0:00:05 > 0:00:09Kosutnjak Park, outside the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
0:00:10 > 0:00:14In May 1914, a Bosnian student, Gavrilo Princip,
0:00:14 > 0:00:18came here with a Browning pistol for some target practice.
0:00:24 > 0:00:26Princip was 19 years old.
0:00:26 > 0:00:30According to his instructor, he was not a very good shot.
0:00:30 > 0:00:33Other students were more confident.
0:00:33 > 0:00:37When Princip missed the target, people would laugh at him.
0:00:37 > 0:00:40That would drive him to tears.
0:00:42 > 0:00:48In the forest he had a chance to get his eye in, shooting at trees.
0:00:48 > 0:00:51His ultimate goal was far more ambitious.
0:00:51 > 0:00:54I am an adherent of the radical anarchist idea,
0:00:54 > 0:00:58which aims at destroying the present system through terrorism.
0:00:59 > 0:01:02In 1914, Princip's wish was granted.
0:01:40 > 0:01:46The First World War began almost by accident. It ended just as strangely.
0:01:46 > 0:01:51In between, it was more destructive than any war had ever been.
0:01:51 > 0:01:54More British, French and Italian soldiers died in the First World War
0:01:54 > 0:01:58than died in the Second.
0:02:04 > 0:02:06It was the first genuinely global conflict,
0:02:06 > 0:02:10fought not just on the fields of France and Flanders,
0:02:10 > 0:02:14but up mountains, across deserts, at sea and in the air.
0:02:18 > 0:02:21The First World War shaped the 20th century,
0:02:21 > 0:02:24it sparked the Russian Revolution,
0:02:24 > 0:02:28it launched America as a world power.
0:02:30 > 0:02:34The fault lines from its failed peace settlement
0:02:34 > 0:02:37led the world to a second terrible war 20 years later,
0:02:37 > 0:02:40then to the Cold War.
0:02:43 > 0:02:48But the ideas the men of 1914 fought for still shape our world today -
0:02:48 > 0:02:51nationalism and democracy, the rule of international law
0:02:51 > 0:02:54and the rights of nations.
0:02:57 > 0:02:59Now, after the collapse of communism,
0:02:59 > 0:03:04the European map resembles the one redrawn by the First World War.
0:03:04 > 0:03:08We live with its unresolved, bitter consequences,
0:03:08 > 0:03:11in the Middle East and the Balkans.
0:03:11 > 0:03:16And it was in the Balkans that it all began nearly 100 years ago.
0:03:21 > 0:03:24At the start of the 20th century, as at its close,
0:03:24 > 0:03:27the Balkans were the most unstable part of Europe.
0:03:27 > 0:03:31Three great empires fought for power and influence -
0:03:31 > 0:03:34the Austro-Hungarian, the Russian and the Ottoman.
0:03:42 > 0:03:45For hundreds of years the Ottoman Turks had the upper hand.
0:03:45 > 0:03:49Serbia, Bosnia, Albania were under their control.
0:03:55 > 0:03:58They built over 80 mosques in Serbian Belgrade,
0:03:58 > 0:04:02but by the 1900s only this one was left.
0:04:04 > 0:04:07Serbia had thrown the Turks out
0:04:07 > 0:04:10and set herself up as an independent Slav kingdom.
0:04:10 > 0:04:14IMAM CHANTS
0:04:14 > 0:04:17But on Serbia's border was an even greater challenge
0:04:17 > 0:04:21to Slav nationalism - the Austro-Hungarian empire.
0:04:23 > 0:04:29The Turks of the South have gone, but new enemies come from the North,
0:04:29 > 0:04:32more fearsome and dangerous than the old.
0:04:32 > 0:04:37They want to take our freedom and our language from us and crush us.
0:04:44 > 0:04:48Gavrilo Princip was born in a poor, mountainous part of Bosnia.
0:04:55 > 0:04:59His house was destroyed in the Balkan wars of the 1990s.
0:05:04 > 0:05:09His initials, carved in 1909, are one of the few signs he ever lived here.
0:05:13 > 0:05:18The year before, control of Bosnia had been wrested from the Turks
0:05:18 > 0:05:23by the Austro-Hungarians - the enemy Princip wanted to destroy.
0:05:26 > 0:05:31His particular target was the heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand,
0:05:31 > 0:05:34member of the ruling family, the Hapsburgs.
0:05:47 > 0:05:53That extraordinary empire known as the Austrian-Hungarian dual monarchy
0:05:53 > 0:05:56is less an empire or a kingdom or a state
0:05:56 > 0:05:59than the personal property of the Hapsburgs,
0:05:59 > 0:06:03whose hereditary talent for the acquisition of land
0:06:03 > 0:06:06is recorded on the map of Europe today.
0:06:08 > 0:06:13The empire was ruled by Franz Ferdinand's uncle, Franz Josef.
0:06:13 > 0:06:18He sat on two thrones - as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
0:06:22 > 0:06:27By 1914, he'd been in charge for 66 years.
0:06:27 > 0:06:30He'd spent them trying to resist change of any kind.
0:06:32 > 0:06:35Hardly seen out of military uniform,
0:06:35 > 0:06:38he hated the idea of political reform.
0:06:38 > 0:06:41As he told US President Theodore Roosevelt,
0:06:41 > 0:06:45"You see in me the last European monarch of the old school."
0:06:51 > 0:06:55Austria-Hungary was a key part of European security,
0:06:55 > 0:07:00a multinational empire keeping the peace on the borders of the West.
0:07:01 > 0:07:02The capital, Vienna,
0:07:02 > 0:07:06was one of the great cosmopolitan centres of Europe.
0:07:06 > 0:07:08This was the empire that produced Freud and Mahler,
0:07:08 > 0:07:12Schiele, Kafka and Strauss.
0:07:12 > 0:07:15It contained at least ten different nationalities.
0:07:15 > 0:07:19Not just Austrians and Hungarians, but Czechs, Slovaks,
0:07:19 > 0:07:23Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians.
0:07:26 > 0:07:31A British Foreign Office guide was prepared to work out who was who.
0:07:31 > 0:07:35Teutons - anti-Slav, vigorous...
0:07:35 > 0:07:39Very wooden and hard-headed, shy and suspicious, close-fisted...
0:07:39 > 0:07:42Very tall, big noses...
