0:04:07communists and socialists. They were rounded up and thrown into hastily-built concentration camps.
0:04:07 > 0:04:13Hermann Goering boasted that scores were being settled.
0:04:13 > 0:04:16All in an atmosphere of chaotic terror,
0:04:16 > 0:04:23- as one Nazi storm trooper admitted. - "Everyone is arresting everyone else, avoiding official channels,
0:04:23 > 0:04:30"threatening everyone else with protective custody, with Dachau. Every little streetcleaner
0:04:30 > 0:04:36"feels he is responsible for matters which he has never understood."
0:04:36 > 0:04:39Amongst the first to suffer was Josef Felder.
0:04:39 > 0:04:42a Social Democrat MP.
0:04:42 > 0:04:49He was sent to the newly-opened Nazi concentration camp outside Munich - Dachau.
0:05:43 > 0:05:47Josef Felder was released after 18 months.
0:05:47 > 0:05:54The majority of those imprisoned here in 1933 were released after less than a year.
0:05:54 > 0:05:57The regime here was brutal.
0:05:57 > 0:06:04Beatings and psychological torture were common. But extermination camps were not yet born.
0:06:04 > 0:06:10Concentration camps were a tool of oppression, not yet of systematic murder.
0:06:10 > 0:06:13In 1933, to many Germans,
0:06:13 > 0:06:18they were an acceptable part of the Nazi revolution.
0:06:18 > 0:06:24To be a French nobleman in the Bastille was not so agreeable either.
0:06:24 > 0:06:28So people said, "Well, this is revolution."
0:06:28 > 0:06:33A peaceful revolution, but, partly, it IS a revolution.
0:06:33 > 0:06:41And concentration camps... Everybody said, "The English invented them in South Africa with the Boers."
0:06:41 > 0:06:43So, you know, eh...
0:06:43 > 0:06:46People couldn't look ahead.
0:06:46 > 0:06:52It was impossible for somebody in '33 to look ahead to '45.
0:06:52 > 0:06:54You can't.
0:06:56 > 0:07:02It was only 12 years, but it seems to be too much to look ahead... for 12 years.
0:07:04 > 0:07:10But Germans only had to look fewer than 12 weeks into Hitler's chancellorship
0:07:10 > 0:07:15to see what the status of the Jews would be in the new Nazi state.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19On April 1st, 1933,
0:07:19 > 0:07:26the Party organised a boycott of all Jewish shops which lasted one day.
0:07:26 > 0:07:34The Nazis made the Jews scapegoats for the loss of World War One and much else besides.
0:07:38 > 0:07:43In those early months of the Nazi reign,
0:07:43 > 0:07:50German Jews also fell victim to the storm troopers' arbitrary and violent attacks.
0:07:50 > 0:07:54In 1933, the storm troopers came
0:07:54 > 0:07:58and took my father away,
0:07:58 > 0:08:04together with many other Jews in Nuremberg. They were taken to a sports stadium
0:08:04 > 0:08:06where there was a lot of grass
0:08:06 > 0:08:12and they were made to cut the grass with their teeth, by sort of eating the grass.
0:08:12 > 0:08:18I found out afterwards. My father never talked about it.
0:08:18 > 0:08:20It was to humiliate them,
0:08:20 > 0:08:25to show them that they were the lowest of the low.
0:08:25 > 0:08:28It was simply to make a gesture.
0:08:30 > 0:08:35Nazi storm troopers made other violent gestures. In 1933,
0:08:35 > 0:08:41together with sympathetic students, they organised the burning of unsuitable books,
0:08:41 > 0:08:45particularly those by Jewish authors.
0:08:49 > 0:08:57Rohm wanted his storm troopers integrated into the regular German army. The army was horrified.
0:09:39 > 0:09:45Hitler sympathised with the revolutionary zeal of Rohm and his storm troopers.
0:09:45 > 0:09:52But by the summer of 1934, he knew that their power had to be curbed,
0:09:52 > 0:09:55and not just to please the army.
0:09:55 > 0:10:00Rohm had made a more dangerous enemy than the army leadership.
0:10:00 > 0:10:08Heinrich Himmler, ambitious for power himself, and still technically working to Rohm,
0:10:08 > 0:10:12plotted his downfall. He concocted a story
0:10:12 > 0:10:17that Rohm was plotting a coup and Hitler believed him.
