0:00:03 > 0:00:06CHANTING: No more war! No more war!
0:00:06 > 0:00:08This programme contains some strong language
0:00:08 > 0:00:13This programme contains some scenes which some viewers may find upsetting
0:00:13 > 0:00:15CHANTING: USA! USA! USA!
0:00:17 > 0:00:21# Love is but a song we sing
0:00:22 > 0:00:24# Fear's the way we die
0:00:29 > 0:00:33# You can make the mountains ring
0:00:33 > 0:00:37# Or make the angels cry
0:00:40 > 0:00:42# Come on people now
0:00:42 > 0:00:46# Smile on your brother Everybody get together
0:00:46 > 0:00:49# Try to love one another right now... #
0:00:52 > 0:00:57My brother picked me up at Travis Air Force Base.
0:00:57 > 0:01:00I remember he had a Valiant,
0:01:00 > 0:01:02an old beat-up valiant,
0:01:02 > 0:01:05and we met inside the terminal, and I was so happy to see him.
0:01:05 > 0:01:06I just loved my brother.
0:01:08 > 0:01:10He said, "Now, I don't want you to get upset,
0:01:10 > 0:01:13"but we're probably going to get some trouble when we go outside."
0:01:14 > 0:01:16I knew that there was unrest...
0:01:18 > 0:01:21..but when we got in his car to drive away from the terminal...
0:01:22 > 0:01:27..we had to wind our way through protesters that were...
0:01:27 > 0:01:30pounding on the car with the ends of their signs...
0:01:30 > 0:01:32and were snarling at me, and pounding on the window,
0:01:32 > 0:01:35and shouting obscenities at me.
0:01:36 > 0:01:38That was my welcome home to America.
0:01:41 > 0:01:42I was just stunned.
0:01:44 > 0:01:50I had never felt any anger toward people that were war protesters.
0:01:50 > 0:01:53It's a legitimate political stance.
0:01:53 > 0:01:57For people that descended into that...
0:01:57 > 0:01:59I...
0:01:59 > 0:02:01I think that they were really wrong.
0:02:01 > 0:02:06# Try to love one another right now
0:02:06 > 0:02:08# Right now
0:02:08 > 0:02:12# Right now. #
0:02:17 > 0:02:20In the spring of 1970,
0:02:20 > 0:02:23despite the uproar over the invasion of Cambodia,
0:02:23 > 0:02:26and the killing of four students at Kent State,
0:02:26 > 0:02:29President Nixon's hold on what he called
0:02:29 > 0:02:33"the great silent majority" seemed secure.
0:02:35 > 0:02:37But after so many years of fighting,
0:02:37 > 0:02:41more and more Americans were tired of the war,
0:02:41 > 0:02:44wanted to get out of Southeast Asia,
0:02:44 > 0:02:48and did not want the President to expand the conflict further.
0:02:49 > 0:02:51Among their representatives in Congress,
0:02:51 > 0:02:54anti-war sentiment had steadily grown.
0:02:56 > 0:02:59As the President searched for a face-saving way to end the war,
0:02:59 > 0:03:02he continued to withdraw troops.
0:03:04 > 0:03:07But even as American casualty figures fell,
0:03:07 > 0:03:11the gulf between Americans at home widened,
0:03:11 > 0:03:16tearing communities, neighbourhoods, even families apart.
0:03:16 > 0:03:19CHANTING: No more war!
0:03:19 > 0:03:23Nixon was convinced, just as Lyndon Johnson had been,
0:03:23 > 0:03:27that the anti-war movement was somehow being directed from Hanoi,
0:03:27 > 0:03:30Beijing and Moscow.
0:03:30 > 0:03:33Within the iron gates of the White House,
0:03:33 > 0:03:37a siege mentality was settling in, a Nixon aide remembered.
0:03:39 > 0:03:42"It was now us against them.
0:03:42 > 0:03:45"Gradually, as we drew the circle closer around us,
0:03:45 > 0:03:48"the ranks of them began to swell."
0:03:48 > 0:03:53CHANTING: No more war! USA!
0:04:08 > 0:04:11- DAVID FROST:- Thank you very much indeed and welcome to this special,
0:04:11 > 0:04:14very special edition, of the David Frost Show.
0:04:14 > 0:04:18The Vice President himself wanted to debate with students
0:04:18 > 0:04:21and we suggested a format in which he might like to do so.
0:04:21 > 0:04:24Welcome, Eva Jefferson from Northwestern.
0:04:24 > 0:04:26Eva Jefferson,
0:04:26 > 0:04:29student body president at Northwestern University,
0:04:29 > 0:04:32had testified before a presidential commission
0:04:32 > 0:04:35looking into the causes of student unrest.
0:04:36 > 0:04:40She had warned then that some students were becoming so frustrated
0:04:40 > 0:04:45that they felt they had no choice but to engage in violence.
0:04:46 > 0:04:47Right now, it's a privilege
0:04:47 > 0:04:52to welcome the Vice President of the United States, Spiro T Agnew.
0:04:52 > 0:04:54APPLAUSE
0:04:56 > 0:05:00Let me take brief exception to one thing you said,
0:05:00 > 0:05:03that the only way to get the attention of a society
0:05:03 > 0:05:04is to bomb buildings.
0:05:04 > 0:05:06I did not say I endorse this,
0:05:06 > 0:05:08and if you read my testimony quite carefully,
0:05:08 > 0:05:09you will know that I didn't
0:05:09 > 0:05:13because you're making people afraid of their own children,
0:05:13 > 0:05:15yet they're your children, they're my parents' children,
0:05:15 > 0:05:17they're the children of this country.
0:05:17 > 0:05:20But when you make people afraid of each other, you isolate people,
0:05:20 > 0:05:22and maybe this is your goal,
0:05:22 > 0:05:25but I think this could only have a disastrous effect on the country.
0:05:25 > 0:05:26APPLAUSE
0:05:28 > 0:05:30Let me say, first, that isolating people is not my goal.
0:05:30 > 0:05:33If that were true, I wouldn't be here tonight.
0:05:33 > 0:05:34Good.
0:05:34 > 0:05:38Let me take exception to that oft-repeated rationale
0:05:38 > 0:05:41that violence is the only way to get results.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44I was trying to explain to you the rationale of some students
0:05:44 > 0:05:46who are openly revolutionary.
0:05:46 > 0:05:48You're not listening to what I'm saying.
