0:00:02 > 0:00:05Hello, and welcome back to The Genius Of Invention,
0:00:05 > 0:00:07which tonight comes from Rolls-Royce in Derby.
0:00:07 > 0:00:09Now, did you travel anywhere today?
0:00:09 > 0:00:13I'm going to guess the answer is yes, because we are a restless lot.
0:00:13 > 0:00:15In fact we travel an average of 20 miles a day -
0:00:15 > 0:00:19that's more than half a million miles in our lifetimes,
0:00:19 > 0:00:23and the reason we can do that is because of a series of inventions
0:00:23 > 0:00:27that changed the world - like the jet engines all around us.
0:00:27 > 0:00:30We're looking at the British geniuses that brought
0:00:30 > 0:00:33the unimaginable shock of speed and the ability to travel
0:00:33 > 0:00:36anywhere in the world into our daily lives.
0:00:36 > 0:00:40Almost overnight the option to go anywhere redefined how we live.
0:00:40 > 0:00:42How and why did that happen?
0:00:42 > 0:00:46In this series we're unlocking the very nature of invention -
0:00:46 > 0:00:50the rare Eureka moments knitted together by thousands of tiny
0:00:50 > 0:00:54improvements which together made the amazing world we live in.
0:01:03 > 0:01:05Hello, I'm Michael Mosely. As ever,
0:01:05 > 0:01:09- I'm joined by Professor of Engineering, the lovely Mark Miodownik.- Hello.
0:01:09 > 0:01:13- And self-confessed geek, industrial archaeologist, Dr Cassie Newland.- Hello.
0:01:13 > 0:01:17And tonight we're going to focus on three pivotal inventions
0:01:17 > 0:01:20that transformed our relationship with place and time.
0:01:22 > 0:01:25We will be following the trail of invention
0:01:25 > 0:01:29that sprang from humanity's drive to go faster.
0:01:29 > 0:01:33From the first ever locomotive, to the internal combustion engine
0:01:33 > 0:01:35and finally the jet engine.
0:01:36 > 0:01:39All are linked by a vast family of invention
0:01:39 > 0:01:41borne from a common principle -
0:01:41 > 0:01:43the conversion of heat energy to forward motion.
0:01:43 > 0:01:46But the engines tonight are a radical departure
0:01:46 > 0:01:49from the normal incremental improvement.
0:01:49 > 0:01:52These are the transformative machines that re-defined
0:01:52 > 0:01:54how fast and how far we could travel.
0:01:54 > 0:01:59Since Ancient Greece, inventors had been trying to use
0:01:59 > 0:02:02high-pressure steam to create movement.
0:02:02 > 0:02:06Where others failed, Cornishman Richard Trevithick succeeded.
0:02:06 > 0:02:11His steam locomotive led to the emergence of rapid, mass transport.
0:02:13 > 0:02:17On Christmas Eve 1801, the Puffing Devil had its first ever outing -
0:02:17 > 0:02:21the age of steam locomotion had begun.
0:02:22 > 0:02:28Nearly a century later, the Internal Combustion Engine turned its back on steam.
0:02:28 > 0:02:31Smaller, faster and far more efficient,
0:02:31 > 0:02:36it made transport personal, and 130 years on, it still reigns supreme.
0:02:39 > 0:02:41It's called the Benz patent Motorwagen
0:02:41 > 0:02:45and the engine behind me gives you an average speed of 9 mph
0:02:45 > 0:02:48which from up here feels more like 90!
0:02:48 > 0:02:52And finally in 1941, Frank Whittle invented the jet engine
0:02:52 > 0:02:55and turned the world of aviation upside down.
0:02:57 > 0:03:01The modern commercial jet engines weigh in at just a few kilos more
0:03:01 > 0:03:06than Trevithick's original Puffing Devil, but they're 15,000% faster.
0:03:06 > 0:03:11It's inventions like these that make the impossible possible!
0:03:17 > 0:03:21Now, all of these inventions convert chemical energy into motion -
0:03:21 > 0:03:24but they do so in very different ways.
0:03:24 > 0:03:27And the very different stories of how they came to be
0:03:27 > 0:03:31tell a profound story of the nature of invention itself.
0:03:31 > 0:03:36But before we come to that, I'd like to introduce you to this space, because it is quite extraordinary.
0:03:36 > 0:03:40This is not a museum, these are all working jet engines -
0:03:40 > 0:03:42they are big and they are beautiful.
0:03:42 > 0:03:46Normally they wouldn't let cameras within a million miles
0:03:46 > 0:03:49of here because it is pristine, it is precise
0:03:49 > 0:03:52and so we are very privileged to be allowed in here.
0:03:52 > 0:03:55I can see Cassie over there, so I'll find out what she is up to.
0:03:55 > 0:03:58You're with a couple of apprentices, is that right?
0:03:58 > 0:03:59Yes, this is Lotte and Neeraj.
0:03:59 > 0:04:02Hello. So is it difficult to be an apprentice?
0:04:02 > 0:04:04It's quite difficult to get in.
0:04:04 > 0:04:06This year there were 300 out of 5,000 applicants,
0:04:06 > 0:04:09so massive figures. For me, it's exciting
0:04:09 > 0:04:11because I actually get to work on jet engines
0:04:11 > 0:04:15and not many people can say they can do that at this age, so it's impressive.
0:04:15 > 0:04:18They take their apprentices really seriously here -
0:04:18 > 0:04:20- go and touch the end of that nose cone.- OK.
0:04:20 > 0:04:24It's rubber - I was expecting aluminium, so what?
0:04:24 > 0:04:28The reason why it's rubber is because on the front of the engine
0:04:28 > 0:04:31they used to have a lot of problems with ice crystals forming.
0:04:31 > 0:04:35We don't want that, we don't want them to form on
0:04:35 > 0:04:38the front of the engine - so a young apprentice came up with the idea
0:04:38 > 0:04:40of having rubber on the front,
0:04:40 > 0:04:43the rubber deflects the ice off the front.
0:04:43 > 0:04:46Ah. So it goes wobble, wobble, wobble. The ice drops off.
0:04:46 > 0:04:50Absolutely - it's a very simple idea but very cheap and very effective.
0:04:50 > 0:04:51That is really, really neat.
0:04:51 > 0:04:55Clearly innovation is alive and well here in Derby
0:04:55 > 0:04:58and Mark has been off finding out more.
0:04:58 > 0:05:02Engineering and invention are intrinsically linked.
0:05:02 > 0:05:04An innovative mind can come with a new idea
0:05:04 > 0:05:07but it takes an engineer to design, make and build it,
0:05:07 > 0:05:11and Derby has more engineering jobs than anywhere else in the UK.
0:05:11 > 0:05:16All three of our inventions are represented in Derby.
0:05:16 > 0:05:21Toyota build cars, and the UK's only remaining train manufacturer,
0:05:21 > 0:05:23Bombardier, make rolling stock.
0:05:23 > 0:05:27But the biggest employer by far, makes jet engines.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31Here at Rolls-Royce, 12,000 people work on a site that covers half a million square metres,
0:05:31 > 0:05:36inventing, designing and building some of the fastest machines on the planet.
0:05:36 > 0:05:41Rolls Royce came to Derby in 1908, but none of these companies came here by chance.
0:05:42 > 0:05:46They came here because of this - the steam train,
0:05:46 > 0:05:50the greatest single invention in transportation since the wheel.
0:05:56 > 0:05:58In the 19th century,
0:05:58 > 0:06:01Derby was one of Britain's most important railway towns
0:06:01 > 0:06:03and that meant a huge number
0:06:03 > 0:06:06of inventors and engineers were concentrated here.
0:06:06 > 0:06:09By the early 20th century, there were over 40,000 people
0:06:09 > 0:06:11working in the railway workshops,
0:06:11 > 0:06:13not just building trains, but innovating
0:06:13 > 0:06:17and improving the engines to be even faster and safer than ever before.
0:06:22 > 0:06:25It was the perfect place for Charles Rolls and Henry Royce
0:06:25 > 0:06:29to set up their manufacturing plant devoted to a brand new technology -
0:06:29 > 0:06:31the car.
0:06:31 > 0:06:35Hundreds of engineers, who had honed their skills building steam engines,
0:06:35 > 0:06:40were now trying to invent the most reliable internal combustion engine in the world.
0:06:41 > 0:06:43Rolls-Royce no longer build cars,
0:06:43 > 0:06:47today they're the second biggest jet engine manufacturer
0:06:47 > 0:06:51after American company General Electric. Thriving on 150 years
0:06:51 > 0:06:55of invention - borne from the train, the car, and now the jet engine.
0:06:55 > 0:06:58And this is where they build them now - the jet engine production floor.
0:06:58 > 0:07:00Hundreds of years of invention,
0:07:00 > 0:07:04thousands of people focusing on one question -
0:07:04 > 0:07:08how to build the best engine in the world.
0:07:08 > 0:07:11Right now, over 1 million people are high above the Earth's surface,
0:07:11 > 0:07:17depending on this technology to get where they want to be, and to get there safely.
0:07:17 > 0:07:19From the train, to the car, to the jet,
0:07:19 > 0:07:23Derby has played an integral role in a world-wide transport revolution
0:07:23 > 0:07:27and it's still at the beating heart of British invention.
0:07:27 > 0:07:30So Derby is this invention hotspot. Why?
0:07:30 > 0:07:34Well, wherever I've been in Derby, I've found people in workshops,
0:07:34 > 0:07:38with machines making stuff - that makes you inventive.