0:10:17 > 0:10:20On June 30th, 1934,
0:10:20 > 0:10:24while on holiday in Bavaria, he was arrested.
0:10:24 > 0:10:27Two days later, he was shot.
0:10:27 > 0:10:32The army was glad to see the power of the storm troopers moderated.
0:10:32 > 0:10:40To show their gratitude, they volunteered to swear an oath of allegiance to Hitler,
0:10:40 > 0:10:46who now, on President Hindenburg's death, was not just Chancellor, but head of state.
0:11:08 > 0:11:16Somebody was reading and we had to lift our arm, and, at the very end, say, "That's my oath."
0:11:16 > 0:11:21How seriously did you and your colleagues take this oath?
0:11:21 > 0:11:24VERY seriously.
0:11:24 > 0:11:30This accompanied me my whole life till the very end.
0:11:30 > 0:11:33I mean, oath is oath.
0:11:33 > 0:11:37There's no doubt that I can't break the oath,
0:11:37 > 0:11:42otherwise I'm meant to commit suicide if I plan something else.
0:11:42 > 0:11:48This is very serious, the oath, for a soldier.
0:11:52 > 0:11:57With Rohm dead, Hitler appeared to have restored order.
0:11:57 > 0:12:03The revolution on the streets had subsided, and, with his hold on power secure,
0:12:03 > 0:12:10Hitler would come here to relax... in the mountains above Berchetesgaden in southern Bavaria.
0:12:10 > 0:12:15In 1938, a tea house was built on top of the high Obersalzburg,
0:12:15 > 0:12:20so that Hitler and his guests could enjoy the view.
0:12:20 > 0:12:26Hitler's own house was lower down the slope, and a whole complex grew up around it.
0:12:26 > 0:12:29This was the official guest house.
0:12:35 > 0:12:39But all that remains of Hitler's own house is rubble,
0:12:39 > 0:12:44the building demolished to prevent it becoming a memorial
0:12:44 > 0:12:49and quick-growing trees planted to obscure the famous view.
0:12:51 > 0:12:56When Hitler stayed here, as well as when he was in Berlin,
0:12:56 > 0:13:00the whole Nazi regime revolved around him.
0:13:01 > 0:13:06His personality determined the way in which Germany was governed.
0:13:06 > 0:13:11His was not the daily regime of a workaholic.
0:13:11 > 0:13:17Hitler was indolent - as those who worked for him discovered.
0:13:17 > 0:13:20He normally appeared shortly before lunch,
0:13:20 > 0:13:24quickly read the newspaper cuttings, then had lunch.
0:13:24 > 0:13:28When Hitler stayed at the Obersalzburg, it was worse.
0:13:28 > 0:13:33There, he never left his room before 2pm, then went to lunch.
0:13:33 > 0:13:40He spent most afternoons taking a walk. After dinner, there were films.
0:13:40 > 0:13:46In the 12 years of his rule in Germany, Hitler produced
0:13:46 > 0:13:53the biggest confusion in government that has ever existed in a civilised state.
0:13:54 > 0:14:02I've secured important decisions from him without his ever asking to see the relevant files.
0:14:02 > 0:14:09He took the view that many things sorted themselves out on their own, if one did not interfere.
0:14:15 > 0:14:22A very different picture of Hitler was projected here, at the vast complex of stadiums
0:14:22 > 0:14:27built in Nuremberg for the party's annual rally.
0:14:29 > 0:14:34What the public saw of Hitler in Nuremberg in the 1930s,
0:14:34 > 0:14:42was a confident and strong leader whose oratory promised a new, dynamic and powerful Germany.
0:15:32 > 0:15:36He was meant to be seen as the all-powerful,
0:15:36 > 0:15:42all-knowing leader, who prevailed over a system of total order.
0:15:42 > 0:15:48But the contrast between image and reality was quite a stark one
0:15:48 > 0:15:54because, far from it being a very orderly structure of command,
0:15:54 > 0:15:58in fact it was very disorganised.
0:15:58 > 0:16:03It is a quite remarkable system, if you can call it a system,
0:16:03 > 0:16:06where there is no collective government,
0:16:06 > 0:16:11yet where the head of state doesn't spend all his time dictating.