0:05:48 > 0:05:50- I'm really distressed... - What are you advocating?
0:05:50 > 0:05:53- EVA JEFFERSON VOICE-OVER:- They were trying to politically benefit
0:05:53 > 0:05:58from making us out to be these scary, horrible, violent people.
0:05:58 > 0:06:01We weren't. We were against the war.
0:06:01 > 0:06:02We thought the war was wrong,
0:06:02 > 0:06:04we thought we were lied to,
0:06:04 > 0:06:06and we were in the streets.
0:06:06 > 0:06:10America has always had a rich tradition of protest.
0:06:10 > 0:06:13We were founded by protesting England.
0:06:13 > 0:06:16So to make people afraid of their kids I think was wrong,
0:06:16 > 0:06:19but that's what they were about - they were fearmongers.
0:06:32 > 0:06:34MAN SPEAKS VIETNAMESE:
0:07:03 > 0:07:04It was fratricide.
0:07:04 > 0:07:06You can say,
0:07:06 > 0:07:08"But they are communists."
0:07:08 > 0:07:09OK, they're Communists.
0:07:09 > 0:07:12They were the worst Vietnamese in the entire world,
0:07:12 > 0:07:15we were the good Vietnamese.
0:07:15 > 0:07:17But let's face, Vietnamese killing Vietnamese -
0:07:17 > 0:07:19how do you deny that?
0:07:22 > 0:07:25If you don't call that fratricide, what do you call that?
0:07:28 > 0:07:31What do you...? How do I explain that to my children?
0:07:36 > 0:07:40The Cambodian incursion had at least temporarily reduced the flow
0:07:40 > 0:07:44of North Vietnamese men and supplies through that country.
0:07:46 > 0:07:51But they were still streaming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos.
0:07:51 > 0:07:53The White House wanted them stopped.
0:07:54 > 0:07:56But this time, South Vietnamese troops
0:07:56 > 0:07:59would have to try to do the job alone.
0:08:00 > 0:08:03By the end of 1970,
0:08:03 > 0:08:07both houses of Congress had barred all US ground personnel -
0:08:07 > 0:08:12even advisers and special forces - from crossing the border.
0:08:13 > 0:08:17On February 8th, 1971,
0:08:17 > 0:08:2117,000 ARVN troops began moving into Laos
0:08:21 > 0:08:24to destroy the enemy's jungle bases
0:08:24 > 0:08:26and to cut off the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
0:08:27 > 0:08:31The Americans could only provide air support.
0:08:32 > 0:08:36Nixon and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger,
0:08:36 > 0:08:41believed that a successful operation would boost morale in Saigon,
0:08:41 > 0:08:45and prove to Hanoi and the American public
0:08:45 > 0:08:49that the ARVN could fight and win on their own -
0:08:49 > 0:08:52that Vietnamisation could work.
0:09:02 > 0:09:06Although individual ARVN units fought bravely,
0:09:06 > 0:09:08the invasion was a failure.
0:09:09 > 0:09:15Almost half of the 17,000 South Vietnamese who entered Laos
0:09:15 > 0:09:18would be killed, wounded, or captured.
0:09:48 > 0:09:49In late March,
0:09:49 > 0:09:53as the surviving ARVN forces straggled back across the border
0:09:53 > 0:09:55into South Vietnam,
0:09:55 > 0:10:00crowds of weeping women, children, and old men, dressed in white,
0:10:00 > 0:10:02the colour of mourning,
0:10:02 > 0:10:05begged for news of the soldiers who were missing.
0:10:06 > 0:10:10In Vietnam, the dead must receive proper burial
0:10:10 > 0:10:13so that their restless souls can have peace...
0:10:15 > 0:10:18..and their families needed to know the time of their deaths
0:10:18 > 0:10:21so that they could honour them each year.
0:10:23 > 0:10:28Even before the invasion was over, President Nixon had told an aide,
0:10:28 > 0:10:32"We must claim victory, whatever the outcome."
0:11:07 > 0:11:09Consequently, tonight,
0:11:09 > 0:11:13I can report that Vietnamisation has succeeded.
0:11:15 > 0:11:17Because of the increased strength of the South Vietnamese,
0:11:17 > 0:11:20because of the success of the Cambodian operation,
0:11:20 > 0:11:24because of the achievements of the South Vietnamese operation in Laos,
0:11:24 > 0:11:28I am announcing an increase in the rate of American withdrawals.
0:11:28 > 0:11:32And generations in the future
0:11:32 > 0:11:38will look back at this difficult, trying time in America's history...
0:11:39 > 0:11:41..and they will be proud...
0:11:43 > 0:11:44..that we demonstrated...
0:11:45 > 0:11:50..that we had the courage, the character, the great people.
0:11:51 > 0:11:53- Dr Kissinger. - Mr President?- Hi, Henry.
0:11:53 > 0:11:57This was the best speech you've delivered
0:11:57 > 0:11:59- since you've been in office.- Yeah.
0:11:59 > 0:12:04I'll tell you one thing - this little speech was a work of art.
0:12:04 > 0:12:07I know a little something about speech-writing
0:12:07 > 0:12:09and it was no act, because no actor could do it.
0:12:09 > 0:12:12No actor in Hollywood could have done that that well.
0:12:12 > 0:12:15- You couldn't have done it unless you meant it.- Yeah. Mm-hmm.
0:12:15 > 0:12:17And if it doesn't work, I don't care.
0:12:17 > 0:12:20I mean, right now, if it doesn't work,
0:12:20 > 0:12:22then let me say, though, I'm going to find out soon,
0:12:22 > 0:12:24and then I'm going to turn right so goddamn hard
0:12:24 > 0:12:25it will make your head spin.
0:12:25 > 0:12:27We'll bomb those bastards right off the earth,
0:12:27 > 0:12:29I really mean it.
0:12:30 > 0:12:31EXPLOSION
0:12:31 > 0:12:35# In this dirty old part of the city
0:12:35 > 0:12:39# Where the sun refused to shine
0:12:39 > 0:12:44# People tell me there ain't no use in tryin'... #
0:12:47 > 0:12:51You belong to the same nation that is protesting at home.
0:12:51 > 0:12:53Do you feel as if you belong to those people?
0:12:53 > 0:12:55Very much. Very much.
0:12:55 > 0:12:57I wish they'd get us out of here, I really do.