0:07:42 > 0:07:44Slovaks - ignorant but artistic...
0:07:44 > 0:07:48Ruthenes - savage and ignorant but musical...
0:07:48 > 0:07:51Czechs - energetic, forceful...
0:07:51 > 0:07:55But it was also an empire in a state of constant crisis.
0:07:55 > 0:07:59Poles - all for Polish independence.
0:07:59 > 0:08:01Bosnian Serbs - pro-Yugoslav.
0:08:01 > 0:08:04Italians - anti-Austrian.
0:08:06 > 0:08:11In the empire, only the Hungarians and Austrians had any power,
0:08:11 > 0:08:14and the Hungarians refused to share it with the rest.
0:08:21 > 0:08:22For countries like Serbia,
0:08:22 > 0:08:25Austria-Hungary was the prison of nations,
0:08:25 > 0:08:30a repressive, undemocratic state that ground small peoples under its heel.
0:08:37 > 0:08:41In 1905, there were nationalist demonstrations in Vienna.
0:08:41 > 0:08:42HUBBUB
0:08:42 > 0:08:44GLASS SHATTERS
0:08:47 > 0:08:51In 1912, there was rioting in Budapest.
0:08:52 > 0:08:54By 1914, there'd been ethnic unrest
0:08:54 > 0:08:57in nearly every part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
0:08:57 > 0:09:02Local parliaments were suspended, troops brought in to restore order.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11Austria-Hungary's domestic problems gave opportunities to her enemies.
0:09:14 > 0:09:17BIRDSONG
0:09:17 > 0:09:20Serbia wanted the break-up of the empire.
0:09:20 > 0:09:24She welcomed national unrest, particularly in Croatia and Bosnia.
0:09:27 > 0:09:32Backed by Slav Russia, Serbia saw herself as the only independent hope
0:09:32 > 0:09:36for Slavs living under foreign rule in the Balkans.
0:09:36 > 0:09:41She wanted to unite them into a single south-Slav state - Yugoslavia.
0:09:46 > 0:09:51Dragutin Dimitrijevic was an officer in the Serbian army.
0:09:51 > 0:09:54He opposed any kind of friendship with Austria.
0:09:56 > 0:09:59The blind surrender to Austria's embrace
0:09:59 > 0:10:03was a most shameful betrayal of Serbian traditions.
0:10:03 > 0:10:07I realise that Serbia must in full measure become the leader
0:10:07 > 0:10:11not only of Serbs, but of Yugoslavia.
0:10:13 > 0:10:17Dimitrijevic believed killing kings could bring political change -
0:10:17 > 0:10:20it had worked for him in the past.
0:10:23 > 0:10:28In 1903, he led a palace revolution, killing the old king of Serbia -
0:10:28 > 0:10:30who was too close to Austria for the army's liking
0:10:30 > 0:10:33and installing a new one.
0:10:33 > 0:10:36The crowds expressed enormous joy.
0:10:36 > 0:10:38They stuck flowers and leaves in their caps,
0:10:38 > 0:10:42windows were decorated with banners, flowers, garlands.
0:10:42 > 0:10:44Belgrade was celebrating.
0:10:44 > 0:10:47CHEERING
0:10:47 > 0:10:51The rest of the world was horrified at Serbia's bloody coup.
0:10:51 > 0:10:54Serbia was treated like a rogue state.
0:10:54 > 0:10:58"A nest of revolutionaries," one foreign minister complained.
0:10:58 > 0:11:02Only two countries sent ambassadors to King Peter's coronation -
0:11:02 > 0:11:06Russia, Serbia's greatest ally, and Austria, her greatest enemy.
0:11:13 > 0:11:18Dimitrijevic was also one of the founding members of the Black Hand,
0:11:18 > 0:11:22the secret military society that used terrorism and assassination
0:11:22 > 0:11:25to try and establish Yugoslavia.
0:11:28 > 0:11:30He is said to have sent men
0:11:30 > 0:11:35to murder Austro-Hungarian military leaders and ministers.
0:11:35 > 0:11:38He allegedly tried to kill Emperor Franz Josef.
0:11:38 > 0:11:43One saw him nowhere. Yet one knew he was doing everything.
0:11:48 > 0:11:53By the spring of 1914, Gavrilo Princip was also in Belgrade,
0:11:53 > 0:11:56talking revolution with his friends.
0:11:56 > 0:11:59VIOLIN PLAYS
0:12:04 > 0:12:07Then the young Bosnians heard that Archduke Franz Ferdinand
0:12:07 > 0:12:10would visit Sarajevo in June.
0:12:10 > 0:12:13Here was their chance to match deeds to words.
0:12:13 > 0:12:14Luckily for them,
0:12:14 > 0:12:18their plans reached the ears of Dimitrijevic and the Black Hand.
0:12:28 > 0:12:32Dimitrijevic worked in the Kalemegdan fortress in Belgrade
0:12:32 > 0:12:35as chief of Serbian military intelligence.
0:12:41 > 0:12:46In the spring of 1914, Major Voja Tankosic, also in the Black Hand,
0:12:46 > 0:12:48walked into his office with a question.
0:12:51 > 0:12:55I've got some Bosnian youths pestering me.
0:12:55 > 0:12:58They want to pull off some great deed at any cost.
0:12:58 > 0:13:00They've heard that Franz Ferdinand is coming to Bosnia
0:13:00 > 0:13:04and begged me to let them go there. What do YOU say?
0:13:04 > 0:13:07I've told them they cannot go but they give me no peace.
0:13:11 > 0:13:13Franz Ferdinand was going to Bosnia
0:13:13 > 0:13:16to observe the Austro-Hungarian army's manoeuvres
0:13:16 > 0:13:18in the hills outside Sarajevo.
0:13:28 > 0:13:32As intelligence chief, Dimitrijevic feared these manoeuvres
0:13:32 > 0:13:33were a smoke screen,
0:13:33 > 0:13:36that what Franz Ferdinand really planned was an invasion of Serbia.
0:13:39 > 0:13:43HOOVES RUMBLE
0:13:44 > 0:13:46As leader of the Black Hand,
0:13:46 > 0:13:49he believed anything that destabilised Austria-Hungary
0:13:49 > 0:13:51was good for his beloved Serbia.
0:13:52 > 0:13:56Princip's plan to murder Franz Ferdinand suited him perfectly.