0:16:11 > 0:16:15SUNG IN GERMAN: "Happy Days Are Here Again"
0:16:26 > 0:16:32Hitler and the Nazis created a unique and peculiar form of government.
0:16:32 > 0:16:39Hitler was surrounded by acolytes who knew that their future depended on finding a way to please him.
0:16:39 > 0:16:46They strove always to be near him, accompanying him on whatever trips took his fancy.
0:16:56 > 0:17:02Though Hitler may have had little interest in regular hours of work or policy details,
0:17:02 > 0:17:06he did have visions of what he wanted for Germany.
0:17:06 > 0:17:14As Hitler talked in an endless monologue, ambitious Nazis would listen to him closely.
0:17:15 > 0:17:23Then, on their own initiative, they tried to think of ways in which his vision could become a reality.
0:17:23 > 0:17:30They made up the detail policy themselves and said they were acting on the will of the Fuhrer.
0:17:59 > 0:18:04From the first, Hitler openly said he didn't have detailed policies.
0:18:52 > 0:18:58But Hitler WAS open in saying what he wanted FROM the German economy.
0:18:58 > 0:19:04Chiefly, the weapons to build a new German army. Rearmament became his economic priority.
0:19:08 > 0:19:14The Nazis increased the army's budget so much in their first year of power,
0:19:14 > 0:19:19that the army wasn't able to spend all of it.
0:19:21 > 0:19:26The Nazis also promised to rid Germany of unemployment.
0:19:26 > 0:19:34And they did - mainly through huge work creation schemes like the Autobahn Building Programme.
0:19:40 > 0:19:45But building armaments and Autobahns
0:19:45 > 0:19:50could only be a short-term solution to Germany's economic problems.
0:20:22 > 0:20:27It would take time for these inflationary pressures to be felt.
0:20:27 > 0:20:33For the moment, everything looked rosy, especially when, in 1936,
0:20:33 > 0:20:40Hitler ordered German troops to re-enter the demilitarised portion of Germany, the Rhineland.
0:20:40 > 0:20:47Germans saw all this as one more sign that their country was regaining its self-respect.
0:21:39 > 0:21:46The Nazis organised pageants like Die Nacht der Amazonen - The Night Of The Amazons -
0:21:46 > 0:21:49held in Munich in the 1930s -
0:21:49 > 0:21:56Celebrations in which only those the Nazis considered racially pure could participate.
0:23:50 > 0:23:57But if you didn't fit the Nazi image of the perfect German, then life was very different.
0:23:57 > 0:24:04Here, in Munich, the same city where The Night Of The Amazons was held,
0:24:04 > 0:24:12the Nazis demolished one of the biggest synagogues in Germany. They wanted the space for a car park.
0:24:12 > 0:24:20The Jews were systematically excluded from German life. The 1935 Nuremberg Laws outlawed marriage
0:24:20 > 0:24:26between Jews and other Germans and declared that Jews were not German citizens.
0:24:26 > 0:24:29Other discrimination followed.
0:24:29 > 0:24:34Wasn't it a problem for you that you were working in a system
0:24:34 > 0:24:39that allowed Jews to be pushed out of their position,
0:24:39 > 0:24:43to lose their wealth, their property?
0:24:43 > 0:24:46Surely this was a great injustice.
0:24:46 > 0:24:49How did you feel about that?
0:25:26 > 0:25:33Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda hugely exaggerated the number of Jews who were in professions.
0:25:33 > 0:25:42The Nazis never gave the reason why German Jews were concentrated in certain walks of life -
0:25:42 > 0:25:48that the Jews had been banned from other careers for hundreds of years.
0:25:49 > 0:25:58Thousands emigrated from Germany during the '30s. They realised they would not be safe during Nazi rule.
0:25:58 > 0:26:04Those who remained always risked the attentions of the Secret State Police -
0:26:04 > 0:26:07the infamous Gestapo.
0:26:08 > 0:26:15In the town of Wurzburg lies a clue to just how the Gestapo operated under the Nazis.
0:26:15 > 0:26:21Almost all Gestapo files were burnt by the Nazis as the Allies came into Germany,
0:26:21 > 0:26:26but in Wurzburg, American soldiers prevented their destruction.