0:12:57 > 0:13:01# We gotta get out of this place... #
0:13:01 > 0:13:04"The morale, discipline and battleworthiness
0:13:04 > 0:13:05"of the US Armed Forces,"
0:13:05 > 0:13:10a retired Marine colonel wrote in the spring of 1971,
0:13:10 > 0:13:13"Are lower and worse than at any time
0:13:13 > 0:13:16"possibly in the history of the United States."
0:13:18 > 0:13:21An official report had found that one out of four
0:13:21 > 0:13:26enlisted men in Vietnam had used marijuana regularly,
0:13:26 > 0:13:28but almost never in combat.
0:13:29 > 0:13:32Uh, there's drugs everywhere. You can...
0:13:33 > 0:13:35Well, within ten minutes in the country,
0:13:35 > 0:13:37I had people approaching me selling skag.
0:13:37 > 0:13:39- What's skag?- It's heroin.
0:13:40 > 0:13:44Heroin was cheap, pure, and everywhere.
0:13:45 > 0:13:48The Pentagon would eventually acknowledge
0:13:48 > 0:13:51that 40,000 American troops had been addicted to it.
0:13:51 > 0:13:55# We gotta get out of this place
0:13:55 > 0:13:59# If it's the last thing we ever do
0:13:59 > 0:14:03# We gotta get out of this place
0:14:03 > 0:14:07# Girl, there's a better life for me and you... #
0:14:07 > 0:14:09Even General Creighton Abrams,
0:14:09 > 0:14:15commander of military operations in Vietnam, now admitted privately,
0:14:15 > 0:14:18"I need to get this Army home to save it."
0:14:18 > 0:14:21# And I know it too, babe
0:14:21 > 0:14:22# Oh, yeah. #
0:14:34 > 0:14:36CHANTING: No more war!
0:14:41 > 0:14:43The first time in our history...
0:14:44 > 0:14:46..that veterans came home from a war and said,
0:14:46 > 0:14:48while the war was still going on, and said,
0:14:48 > 0:14:50"This war has got to stop."
0:14:52 > 0:14:54And the American people might not listen
0:14:54 > 0:14:57to a bunch of long-haired hippie kids - what do they know?
0:14:59 > 0:15:00But the working class,
0:15:00 > 0:15:02the great silent majority Richard Nixon always talked about -
0:15:02 > 0:15:06his silent majority that would back him by being silent -
0:15:06 > 0:15:08we were their kids.
0:15:10 > 0:15:14It finally dawned on me, and this was a long, painful process, that...
0:15:16 > 0:15:18..I wasn't helping anybody by keeping my mouth shut.
0:15:21 > 0:15:23In April 1971,
0:15:23 > 0:15:26some 2,000 members of an organisation
0:15:26 > 0:15:29called Vietnam Veterans Against The War
0:15:29 > 0:15:33and their followers descended on Washington, DC.
0:15:36 > 0:15:40# Oh, a storm is threatening
0:15:40 > 0:15:44# My very life today
0:15:44 > 0:15:48# If I don't get some shelter
0:15:48 > 0:15:52# Oh, yeah, I'm gonna fade away
0:15:52 > 0:15:56# War, children
0:15:56 > 0:16:00# It's just a shot away It's just a shot away
0:16:00 > 0:16:04# War, children
0:16:04 > 0:16:07# It's just a shot away It's just a shot away... #
0:16:07 > 0:16:11VVAW was... It was great therapy.
0:16:11 > 0:16:13We were working it out ourselves.
0:16:13 > 0:16:15Vets taking care of vets.
0:16:15 > 0:16:18We were generals in our own right.
0:16:18 > 0:16:21And we didn't join anything - we became something.
0:16:21 > 0:16:25And, yes, I was a Marine, but I was first and foremost a citizen
0:16:25 > 0:16:28of the United States of America
0:16:28 > 0:16:31and, being a citizen, I had certain responsibilities.
0:16:31 > 0:16:35And the largest of those responsibilities
0:16:35 > 0:16:38was standing up to your government and saying no
0:16:38 > 0:16:40when it is doing something that you think
0:16:40 > 0:16:43is not in this nation's best interests -
0:16:43 > 0:16:46that is the most important job that every citizen has.
0:16:52 > 0:16:55I served my country as honourably
0:16:55 > 0:16:58when I was in Vietnam Veterans Against The War
0:16:58 > 0:17:01as I did as a United States Marine.
0:17:02 > 0:17:05And, in fact, I conducted myself as a Marine
0:17:05 > 0:17:08the whole time I was in the VVAW.
0:17:08 > 0:17:11My whole life, I conduct myself as a Marine.
0:17:14 > 0:17:18Navy Lieutenant John Kerry, who had commanded a Swift boat
0:17:18 > 0:17:22in the Mekong Delta, and was one of the organisation's leaders,
0:17:22 > 0:17:25was invited to address the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
0:17:27 > 0:17:30I went up for the presentation,
0:17:30 > 0:17:32and it was standing room only,
0:17:32 > 0:17:35and I was crammed up against the wall in the very back.
0:17:37 > 0:17:38And when John...
0:17:39 > 0:17:41..gave that presentation...
0:17:42 > 0:17:45..I felt like he was speaking for all of us.
0:17:45 > 0:17:49We could come back to this country and we could be quiet,
0:17:49 > 0:17:53we could hold our silence, we could not tell what went on in Vietnam.
0:17:53 > 0:17:56But we feel because of what threatens this country,
0:17:56 > 0:17:59we have to speak out.
0:17:59 > 0:18:04Millions of men have been taught to deal and to trade in violence,
0:18:04 > 0:18:08and who are given the chance to die for the biggest nothing in history.
0:18:09 > 0:18:13Men who have returned with a sense of anger, and a sense of betrayal,
0:18:13 > 0:18:16which no-one has yet grasped.
0:18:16 > 0:18:20We rationalised destroying villages in order to save them.
0:18:20 > 0:18:22We saw America lose her sense of morality
0:18:22 > 0:18:25as she accepted very coolly My Lai
0:18:25 > 0:18:28and refused to give up the image of American soldiers
0:18:28 > 0:18:31that hand out chocolate bars and chewing gum.
0:18:31 > 0:18:34We learned the meaning of "free fire zones" -
0:18:34 > 0:18:36shoot anything that moves -
0:18:36 > 0:18:38and we watched while America placed a cheapness
0:18:38 > 0:18:40on the lives of Orientals.