0:13:56 > 0:13:59"Fine," he said. "Let him go."
0:14:12 > 0:14:13Unlike Gavrilo Princip,
0:14:13 > 0:14:16Archduke Franz Ferdinand was an excellent shot.
0:14:19 > 0:14:23One of his castles, Konopischt, in what is now the Czech Republic,
0:14:23 > 0:14:25is full of the evidence.
0:14:28 > 0:14:32By the age of 50, he'd shot 5,000 stags,
0:14:32 > 0:14:36as well as 200,000 other animals, all carefully numbered.
0:14:38 > 0:14:42Anyone who disturbed the Archduke's peace by trespassing on his land,
0:14:42 > 0:14:46as unsuspecting trippers sometimes did on Sundays,
0:14:46 > 0:14:48had to reckon with being shouted at
0:14:48 > 0:14:51by an irascible and almost apoplectic proprietor,
0:14:51 > 0:14:52who threatened to shoot anyone
0:14:52 > 0:14:55who dared set foot in his grounds a second time.
0:14:59 > 0:15:03By 1914, Franz Ferdinand was emperor-in-waiting.
0:15:03 > 0:15:07Everyone knew it couldn't be long before his uncle died.
0:15:07 > 0:15:09Even the official portrait was ready -
0:15:09 > 0:15:14Franz Ferdinand with the stars and sash only the emperor could wear.
0:15:16 > 0:15:19He had no time for the etiquette and convention
0:15:19 > 0:15:21that hemmed in the Vienna court.
0:15:24 > 0:15:26He defied his uncle by marrying Sophie Chotek,
0:15:26 > 0:15:28who was not of royal blood.
0:15:35 > 0:15:38The most intelligent thing I've ever done in my life
0:15:38 > 0:15:40has been the marriage to my Sophe.
0:15:40 > 0:15:42She is everything to me -
0:15:42 > 0:15:47my wife, my adviser, my doctor, my guardian angel.
0:15:47 > 0:15:50In a word, my entire happiness.
0:15:51 > 0:15:56Franz Ferdinand also had radical ideas for political reform.
0:15:57 > 0:16:01He recognised that the less power national minorities had,
0:16:01 > 0:16:04within the empire, the more they'd look to other countries for help.
0:16:06 > 0:16:08The old system allowed ethnic Germans and Hungarians
0:16:08 > 0:16:11to dominate the government.
0:16:11 > 0:16:14It was a system that couldn't last.
0:16:15 > 0:16:17I can't help being surprised
0:16:17 > 0:16:20that there is any loyalty left among the nationalities
0:16:20 > 0:16:23after their treatment for so many years.
0:16:23 > 0:16:28I must have them with me. This is the only salvation for the future.
0:16:31 > 0:16:34In 1914, the German emperor came to stay with Franz Ferdinand
0:16:34 > 0:16:37at Konopischt.
0:16:37 > 0:16:42The Kaiser had a solution for dealing with troublesome national minorities.
0:16:43 > 0:16:46The Slavs are born not to rule but to obey.
0:16:46 > 0:16:49This must be brought home to them.
0:16:49 > 0:16:52If they imagine they can look to Belgrade for their salvation,
0:16:52 > 0:16:54they must be cured of this belief.
0:16:57 > 0:16:59But Franz Ferdinand had a better idea.
0:17:01 > 0:17:02He thought political reform
0:17:02 > 0:17:05was the best way to keep the multinational Austrian Empire
0:17:05 > 0:17:08on its feet and protect his own future as emperor.
0:17:11 > 0:17:14He had this map drawn up,
0:17:14 > 0:17:17showing how the Hapsburg Empire could become
0:17:17 > 0:17:20the United States of Great Austria.
0:17:21 > 0:17:26Above all, Franz Ferdinand wanted to avoid war in the Balkans.
0:17:26 > 0:17:30One night he made a toast after dinner.
0:17:30 > 0:17:35To peace! What would we get out of war with Serbia?
0:17:35 > 0:17:39We'd lose the lives of young men and spend money better used elsewhere.
0:17:40 > 0:17:43What would we gain, for heaven's sake?
0:17:43 > 0:17:47A few plum trees, some pastures full of goat droppings
0:17:47 > 0:17:49and a bunch of rebellious killers.
0:17:52 > 0:17:55Gavrilo Princip crossed from Serbia into Austria-Hungary,
0:17:55 > 0:17:57here at the Drina River.
0:17:59 > 0:18:04He paddled out to Isakovic Island, where there was a Serbian guard post.
0:18:04 > 0:18:07The soldiers helped him wade ashore into Bosnia.
0:18:13 > 0:18:16From here he made his way to Sarajevo,
0:18:16 > 0:18:19where he met up with six others in on the plot.
0:18:19 > 0:18:24The Serbian major, Tankosic, had supplied them with four pistols,
0:18:24 > 0:18:26six bombs, and suicide pills in case of capture.
0:18:31 > 0:18:34They were already in Sarajevo
0:18:34 > 0:18:38when Franz Ferdinand arrived outside the capital on 25th June.
0:18:41 > 0:18:43They planned to attack him three days later
0:18:43 > 0:18:45as he drove from the railway station to the town hall.
0:18:48 > 0:18:52One would be stationed at the first bridge on this road,
0:18:52 > 0:18:56Princip and the others would cover the rest of the route.
0:19:00 > 0:19:04Franz Ferdinand chose the date of his visit badly.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07Sarajevo was decked in flags for the occasion,
0:19:07 > 0:19:10for the 28th June was Serbian National Day -
0:19:10 > 0:19:13a focus for hatred of the Hapsburgs,
0:19:13 > 0:19:16as the Serbian ambassador to Vienna warned.
0:19:17 > 0:19:20This will cause much discontent.
0:19:20 > 0:19:22Some young Serb might put a live round
0:19:22 > 0:19:26rather than a blank in his gun and fire it.
0:19:26 > 0:19:29It might be good if Archduke Franz Ferdinand
0:19:29 > 0:19:31were not to go to Sarajevo.
0:19:33 > 0:19:36But the Austrians laughed off the ambassador's fears.
0:19:38 > 0:19:41On the morning of 28th June,
0:19:41 > 0:19:43Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrived by train in Sarajevo.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50Despite the warnings, security was light.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53No soldiers lined the streets, just a handful of policemen.