0:26:26 > 0:26:29Only recently have the files been studied,
0:26:29 > 0:26:34and a surprising picture emerges of how the Gestapo functioned.
0:26:34 > 0:26:37There were only 28 SS officials
0:26:37 > 0:26:40for the entire Wurzburg region
0:26:40 > 0:26:43of nearly a million people.
0:26:43 > 0:26:48I think the Gestapo could not have operated
0:26:48 > 0:26:50without the co-operation
0:26:50 > 0:26:53of the citizens of Germany.
0:26:53 > 0:26:59By that I mean it would have been structurally impossible for them to do so.
0:26:59 > 0:27:04There were not enough Gestapo officials to go around.
0:27:04 > 0:27:12Between 80-90% of the crimes that were reported to the Gestapo came from ordinary citizens.
0:27:12 > 0:27:15The main job for the Gestapo
0:27:15 > 0:27:18was sorting out the denunciations.
0:27:19 > 0:27:23This seems to have been their preoccupation.
0:27:23 > 0:27:30The citizens of a town like Wurzburg didn't so much have to fear the Gestapo,
0:27:30 > 0:27:37as what their neighbours might TELL the Gestapo. Every German was at risk from denunciation.
0:27:37 > 0:27:42A woman who lived in this house on the outskirts of Wurzburg in 1938
0:27:42 > 0:27:48came to the Gestapo's notice when she was denounced by a relative.
0:27:48 > 0:27:55She was called Ilse Sonia Totzke, and her Gestapo file lies in the Wurzburg archive.
0:27:55 > 0:28:01After years of Gestapo harassment, she was sent to Ravensbruk Concentration Camp, where she died.
0:28:01 > 0:28:05Her crime was simple - she didn't fit in.
0:28:05 > 0:28:10She avoided her neighbours and had Jewish friends.
0:28:12 > 0:28:17She is put under very general surveillance, not by the Gestapo,
0:28:17 > 0:28:22but by the Gestapo asking her neighbours to keep an eye on her.
0:28:24 > 0:28:30What happens is that one neighbour after another, for one reason or another,
0:28:30 > 0:28:35comes forward with information, all adding up to one thing.
0:28:35 > 0:28:39She may be just too unconventional for her own good.
0:28:39 > 0:28:46What this does is that - small town mentality - people keep after her...
0:28:46 > 0:28:49they keep noticing her...
0:28:49 > 0:28:54and it's fuelled again and again by yet another denunciation.
0:28:54 > 0:28:59The denunciations in her file contain mostly gossip about her.
0:28:59 > 0:29:06That she is acting suspiciously and has shady friends, but little amounts to evidence against her.
0:29:06 > 0:29:11One denunciation hints that she may be a lesbian.
0:29:11 > 0:29:17"Miss Totzke does not seem to have normal predispositions." Typed in red,
0:29:17 > 0:29:20it is signed only "Heil Hitler."
0:29:27 > 0:29:32One denunciation is signed by a 20-year-old neighbour, Resi Kraus.
0:29:32 > 0:29:35"Since March, 1938,
0:29:35 > 0:29:40"Ilse Sonia Totzke is a resident next door to us.
0:29:40 > 0:29:43"She rarely has visitors.
0:29:43 > 0:29:50"Now and then, a woman of about 36 years old comes, and she is of Jewish appearance...
0:29:50 > 0:29:58"I would like to mention that Miss Totzke never responds to the German greeting, Heil Hitler.
0:29:58 > 0:30:02"To my mind, Miss Totzke is behaving suspiciously."
0:32:17 > 0:32:24We used to think that the population was manipulated and brainwashed from above.
0:32:24 > 0:32:27Now what we're beginning to see,
0:32:27 > 0:32:33by looking at the social history of the kind one sees in these Gestapo dossiers,
0:32:33 > 0:32:40is that the system is manipulated from below by lots of people for all kinds of reasons,
0:32:40 > 0:32:45some of them selfish, some of them - fewer - idealistic.
0:32:45 > 0:32:51We now get a dramatically different picture of what the system was like.
0:32:59 > 0:33:04Ordinary Germans could influence the Gestapo through denunciations.