0:18:41 > 0:18:45We watched the United States falsification of body counts.
0:18:45 > 0:18:48In fact, the glorification of body counts.
0:18:48 > 0:18:50We watched while men charged up hills
0:18:50 > 0:18:54because a general said that hill has to be taken
0:18:54 > 0:18:57and, after losing one platoon or two platoons,
0:18:57 > 0:18:59they marched away to leave the hill
0:18:59 > 0:19:02for the reoccupation of the North Vietnamese.
0:19:03 > 0:19:05And we are asking Americans to think about that...
0:19:06 > 0:19:11..because how do you ask a man to be the last man to die in Vietnam?
0:19:11 > 0:19:15How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?
0:19:16 > 0:19:19And so when, 30 years from now,
0:19:19 > 0:19:23our brothers go down the street without a leg, without an arm,
0:19:23 > 0:19:27or a face, and small boys ask, "Why?"
0:19:27 > 0:19:30We will be able to say Vietnam
0:19:30 > 0:19:34and not mean a filthy obscene memory,
0:19:34 > 0:19:39but mean instead the place where America finally turned
0:19:39 > 0:19:44and where soldiers like us helped it in the turning.
0:19:44 > 0:19:45Thank you.
0:19:45 > 0:19:47APPLAUSE
0:19:52 > 0:19:57I thought I had never heard so...
0:19:57 > 0:20:01Such an incredible speech that says exactly what I'm feeling.
0:20:01 > 0:20:04You know? It was extraordinary.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06Extraordinary.
0:20:09 > 0:20:13The next day, 700 Vietnam Veterans Against The War
0:20:13 > 0:20:15gathered at the Capitol.
0:20:15 > 0:20:19We originally intended to put our medals in a body bag
0:20:19 > 0:20:22and have them delivered to Congress,
0:20:22 > 0:20:28but the Nixon administration erected this big wire and wood fence
0:20:28 > 0:20:32on the steps of our Capitol to keep us out...
0:20:34 > 0:20:38..to keep out the young men and women who were fighting that war...
0:20:39 > 0:20:41..and all that did was piss us off...
0:20:42 > 0:20:47..and give us the greatest photo opportunity that we could ever have.
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- Silver Star.- Purple Heart.
0:20:50 > 0:20:52- Bronze Star.- Cross of Gallantry.
0:20:52 > 0:20:54Distinguished Flying Cross.
0:20:54 > 0:20:55And everything else!
0:20:55 > 0:20:57I don't want these fucking medals, man!
0:20:57 > 0:21:00The Silver Star, the third highest medal in the country,
0:21:00 > 0:21:02it doesn't mean anything.
0:21:02 > 0:21:04Bob Smeal died for these medals.
0:21:04 > 0:21:07Lieutenant Pamaroff died so I got a medal.
0:21:07 > 0:21:09Sergeant Johns died so I got a medal.
0:21:09 > 0:21:12I've got a Silver Star, a Purple Heart, Army Commendation Medal,
0:21:12 > 0:21:16eight Air Medals, National Defence, and the rest of this garbage -
0:21:16 > 0:21:17it doesn't mean a thing!
0:21:24 > 0:21:27When we threw our medals away,
0:21:27 > 0:21:32that got their attention because America values those things -
0:21:32 > 0:21:35so do we - that's why it was so important.
0:21:45 > 0:21:50On June 12, 1971, Richard Nixon's daughter, Tricia,
0:21:50 > 0:21:53married Edward Cox in the White House Rose Garden.
0:21:55 > 0:21:57The country watched it all on television.
0:22:02 > 0:22:05The wedding was still news the next day,
0:22:05 > 0:22:08but another story on the front page of the New York Times
0:22:08 > 0:22:10caught the President's attention.
0:22:12 > 0:22:14The article, by Neil Sheehan,
0:22:14 > 0:22:19was the first report of what came to be called the Pentagon Papers -
0:22:19 > 0:22:257,000 pages of highly classified documents and historical narrative,
0:22:25 > 0:22:29compiled secretly at the orders of former Secretary of Defence
0:22:29 > 0:22:31Robert McNamara.
0:22:31 > 0:22:34He had hoped a study of the decision-making process
0:22:34 > 0:22:39that had led to the United States to become so deeply involved in Vietnam
0:22:39 > 0:22:43would help future policymakers avoid similar errors.
0:22:46 > 0:22:47I thought I knew a great deal.
0:22:47 > 0:22:51I thought I knew most of what was worth knowing about the war
0:22:51 > 0:22:55and, suddenly, I didn't.
0:22:55 > 0:22:58It wasn't a reporter's version of an event,
0:22:58 > 0:23:01it was THEIR version of an event, it was their telegrams,
0:23:01 > 0:23:04their orders, their memoranda, etc.
0:23:19 > 0:23:22The documents proved that American presidents
0:23:22 > 0:23:25and their closest advisers had grave doubts
0:23:25 > 0:23:27about the chances for victory...
0:23:38 > 0:23:41..and that they had routinely lied to Congress
0:23:41 > 0:23:44and the American people about the war for years.
0:24:03 > 0:24:05I certainly don't endorse...
0:24:06 > 0:24:11..anyone releasing top-secret material to the press.
0:24:14 > 0:24:15On the other hand...
0:24:17 > 0:24:24..I was very concerned about the fact that the government
0:24:24 > 0:24:28was not being up-front with the American people,
0:24:28 > 0:24:31in certain respects, with the Vietnam War.
0:24:33 > 0:24:37Two copies of the report had been stored at the Rand Corporation,
0:24:37 > 0:24:40a California think-tank where Daniel Ellsberg,
0:24:40 > 0:24:44one of the study's 36 authors, worked as an analyst.
0:24:46 > 0:24:48Ellsberg had once supported the war.
0:24:48 > 0:24:50He'd served in the Pentagon
0:24:50 > 0:24:54and spent two years working for the State Department in Vietnam.
0:24:56 > 0:24:59But he had come to see the war as profoundly immoral,
0:24:59 > 0:25:02and hope that if Americans understood
0:25:02 > 0:25:07how administration after administration had misled them,
0:25:07 > 0:25:10they might help bring it to an end.
0:25:10 > 0:25:14He and Anthony Russo, another Rand employee,
0:25:14 > 0:25:16secretly copied most of the report.