0:19:59 > 0:20:02The royal car was a Graf & Stift tourer.
0:20:02 > 0:20:04At Franz Ferdinand's request,
0:20:04 > 0:20:06it travelled with the top down, very slowly,
0:20:06 > 0:20:09so the crowds could see him and he could see the sights.
0:20:18 > 0:20:21As the procession passed the first bridge,
0:20:21 > 0:20:23the conspirator there threw his bomb.
0:20:23 > 0:20:27Sitting opposite the royal couple was Oskar Potiorek.
0:20:27 > 0:20:30The explosion came immediately after the Archduchess' cry
0:20:30 > 0:20:32to drive on quickly.
0:20:32 > 0:20:35I was sure no damage had been done to our car
0:20:35 > 0:20:38and the Archduke commented very calmly,
0:20:38 > 0:20:41"I've always thought something like this might happen."
0:20:41 > 0:20:44The bomb had bounced off the car,
0:20:44 > 0:20:48exploding behind it and wounding two officers and some onlookers.
0:20:52 > 0:20:56Franz Ferdinand stopped to ask after the casualties,
0:20:56 > 0:20:58before hurrying on to the town hall.
0:21:02 > 0:21:06There, the Mayor of Sarajevo began his welcome speech.
0:21:06 > 0:21:08The Archduke interrupted.
0:21:08 > 0:21:11"Lord Mayor, what is the good of speeches?
0:21:11 > 0:21:14"I come to Sarajevo on a friendly visit
0:21:14 > 0:21:17"and someone throws a bomb at me. This is outrageous!"
0:21:19 > 0:21:23So far the young Bosnians' plans had gone badly wrong -
0:21:23 > 0:21:28Franz Ferdinand was alive, official security was now on high alert.
0:21:28 > 0:21:31Gavrilo Princip turned to go home,
0:21:31 > 0:21:35stopping on the corner of Franz Josef Street to buy a sandwich.
0:21:38 > 0:21:40Then his luck changed.
0:21:42 > 0:21:45Franz Ferdinand had left the town hall.
0:21:45 > 0:21:48He should've been driven along the river,
0:21:48 > 0:21:50travelling too fast to give any other assassins a chance,
0:21:50 > 0:21:56but his driver took a wrong turn, at the corner of Franz Josef Street.
0:21:59 > 0:22:03As the royal car tried to reverse onto the main road,
0:22:03 > 0:22:06Princip came face to face with his target.
0:22:08 > 0:22:11I heard the crack of a pistol shot,
0:22:11 > 0:22:13followed swiftly by another,
0:22:13 > 0:22:18and saw in the same split second a man standing in front of me
0:22:18 > 0:22:21being thrown to the ground by the people around him
0:22:21 > 0:22:25and the shining sabre of a security guard descending on him.
0:22:27 > 0:22:29A stream of blood spurted from
0:22:29 > 0:22:31His Highness's mouth on to my right cheek.
0:22:31 > 0:22:35The Duchess cried out, "In heaven's name, what has happened to you?"
0:22:35 > 0:22:39Then she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car.
0:22:39 > 0:22:41I thought she had simply fainted.
0:22:41 > 0:22:44Then I heard His Imperial Highness say,
0:22:44 > 0:22:49"Sopher, Sopher! Don't die! Stay alive for the children!"
0:22:49 > 0:22:51I asked him if he was in great pain.
0:22:51 > 0:22:55He answered me quite distinctly, "It's nothing."
0:22:56 > 0:22:59Franz Ferdinand and Sophie died on the way to hospital.
0:23:02 > 0:23:05WINGS FLAP
0:23:07 > 0:23:09The people of Sarajevo didn't know
0:23:09 > 0:23:14Serbian army officers had secretly sponsored the assassination,
0:23:14 > 0:23:17but they made the same leap the world did -
0:23:17 > 0:23:21that Serbia had as good as pulled the trigger herself.
0:23:21 > 0:23:25The pro-Austrian element in the crowd went wild.
0:23:25 > 0:23:28The excitement of the moment turned into fury against
0:23:28 > 0:23:30everyone and everything Serbian.
0:23:30 > 0:23:35Serbian shops, schools and churches were smashed and looted,
0:23:35 > 0:23:39the streets choked with furniture, clothes, bicycles, books,
0:23:39 > 0:23:43even icons and crosses, twisted and befouled,
0:23:43 > 0:23:45lying in heaps in the gutters.
0:23:50 > 0:23:55Over 200 Serbs were arrested in Sarajevo alone.
0:23:57 > 0:24:01Local officials hanged some in the city prison.
0:24:03 > 0:24:07Many more died in pogroms across Bosnia and Herzegovina.
0:24:11 > 0:24:13The funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
0:24:13 > 0:24:17was held in Vienna on 4th July.
0:24:17 > 0:24:20Oskar Potiorek had written to the Foreign Ministry,
0:24:20 > 0:24:24calling for Austria-Hungary to take revenge against Serbia.
0:24:28 > 0:24:31We must take the first opportunity for a destructive blow
0:24:31 > 0:24:32against Serbia,
0:24:32 > 0:24:37to give the monarchy a few decades of calm internal development.
0:24:37 > 0:24:40Serbia must learn to fear us again.
0:24:44 > 0:24:48Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff Conrad von Hotzendorf agreed.
0:24:49 > 0:24:53This is not the crime of a single fanatic,
0:24:53 > 0:24:54assassination represents
0:24:54 > 0:24:58Serbia's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary.
0:24:58 > 0:24:59If we miss this occasion,
0:24:59 > 0:25:04the monarchy will be exposed to new explosions of ethnic unrest.
0:25:04 > 0:25:08Austria-Hungary must wage war, for political reasons.
0:25:13 > 0:25:15In life, the crown prince had been a champion of
0:25:15 > 0:25:17peaceful coexistence with Serbia.
0:25:20 > 0:25:22In death, he was becoming a cause for war.
0:25:31 > 0:25:38The murder of Franz Ferdinand did not immediately set Europe alight,
0:25:38 > 0:25:41international tensions in early July remained low.
0:25:41 > 0:25:44But, in Vienna, Austria-Hungary's leaders were planning
0:25:44 > 0:25:46how to take revenge on Serbia
0:25:46 > 0:25:50without getting stamped on by Serbia's powerful friends.