0:07:38 > 0:07:42That is human nature - you want to fiddle with stuff, make new stuff.
0:07:42 > 0:07:44So inventiveness is simply tinkering?
0:07:44 > 0:07:50If you want to break it down, we can define three main motivations for invention.
0:07:50 > 0:07:54First of all, necessity - you need something. Take Newcomen's engine.
0:07:54 > 0:07:56You needed something to drain the mines.
0:07:56 > 0:07:59You didn't need a steam engine per se but that invention did the job.
0:07:59 > 0:08:01Or you need toast - a simpler example,
0:08:01 > 0:08:03but you need toast in the morning.
0:08:03 > 0:08:08But if I wanted toast back in the old days I'd get a peasant with a pitchfork and a fire.
0:08:08 > 0:08:10That doesn't work, it burns half the time, you waste bread.
0:08:10 > 0:08:14- You have to toast both sides. - OK, I buy necessity.
0:08:14 > 0:08:18Secondly there's aspiration - the "wouldn't it be great if we could".
0:08:18 > 0:08:23So wouldn't it be great if we could talk to someone in the next room - the telephone.
0:08:23 > 0:08:26Or that the toast jumps up
0:08:26 > 0:08:30when it's done - that is a real joy in the morning, you have to admit.
0:08:30 > 0:08:35OK, I would like to be able to teleport over there, that would be great, but I can't do so.
0:08:35 > 0:08:38No, but we have lots of examples where we have discovery,
0:08:38 > 0:08:42we've got this new thing, this new material, what can we do with it?
0:08:42 > 0:08:46This happens time and time again, where a new material gets invented
0:08:46 > 0:08:49and people have no idea what it's for and it takes 50 years sometimes.
0:08:49 > 0:08:52Like electricity - we find this amazing new phenomenon,
0:08:52 > 0:08:54and millions of applications come from it.
0:08:54 > 0:08:56And then you get the telephone.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59OK, but I think you are missing one thing - the human dimension,
0:08:59 > 0:09:03which is personality and the spark we call genius.
0:09:03 > 0:09:06Genius is something very hard to define,
0:09:06 > 0:09:07but you know it when you see it.
0:09:07 > 0:09:11Now, my personal hero is a man called Richard Trevithick,
0:09:11 > 0:09:14a giant in every way, a tragic hero,
0:09:14 > 0:09:18but he was also an undisputed genius, and this is why.
0:09:19 > 0:09:21This is the atmospheric steam engine -
0:09:21 > 0:09:25the invention that kick-started the industrial revolution.
0:09:28 > 0:09:33And this is a steam locomotive - the invention that allowed that revolution to explode
0:09:33 > 0:09:37by transforming our ability to move people and things.
0:09:38 > 0:09:42They're both called steam engines, but they're utterly different machines
0:09:42 > 0:09:45and rely on entirely different technology.
0:09:47 > 0:09:51Railway locomotion required the taming of a dangerous power source
0:09:51 > 0:09:55that people had been trying to master for quite some time.
0:09:55 > 0:09:57The breakthrough, when it occurred,
0:09:57 > 0:10:00did not come out of one of our fine universities,
0:10:00 > 0:10:04but emerged from the mind of a maverick who was living here,
0:10:04 > 0:10:07in one of the more remote parts of the United Kingdom.
0:10:11 > 0:10:15In the late 18th century, the Cornish countryside was dotted with
0:10:15 > 0:10:18steam engines used to pump water from copper and tin mines.
0:10:18 > 0:10:21They don't work the way modern steam does.
0:10:21 > 0:10:23In these machines, water is boiled,
0:10:23 > 0:10:26and when it condenses, creates a vacuum
0:10:26 > 0:10:30that harnesses the power of atmospheric pressure,
0:10:30 > 0:10:31to pull down a giant beam.
0:10:31 > 0:10:34Atmospheric steam engines
0:10:34 > 0:10:35transformed mining,
0:10:35 > 0:10:39but were enormous and only supplied a limited amount of power.
0:10:41 > 0:10:44Most of these engines were built by inventor James Watt
0:10:44 > 0:10:46and his business partner, Matthew Boulton.
0:10:46 > 0:10:48Their machines all contained
0:10:48 > 0:10:51something called a separate condenser
0:10:51 > 0:10:54which was protected by a strict patent.
0:10:54 > 0:10:58An engine with a separate condenser burnt much less coal
0:10:58 > 0:11:01and in a county like Cornwall, with no coal resources,
0:11:01 > 0:11:04this was absolutely critical.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06The trouble was if you used this engine, you had to pay
0:11:06 > 0:11:09a monthly royalty to Boulton and Watt.
0:11:09 > 0:11:14At one time there were 45 Boulton & Watt engines in this area alone.
0:11:14 > 0:11:18And the owners all paying royalties which they deeply resented.
0:11:18 > 0:11:22So Cornwall became a place of inventive resistance.
0:11:22 > 0:11:24Or, if you were Boulton and Watt,
0:11:24 > 0:11:29a place that was awash with piratical plagiarisers.
0:11:29 > 0:11:34If they could invent a new type of steam engine that didn't infringe
0:11:34 > 0:11:37Watt's patent, they could avoid paying royalties.
0:11:37 > 0:11:42A young engineer called Richard Trevithick set out to do just this.
0:11:43 > 0:11:47Richard Trevithick's school report was amusingly awful.
0:11:47 > 0:11:51"A disobedient, slow, obstinate, spoilt boy,
0:11:51 > 0:11:54"frequently absent and very inattentive."
0:11:54 > 0:11:57They also noticed however that he was good at arithmetic
0:11:57 > 0:12:00and arrived at solutions in an unusual way.
0:12:00 > 0:12:05And it was this desire to do things unconventionally that meant
0:12:05 > 0:12:08Richard Trevithick achieved great things.
0:12:08 > 0:12:11Trevithick's plan was to build an engine
0:12:11 > 0:12:14that worked in an entirely new way,
0:12:14 > 0:12:18one that did not rely on atmospheric pressure and instead used
0:12:18 > 0:12:21high-pressure steam to physically drive a piston.
0:12:21 > 0:12:26This type of engine wouldn't need a separate condenser.
0:12:26 > 0:12:30There was just one problem - everyone thought it was impossible.
0:12:32 > 0:12:35Why hadn't people built high-pressure steam engines before?
0:12:35 > 0:12:41The public and even engineers like Watt thought that this was
0:12:41 > 0:12:43too dangerous to continue with.
0:12:43 > 0:12:48He'd never managed to conquer high-pressure steam himself
0:12:48 > 0:12:49and he'd failed.
0:12:49 > 0:12:52He knew that high-pressure steam would blow up the containers
0:12:52 > 0:12:55it was in and he thought that Trevithick was going down
0:12:55 > 0:12:59that track as well and it was only going to end up in a disaster
0:12:59 > 0:13:01and somebody was going to be killed.
0:13:01 > 0:13:03Undaunted, Trevithick set out to build
0:13:03 > 0:13:07a high-pressure steam engine that wouldn't blow up.
0:13:07 > 0:13:10His first challenge was the boiler.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13No-one had managed to build one that could withstand
0:13:13 > 0:13:17the massive pressures required - but he had a secret weapon -
0:13:17 > 0:13:19his father-in-law was a master blacksmith.
0:13:19 > 0:13:23With his help, Trevithick was able to build a new shape of boiler,
0:13:23 > 0:13:25a cylindrical version,
0:13:25 > 0:13:29robust enough to contain steam at dangerous pressures.
0:13:30 > 0:13:35So what's the main difference between this and Boulton & Watt's steam engine?
0:13:35 > 0:13:37Trevithick went for high pressure
0:13:37 > 0:13:39and it was pushing on the pistons directly.
0:13:39 > 0:13:41In this case a double-sided piston,
0:13:41 > 0:13:44so it was pressure on the top and bottom,
0:13:44 > 0:13:47and it drove the piston as opposed to the atmospheric pressure.
0:13:47 > 0:13:50And there are other innovations here as well, aren't there?
0:13:50 > 0:13:53Yes, he's pre-heated the boiler feed water
0:13:53 > 0:13:58and most importantly he's put the fire actually inside the boiler.
0:13:58 > 0:14:00Before, they were kettles with a fire underneath,
0:14:00 > 0:14:01but by putting it inside,
0:14:01 > 0:14:04you're extracting the maximum amount of heat.
0:14:04 > 0:14:08And that produced so much more power, it allowed him
0:14:08 > 0:14:12to make it far more compact, which in turn made it portable.
0:14:12 > 0:14:17It's like building a spaceship compared to a modern car.
0:14:18 > 0:14:21A really extraordinary achievement.
0:14:21 > 0:14:24- Almost everything about this is original.- That's it!
0:14:26 > 0:14:29An invention driven by economic need to get round a costly patent
0:14:29 > 0:14:34ended up achieving something that other inventors had been trying to do for centuries.
0:14:34 > 0:14:36Trevithick's engine was more powerful than Watt's
0:14:36 > 0:14:38and a fraction of the size.
0:14:40 > 0:14:43And so he could put it on wheels.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46The age of steam locomotion had begun!
0:14:50 > 0:14:54This is a man who invented a machine that changed the world.
0:14:54 > 0:14:58From there onwards, every engine that ran on railways followed
0:14:58 > 0:15:01the design of his in 1804.
0:15:03 > 0:15:05Once Trevithick had shown how to use high-pressure steam,
0:15:05 > 0:15:09other inventors were able to use the knowledge he had given them
0:15:09 > 0:15:12to build even stronger, faster, more efficient engines, creating
0:15:12 > 0:15:16something that previously could only be imagined - powered travel.