0:25:18 > 0:25:21Meanwhile, Neil Sheehan of the New York Times,
0:25:21 > 0:25:25who had been reporting on Vietnam since 1962,
0:25:25 > 0:25:29and had already secretly read some of the documents,
0:25:29 > 0:25:32asked Ellsberg to show him the whole report.
0:25:33 > 0:25:37At that point I was very passionate about the war.
0:25:37 > 0:25:40I felt that it was really wrong
0:25:40 > 0:25:42because we were getting a lot of Americans
0:25:42 > 0:25:44and a lot of Vietnamese killed for no purpose.
0:25:45 > 0:25:47We were going to lose this war.
0:25:48 > 0:25:52And so I vowed to myself, when I saw this material,
0:25:52 > 0:25:56that this is never going to go back into a government safe again.
0:25:56 > 0:25:59The American public have paid for it with the lives of their sons
0:25:59 > 0:26:00and with their treasure,
0:26:00 > 0:26:02and it's going to be published.
0:26:03 > 0:26:05That piece in The Times is, of course,
0:26:05 > 0:26:09- a massive security leak from the Pentagon, you know?- Yeah.
0:26:09 > 0:26:13It all relates, of course, to everything up until we came in.
0:26:15 > 0:26:18Henry Kissinger quickly convinced Nixon
0:26:18 > 0:26:22that if the Times were permitted to reveal the classified secrets
0:26:22 > 0:26:24of earlier presidents,
0:26:24 > 0:26:28it was only a matter of time until someone leaked his own.
0:26:29 > 0:26:33The Justice Department obtained a temporary court order
0:26:33 > 0:26:36forbidding the Times from publishing further instalments
0:26:36 > 0:26:39on the grounds of national security.
0:26:40 > 0:26:45But on June 30th, 1971, the United States Supreme Court,
0:26:45 > 0:26:48citing the First Amendment,
0:26:48 > 0:26:51ruled six to three that the Times had the right
0:26:51 > 0:26:54to publish the stolen documents.
0:26:55 > 0:26:57And I went down into the basement
0:26:57 > 0:27:00to wait for the presses to start to roll.
0:27:00 > 0:27:03They had these huge, brown reams of paper.
0:27:03 > 0:27:05Finally, the presses started to roll...
0:27:06 > 0:27:10..and it was just an exquisite moment of vindication
0:27:10 > 0:27:12of the freedom of the press in this country
0:27:12 > 0:27:14and how important it is.
0:27:16 > 0:27:19That changed our whole attitude to our government.
0:27:21 > 0:27:23Up until then, the President wouldn't lie.
0:27:23 > 0:27:25After then, they always lie.
0:27:27 > 0:27:31Nixon feared Ellsberg possessed more classified documents
0:27:31 > 0:27:34that would show that he himself had lied
0:27:34 > 0:27:38about the secret bombing of Cambodia and Laos,
0:27:38 > 0:27:40and he believed that Ellsberg had had help
0:27:40 > 0:27:45and wanted to know the names of his co-conspirators.
0:27:45 > 0:27:47The President created a private,
0:27:47 > 0:27:50clandestine investigative unit within the White House.
0:27:50 > 0:27:54It came to be called the Plumbers.
0:27:54 > 0:27:57John Erlichman, one of Nixon's closest aides,
0:27:57 > 0:28:00eventually ordered them to burglarise the office
0:28:00 > 0:28:04of Ellsberg's Los Angeles psychiatrist
0:28:04 > 0:28:08in search of material with which he could be blackmailed into silence.
0:28:09 > 0:28:13Nixon may have privately feared something else as well.
0:28:13 > 0:28:17He was told that the safe at another think-tank,
0:28:17 > 0:28:20the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC,
0:28:20 > 0:28:24contained files that might reveal the secret role
0:28:24 > 0:28:28his campaign had played in torpedoing the peace talks
0:28:28 > 0:28:32on the eve of his election three years earlier.
0:28:32 > 0:28:38Nixon wanted his plumbers to break into Brookings, crack the safe,
0:28:38 > 0:28:40and remove the files.
0:29:11 > 0:29:15The Brookings break-in would never take place.
0:29:15 > 0:29:18The burglars would be unable to find Ellsberg's file
0:29:18 > 0:29:21in his doctor's office.
0:29:21 > 0:29:24But Nixon's obsession with his enemies
0:29:24 > 0:29:28would be the undoing of his presidency.
0:29:30 > 0:29:34The government today restricted the use of weedkiller 2,4,5-T
0:29:34 > 0:29:37on the ground that the chemical has caused birth defects
0:29:37 > 0:29:39in some laboratory animals.
0:29:42 > 0:29:43Since 1962,
0:29:43 > 0:29:49American and South Vietnamese forces had sprayed some 20 million gallons
0:29:49 > 0:29:53of herbicides over roughly one quarter of South Vietnam.
0:29:55 > 0:29:57The idea had been to reduce casualties
0:29:57 > 0:30:01by clearing areas around US installations,
0:30:01 > 0:30:04and to deny the enemy crops and forest cover.
0:30:05 > 0:30:09The most frequently used defoliant was Agent Orange,
0:30:09 > 0:30:13which contained 2,4,5-T.
0:30:13 > 0:30:16When environmentalists convinced the Nixon administration
0:30:16 > 0:30:20to ban the weedkiller on American farms,
0:30:20 > 0:30:22the Pentagon had reluctantly agreed
0:30:22 > 0:30:25to stop using Agent Orange in Vietnam.
0:30:26 > 0:30:30The ecological damage defoliants did was obvious.
0:30:31 > 0:30:35The damage done to soldiers and civilians
0:30:35 > 0:30:38would be the subject of angry debate for decades.
0:30:56 > 0:30:59By the middle of 1971,
0:30:59 > 0:31:02Nixon and Kissinger were looking for a way
0:31:02 > 0:31:05to get all US troops out of Vietnam
0:31:05 > 0:31:09before his re-election campaign began the following year...
0:31:10 > 0:31:15..but to do so without causing Saigon to fall too soon.
0:31:16 > 0:31:18At the secret talks in Paris,
0:31:18 > 0:31:23Kissinger had offered his North Vietnamese counterpart, Le Duc Tho,
0:31:23 > 0:31:27the most significant concessions the United States had yet made.
0:31:28 > 0:31:32North Vietnam could keep its troops in the south -
0:31:32 > 0:31:34tens of thousands of them -
0:31:34 > 0:31:38and, in exchange for the release of American prisoners of war,
0:31:38 > 0:31:43all American troops would be withdrawn within seven months.