0:25:57 > 0:26:01Even before the assassination, army Chief of Staff Conrad von Hotzendorf
0:26:01 > 0:26:06had pressed for war against Serbia no fewer than 20 times.
0:26:06 > 0:26:09Now he made his case again.
0:26:10 > 0:26:13I expressed to His Majesty my opinion
0:26:13 > 0:26:16that war with Serbia was unavoidable.
0:26:16 > 0:26:19"That is entirely correct..." said His Majesty,
0:26:19 > 0:26:21"..but how are you going to wage war
0:26:21 > 0:26:26"if everyone, in particular Russia, is going to attack us?"
0:26:26 > 0:26:29"We have backing from Germany," I replied.
0:26:29 > 0:26:32His Majesty gave me a searching look and said,
0:26:32 > 0:26:35"Can you be certain of that?"
0:26:35 > 0:26:37This was the moment when what could have been just another
0:26:37 > 0:26:39war in the Balkans
0:26:39 > 0:26:42began to turn into the First World War.
0:26:44 > 0:26:46Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Josef
0:26:46 > 0:26:49now asked the German Kaiser for support.
0:26:49 > 0:26:52On 6th July, he got the answer he wanted.
0:26:52 > 0:26:56The German government is of the opinion that WE must decide
0:26:56 > 0:26:57what is to be done.
0:26:57 > 0:27:02We may always be certain that we will find Germany at our side,
0:27:02 > 0:27:05a faithful ally and friend of our monarchy.
0:27:12 > 0:27:14Germany's decision to back Austria
0:27:14 > 0:27:17was made with no care for the consequences.
0:27:17 > 0:27:21Neither the Kaiser nor his political and military leaders
0:27:21 > 0:27:25took any steps to find out what Austria-Hungary had in mind.
0:27:25 > 0:27:28It was an extraordinary oversight,
0:27:28 > 0:27:31because nothing in the Balkans happened in isolation.
0:27:35 > 0:27:38Europe was divided into two camps.
0:27:38 > 0:27:42On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
0:27:42 > 0:27:45On the other were France and Russia.
0:27:47 > 0:27:51War with one could mean war with the others.
0:27:52 > 0:27:54No-one knew how Russia would respond
0:27:54 > 0:27:57if one of the leading Balkan countries was attacked.
0:27:57 > 0:28:01She might go to war with Austria to protect Serbia,
0:28:01 > 0:28:05then Germany would have to fight to protect Austria.
0:28:07 > 0:28:11DISPARATE VOICES
0:28:11 > 0:28:14The Germans thought the Russians might stay out of it.
0:28:14 > 0:28:17Germany's ambassador in St Petersburg
0:28:17 > 0:28:20insisted Russia couldn't risk war for fear of internal revolution.
0:28:20 > 0:28:23INDISTINCT CHATTER
0:28:23 > 0:28:26The German foreign minister decided Austria would settle with Serbia.
0:28:26 > 0:28:29INDISTINCT CHATTER
0:28:29 > 0:28:33The German chancellor, Bethmann Hollweg, was almost as confident.
0:28:33 > 0:28:37The crime of Sarajevo was reprehensible,
0:28:37 > 0:28:40but politically it would have the positive results
0:28:40 > 0:28:43of making Russia thoroughly disgusted with the Serbs.
0:28:44 > 0:28:48THEY TALK IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE
0:28:49 > 0:28:54It was Germany's confident support that pushed Austria forward.
0:28:55 > 0:28:59But far from plunging the world into war in 1914 out of aggression,
0:28:59 > 0:29:04Germany was nudging it closer out of incompetence and wishful thinking.
0:29:06 > 0:29:11The Kaiser was so sure no war was brewing that he went on holiday.
0:29:11 > 0:29:14THEY TALK IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE
0:29:15 > 0:29:19In Sarajevo, the trial of Gavrilo Princip was under way.
0:29:19 > 0:29:24The court heard evidence to prove Serbian army officers had helped him,
0:29:24 > 0:29:29and with Germany's unconditional support, that was enough for Austria.
0:29:29 > 0:29:35She sentenced Princip to 20 years in jail, where he died in 1918.
0:29:35 > 0:29:37She sent Serbia an ultimatum.
0:29:42 > 0:29:46This document was Austria's excuse for war.
0:29:46 > 0:29:49Its demands were so extreme and insulting,
0:29:49 > 0:29:51Serbia could never accept them.
0:29:52 > 0:29:57But just in case they did, the Austrian ambassador in Belgrade
0:29:57 > 0:29:59was ordered to reject any reply as unacceptable.
0:30:01 > 0:30:06He delivered the ultimatum at 6pm on 23rd July 1914.
0:30:10 > 0:30:13Slavka Mihajlovic was a Belgrade doctor.
0:30:13 > 0:30:15The news of the ultimatum spread quickly
0:30:15 > 0:30:18and soon there was a real alert.
0:30:18 > 0:30:21Streets and bars were crowded with anxious people.
0:30:22 > 0:30:25Everybody wondered what answer our government would give,
0:30:25 > 0:30:27whether a new war would be avoided.
0:30:34 > 0:30:38Austria's ultimatum caught the world's diplomats napping.
0:30:38 > 0:30:42The French government, the French press and public opinion
0:30:42 > 0:30:46have been inconceivably surprised. Paris is almost dead.
0:30:47 > 0:30:50All the ambassadors but one are out of town.
0:30:50 > 0:30:54The Italian ambassador is in Ireland.
0:30:57 > 0:30:59The Kaiser was on his yacht in Norway
0:30:59 > 0:31:02when the text of the Austrian ultimatum arrived.
0:31:04 > 0:31:06DOG BARKS
0:31:06 > 0:31:09The Kaiser arrived on deck as usual after breakfast
0:31:09 > 0:31:13and said to me - I was still holding the wireless message -
0:31:13 > 0:31:16"That's a pretty strong note, for once in a while."
0:31:16 > 0:31:20"It certainly is," I replied, "but it means war."
0:31:20 > 0:31:24Whereupon the Kaiser observed that Serbia would never risk a war.
0:31:27 > 0:31:30She might not have risked it on her own
0:31:30 > 0:31:34but on 24th July the Serbian regent, Prince Alexander,
0:31:34 > 0:31:36telegrammed Russia for help.