0:15:18 > 0:15:23Trevithick did not make a lot of money or achieve great fame.
0:15:23 > 0:15:26But he did have the soul of an inventor.
0:15:26 > 0:15:28Just before he died, he wrote to a friend,
0:15:28 > 0:15:31"I have been branded with follies and madness
0:15:31 > 0:15:35"but I have the secret satisfaction of knowing that what I did was new,
0:15:35 > 0:15:40"useful, and valuable. And to me, that is worth far more than any riches."
0:15:46 > 0:15:49Richard Trevithick's high-pressure steam engine required
0:15:49 > 0:15:52a couple of really clever innovations, and since they all
0:15:52 > 0:15:56involve water, fire and the threat of explosions - we thought
0:15:56 > 0:16:00it would be better to go outside despite the fact that it is raining and very cold.
0:16:00 > 0:16:03OK, Mark, demo number one, what's going on?
0:16:03 > 0:16:07I'm multi-tasking - making us a cup of tea which is much needed
0:16:07 > 0:16:08and I'm also going to show you
0:16:08 > 0:16:11how Trevithick made his boilers much more efficient.
0:16:11 > 0:16:14So here's kettle number 1, a totally normal kettle, water in it.
0:16:14 > 0:16:18Here's kettle number 2, but with a fire tube in it - which is
0:16:18 > 0:16:20a tube that goes from bottom to top
0:16:20 > 0:16:23and it's one of Trevithick's best inventions!
0:16:23 > 0:16:27It's incredibly banal - you stick in a bit of metal.
0:16:27 > 0:16:30You say that, it but will make it boil so much faster
0:16:30 > 0:16:32and actually made his boilers revolutionary.
0:16:32 > 0:16:37It seemed obvious, but all great ideas are like that - they seem obvious in retrospect.
0:16:37 > 0:16:40So what happens is because you have a tube down the middle
0:16:40 > 0:16:43the hot air from the flame gets into contact with much more water
0:16:43 > 0:16:45so you have a much faster boiler.
0:16:45 > 0:16:49So your prediction is that one is going to boil before that one.
0:16:49 > 0:16:51It's not just a prediction - come on!
0:16:51 > 0:16:55It is going to happen! OK, Cassie, what have you got for me?
0:16:55 > 0:16:58The other really major innovation in Trevithick's boilers
0:16:58 > 0:17:00is the shape of the boiler itself.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03If you can imagine, high-pressure water wants to get to
0:17:03 > 0:17:07a spherical shape. So the ideal shape for a boiler is spherical,
0:17:07 > 0:17:09but it's almost impossible to make,
0:17:09 > 0:17:11so the next best thing is make a cylinder.
0:17:11 > 0:17:14So imagine this is a Boulton & Watt shaped boiler.
0:17:14 > 0:17:16This is Trevithick's new cylindrical boiler
0:17:16 > 0:17:19and this is high-pressure steam - get pumping!
0:17:19 > 0:17:21- OK. So I represent the hot burning flames, do I?- Yeah.
0:17:21 > 0:17:24This is dangerous is it?
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- It could blow up in our faces? - It's a high-pressure experiment!
0:17:28 > 0:17:34OK. As you add extra pressure to this box - we are putting it under a pressure test.
0:17:34 > 0:17:38- So both are under equal pressure? - Yeah, same thickness, same capacity,
0:17:38 > 0:17:41- same amount of water going in. - So something should happen.
0:17:41 > 0:17:43If you imagine trying to do high-pressure steam
0:17:43 > 0:17:46with Boulton and Watt's box, this is what would happen.
0:17:46 > 0:17:51- OK.- All the water is trying to be a sphere in a cube,
0:17:51 > 0:17:53so the sides begin to bulge,
0:17:53 > 0:17:57- the welds round the edge begin to crack.- Oooh, it's beginning to hiss.
0:17:57 > 0:18:01God! Is it safe? Don't get too close! It's beginning to go.
0:18:01 > 0:18:07If that was high-pressure steam, you can imagine it jetting out -
0:18:07 > 0:18:11basically broiling you! This is why...
0:18:11 > 0:18:14There it goes, you can see it squirt! It's absolutely spraying out here
0:18:14 > 0:18:17and the other one is looking good.
0:18:17 > 0:18:21- Do I dare do another one? Ah! - There it goes!
0:18:21 > 0:18:24- And that's the problem. - This is basically steam
0:18:24 > 0:18:28just pouring out - fortunately this is cold,
0:18:28 > 0:18:31but if that was hot steam, I'd be scalded alive.
0:18:31 > 0:18:36This is really very impressive. This one is spraying away,
0:18:36 > 0:18:40this one, the Trevithick boiler is completely intact
0:18:40 > 0:18:43and good old James Watt is leaking like...
0:18:43 > 0:18:46I've got some steam over here too. Tea's ready.
0:18:46 > 0:18:49- Very good. Like that. - We like tea.
0:18:49 > 0:18:51- That worked.- Look!
0:18:51 > 0:18:53Really impressively. I love it when...
0:18:53 > 0:18:56This one's going, that isn't - you were right, Mark.
0:18:56 > 0:18:57It wasn't me, to be honest.
0:18:57 > 0:18:59Cup of tea?
0:18:59 > 0:19:04- One for me, one for you. - One for Mark.- There it goes.
0:19:04 > 0:19:06All the other people who followed him after this
0:19:06 > 0:19:10all used these fire tubes. They stuffed their boilers with them,
0:19:10 > 0:19:13Stephenson, the lot of them - they loved this invention.
0:19:13 > 0:19:15Richard Trevithick - what a guy!
0:19:15 > 0:19:18Now Trevithick may have built the prototype
0:19:18 > 0:19:22but it is Stephenson who really made it into something practical
0:19:22 > 0:19:24as Cassie has been finding out.
0:19:28 > 0:19:30This is Skerne Bridge in County Durham.
0:19:30 > 0:19:31It might not look very important
0:19:31 > 0:19:35but it holds a pivotal place in world transport history.
0:19:37 > 0:19:40If you'd been stood here on 27th September 1825,
0:19:40 > 0:19:45you'd have witnessed one of the most remarkable spectacles of the Georgian era.
0:19:45 > 0:19:49It was the first time the public took a trip by steam railway.
0:19:51 > 0:19:55Like many great inventors, Stephenson was an improver.
0:19:55 > 0:19:58His engine was based on Richard Trevithick's original,
0:19:58 > 0:20:01but where Trevithick had one fire tube,
0:20:01 > 0:20:05Stephenson had the brilliant idea of filling the boiler with them.
0:20:05 > 0:20:09This created much more power, and Stephenson was convinced
0:20:09 > 0:20:12this finally meant the steam train was viable.
0:20:13 > 0:20:17By the early 18th century, Britain was dependent on coal
0:20:17 > 0:20:20and County Durham had plenty of it.
0:20:20 > 0:20:25But moving it to our fast-growing cities was expensive and slow.
0:20:25 > 0:20:29As demand grew, the pit owners around Darlington knew
0:20:29 > 0:20:31a quicker method had to be found.
0:20:31 > 0:20:35In 1820, the promoters of the new line met here.
0:20:35 > 0:20:38They believed an iron road was needed for horses to pull
0:20:38 > 0:20:41wagons of coal to the river at Stockton.
0:20:41 > 0:20:45They employed local engineer, George Stephenson,
0:20:45 > 0:20:48to build their new wagon way, but his ideas were more ambitious.
0:20:51 > 0:20:53So, this is Stephenson's line
0:20:53 > 0:20:57but he's just an engineer at a colliery, so how does he get involved?
0:20:57 > 0:21:01George Stephenson is a notable local character -
0:21:01 > 0:21:03he's from the area,
0:21:03 > 0:21:06he likes the idea of steam locomotives.
0:21:06 > 0:21:09He has been developing them for a few years,
0:21:09 > 0:21:12he's improving their design and he realises
0:21:12 > 0:21:15that horses are not the future for railways,
0:21:15 > 0:21:17that steam locomotives are.
0:21:17 > 0:21:22But they're, of course, heavier than coaches that horses pull
0:21:22 > 0:21:25so he needs a better-condition track,
0:21:25 > 0:21:29it needs better foundations, better sleepers and so on.
0:21:29 > 0:21:31And so he improves the track
0:21:31 > 0:21:35in order to facilitate the use of locomotives.
0:21:36 > 0:21:39Stephenson's real genius was to see
0:21:39 > 0:21:42the entire railway as one vast, complex entity.
0:21:42 > 0:21:44He didn't just improve engine efficiency -
0:21:44 > 0:21:47he brought in new construction methods
0:21:47 > 0:21:49and developed brand new materials.
0:21:49 > 0:21:54Stephenson's rails were made of malleable wrought iron
0:21:54 > 0:21:58instead of brittle cast iron, and this meant the heavy weight
0:21:58 > 0:22:01of the locomotive could be supported without cracking the rails.
0:22:01 > 0:22:04But Stephenson didn't just face technical challenges -
0:22:04 > 0:22:09like many innovators, he also had to overcome society's fear of change.
0:22:11 > 0:22:14Locomotives let out steam from everywhere,
0:22:14 > 0:22:16they're quite frightening.
0:22:16 > 0:22:21There's worries that, for example, they'll make cows' udders dry up,
0:22:21 > 0:22:24it would turn the local sheep black because of the smoke
0:22:24 > 0:22:27and it would scare the horses, which it probably did.