0:31:45 > 0:31:49Le Duc Tho countered with a new offer of his own.
0:31:49 > 0:31:51Hanoi would release the prisoners
0:31:51 > 0:31:55simultaneously with the departure of US forces,
0:31:55 > 0:31:58but he still insisted that Washington remove
0:31:58 > 0:32:02South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu from power.
0:32:04 > 0:32:08Kissinger was encouraged that the North Vietnamese seemed,
0:32:08 > 0:32:11for the first time, to be negotiating seriously.
0:32:11 > 0:32:15He could almost taste peace, he told a friend.
0:32:16 > 0:32:21Thieu knew nothing about the new American concessions to Hanoi.
0:32:21 > 0:32:23He was worried about something else.
0:32:27 > 0:32:29NBC News interrupts regular programming
0:32:29 > 0:32:31to bring you a special report.
0:32:31 > 0:32:35The announcement I shall now read is being issued simultaneously
0:32:35 > 0:32:38in Peking and in the United States.
0:32:39 > 0:32:44Richard Nixon, famous for the ferocity of his anti-Communism,
0:32:44 > 0:32:47astonished the world by announcing that he was planning
0:32:47 > 0:32:50to restore relations with China
0:32:50 > 0:32:53that had been severed for more than two decades.
0:32:54 > 0:32:57The United States had gone to war in Vietnam
0:32:57 > 0:33:00in part to block Chinese expansionism.
0:33:00 > 0:33:04What would Nixon's visit mean for Thieu's future,
0:33:04 > 0:33:06or for that of his country?
0:33:07 > 0:33:10Thieu was afraid he knew.
0:33:10 > 0:33:14"America has been looking for a new mistress," he told an aide,
0:33:14 > 0:33:17"and now Nixon has discovered China.
0:33:17 > 0:33:21"He does not want to have the old mistress around.
0:33:21 > 0:33:24"Vietnam has become old and ugly."
0:33:30 > 0:33:33Nixon's visit to China worried Hanoi as well.
0:33:34 > 0:33:36They were concerned that warmer relations
0:33:36 > 0:33:39between the United States and China
0:33:39 > 0:33:42might soon mean less support from Beijing.
0:33:44 > 0:33:47Nixon was also planning to travel to Moscow
0:33:47 > 0:33:50to meet with Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev,
0:33:50 > 0:33:55seeking to ease tensions with North Vietnam's other Communist patron.
0:33:56 > 0:34:01Before that summit took place, First Secretary Le Duan,
0:34:01 > 0:34:03the man who headed the Politburo in Hanoi,
0:34:03 > 0:34:07decided to undertake a new kind of offensive.
0:34:07 > 0:34:11It would be conventional warfare this time
0:34:11 > 0:34:15and on a scale he had never before attempted.
0:34:15 > 0:34:18Le Duan had several goals in mind -
0:34:18 > 0:34:20to strengthen his hand at the peace talks
0:34:20 > 0:34:24by altering the military balance of power in South Vietnam
0:34:24 > 0:34:28to show that the ARVN could not stand on their own,
0:34:28 > 0:34:31and to convince the Soviets and the Chinese
0:34:31 > 0:34:34his revolution was still worth supporting.
0:34:39 > 0:34:44The assault began on March 30th, 1972.
0:34:44 > 0:34:4714 North Vietnamese infantry divisions -
0:34:47 > 0:34:51more than 120,000 men -
0:34:51 > 0:34:53now, for the first time,
0:34:53 > 0:34:57supported by hundreds of Soviet and Chinese-made tanks
0:34:57 > 0:35:01and other armoured vehicles, attacked on three fronts...
0:35:02 > 0:35:04..across the demilitarised zone...
0:35:04 > 0:35:06EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
0:35:06 > 0:35:08.in the central highlands...
0:35:10 > 0:35:12..and west of Saigon.
0:35:16 > 0:35:20Americans would call it the Easter offensive.
0:35:20 > 0:35:26To the South Vietnamese, it would be remembered as the summer of flames.
0:35:26 > 0:35:29- NEWS REPORT:- The South Vietnamese army knew this day was coming -
0:35:29 > 0:35:31the day without Americans.
0:35:31 > 0:35:33It was to be the big test, both for them
0:35:33 > 0:35:36and for President Nixon's Vietnamisation programme.
0:35:36 > 0:35:40The results in so far are not encouraging.
0:35:40 > 0:35:42Whole battalions of the government's third division
0:35:42 > 0:35:45joined the refugees on the road south.
0:35:45 > 0:35:49They had been outnumbered, overpowered, overwhelmed.
0:35:52 > 0:35:54Suddenly, the survival of everything
0:35:54 > 0:35:58Nixon and Kissinger had worked for was in peril.
0:35:59 > 0:36:02They had to do something and fast.
0:36:24 > 0:36:27Nixon ordered up Operation Linebacker.
0:36:29 > 0:36:32Massive air attacks on the advancing North Vietnamese.
0:36:34 > 0:36:38"The bastards have never been bombed like they're going to be this time,"
0:36:38 > 0:36:39he said.
0:36:51 > 0:36:55In the end, American air power made the difference.
0:36:55 > 0:36:57EXPLOSIONS
0:37:02 > 0:37:05The North Vietnamese and their armoured columns,
0:37:05 > 0:37:10massed in the open, proved easy targets for American pilots.
0:37:11 > 0:37:14"This," one American advisor said,
0:37:14 > 0:37:17"was the kind of war we came to fight."
0:38:12 > 0:38:16The North Vietnamese suffered 100,000 casualties
0:38:16 > 0:38:19and lost most of their tanks and heavy artillery.
0:38:24 > 0:38:28Americans may have approved of the renewed use of American air power
0:38:28 > 0:38:32to stop the Communist advance into the south,
0:38:32 > 0:38:35but Nixon had also ordered American planes
0:38:35 > 0:38:39to resume sustained bombing of North Vietnam,
0:38:39 > 0:38:42which had been halted since the Johnson administration.
0:38:44 > 0:38:45Some saw the new bombing,
0:38:45 > 0:38:49which vastly exceeded all previous campaigns,
0:38:49 > 0:38:54as evidence that a war Nixon had promised was winding down
0:38:54 > 0:38:56was once again being escalated.
0:39:00 > 0:39:05The bombing campaign was much more extensive than the bombing campaign
0:39:05 > 0:39:06under Lyndon Johnson.
0:39:08 > 0:39:11And from the standpoint of pressuring them
0:39:11 > 0:39:13to make concessions at the negotiating table,
0:39:13 > 0:39:16historically, that's how you did it -
0:39:16 > 0:39:18only it didn't work with these guys.
0:39:18 > 0:39:20EXPLOSION
0:39:20 > 0:39:21They took the pounding.
0:39:29 > 0:39:33Among the thousands of South Vietnamese who lost their lives
0:39:33 > 0:39:38in the Easter offensive was the brother of Phan Quang Tue.
0:39:38 > 0:39:44I had a brother and we were raised together.
0:39:44 > 0:39:48He would have been 67.
0:39:48 > 0:39:52When his plane was shot down, and later on...
0:39:53 > 0:39:58..they weren't able to recover him, his body, so he disappeared.
0:39:58 > 0:40:00He was missing in action.
0:40:00 > 0:40:01He was 26 years old.
0:40:03 > 0:40:05He has his full life ahead of him.
0:40:06 > 0:40:08He never had the chance to live his life.
0:40:11 > 0:40:16And I can never overcome the feeling, as to...
0:40:17 > 0:40:18..himself...
0:40:19 > 0:40:24..and his generation, sacrificed their lives, and for what?
0:40:26 > 0:40:31And the frustrating thing is that even Vietnamese themselves
0:40:31 > 0:40:33do not seem to value that loss.
0:40:40 > 0:40:45Let us not slide back toward the dark shadows of a previous age.
0:40:47 > 0:40:48We do not ask you...
0:40:49 > 0:40:53..to sacrifice your principles or your friends,
0:40:53 > 0:40:57but neither should you permit Hanoi's intransigence
0:40:57 > 0:40:59to blot out the prospects we together
0:40:59 > 0:41:01have so patiently prepared.
0:41:02 > 0:41:04On May 26th,
0:41:04 > 0:41:08the United States and the Soviet Union signed a historic
0:41:08 > 0:41:11anti-ballistic missile treaty,
0:41:11 > 0:41:16the first agreement to limit nuclear armaments since the Cold War began.
0:41:17 > 0:41:22For the Soviet Union, for China, as well as for the United States,
0:41:22 > 0:41:27Vietnam's significance was steadily receding.
0:41:33 > 0:41:37On the morning of June 8th, 1972, Nick Ut,
0:41:37 > 0:41:41a 21-year-old South Vietnamese photographer
0:41:41 > 0:41:43working for the Associated Press
0:41:43 > 0:41:46was accompanying ARVN troops on Highway 1,
0:41:46 > 0:41:49moving toward a village called Trang Bang,
0:41:49 > 0:41:53to dislodge North Vietnamese forces that had occupied it
0:41:53 > 0:41:55during the Easter offensive.
0:41:56 > 0:42:01Ut was beginning to put his cameras away, ready to return to Saigon,
0:42:01 > 0:42:04when he saw a South Vietnamese fighter
0:42:04 > 0:42:08suddenly dip down towards the fleeing refugees,
0:42:08 > 0:42:11whom the pilot mistook for the enemy.
0:43:36 > 0:43:40Ut drove the badly burned girl, Kim Phuc,
0:43:40 > 0:43:45and several other injured children to a hospital in Saigon.
0:43:45 > 0:43:48She had been burned over 30% of her body.
0:43:49 > 0:43:55Then Ut raced to the AP darkroom to find out what he had caught on film.
0:44:13 > 0:44:18His photo editor in Saigon told him they could not send the picture
0:44:18 > 0:44:21out on the wire because the girl was naked.
0:44:22 > 0:44:28But then, Ut's boss, the legendary combat photographer Horst Faas,
0:44:28 > 0:44:29saw the pictures.
0:44:44 > 0:44:49Nick Ut's photograph appeared on front pages around the world
0:44:49 > 0:44:51and won the Pulitzer Prize.
0:44:54 > 0:44:59For many Americans, even many of those who had supported the war,
0:44:59 > 0:45:03the image seemed to signal that enough was enough.
0:45:07 > 0:45:10Kim Phuc would survive.
0:45:10 > 0:45:15She eventually left Vietnam and settled outside Toronto.
0:45:51 > 0:45:52Back in Paris,
0:45:52 > 0:45:56Henry Kissinger was determined to hammer out a peace agreement
0:45:56 > 0:45:58before election day.
0:45:58 > 0:46:02Now Le Duc Tho made a key concession.
0:46:02 > 0:46:07Hanoi no longer insisted that President Thieu had to go.
0:46:08 > 0:46:11There was, somehow, this compulsion
0:46:11 > 0:46:14to come to some kind of an agreement.
0:46:14 > 0:46:18I remember Le Duc Tho, when he produced the draft agreement
0:46:18 > 0:46:24in October 8th of '72 to Kissinger, saying,
0:46:24 > 0:46:27"You're in a hurry, aren't you? You want to do this quickly."
0:46:27 > 0:46:31And the response was, "Yes."
0:46:31 > 0:46:36The two sides soon had a tentative deal, a ceasefire in place,
0:46:36 > 0:46:41to be followed within 60 days by a complete withdrawal
0:46:41 > 0:46:46of US troops and the return of all American POWs.
0:46:46 > 0:46:49The United States stopped bombing the North.
0:46:51 > 0:46:55No-one had told President Thieu any of the terms.
0:46:56 > 0:46:58He refused to sign.
0:46:58 > 0:47:01Allowing North Vietnamese troops to remain in the South
0:47:01 > 0:47:03would be the death of his country.
0:47:05 > 0:47:08Nonetheless, after Kissinger returned home,
0:47:08 > 0:47:1312 days before the election, he told the press,
0:47:13 > 0:47:15"Peace is at hand."
0:47:21 > 0:47:27On November 7th, 1972, Richard Nixon won a stunning victory.
0:47:27 > 0:47:32He was re-elected with more than 60% of the popular vote -
0:47:32 > 0:47:38521 electoral votes to McGovern's 17.
0:47:38 > 0:47:39He took every single state
0:47:39 > 0:47:44except Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.
0:47:45 > 0:47:49Now the President resolved to rid himself of Vietnam completely
0:47:49 > 0:47:51before his second inauguration.