0:31:39 > 0:31:41In St Petersburg, the Russian foreign minister
0:31:41 > 0:31:44spoke frankly to the British ambassador.
0:31:44 > 0:31:46Austria would not have acted so aggressively
0:31:46 > 0:31:48without the consent of Germany.
0:31:49 > 0:31:51I hope the British Government
0:31:51 > 0:31:55will declare itself on the side of France and Russia without delay.
0:31:58 > 0:32:01Russia was convinced that Germany was warmongering.
0:32:02 > 0:32:05On 26th July, she called up her reserves.
0:32:08 > 0:32:11This was the second key stage of the crisis,
0:32:11 > 0:32:16as Britain's foreign secretary, Edward Grey, warned on the 28th.
0:32:16 > 0:32:18From the moment the dispute ceases to be one
0:32:18 > 0:32:21between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
0:32:21 > 0:32:24and becomes one in which another great power is involved,
0:32:24 > 0:32:27it cannot but end in the greatest catastrophe
0:32:27 > 0:32:29that has ever befallen the continent of Europe.
0:32:31 > 0:32:35Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that same day.
0:32:37 > 0:32:40The first shots of the war were fired from here,
0:32:40 > 0:32:44the Austrian fortress of Zemun, just across the river from Belgrade.
0:32:47 > 0:32:49In the dead of night, Major Voya Tankosic
0:32:49 > 0:32:52had the Black Hand blow up the only railway bridge.
0:32:54 > 0:32:56Windows shattered to smithereens
0:32:56 > 0:32:59and broken glass covered the floor.
0:32:59 > 0:33:02Patients started screaming.
0:33:02 > 0:33:05Then there was another explosion and another one.
0:33:05 > 0:33:09SHELLS EXPLODE
0:33:09 > 0:33:13So it was true. The war had begun.
0:33:16 > 0:33:20EXPLOSIONS
0:33:25 > 0:33:28How well our city deserved the name the Turks gave her -
0:33:28 > 0:33:30the House of Wars.
0:33:30 > 0:33:33Shells fired from all sides were crisscrossing above her.
0:33:35 > 0:33:38The Austrians had peculiar weapons, so-called monitors -
0:33:38 > 0:33:44little boats armed with heavy guns circling Belgrade like rabid dogs
0:33:44 > 0:33:46and firing from every direction.
0:33:48 > 0:33:53It was still only a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
0:33:53 > 0:33:57And on 29th July, as the shells fell on Belgrade,
0:33:57 > 0:34:01there was a final attempt to keep it that way -
0:34:01 > 0:34:04a series of last-minute telegrams flashed across Europe,
0:34:04 > 0:34:07Tsar to Kaiser, cousin to cousin.
0:34:07 > 0:34:08Dear Willie,
0:34:08 > 0:34:10An ignoble war has been declared
0:34:10 > 0:34:14on a weak country. The indignation in Russia is enormous...
0:34:14 > 0:34:19Dear Nicky, I am exerting my utmost influence on the Austrians...
0:34:19 > 0:34:23Dear Willie, My troops shall not take any provocative action.
0:34:24 > 0:34:28But by now the crisis was beyond the control of monarchs or politicians.
0:34:28 > 0:34:32It was in the hands of the military.
0:34:32 > 0:34:34From the moment Russia mobilised her army,
0:34:34 > 0:34:37German generals knew their own clock was ticking.
0:34:37 > 0:34:40RHYTHMIC MARCHING
0:34:44 > 0:34:48The French and Russian alliance meant Germany faced a war on two fronts.
0:34:49 > 0:34:52Her only hope was to deal with France
0:34:52 > 0:34:56before the main Russian armies could invade from the East.
0:34:56 > 0:34:59That left no time to wait and see.
0:34:59 > 0:35:01For Germany, Russian mobilisation meant war.
0:35:01 > 0:35:05RHYTHMIC MARCHING
0:35:08 > 0:35:12Germany hadn't looked for a fight.
0:35:12 > 0:35:15Her generals knew a war would be long and devastating,
0:35:15 > 0:35:17even for the victors.
0:35:17 > 0:35:21But, if it was going to happen, they thought, "Better sooner than later."
0:35:21 > 0:35:23RHYTHMIC MARCHING
0:35:23 > 0:35:27According to more competent observation,
0:35:27 > 0:35:31Russia will be prepared to fight in a few years.
0:35:31 > 0:35:34Then she will crush us by the number of her soldiers,
0:35:34 > 0:35:38then she will have built her Baltic sea fleet and strategic railways.
0:35:38 > 0:35:41Our side, meanwhile, will have grown steadily weaker.
0:35:45 > 0:35:49On 1st August, Germany declared war on Russia.
0:35:49 > 0:35:52Two days later she declared war on Russia's ally, France.
0:35:59 > 0:36:03Across Europe, ten million men headed off to fight.
0:36:05 > 0:36:09For all the bands and flag-waving, many went unwillingly to war.
0:36:09 > 0:36:11TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS
0:36:11 > 0:36:15Where are we off to? France? Belgium? Or the East?
0:36:16 > 0:36:20At the station people waved goodbye, some with handkerchiefs.
0:36:20 > 0:36:23I thought of my wife and child, left alone at home.
0:36:25 > 0:36:29Not so much a thought as a fearful shadow flitting over my soul.
0:36:33 > 0:36:37STEAM ENGINE HISSES
0:36:39 > 0:36:42God! How long is this town?
0:36:42 > 0:36:46My bayonet's digging in, my collar's strangling me.
0:36:46 > 0:36:48When I look up I see a pretty girl.
0:36:49 > 0:36:53She is so full of admiration, so moved by it,
0:36:53 > 0:36:56I realise we have to look handsome and walk tall.
0:36:56 > 0:36:59Off we march to the sound of shrill brass,
0:36:59 > 0:37:05although where we're going you die, you're defaced, hacked, torn apart.
0:37:06 > 0:37:10All down the line my comrades straighten up at the sight of her.
0:37:17 > 0:37:20There's great excitement among my comrades.
0:37:20 > 0:37:23Bachelors are calm, even joking about it.
0:37:23 > 0:37:27Family men are depressed. Some say we'll get nothing from this war,
0:37:27 > 0:37:29we'll get beaten by the Germans.
0:37:30 > 0:37:33What's in it for us peasant soldiers?
0:37:33 > 0:37:37Why have we got to fight for some offended Serbs?
0:37:38 > 0:37:42The leaders had little better idea why they were fighting.
0:37:42 > 0:37:45They had no lists of war aims.
0:37:45 > 0:37:48Germany and Austria, Serbia, Russia and France
0:37:48 > 0:37:50were convinced they were fighting a defensive war,
0:37:50 > 0:37:52forced on them by someone else.
0:37:58 > 0:38:03The only great power in Europe still on the sidelines was Britain.
0:38:09 > 0:38:14On 2nd August 1914, Britain was still at peace, but only just.
0:38:17 > 0:38:22We've been in a state of excitement as reservists are called up,
0:38:22 > 0:38:24all the railways guarded.
0:38:24 > 0:38:28Everything points to the Great War, so long expected, being upon us.
0:38:31 > 0:38:36Britain was the only power not to claim she was a victim of aggression.
0:38:36 > 0:38:40Nobody had attacked her, so why should she fight?
0:38:40 > 0:38:43It wasn't to defend the rights of small nations.
0:38:43 > 0:38:47At least, not Serbia, according to The Manchester Guardian.
0:38:48 > 0:38:51If it were possible for Serbia to be towed out to sea
0:38:51 > 0:38:53and sunk there,
0:38:53 > 0:38:56the air of Europe would at once seem cleaner.
0:38:59 > 0:39:01Nor was Britain bound by treaties,
0:39:01 > 0:39:05as the Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey, assured Parliament.
0:39:06 > 0:39:09We are not parties to the Franco-Russian alliance.
0:39:10 > 0:39:13We do not even know the terms of the alliance.
0:39:16 > 0:39:21But in private, Grey and other leaders knew Britain had to fight.
0:39:22 > 0:39:24If Britain stayed neutral,
0:39:24 > 0:39:28the war would still threaten the country's vast empire,
0:39:28 > 0:39:30its global trade and security.
0:39:30 > 0:39:34Britain needed to stay on friendly terms with France and Russia.
0:39:34 > 0:39:37Even in peacetime, she was not powerful enough
0:39:37 > 0:39:40to defend her empire against everyone.
0:39:41 > 0:39:44In Africa and India, the safety of Britain's colonies
0:39:44 > 0:39:46depended on French and Russian goodwill.
0:39:49 > 0:39:54In 1914, Britain feared her friends just as much as her enemies.
0:39:56 > 0:40:02If we fail Russia, we cannot hope to maintain her cooperation in Asia
0:40:02 > 0:40:06that is of such vital importance to us.
0:40:06 > 0:40:12Britain could not afford Europe dominated by a triumphant Germany.
0:40:12 > 0:40:14If Germany overran the Channel ports,
0:40:14 > 0:40:17Britain's control of the seas would be under threat.
0:40:19 > 0:40:22Prime Minister Herbert Asquith took a pragmatic view.
0:40:22 > 0:40:25It is quite against British interests
0:40:25 > 0:40:28that France should be wiped out.
0:40:30 > 0:40:34At 11pm on 4th August, Britain declared war on Germany.
0:40:34 > 0:40:37It was like the pulling of a lever,
0:40:37 > 0:40:40hurling millions to their doom.
0:40:40 > 0:40:42The deep notes of Big Ben rang out into the night -
0:40:42 > 0:40:45the first strokes in Britain's most fateful hour
0:40:45 > 0:40:48since she arose out of the deep.
0:40:48 > 0:40:52Every face was suddenly contracted into a painful intensity.
0:40:54 > 0:40:55BELL TOLLS
0:40:56 > 0:40:59It's horrible to think of the suffering that follows mobilisation.
0:41:00 > 0:41:05I suppose the less one thinks of it, the better.
0:41:06 > 0:41:09We never talk of death and very seldom think about it.
0:41:09 > 0:41:12It's when everyone is asleep and you are awake
0:41:12 > 0:41:15that sometimes you look into the future and wonder.
0:41:18 > 0:41:20The British Government's War Book
0:41:20 > 0:41:24listed all that had to be done in an emergency.
0:41:24 > 0:41:27The country's leaders knew war would be a long, painful struggle,
0:41:27 > 0:41:32a slow, grinding process of blockade, of starving the enemy out.
0:41:36 > 0:41:40But most civilians had no idea what they were getting into.
0:41:40 > 0:41:42Across Europe, there was a run on the banks.
0:41:44 > 0:41:46"The war couldn't last longer than a year..."
0:41:46 > 0:41:49the French finance minister told a British general.
0:41:49 > 0:41:52"..because the money to pay for it will run out."
0:41:52 > 0:41:55HUBBUB
0:41:59 > 0:42:03Most people expected Britain, with the largest navy in the world,
0:42:03 > 0:42:05to fight a sea war.
0:42:07 > 0:42:11The Foreign Secretary reassured the nation.
0:42:12 > 0:42:16For us, with a fleet we believe able to protect our commerce,
0:42:16 > 0:42:20to protect our shores and to protect our interests,
0:42:20 > 0:42:22if we are engaged in war,
0:42:22 > 0:42:26we shall suffer but little more than we shall suffer if we stand aside.
0:42:26 > 0:42:30HUBBUB
0:42:33 > 0:42:37Bert Fielder was a sergeant in the Royal Marines.
0:42:37 > 0:42:39He reassured his wife.
0:42:39 > 0:42:41My dear Nell,
0:42:41 > 0:42:43I don't think this war is going to be half as bad
0:42:43 > 0:42:45as people expect it to be.
0:42:45 > 0:42:47You see, it's not a hard job for England
0:42:47 > 0:42:49so there's no need to worry yourself.
0:42:49 > 0:42:52As long as I can keep you informed as to where I am
0:42:52 > 0:42:54it'll all be all right.
0:42:58 > 0:43:02But the weapons with which the world went to war were so new
0:43:02 > 0:43:05that few had ever been fired in anger.
0:43:05 > 0:43:09Countries had battleships and submarines less then ten years old.
0:43:09 > 0:43:12Nobody really knew how to use them.
0:43:14 > 0:43:17All the European powers had stockpiled new artillery -
0:43:17 > 0:43:20machine guns, explosive shells.
0:43:20 > 0:43:25But none had fought a major war in Europe for over 40 years.
0:43:25 > 0:43:28HORSE WHINNIES
0:43:29 > 0:43:32The crisis had begun in the Balkans.