0:22:27 > 0:22:31But the more far-sighted people realised that they are the future.
0:22:31 > 0:22:34On September 27th 1825,
0:22:34 > 0:22:38the new line opened with Stephenson's Locomotion No 1
0:22:38 > 0:22:43pulling 30 wagons, most for coal, but a select few reserved for people.
0:22:44 > 0:22:48Stephenson saw the opening day of the line as an opportunity
0:22:48 > 0:22:51to prove that steam was superior to horsepower.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54Some accounts say that 600 people piled into the wagons
0:22:54 > 0:22:57pulled by Locomotion No 1.
0:22:57 > 0:23:00It would have been bumpy and uncomfortable,
0:23:00 > 0:23:04but just imagine seeing it for the first time - what a way to travel!
0:23:04 > 0:23:07Stephenson's train was an enormous success.
0:23:07 > 0:23:09Within a decade, a million tonnes of coal
0:23:09 > 0:23:13was being transported along the line every year.
0:23:13 > 0:23:17The future of the steam locomotive was no longer up for debate.
0:23:18 > 0:23:20The Stockton and Darlington Railway
0:23:20 > 0:23:24had a far greater impact than just lowering the price of coal.
0:23:24 > 0:23:27By marrying the train to the tracks,
0:23:27 > 0:23:31George Stephenson not only developed a better way of moving goods,
0:23:31 > 0:23:34he established a revolutionary new method of travel
0:23:34 > 0:23:37which transformed the British landscape.
0:23:41 > 0:23:43So what happened next?
0:23:43 > 0:23:46To find out, I'm with historian Doctor Lawrence Goldman
0:23:46 > 0:23:47of Oxford University.
0:23:47 > 0:23:50So, the railways - what becomes of them?
0:23:50 > 0:23:54Well, in 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway is opened.
0:23:54 > 0:23:56That does something very special -
0:23:56 > 0:24:00it becomes commonplace for people to move as passengers
0:24:00 > 0:24:05and as they move, so space changes, it constricts.
0:24:05 > 0:24:08Time changes, one doesn't have to devote
0:24:08 > 0:24:10so much time to moving around.
0:24:10 > 0:24:14And it also changes Britain. It changes the national culture.
0:24:14 > 0:24:19Indeed, one can use that term, "national culture" really for the first time.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23It allows us to have a national postal service from 1840
0:24:23 > 0:24:27and from the 1850s, we have, for example,
0:24:27 > 0:24:29national newspapers for the first time.
0:24:29 > 0:24:32So I could get a copy of the Times not two weeks out of date,
0:24:32 > 0:24:35but something that was actually printed the previous day.
0:24:35 > 0:24:40The previous day. And Victorians would be able to read these newspapers at their breakfast table.
0:24:40 > 0:24:43They'd been printed in London the night before and been delivered
0:24:43 > 0:24:48and you get the news from Westminster, from the centre of the Empire, with your breakfast.
0:24:48 > 0:24:52So, what you see in this period is a very intimate relationship
0:24:52 > 0:24:56between invention, social change, leading to greater innovation.
0:24:56 > 0:24:58- Is that right?- Absolutely.
0:24:58 > 0:25:01The invention comes and it changes in so many ways
0:25:01 > 0:25:05the way people think and then the way people behave.
0:25:05 > 0:25:07And those changes come really quite rapidly.
0:25:07 > 0:25:09The railway comes and immediately,
0:25:09 > 0:25:14people start to change where they live, the pattern of how they live,
0:25:14 > 0:25:18their leisure changes, the way they interact with other people changes
0:25:18 > 0:25:23and all of those things then set up new demands, new unfulfilled wants
0:25:23 > 0:25:27and more entrepreneurs begin to think of new ideas
0:25:27 > 0:25:30and more innovations and new inventions follow.
0:25:30 > 0:25:34It's a kind of virtuous circle of change producing change.
0:25:34 > 0:25:36When does it all go wrong?
0:25:36 > 0:25:41Because Britain is at the top of its game, but soon it isn't?
0:25:41 > 0:25:47From the 1820s to the 1870s, we're often called the Workshop of the World.
0:25:47 > 0:25:49But from the 1870s,
0:25:49 > 0:25:54historians begin to talk about entrepreneurial failure.
0:25:54 > 0:25:57It looks as if we become complacent -
0:25:57 > 0:26:01we've done it so well in one way that we don't continue to innovate.
0:26:01 > 0:26:05We stick with technologies and the business organisations
0:26:05 > 0:26:08and the markets that we already have.
0:26:08 > 0:26:10And in the later 19th century,
0:26:10 > 0:26:13there's a second Industrial Revolution,
0:26:13 > 0:26:15dependent not on coal and iron
0:26:15 > 0:26:20but on new technologies - on chemicals, on electricals -
0:26:20 > 0:26:25and that new Industrial Revolution is taken on elsewhere in Europe,
0:26:25 > 0:26:27particularly in Germany.
0:26:27 > 0:26:34It's there that the technological impulse and the innovative impulse seems to reside later.
0:26:34 > 0:26:38That's why when the next great invention comes along,
0:26:38 > 0:26:40it is not a British one.
0:26:40 > 0:26:44The steam locomotive started the transport revolution
0:26:44 > 0:26:46but it had its limitations.
0:26:46 > 0:26:50The engines were enormous and highly inefficient.
0:26:50 > 0:26:53Trevithick had increased efficiency ten-fold
0:26:53 > 0:26:56by putting the furnace inside the boiler.
0:26:56 > 0:26:59But what would happen if you took that thought one step further
0:26:59 > 0:27:01and removed the boiler altogether?
0:27:01 > 0:27:03By the mid-19th century,
0:27:03 > 0:27:06inventors all across Europe were trying to do just this.
0:27:06 > 0:27:11The race was on to build a working internal combustion engine.
0:27:13 > 0:27:17This proved incredibly difficult until 1876,
0:27:17 > 0:27:21when Nicholas Otto designed the four-stroke engine.
0:27:21 > 0:27:24It creates movement from fuel combustion
0:27:24 > 0:27:26acting directly on the moving parts.
0:27:26 > 0:27:29Most engines today are still based on this model
0:27:29 > 0:27:34and it led to the most popular form of transport ever - the car.
0:27:34 > 0:27:38But why did it take so many people so long to succeed?
0:27:39 > 0:27:41When we talk about inventions,
0:27:41 > 0:27:43it's important to find out who was the inventor.
0:27:43 > 0:27:47But with the internal combustion engine, that's a bit of a problem,
0:27:47 > 0:27:52because by the time Otto got round to putting in a patent application for his four-stroke engine,
0:27:52 > 0:27:55lots of other people were working the technology and it was refused.
0:27:55 > 0:27:59It was thought to be universal technology.
0:27:59 > 0:28:03Instead, we can talk about a figure who, undeniably,
0:28:03 > 0:28:05was pivotal in the design of engines.
0:28:05 > 0:28:07It's this guy, Nicholas Carnot.
0:28:07 > 0:28:10What he did is he scratched his head
0:28:10 > 0:28:13and he thought, "What's the theory of engines?
0:28:13 > 0:28:17"How do we get the most out of them? What determines their efficiency?"
0:28:17 > 0:28:22And over here, I've got a rig-up of his theory of heat engines.
0:28:22 > 0:28:26- So, this is supposed to be Carnot's perfect engine, is it? - You don't like it?
0:28:26 > 0:28:30- What's wrong with it? - It's a little Heath Robinson for a professor of materials.
0:28:30 > 0:28:34Just bear with me. This is about to show its genius, even though it looks a bit ramshackle.
0:28:34 > 0:28:36Over here, what we have is the heat.
0:28:36 > 0:28:41- This could be coal, oil, petrol, whatever.- Red for heat, and...?
0:28:41 > 0:28:45This, down here, is going to be the work we get out of the engine.
0:28:45 > 0:28:50Carnot said, "Look, if you get out the same amount of energy as you put in,
0:28:50 > 0:28:54"if you get that out in terms of work, that's the perfect engine."
0:28:54 > 0:28:57- Hooray!- 100% efficiency. - 100% efficiency.
0:28:57 > 0:29:00But he said that's very unlikely to happen. In fact, impossible.
0:29:00 > 0:29:02He said the reason is this -
0:29:02 > 0:29:05and if you pull that lever I'm going to show you why.
0:29:05 > 0:29:07- Yes, exactly!- It works!
0:29:07 > 0:29:08And what he identified was,
0:29:08 > 0:29:11there are so many ways in an engine that it could dissipate energy.
0:29:11 > 0:29:15So, this is like a steam engine that was running at the time?
0:29:15 > 0:29:19Exactly. So, things like the waste heat from the boiler,
0:29:19 > 0:29:22the bearings, the friction, down here, the noise,
0:29:22 > 0:29:26every single part of the engine is using up some of your valuable energy
0:29:26 > 0:29:29and instead of turning it into useful work or speed,
0:29:29 > 0:29:31it's getting wasted.
0:29:31 > 0:29:32Here's the weird thing
0:29:32 > 0:29:35that his analysis showed everybody in the field,
0:29:35 > 0:29:38which was that here's the perfect engine.
0:29:38 > 0:29:41You should get this much out.
0:29:41 > 0:29:43Here's what you actually get out of a steam engine
0:29:43 > 0:29:46which is terrible - 5% at best.
0:29:46 > 0:29:49- And all of that is waste.- Yeah.