0:47:53 > 0:47:56To calm Thieu's fears of what was to come,
0:47:56 > 0:48:00Nixon launched another massive airlift of military equipment
0:48:00 > 0:48:02to South Vietnam.
0:48:02 > 0:48:05"If we had given this aid to the North Vietnamese,"
0:48:05 > 0:48:07one American general said,
0:48:07 > 0:48:10"they could have fought us for the rest of the century."
0:48:12 > 0:48:15The Paris peace talks resumed,
0:48:15 > 0:48:20but then Le Duc Tho announced he needed to return to Hanoi
0:48:20 > 0:48:22for consultation.
0:48:23 > 0:48:28There turned out to be dissension on the Communist side as well.
0:48:28 > 0:48:29Hanoi, like Washington,
0:48:29 > 0:48:33had not bothered to consult with its southern comrades.
0:48:33 > 0:48:38It had dropped the two demands that meant the most to the Viet Cong -
0:48:38 > 0:48:43the removal of Thieu and the release of some 30,000 of their prisoners.
0:48:45 > 0:48:49Hanoi's message was clear, one bitter Vietcong official said -
0:48:49 > 0:48:53"It cared more about American prisoners of war
0:48:53 > 0:48:55"than it did for us."
0:48:56 > 0:48:59Nixon ordered Kissinger to suspend the talks.
0:49:01 > 0:49:03And then, on December 18th,
0:49:03 > 0:49:06unleashed round-the-clock air strikes
0:49:06 > 0:49:09that flattened targets around Hanoi and Haiphong.
0:49:11 > 0:49:14It would be remembered as the Christmas bombing.
0:49:51 > 0:49:52Around the world,
0:49:52 > 0:49:56anti-war demonstrators returned to the streets.
0:49:56 > 0:49:58The Prime Minister of Sweden
0:49:58 > 0:50:01compared the United States to Nazi Germany.
0:50:01 > 0:50:06The Pope called the bombing, which killed more than 1,600 civilians,
0:50:06 > 0:50:08"The object of daily grief."
0:50:10 > 0:50:12James Reston of the New York Times
0:50:12 > 0:50:15pronounced the raids, "War by tantrum."
0:50:16 > 0:50:19Republican Senator William Saxby of Ohio
0:50:19 > 0:50:23said the President had taken leave of his senses.
0:50:25 > 0:50:28Meanwhile, both the Chinese and the Soviets pressed Hanoi
0:50:28 > 0:50:31to resume negotiations.
0:50:31 > 0:50:35"The most important thing is to let the Americans leave,"
0:50:35 > 0:50:38Zhou Enlai told a North Vietnamese official.
0:50:38 > 0:50:42"The situation will change in six months or a year."
0:50:45 > 0:50:51On December 26th, Hanoi signalled its willingness to return to Paris.
0:50:51 > 0:50:55It would take just six days to reach a final agreement.
0:50:58 > 0:51:01President Thieu still balked at signing on.
0:51:01 > 0:51:03Nixon was adamant -
0:51:03 > 0:51:07Thieu had to go along with what Washington and Hanoi had worked out.
0:51:09 > 0:51:11But without informing Congress,
0:51:11 > 0:51:14the President assured Thieu in writing
0:51:14 > 0:51:17that the United States would respond with full force
0:51:17 > 0:51:21if the North ever violated the agreement.
0:51:21 > 0:51:25"The Americans really leave me no choice," Thieu said -
0:51:25 > 0:51:28"either sign, or they will cut off aid.
0:51:29 > 0:51:33"On the other hand, we have an absolute guarantee from Nixon
0:51:33 > 0:51:35"to defend the country.
0:51:35 > 0:51:40"I am going to agree to sign and hold him to his word.
0:51:40 > 0:51:44"He is an honest man and I am going to trust him."
0:51:46 > 0:51:50I have asked for this radio and television time tonight
0:51:50 > 0:51:54for the purpose of announcing that we, today,
0:51:54 > 0:51:57have concluded an agreement to end the war
0:51:57 > 0:52:00and bring peace with honour in Vietnam
0:52:00 > 0:52:01and in Southeast Asia.
0:52:02 > 0:52:05A ceasefire, internationally supervised,
0:52:05 > 0:52:10will begin at 7pm this Saturday, January 27th, Washington time.
0:52:10 > 0:52:13Within 60 days from this Saturday,
0:52:13 > 0:52:17all Americans held prisoners of war throughout Indochina
0:52:17 > 0:52:18will be released.
0:52:21 > 0:52:26American prisoners of war - 591 of them -
0:52:26 > 0:52:28were to be released in batches of 40.
0:52:30 > 0:52:34Those who had been in captivity the longest were to come home first.
0:52:35 > 0:52:39Today, the largest contingents of repatriated prisoners so far -
0:52:39 > 0:52:4360 men - were flown from Clark to Travis Air Force Base, California.
0:52:43 > 0:52:45Today's most dramatic moment came when Everett Alvarez
0:52:45 > 0:52:49made his happy trek down the ramp, home at last.
0:52:49 > 0:52:52For almost as long as most Americans have been aware of Vietnam,
0:52:52 > 0:52:55Lieutenant Commander Alvarez has been a prisoner in Hanoi.
0:52:55 > 0:52:57He was shot down August 5th, 1964,
0:52:57 > 0:52:59during the first raids flown
0:52:59 > 0:53:02in retaliation to the Tonkin Gulf incident
0:53:02 > 0:53:03and finally, today, he was home.
0:53:03 > 0:53:05For years and years...
0:53:06 > 0:53:08..we dreamed of this day.
0:53:09 > 0:53:10And we kept faith.
0:53:12 > 0:53:14Faith in God...
0:53:15 > 0:53:16..in our President...
0:53:17 > 0:53:18..and in our country.
0:53:25 > 0:53:26Within a few weeks,
0:53:26 > 0:53:30the last American combat troops would leave Vietnam.
0:53:31 > 0:53:35But they would leave behind many unanswered questions.
0:53:36 > 0:53:40How long could the South Vietnamese government survive?
0:53:40 > 0:53:45And how long would it take for the wounds of war to heal?
0:54:08 > 0:54:10# Mother, mother
0:54:11 > 0:54:15# There's too many of you crying
0:54:17 > 0:54:19# Brother, brother, brother
0:54:20 > 0:54:25# There's far too many of you dying
0:54:26 > 0:54:29# You know we've got to find a way
0:54:30 > 0:54:34# To bring some lovin' here today... #