0:33:04 > 0:33:06But no major policy
0:33:06 > 0:33:12could ever be successfully instituted unless Hitler blessed it.
0:33:12 > 0:33:19So for members of the Nazi elite, the search was always on for a new way of pleasing their Fuhrer.
0:33:19 > 0:33:22One way was to feed his anti-Semitism.
0:33:22 > 0:33:27Joseph Goebbels, propaganda minister and hater of Jews,
0:33:27 > 0:33:36sought to do just that. He boasted that the Nazis had managed to exclude Jews from cultural life.
0:34:05 > 0:34:11In the autumn of 1938, Goebbels saw a chance to please Hitler more when he heard
0:34:11 > 0:34:17that German diplomat Ernst von Rath, had been assassinated in Paris
0:34:17 > 0:34:22by a young Jew, Hirschel Grynszpan, angry at his family's treatment.
0:34:22 > 0:34:28The Nazi elite were in Munich for the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.
0:34:28 > 0:34:33Goebbels asked Hitler's permission to let loose the storm troopers
0:34:33 > 0:34:40in an act of vengeance against Germany's innocent Jews. He agreed. And so began Kristallnacht -
0:34:40 > 0:34:43the night of broken glass.
0:34:57 > 0:34:59In the early hours of the morning,
0:34:59 > 0:35:04they broke the front door down and started to smash the place up.
0:35:04 > 0:35:07Hoards of storm troopers.
0:35:07 > 0:35:10We had two lots.
0:35:10 > 0:35:16One lot smashed things up and left, and then the second lot arrived.
0:35:18 > 0:35:25Three elderly ladies were living on the first floor. One was dragged out and beaten...
0:35:25 > 0:35:30for no reason except she probably got in the way of someone.
0:35:30 > 0:35:32I was knocked about...
0:35:32 > 0:35:36and finally ended up in the cellar...
0:35:36 > 0:35:39which was where the kitchens were.
0:35:39 > 0:35:45I was being knocked about. When I came back, I went upstairs,
0:35:45 > 0:35:48and found my father dying.
0:35:48 > 0:35:50Dead.
0:35:50 > 0:35:53I tried...
0:35:53 > 0:35:57as far as I could... artificial respiration.
0:35:57 > 0:36:01I don't think I was very good at it. In any case,
0:36:01 > 0:36:04it was too late for me.
0:36:04 > 0:36:10I was absolutely in shock. It was beyond my comprehension.
0:36:10 > 0:36:18I didn't know the people, they didn't know me. They had no grudge against me. They were just...
0:36:18 > 0:36:23people who would come to do whatever they thought they should do.
0:36:23 > 0:36:29More than 800 Jews are known to have lost their lives as a result of Kristallnacht,
0:36:29 > 0:36:33and as many as 1,000 synagogues were destroyed.
0:37:52 > 0:38:00What was the reaction of the non-Jews you knew, when they heard of your circumstances?
0:38:00 > 0:38:05- Did anyone come up to you to say what they felt about it?- No.
0:38:05 > 0:38:08In fact...
0:38:09 > 0:38:16..the people passing the next morning, ordinary Germans, threw stones at the windows.
0:38:19 > 0:38:22- Nobody expressed any sympathy?- No.
0:38:27 > 0:38:34In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, Hitler's popularity did not seem to suffer.
0:38:34 > 0:38:39As he never spoke about it in public, it was possible to believe,
0:38:39 > 0:38:47for those Germans who wanted to, that the responsibility lay with the hot-headed storm troopers.
0:38:49 > 0:38:55The love affair between Hitler and his followers continued.
0:39:09 > 0:39:12MALE SINGER:
0:39:42 > 0:39:49In 1938, a new chancellory was built, symbolising the power and order of Nazi rule.
0:39:49 > 0:39:52But inside its walls,
0:39:52 > 0:39:59Hitler was still pursuing methods which could only result in administrative chaos.
0:39:59 > 0:40:04The Grand Reich Chancellory was a hive of political in-fighting.
0:40:04 > 0:40:09Rivals with ill-defined jobs fought each other for Hitler's favour.
0:40:09 > 0:40:14Hitler's working life was organised by FIVE private offices.