0:29:49 > 0:29:53Internal combustion is about five times more efficient
0:29:53 > 0:29:54than external combustion.
0:29:54 > 0:29:56It works by mixing fuel and air
0:29:56 > 0:30:00to create an explosion that physically moves the piston.
0:30:00 > 0:30:04But you can't do that with coal, it burns too unevenly
0:30:04 > 0:30:06and leaves too much residue.
0:30:06 > 0:30:09The internal combustion engine took so long to get right
0:30:09 > 0:30:13because inventors like Otto had to wait for chemical engineers
0:30:13 > 0:30:16to discover how to distil new liquid fuels from oil.
0:30:17 > 0:30:20Once we had kerosene, diesel and petrol,
0:30:20 > 0:30:22internal combustion could finally work.
0:30:26 > 0:30:29I'm going to demonstrate how explosive these liquids are.
0:30:29 > 0:30:33In here I have a single teaspoon of petrol. Give it a shake because it is
0:30:33 > 0:30:37incredibly volatile, which means the liquid readily turns to gas.
0:30:37 > 0:30:42I've also got an igniter which is a bit like a spark plug,
0:30:42 > 0:30:47and I am armed and ready to go.
0:30:48 > 0:30:50And you can see why petrol is
0:30:50 > 0:30:54such a fabulous fuel for an internal combustion engine because it blew up
0:30:54 > 0:30:58lots of energy and there is absolutely no residue.
0:30:58 > 0:31:03It was a big step going from this to creating the car,
0:31:03 > 0:31:05as Cassie has been finding out.
0:31:08 > 0:31:11Long-distance travel may have been transformed by the train
0:31:11 > 0:31:12but inside Britain's cities,
0:31:12 > 0:31:16it was millions of working horses that provided transport.
0:31:17 > 0:31:20But this was all about to change when, in 1886,
0:31:20 > 0:31:23a German engineer invented a controversial new machine.
0:31:25 > 0:31:27This is the world's first motor car.
0:31:27 > 0:31:30It's called The Benz Patent Motorwagen.
0:31:30 > 0:31:33It was built by Karl Benz, the son of an engine driver.
0:31:33 > 0:31:37It's got three wheels. This kind of tiller arrangement for steering.
0:31:37 > 0:31:42And the engine behind me gives an average of nine miles per hour,
0:31:42 > 0:31:44which from up here feels more like 90.
0:31:46 > 0:31:49But Benz could never have built the car without Otto's innovative
0:31:49 > 0:31:53engine design. It was all to do with how the fuel burned.
0:31:53 > 0:31:55The crux of it is this.
0:31:55 > 0:32:00You have a cylinder with a piston just like any other working engine, but these cams very carefully control
0:32:00 > 0:32:04how the fuel and air mixture is let into and out of the cylinder.
0:32:04 > 0:32:05The 4-stroke cycle.
0:32:05 > 0:32:08So what he manages to do is smooth out all those bumps
0:32:08 > 0:32:13and harness the explosive power of the fuel within the engine and turn
0:32:13 > 0:32:16that into a drive, a machine that doesn't just shake itself to bits.
0:32:20 > 0:32:24And it was so successful it was named the Otto Silent Engine.
0:32:24 > 0:32:27HEAVY CLUNKING Well, it's pretty silent!
0:32:28 > 0:32:32Otto's engine was designed to be stationary.
0:32:32 > 0:32:34It was Benz that made it move.
0:32:36 > 0:32:39And you've got everything you need here, all the things you get in a car.
0:32:39 > 0:32:41You've got spark plugs and HT leads.
0:32:41 > 0:32:43You've got your drive belt. You've got a very early
0:32:43 > 0:32:46form of clutch that allows you to disengage the engine.
0:32:46 > 0:32:49You've got a battery in a box, you've got a tubular steel frame
0:32:49 > 0:32:52which is exactly the same as on a Ferrari.
0:32:52 > 0:32:57It's everything you need to turn the dream of a car into reality.
0:32:57 > 0:33:00The problem was no-one wanted to buy one.
0:33:00 > 0:33:03It was a surprise outing by Benz's wife, Bertha,
0:33:03 > 0:33:05that changed public opinion.
0:33:05 > 0:33:07She borrowed her husband's prototype
0:33:07 > 0:33:10and embarked on a 66-mile trip to her mother's house.
0:33:10 > 0:33:12She sounds quite a practical lady.
0:33:12 > 0:33:18She had an ignition failure. The ignition lead parted.
0:33:18 > 0:33:22So she took a hat pin or hair grip, I'm not sure which,
0:33:22 > 0:33:26but she put it inside the wire and then insulated it with a garter.
0:33:26 > 0:33:28Ooh. Handy thing to have on you.
0:33:28 > 0:33:30As one does.
0:33:30 > 0:33:34And also she had to go into a town and get some fuel.
0:33:34 > 0:33:37Ah, yes, the invention of the petrol station has to go with it, doesn't it?
0:33:37 > 0:33:39Yeah, because there was nowhere to buy the fuel.
0:33:39 > 0:33:42Early petrol was actually used for treating head lice.
0:33:42 > 0:33:47- Nit medicine. - Absolutely. But they found it burnt and it worked well in this.
0:33:48 > 0:33:50Bertha's journey soon became famous,
0:33:50 > 0:33:54proving to the world the car could replace the horse.
0:33:54 > 0:33:56Benz's invention finally took off.
0:33:56 > 0:34:00In 1900, horses pulled almost all vehicles on London's streets.
0:34:00 > 0:34:0515 years later, horse-drawn transport has virtually disappeared.
0:34:05 > 0:34:09And now, we have more than a billion cars on our roads worldwide.
0:34:09 > 0:34:13Otto's genius and Benz's vision led to one of the most
0:34:13 > 0:34:16extraordinary transformations of the 20th century.
0:34:21 > 0:34:25I thought it was really funny seeing you driving in a motorised pram,
0:34:25 > 0:34:29particularly when you think that only 20 years later
0:34:29 > 0:34:31they are building this.
0:34:31 > 0:34:33We're in the Heritage Centre at Rolls Royce
0:34:33 > 0:34:37sitting in probably the most famous car in the world.
0:34:37 > 0:34:40This is the original Rolls Royce Silver Ghost,
0:34:40 > 0:34:45and although it looks fantastic, it was the most reliable car of its time.
0:34:45 > 0:34:47It could go 1,000 miles without repair.
0:34:47 > 0:34:50That was unusual at the time, it was called the best car in the world.
0:34:50 > 0:34:55This was the car that put British car manufacture back in the international race.
0:34:55 > 0:34:57Why was it so reliable, what has he done?
0:34:57 > 0:35:02The heart of this beating engine is Otto's four-stroke cycle
0:35:02 > 0:35:06Royce is one of those incremental inventors and you can see all the tweaks -
0:35:06 > 0:35:13the radiator, the oil system and the precision engineering that make this a modern car engine.
0:35:13 > 0:35:16The thing I've been thinking since I got here is how much?
0:35:16 > 0:35:17If you have to ask, you can't afford it
0:35:17 > 0:35:19I am asking and I can't afford it.
0:35:19 > 0:35:24In the region of 40 or 50 million it's worth it, it is.
0:35:24 > 0:35:29Back in 1907, when this car was built, it was a luxury item,
0:35:29 > 0:35:32only the really rich could afford it.
0:35:32 > 0:35:36If the car was going to change the world, it had to come down in price.
0:35:36 > 0:35:39Sometimes it's not the invention that makes the difference,
0:35:39 > 0:35:40it's how you build it.
0:35:42 > 0:35:45The explosion of invention during the Industrial Revolution
0:35:45 > 0:35:48transformed consumer demand - whatever the product,
0:35:48 > 0:35:51we wanted more of it and we wanted it quicker.
0:35:53 > 0:35:55This meant we had to change the way we made things,
0:35:55 > 0:35:58and it was the car that paved the way.
0:35:58 > 0:36:02While the car companies of Europe were building a small amount
0:36:02 > 0:36:05of vehicles by hand, American Henry Ford
0:36:05 > 0:36:08decided to do things a little differently.
0:36:08 > 0:36:12He saw the potential of this new invention and decided everyone,
0:36:12 > 0:36:14given the chance, would want to own one.
0:36:14 > 0:36:17He had to find a way to make it cheaper.
0:36:17 > 0:36:23In 1913, Ford opened the world's first continuous moving assembly line.
0:36:23 > 0:36:27It built only one model, the Model T.
0:36:28 > 0:36:32Ford's innovation was that assembly workers remained stationary
0:36:32 > 0:36:36while the car was moved by a system of pulleys and conveyor belts.
0:36:36 > 0:36:40The process was divided into 84 steps
0:36:40 > 0:36:44and the same worker repeated the same step as each car moved through.
0:36:45 > 0:36:49With hundreds of workers all repeating one task on hundreds
0:36:49 > 0:36:55of cars, building time was slashed from a few days to an hour a half.
0:36:55 > 0:36:59The rest is history an affordable car became the most popular
0:36:59 > 0:37:01form of transport ever.
0:37:04 > 0:37:08Now, 60 million are produced every year.
0:37:08 > 0:37:13Ford's methods have changed the way we make everything, from cars to jet engines.
0:37:17 > 0:37:20Once upon a time, Rolls Royce just made car engines
0:37:20 > 0:37:23but I was quite surprised by how quickly that changed. In fact,
0:37:23 > 0:37:29in 1919 they were already making more plane engines than car engines.
0:37:29 > 0:37:35I'm with Professor Saul David, who is a military historian
0:37:35 > 0:37:38and I'm guessing the reason they do so has something to do with the First World War?