0:43:32 > 0:43:35As the Austrians faced up to the Serbs,
0:43:35 > 0:43:39the war started here as it would go on everywhere else -
0:43:39 > 0:43:42a war in which old scores would be settled
0:43:42 > 0:43:44and the rule book thrown away.
0:43:49 > 0:43:53The war is taking us into a country inhabited by a population
0:43:53 > 0:43:57inspired with fanatical hatred towards ourselves.
0:43:57 > 0:44:02An attitude of extreme severity, extreme harshness and distrust
0:44:02 > 0:44:05is to be observed towards everybody.
0:44:07 > 0:44:11In some sectors, Serbian civilians did fight a guerrilla war,
0:44:11 > 0:44:15not in uniform, not in the regular army.
0:44:15 > 0:44:21It was hard for the Austrians to tell who was a real enemy, who was not.
0:44:21 > 0:44:25But their reprisals against the Serbian people were vicious.
0:44:30 > 0:44:34This was a war of nationalities and races.
0:44:34 > 0:44:39Not just against an enemy army, but against whole peoples.
0:44:41 > 0:44:44In the first month of the war,
0:44:44 > 0:44:474,000 civilians in western Serbia were killed or disappeared.
0:44:50 > 0:44:54They burnt houses down, looted, raped, killed.
0:44:55 > 0:45:0017 people, all women, girls, children tied with rope,
0:45:00 > 0:45:02dead in a ditch by the road.
0:45:02 > 0:45:04All of them slaughtered.
0:45:09 > 0:45:12At 9am I went to Lezhnitsa to get some supplies for the battery.
0:45:13 > 0:45:16In the town you could see the atrocities left by the enemy.
0:45:23 > 0:45:25Ten people, some children among them,
0:45:25 > 0:45:27had been hanged near the church.
0:45:27 > 0:45:30About 100 people, their throats cut, at the railway station.
0:45:30 > 0:45:33A terrible sight to cast your eyes on.
0:45:33 > 0:45:37BIRDSONG
0:45:41 > 0:45:45At the Serbian town of Prnjavor, this memorial commemorates
0:45:45 > 0:45:47those who died.
0:45:50 > 0:45:54The Serbian government commissioned a report into the massacres
0:45:54 > 0:45:56by Swiss doctor, Rodolphe Reiss.
0:45:56 > 0:45:58The massacres of the civil population
0:45:58 > 0:46:03were systematically organised by the command of the invading army.
0:46:03 > 0:46:07It's upon the command that all responsibility must rest,
0:46:07 > 0:46:08and also the disgrace
0:46:08 > 0:46:12with which this army has covered itself for all time.
0:46:22 > 0:46:27Austria-Hungary was far less ruthless when fighting the Serbian army.
0:46:27 > 0:46:33That, too, set a pattern for the war, a foretaste of the military weakness
0:46:33 > 0:46:37which dogged Austria-Hungary's partnership with Germany.
0:46:37 > 0:46:39This was a war in which events on one front
0:46:39 > 0:46:42could have a critical effect on another.
0:46:42 > 0:46:46RHYTHMIC MARCHING
0:46:49 > 0:46:51Germany was relying on her ally, Austria-Hungary,
0:46:51 > 0:46:53to hold the eastern front.
0:46:54 > 0:46:56With Russia massing on her borders,
0:46:56 > 0:47:01Germany was horrified to learn Austria had concentrated her reserves
0:47:01 > 0:47:04down in the Balkans, to deal with Serbia.
0:47:06 > 0:47:10Meanwhile, the main Serbian army had marched up from the south,
0:47:10 > 0:47:13gathering numbers as it went.
0:47:13 > 0:47:17On 12th August, it finally met the Austrians, at Cer mountain.
0:47:21 > 0:47:26The Serbs had taken up defensive positions along the mountain range
0:47:26 > 0:47:30and waited for the Austrians to walk into the trap.
0:47:30 > 0:47:32The Serbs surrounded us.
0:47:32 > 0:47:35The Serbian artillery had the range perfectly.
0:47:35 > 0:47:38Unluckily, we were told by officers,
0:47:38 > 0:47:42we had arrived at the Serbian artillery practice area.
0:47:42 > 0:47:44Laughable!
0:47:44 > 0:47:47SHELLS EXPLODE
0:47:47 > 0:47:51The Serbs easily beat off the Austro-Hungarian attack.
0:47:51 > 0:47:55We could see the enemy retreating along the river.
0:47:55 > 0:47:57Their ammunition train left their carts in the valley
0:47:57 > 0:48:00and ran away when they were hit by our artillery.
0:48:01 > 0:48:05A beaten army? No.
0:48:05 > 0:48:08An uncontrolled mob ran towards the border in senseless panic.
0:48:08 > 0:48:11Drivers whipped their horses. Officers and soldiers
0:48:11 > 0:48:14shoved and squeezed through between the columns of wagons.
0:48:24 > 0:48:30Austro-Hungarian prisoners were captured in the first allied victory.
0:48:30 > 0:48:33Austria had thought Serbia would be a pushover,
0:48:33 > 0:48:36swift revenge for Franz Ferdinand's murder,
0:48:36 > 0:48:39but Serbia had scattered the Austrian army.
0:48:44 > 0:48:48The victories of 1914 cost Serbia 130,000 men.
0:48:49 > 0:48:55"They did not die in vain" reads this inscription to Serbia's dead.
0:48:55 > 0:48:58Every nation would learn that nothing in this war would be easy,
0:48:58 > 0:48:59quick or clean.
0:49:03 > 0:49:08On the western front, a French ambulance driver wrote to his son -
0:49:08 > 0:49:10Do you ever think of your daddy,
0:49:10 > 0:49:12walking day and night over ploughed fields
0:49:12 > 0:49:16and getting very used to shells exploding all over the place?
0:49:16 > 0:49:18I'd really like to hear from you.
0:49:18 > 0:49:23How's school? Don't be too quick to learn the geography of Europe,
0:49:23 > 0:49:25I think it's all about to change.
0:49:34 > 0:49:36In the next episode of The First World War,
0:49:36 > 0:49:39German armies roll into Belgium and France,
0:49:39 > 0:49:41leaving a trail of atrocities.
0:49:41 > 0:49:44And France, aided by Britain, fights for her life.