0:40:14 > 0:40:19The office of the Reich Chancellory, under Hans Heinrich Lammers.
0:40:19 > 0:40:24The office of Hitler's Personal Adjutant, under Wilhelm Bruckner.
0:40:24 > 0:40:29The office of the Presidential Chancellory under Otto Meissner.
0:40:29 > 0:40:35On the second floor, the office of the Chancellory of the Fuhrer, under Philip Buhler.
0:40:35 > 0:40:41And the office representing the Fuhrer's Deputy, under Martin Bormann.
0:40:41 > 0:40:46All of these different offices claimed to represent Hitler.
0:40:46 > 0:40:52A large portion of their time was spent fighting each other.
0:41:49 > 0:41:55One of the more vicious power battles was over access to the mail,
0:41:55 > 0:42:02to the thousands of letters that arrived each week addressed only to "Mein Fuhrer"
0:42:02 > 0:42:07and which begged favours or blessings from Hitler.
0:42:07 > 0:42:14There were trivial letters asking if church bells could be named after Hitler
0:42:14 > 0:42:20and serious ones from individual Jews, pleading that they were special cases
0:42:20 > 0:42:24and should be exempt from the discriminatory laws.
0:42:24 > 0:42:30Access to this mail meant access to Hitler and a chance to form Nazi policy.
0:42:30 > 0:42:33Philip Buhler, an ambitious Nazi,
0:42:33 > 0:42:38managed to gain control of the mail and exploit it to his benefit.
0:42:38 > 0:42:40In late 1938 or early 1939,
0:42:40 > 0:42:48one chance letter which Buhler's office showed to Hitler, had a devastating effect.
0:42:48 > 0:42:52It was from the father of a mentally disabled child
0:42:52 > 0:42:59who asked the Fuhrer's permission to have the child killed. Hitler agreed.
0:42:59 > 0:43:04He had already ordered the sterilisation of the disabled.
0:43:04 > 0:43:09This one letter was to be the catalyst to their murder.
0:43:09 > 0:43:14Buhler was to devise secret policy for killing disabled children
0:43:14 > 0:43:17within days of their birth.
0:43:17 > 0:43:22This form had to be filled in when a disabled baby was born.
0:43:22 > 0:43:25Three doctors read the form.
0:43:25 > 0:43:31If they thought the baby should be killed, they each marked it with a cross.
0:43:31 > 0:43:38Within months, it was no longer just babies who could be killed, but disabled children, too.
0:43:38 > 0:43:45Gerda Bernhardt's brother, Manfred, was one of more than 5,000 children who were to suffer.
0:43:45 > 0:43:49Manfred had been mentally disabled since birth.
0:44:43 > 0:44:48But Aplerbeck was one of the Nazi's special children's units.
0:44:48 > 0:44:53By now, two years after the policy had begun,
0:44:53 > 0:45:00doctors in these homes had stopped filling in Buhler's form. In a typical example
0:45:00 > 0:45:03of how policies could spiral away,
0:45:03 > 0:45:08staff here, on their own, selected the children they wanted to kill.
0:45:59 > 0:46:03The official record of deaths at Aplerbeck
0:46:03 > 0:46:08lists Manfred Bernhardt as dying of measles on June 3rd.
0:46:08 > 0:46:13In the same week, eleven other children died.
0:46:15 > 0:46:22Manfred Bernhardt was murdered because he was not wanted in the Nazis' perfect state.
0:46:22 > 0:46:29The catalyst that caused his death was a chance letter to Hitler on a subject close to his heart,
0:46:29 > 0:46:34brought to his attention by an ambitious Nazi.
0:46:34 > 0:46:37Any idea in this system
0:46:37 > 0:46:42could, with the combination of a leader who spoke in visions,
0:46:42 > 0:46:46and enthusiastic supporters anxious to please,
0:46:46 > 0:46:51grow radically to an extreme almost in an instant.
0:46:53 > 0:46:57This was the way Germany was ruled in the 1930s.
0:47:07 > 0:47:11Now the world was about to suffer the consequences
0:47:11 > 0:47:17of the radical way decisions were taken in this Hitler state.
0:48:00 > 0:48:04Ceefax Subtitles by Janice Hamilton BBC Scotland, 1997