0:37:38 > 0:37:42By end of the First World War, Britain has the biggest air force in world,
0:37:42 > 0:37:45the RAF just came into being at the start of 1918
0:37:45 > 0:37:49and anyone who is anyone making engines in Britain
0:37:49 > 0:37:50is going to be making plane engines.
0:37:50 > 0:37:53That is why Rolls Royce are in the game as well.
0:37:53 > 0:37:56Is this because the money is there, the demand? What's driving it?
0:37:56 > 0:37:59It's money, it's demand, military purposes -
0:37:59 > 0:38:03we need to defeat the German Air Force.
0:38:03 > 0:38:07One of the great drivers of military innovation, and innovation in general,
0:38:07 > 0:38:12is because a state is determined to not let someone else beat them in wartime.
0:38:12 > 0:38:17Money becomes no object and for a brief window you have almost unlimited funds,
0:38:17 > 0:38:20and for people involved in technology this is like Christmas.
0:38:20 > 0:38:24Some of the key innovations, some of the greatest inventions
0:38:24 > 0:38:27are made for military purposes first and foremost.
0:38:27 > 0:38:29And is there an opportunity cost?
0:38:29 > 0:38:32All this money is going there, is it not going somewhere else?
0:38:32 > 0:38:35The great question with military innovation is,
0:38:35 > 0:38:39could we be using that technology for civilian purposes
0:38:39 > 0:38:42that would be of more use to humanity?
0:38:42 > 0:38:45It is an open question because the other side of the argument
0:38:45 > 0:38:51is that this technology often can be used afterwards for civilian purposes. Occasionally it can't.
0:38:51 > 0:38:57I think machine gun bullets or ordnance in general, how do you use that?
0:38:57 > 0:39:01But we know more obvious things, like GPS,
0:39:01 > 0:39:04the world wide web, there can be great advantages.
0:39:04 > 0:39:08Even nuclear power if you want to go there and say, actually it's not a bad thing.
0:39:08 > 0:39:10So what the military gave to us,
0:39:10 > 0:39:14from a medical background I can think of the ambulance,
0:39:14 > 0:39:19penicillin, arguably DNA. Do you have any more?
0:39:19 > 0:39:21I have a few, some unusual ones too.
0:39:21 > 0:39:25The humble tin can was started in the Napoleonic Wars.
0:39:25 > 0:39:27If you can preserve food over any length of time,
0:39:27 > 0:39:30you can fight during winter, something they could never do before,
0:39:30 > 0:39:34you could only fight in summer when there was grain available, when food was available.
0:39:34 > 0:39:36The problem with the tin can, they didn't have a tin opener
0:39:36 > 0:39:39for another 60 years - they had to use their bayonets.
0:39:39 > 0:39:43Moving on to the First World War, you've got the first detergents,
0:39:43 > 0:39:46developed by the synthetic chemical industry in Germany,
0:39:46 > 0:39:48which was the most advanced in world.
0:39:48 > 0:39:51They were having problems with getting animal fat to make soap,
0:39:51 > 0:39:54which, of course, would have been the constituent before that.
0:39:54 > 0:39:57Moving on beyond the Second World War -
0:39:57 > 0:40:00radar, actually, is the basis for the microwave oven.
0:40:00 > 0:40:02Whenever we cook something today,
0:40:02 > 0:40:05we should be thinking about this extraordinary development that,
0:40:05 > 0:40:08of course, helped keep Britain safe in the Second World War.
0:40:08 > 0:40:12Which is one last point about innovation - in some ways,
0:40:12 > 0:40:16it's considered to be a slightly dodgy thing to talk about -
0:40:16 > 0:40:19military innovation being a good thing.
0:40:19 > 0:40:21But one thing that's kept in my mind is this -
0:40:21 > 0:40:24if you don't develop engines like these, the Rolls-Royces that
0:40:24 > 0:40:27powered the Spitfires, we don't win the Battle of Britain, and if
0:40:27 > 0:40:29we don't win that, we're knocked out of the war.
0:40:29 > 0:40:32- It's as simple as that. - OK. It's very convincing.
0:40:32 > 0:40:35Now, what's interesting is all the engines around me
0:40:35 > 0:40:38are essentially modified car engines.
0:40:38 > 0:40:41The next big step would take a man of genius,
0:40:41 > 0:40:43as Mark has been finding out.
0:40:45 > 0:40:46This is a propeller.
0:40:46 > 0:40:51Until 1941, if you wanted a plane that flew, you had to have one.
0:40:51 > 0:40:54The Wright brothers had achieved flight in 1903,
0:40:54 > 0:40:58by adding propellers to a basic internal combustion engine.
0:40:58 > 0:41:01It worked by converting the up and down motion of the piston
0:41:01 > 0:41:04to a rotary motion to create propulsive force.
0:41:04 > 0:41:07Rolls-Royce made some of the fastest in the world -
0:41:07 > 0:41:11the Merlin could fly at 374 miles per hour
0:41:11 > 0:41:13But at this factory in Coventry,
0:41:13 > 0:41:18a young RAF pilot was about to revolutionise aviation completely.
0:41:19 > 0:41:23Frank Whittle believed his jet engine would take flight
0:41:23 > 0:41:26higher and faster than ever before.
0:41:26 > 0:41:32Born in 1907, Whittle was obsessed with planes from an early age.
0:41:32 > 0:41:34After joining the RAF,
0:41:34 > 0:41:37he gained a reputation as a daring fighter pilot.
0:41:39 > 0:41:42I met up with one of Whittle's original apprentices.
0:41:42 > 0:41:46The idea is a pilot in the RAF was to shoot down the opposition
0:41:46 > 0:41:49as quickly and efficiently as possible.
0:41:49 > 0:41:53Two things you needed to do as a pilot was to get high,
0:41:53 > 0:41:56because it gave you a big advantage over the enemy
0:41:56 > 0:41:59and the second thing was speed.
0:41:59 > 0:42:05Whittle's experience as a pilot directly inspired his invention.
0:42:05 > 0:42:07'The only way you could combine high-speed
0:42:07 > 0:42:11'and long-range was by flying very high.'
0:42:11 > 0:42:13Your piston engine and propeller wouldn't,
0:42:13 > 0:42:19because the thin air affected the power to such an extent
0:42:19 > 0:42:24that at 40,000 feet, a piston engine wouldn't even turn itself round.
0:42:26 > 0:42:28Whittle knew a propeller engine limited flight.
0:42:28 > 0:42:32He had to find a new form of propulsive power.
0:42:32 > 0:42:38In 1930, he patented his design for the world's first jet engine.
0:42:38 > 0:42:42This is an original blueprint of Frank Whittle's jet engine.
0:42:42 > 0:42:45Anyone looking at it at the time would have been amazed,
0:42:45 > 0:42:50because there's no propeller and no pistons. Instead, there's a turbine.
0:42:50 > 0:42:51And the turbine's in here
0:42:51 > 0:42:54and what that's doing is compressing the air.
0:42:54 > 0:42:56It's then mixed with the fuel and ignited,
0:42:56 > 0:42:59and out of the back comes a huge thrust, like a rocket.
0:42:59 > 0:43:03And this was a quantum leap in aircraft engine design.
0:43:03 > 0:43:07The enormous compression created by the turbine meant that
0:43:07 > 0:43:09Whittle's engine could generate far more thrust
0:43:09 > 0:43:14than a propeller and piston system, and that meant a lot more power.
0:43:14 > 0:43:18No propeller also meant the plane could fly at much higher altitudes.
0:43:18 > 0:43:20But the design was so radical
0:43:20 > 0:43:24that not even the military believed it could work.
0:43:24 > 0:43:26This is so revolutionary for its time
0:43:26 > 0:43:29and you're a manufacturer
0:43:29 > 0:43:33and what he's asking is something that seems out of this world.
0:43:34 > 0:43:38But, like all great inventors, Whittle refused to give up.
0:43:38 > 0:43:40He founded his own company, Power Jets.
0:43:42 > 0:43:46By 1937, he'd built a prototype, and tests could finally begin.
0:43:48 > 0:43:50During early experiments, the jet engine
0:43:50 > 0:43:52was attached to this post.
0:43:52 > 0:43:56It ran at speeds of up to 16,500 revs per minute.
0:43:56 > 0:44:01In later years, Whittle re-enacted those same tests for the cameras.
0:44:01 > 0:44:04ENGINE ROARS
0:44:06 > 0:44:09Whittle modifies his engine for two years,
0:44:09 > 0:44:14and it became not just powerful and efficient, but also reliable.
0:44:14 > 0:44:18At last, the Air Ministry were impressed.
0:44:18 > 0:44:21RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire.
0:44:21 > 0:44:24The 15th of May 1941.
0:44:24 > 0:44:28The 17-minute flight is one of the most remarkable occasions
0:44:28 > 0:44:31in the history of aviation, comparable only to
0:44:31 > 0:44:34the Wright brothers' first flight in its significance.
0:44:34 > 0:44:38Finally, Whittle's engine took to the skies.
0:44:38 > 0:44:40The jet age was upon us.
0:44:40 > 0:44:44PLANE ROARS
0:44:44 > 0:44:48- WOMAN:- 'I heard a whistling noise, couldn't think what it was.
0:44:48 > 0:44:49'When it got overhead,'
0:44:49 > 0:44:52I noticed there wasn't a propeller.
0:44:52 > 0:44:54So I downed tools and ran in the house to tell everybody
0:44:54 > 0:44:57I'd seen an aeroplane without a propeller.
0:44:57 > 0:44:59Of course, nobody believed me.
0:45:01 > 0:45:06Well, people, of course, thought that it was a very great thrill for me when it took off,
0:45:06 > 0:45:12but I can't honestly say there was a very great thrill attached to it.
0:45:12 > 0:45:16We just knew that it would fly. There was no reason why it shouldn't.
0:45:17 > 0:45:21'I think he was a genius, but it came in a natural way.'
0:45:21 > 0:45:23As he got more and more interested in a project,
0:45:23 > 0:45:25the more and more knowledgeable he became.
0:45:25 > 0:45:28And, of course, he was a very determined person -
0:45:28 > 0:45:30you give him something to do and he would do it.
0:45:31 > 0:45:35In 1945, just a few years after that first test,
0:45:35 > 0:45:38the jet engine smashed the world speed record
0:45:38 > 0:45:40by flying at 606 miles per hour.
0:45:42 > 0:45:45Today it's hard to imagine a world without
0:45:45 > 0:45:47the convenience of jet-powered flight.
0:45:47 > 0:45:51By allowing us to fly higher and faster and over longer distances,
0:45:51 > 0:45:55Frank Whittle's remarkable invention has shrunk the globe.
0:45:55 > 0:45:58But I'm still amazed at the audacity of the man.
0:45:58 > 0:46:00I mean, to put a turbine in the sky,
0:46:00 > 0:46:03that must have seemed madness at the time.
0:46:03 > 0:46:09But today, it's obvious, and that surely is the essence of genius.
0:46:09 > 0:46:12Now, I do think they are absolutely lovely machines
0:46:12 > 0:46:15and I appreciate the fact they can whiz me off to exotic locations
0:46:15 > 0:46:19but I don't think I've really ever properly understood
0:46:19 > 0:46:21how a jet engine works.
0:46:21 > 0:46:24It's all about thrust - equal and opposite action.
0:46:24 > 0:46:26If you thrust something out of the back of a plane,
0:46:26 > 0:46:28the whole plane has to move in the opposite direction.
0:46:28 > 0:46:31OK, I get that much. I need more detail.
0:46:31 > 0:46:33Oh, you're going to love this bit.
0:46:33 > 0:46:35You can break it down into four words, OK?
0:46:35 > 0:46:39Suck, squeeze, bang, blow. OK?
0:46:39 > 0:46:44Now, suck - the fan at the front sucks the air in
0:46:44 > 0:46:47and that's like a squash court of air every second.
0:46:47 > 0:46:51It's compressed by the blades in the air compressor.
0:46:51 > 0:46:53It's ignited - bang - in the burner
0:46:53 > 0:46:56- and then - blow - it's thrust out of the back.- OK.
0:46:56 > 0:46:58Right. So, in this thing over here,
0:46:58 > 0:47:01translating that diagram into reality?
0:47:01 > 0:47:03Right at the front, these beautiful blades that everyone sees
0:47:03 > 0:47:06when they get on a plane, these are the fan blades.
0:47:06 > 0:47:08- That's what sucks the air in.- Yep.
0:47:08 > 0:47:09Then, when you move round behind,
0:47:09 > 0:47:12this is where the real thrust is generated.
0:47:12 > 0:47:14That's where the compressor is.
0:47:14 > 0:47:16Separate blades all lined up,
0:47:16 > 0:47:18packing the air into smaller and smaller space.
0:47:18 > 0:47:21- Why do you need a compressor? - You need a compressor
0:47:21 > 0:47:24because you need to have lots of air for your explosion.
0:47:24 > 0:47:28- Lots of oxygen to fuel it.- OK. - And that happens in this part here.
0:47:28 > 0:47:30These are basically your injectors.
0:47:30 > 0:47:34That's where fuel is sent into the middle of the engine - bang -
0:47:34 > 0:47:36and then blown out the back here...
0:47:36 > 0:47:39What sort of temperature... you're hurrying off, there. Come back.
0:47:39 > 0:47:42What sort of temperatures are you getting in there?
0:47:42 > 0:47:46Amazingly, the temperature in there is about a third of the surface of the sun.
0:47:46 > 0:47:48- About 1,600 degrees. - Seriously hot.- Yeah.
0:47:48 > 0:47:52So, what makes the fans go round and suck in all the air?
0:47:52 > 0:47:53That is the most beautiful bit.
0:47:53 > 0:47:56Some of that thrust coming out of the back to move the plane
0:47:56 > 0:47:59is sent back through the engine and used to turn the blades.
0:47:59 > 0:48:01It runs itself. It's so elegant.
0:48:01 > 0:48:06If I was standing there, or preferably you were standing there, and there was a big blast of thrust,
0:48:06 > 0:48:08presumably you'd get whacked against the wall there.
0:48:08 > 0:48:09Yes, cos the thrust here carries
0:48:09 > 0:48:11the whole weight of the plane forward.
0:48:11 > 0:48:14So, if you're standing here, you're like a leaf.
0:48:14 > 0:48:17Now, I've never been quite so close to the back end of an engine before
0:48:17 > 0:48:20and it does make you appreciate just how beautiful,
0:48:20 > 0:48:23but also how complicated, it is.
0:48:23 > 0:48:26Mark has been off finding out how much technology is required
0:48:26 > 0:48:28to create something like this.
0:48:30 > 0:48:33This is a high-pressure turbine blade, and it may just look like
0:48:33 > 0:48:36any old piece of metal, but it's an extraordinary piece of engineering.
0:48:36 > 0:48:38It's engineered to 40 microns
0:48:38 > 0:48:41and that's half the width of a human hair.
0:48:41 > 0:48:44And they're made here, at the precision casting facility.
0:48:46 > 0:48:49The modern jet engine contains thousands of parts,
0:48:49 > 0:48:52every single one the result of 70 years
0:48:52 > 0:48:55of incremental improvement on Whittle's original design.
0:48:57 > 0:49:00The high-pressure blade is an extraordinary invention.
0:49:00 > 0:49:04It can withstand centrifugal loads of ten tonnes.
0:49:04 > 0:49:05But, just as crucial,
0:49:05 > 0:49:09was the invention of the manufacturing process itself.
0:49:10 > 0:49:14A turbine blade starts life as a piece of wax, would you believe.
0:49:14 > 0:49:17Hot wax is injected into the mould and then finished by hand.
0:49:18 > 0:49:22The wax templates are dipped into a special liquid containing
0:49:22 > 0:49:26ceramic powder and then they're coated with aluminium oxide
0:49:26 > 0:49:29and then dried and this is repeated several times
0:49:29 > 0:49:33until the wax has a strong ceramic coating.
0:49:34 > 0:49:40This cast is heated up and the wax is melted out of the inside of it,
0:49:40 > 0:49:41creating a hollow space.
0:49:41 > 0:49:43That's what I love about this,
0:49:43 > 0:49:47it's a modern factory using a very ancient technique.
0:49:52 > 0:49:55This is the next stage along and you can see the metal is now
0:49:55 > 0:49:59solidified into the mould and you have a turbine blade, here.
0:49:59 > 0:50:01But this is not just any metal turbine blade.
0:50:01 > 0:50:03This is a very special one.
0:50:03 > 0:50:06What happens is, as the metal came down the middle here and solidified,
0:50:06 > 0:50:09it was forced up a little helical tube in here.
0:50:09 > 0:50:13And what that means is that as the alloy cools, it's forced to
0:50:13 > 0:50:17re-solidify into the mould as a single crystalline form.
0:50:19 > 0:50:23It's that that gives it the high-temperature strength
0:50:23 > 0:50:25that is absolutely vital to a jet engine.
0:50:25 > 0:50:28The moulded blades are weighed, measured
0:50:28 > 0:50:31and even checked with an endoscope,
0:50:31 > 0:50:34each one scrutinised for the slightest defect.
0:50:38 > 0:50:41This is the end of the process that creates these turbine blades
0:50:41 > 0:50:45that operate at temperatures 200 degrees above their melting point.
0:50:45 > 0:50:46That's crazy.
0:50:46 > 0:50:49That's like making an engine out of ice
0:50:49 > 0:50:51and operating it at 200 or 300 degrees.
0:50:51 > 0:50:56And yet, it is possible, because of this white layer, which is
0:50:56 > 0:50:58a thermal protective layer, created here
0:50:58 > 0:51:00and also these tiny little holes.
0:51:00 > 0:51:03Each one is individually machined. Each one's a different shape.
0:51:03 > 0:51:06And, together, they create a layer of air
0:51:06 > 0:51:08that protects the metal from melting.
0:51:08 > 0:51:12It's inventions like these that make the impossible possible.
0:51:13 > 0:51:16The high-pressure blade may be one of the most complex parts
0:51:16 > 0:51:19of the engine, but it's far from the only one.
0:51:19 > 0:51:22Components are made all over the world
0:51:22 > 0:51:26and they all come here for assembly.
0:51:26 > 0:51:29It owes a clear debt to Henry Ford's assembly-line,
0:51:29 > 0:51:32but what they make here is rather more complex.
0:51:32 > 0:51:36This is where Rolls-Royce builds their Trent engines,
0:51:36 > 0:51:39producing over 300 each year.
0:51:39 > 0:51:42So, this is David who's head of production, testing and improvement.
0:51:42 > 0:51:45- That's right. - How does this all work?
0:51:45 > 0:51:48So, we're standing in front of one of our fan cases,
0:51:48 > 0:51:50here on our fan case flow line.
0:51:50 > 0:51:54We incrementally move the fan cases once a day
0:51:54 > 0:51:56and we're fitting predefined parts -
0:51:56 > 0:51:59brackets, pipes and harnesses -
0:51:59 > 0:52:02so one and then two of many thousands of parts that make up
0:52:02 > 0:52:05a gas turbine, on this workstation and then later workstations.
0:52:05 > 0:52:07It's just the sheer number of parts
0:52:07 > 0:52:09that really does your head in, isn't it?
0:52:09 > 0:52:12I mean, how do you kind of keep track of them all?
0:52:12 > 0:52:16The fitters who are fitting these parts have individual
0:52:16 > 0:52:20identification stamps that are recorded against each operation,
0:52:20 > 0:52:23so we can work out who fitted the part and what time on what day.
0:52:23 > 0:52:25See for every single one of these parts,
0:52:25 > 0:52:29- you know who fitted it and at what time of day?- That's right.
0:52:29 > 0:52:32- That's great, isn't it? - It's even more controlled than that.
0:52:32 > 0:52:35These parts have individual part numbers and serial numbers,
0:52:35 > 0:52:37so they're uniquely identified,
0:52:37 > 0:52:41and when the engines go into service, we know where that part is
0:52:41 > 0:52:44and what engine at any point in time through our bill of material.
0:52:44 > 0:52:47But how do you work out where all these parts go?
0:52:47 > 0:52:50This is a three-dimensional, very intricate object.
0:52:50 > 0:52:52What do the plans look like?
0:52:52 > 0:52:57Well, these days, parts like this are fully described electronically.
0:52:57 > 0:53:00The part we've just been looking at is here,
0:53:00 > 0:53:03so the fitter can interrogate this system.
0:53:03 > 0:53:06If he's not certain where a part fits,
0:53:06 > 0:53:09- he can check out the model... - That's beautiful, isn't it?
0:53:09 > 0:53:13And confirm precisely what operation he needs to do when.
0:53:13 > 0:53:16That's very clever. That's cool. Can I have a go at doing that?
0:53:16 > 0:53:19Unfortunately not. I can't show you anything else in the model.
0:53:19 > 0:53:21There's too much of our technology
0:53:21 > 0:53:24and intellectual property within this.
0:53:24 > 0:53:27- So that's your secrets, there. - There are some secrets there.
0:53:27 > 0:53:31But, I suppose that's the point, isn't it,
0:53:31 > 0:53:35is that the process of making a jet engine itself is
0:53:35 > 0:53:38valuable intellectual property, it is an invention in its own right,
0:53:38 > 0:53:41- the process of making a jet engine.- It is.
0:53:41 > 0:53:44And we spend as much time and effort developing our manufacturing
0:53:44 > 0:53:46and build and test activities
0:53:46 > 0:53:49and sequences as we do the product itself.
0:53:49 > 0:53:51So, day on day, week on week in this factory,
0:53:51 > 0:53:54we're advancing how we produce gas turbines
0:53:54 > 0:53:59to add in to the overall integrity and safety of the product.
0:54:08 > 0:54:11So, Ric, you're head of R&D at Rolls-Royce.
0:54:11 > 0:54:14You've got so much intellectual property, which distinguishes you
0:54:14 > 0:54:17as one of the most innovative companies in the world.
0:54:17 > 0:54:18How do you manage that process?
0:54:18 > 0:54:20A combination of two things.
0:54:20 > 0:54:24We patent a lot, so 475 patents last year,
0:54:24 > 0:54:26or patent applications last year, from Rolls-Royce.
0:54:26 > 0:54:29We also look at keeping certain key processes secret,
0:54:29 > 0:54:32so there are trade secrets in the company.
0:54:32 > 0:54:35If it's not a secret, when would you patent and when wouldn't you patent?
0:54:35 > 0:54:39It's partly for obvious things. If it's something someone else can go to an engine, pick up,
0:54:39 > 0:54:41measure and work out how to do it from that
0:54:41 > 0:54:44and why it has its properties, then you need to patent it,
0:54:44 > 0:54:47cos anybody can get hold of a part of our engine and copy it.
0:54:47 > 0:54:49If it's deep in the manufacturing process,
0:54:49 > 0:54:51making the insides of that turbine blade
0:54:51 > 0:54:52you were looking at earlier,
0:54:52 > 0:54:56then it's not obvious, even if you got hold of a blade, how somebody did that.
0:54:56 > 0:54:59So, that's the sort of thing we would try and keep as a trade secret.
0:54:59 > 0:55:01How do you allow people to be creative and inventive,
0:55:01 > 0:55:04as well as getting everyone to work as a team?
0:55:04 > 0:55:06I think invention's very much a contact sport.
0:55:06 > 0:55:11The idea of a lone inventor in his garden shed coming up with ideas
0:55:11 > 0:55:13is really a thing of the past.
0:55:13 > 0:55:15So, it comes from people sparking off each other.
0:55:15 > 0:55:19The engine behind us is full of many, many new ideas,
0:55:19 > 0:55:21even since the one that preceded it.
0:55:33 > 0:55:36So, here it is. All that amazing effort,
0:55:36 > 0:55:39years of research, thousands of people, millions of pounds.
0:55:39 > 0:55:42You've seen all the detail, you've seen all the invention
0:55:42 > 0:55:45but then, suddenly, it becomes just that magic thing
0:55:45 > 0:55:47that takes you to the place you want to go.
0:55:47 > 0:55:51TURBINE WHIRRS
0:55:51 > 0:55:53And there it goes.
0:55:53 > 0:55:55Fantastic.
0:55:55 > 0:55:59It's incredible to think that it's just been born as an engine,
0:55:59 > 0:56:02but it will still be in service in 25 years' time.
0:56:04 > 0:56:07The technology inside this engine is hugely complex,
0:56:07 > 0:56:09but we could never have got here
0:56:09 > 0:56:13without the vast network of invention that came before it.
0:56:15 > 0:56:19Together, they've given us the incredible gift of locomotion.
0:56:22 > 0:56:26This is one of the most sophisticated pieces of metal on the planet.
0:56:26 > 0:56:29- Should you really have that? - I didn't nick it.
0:56:29 > 0:56:32It failed quality control, so I was allowed to take it out.
0:56:32 > 0:56:35- It's not very sexy looking, I have to say.- Come on.
0:56:35 > 0:56:37It delivers the power of a Formula One car
0:56:37 > 0:56:40and there are 70 of those in the jet engine it comes from.
0:56:40 > 0:56:42And that's really extraordinary.
0:56:42 > 0:56:45OK, so what have you sort of learnt, if you like, from coming here?
0:56:45 > 0:56:47Apart from nicking this stuff?
0:56:47 > 0:56:49I think I've learnt that we haven't had enough of speed yet.
0:56:49 > 0:56:51We want more. We want to get faster and faster.
0:56:51 > 0:56:53- That's what's driving the engineering.- No, no.
0:56:53 > 0:56:55There is a far bigger picture here.
0:56:55 > 0:56:57This is about the nature of invention.
0:56:57 > 0:56:59So, you've got the incremental changes,
0:56:59 > 0:57:03that tinkering that we know lies behind everything, but also you've got
0:57:03 > 0:57:06those breathtaking shifts that guys like Trevithick and Otto and Whittle,
0:57:06 > 0:57:09whose ideas are completely revolutionary,
0:57:09 > 0:57:12and that's the real insight into the nature of genius.
0:57:12 > 0:57:14Right, I think we're all agreed, anyway,
0:57:14 > 0:57:17that we chose the best three inventions.
0:57:17 > 0:57:19And in case you're worried that Britain's best inventing days
0:57:19 > 0:57:22are over, take a look at this lot.
0:57:22 > 0:57:25They are the latest intake of the Rolls-Royce apprentice scheme.
0:57:25 > 0:57:27Who knows what they will come up with in the future?
0:57:27 > 0:57:32Now, the inventions we've seen tonight have made the world a smaller place.
0:57:32 > 0:57:34But, in the next programme, we're going to be focusing
0:57:34 > 0:57:36on inventions that shrank it even further -
0:57:36 > 0:57:41the inventions that enabled us to speak across the globe.
0:57:41 > 0:57:45We will be at the BT National Network Centre in Shropshire,
0:57:45 > 0:57:47where they process millions and millions
0:57:47 > 0:57:49of telephone calls every day.
0:57:49 > 0:57:52Many of your calls will have gone through this system.
0:57:52 > 0:57:54From there, we will bring you the stories of three extraordinary
0:57:54 > 0:57:58inventions that shaped the way we communicate today.
0:57:58 > 0:58:02Cooke and Wheatstone's needle telegraph -
0:58:02 > 0:58:04texting, 19th-century style.
0:58:04 > 0:58:07So good, it brought a murderer to justice.
0:58:08 > 0:58:10The telephone.
0:58:10 > 0:58:14We'll be revealing how it went from drawing room novelty
0:58:14 > 0:58:15to everyday essential.
0:58:15 > 0:58:19And Marconi's wireless system, the invention that enabled us
0:58:19 > 0:58:23to send messages through the air. It paved the way for
0:58:23 > 0:58:26the instant global communication we rely on today.
0:58:30 > 0:58:32There are fantastic stories
0:58:32 > 0:58:35and it features my favourite invention of all time.
0:58:35 > 0:58:38- It's my favourite, too! Bye!- See you then!
0:58:40 > 0:58:42- OK, so I'm going to pocket this one?- No.
0:58:47 > 0:58:50Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd