0:00:04 > 0:00:09The Colosseum. The most notorious building in the Roman Empire.
0:00:10 > 0:00:14From 80AD, it was home to the bloodiest spectacles ever devised
0:00:14 > 0:00:18as entertainment for the masses...
0:00:22 > 0:00:27displays of warlike courage as men fought to the death
0:00:27 > 0:00:33and executions with criminals burned, crucified or exposed to ferocious beasts.
0:00:35 > 0:00:41This was what the Roman people demanded of their emperors in return for their loyalty.
0:00:43 > 0:00:45But not just in Rome.
0:00:45 > 0:00:49Wherever the Romans conquered, they built amphitheatres.
0:00:49 > 0:00:52From North Africa's searing deserts
0:00:52 > 0:00:54to the freezing hills of Wales.
0:00:57 > 0:01:02One of the key locations in Roman Britain was Chester.
0:01:02 > 0:01:09Here, buried in the modern city lie the remains of the most elaborate amphitheatre in the country.
0:01:09 > 0:01:15Did Emperor Vespasian, the man who built the Colosseum, leave us this legacy?
0:01:19 > 0:01:25This is the story of a massive archaeological project to bring the Chester amphitheatre to life.
0:01:25 > 0:01:28The two men in charge face hard graft...
0:01:29 > 0:01:32..and painstaking analysis.
0:01:32 > 0:01:34We've sieved every bloody atom!
0:01:35 > 0:01:39There will be highs...
0:01:39 > 0:01:41Who's gonna pay for his burial?
0:01:41 > 0:01:43..and there will be lows.
0:01:43 > 0:01:46- It's raining! - ..George, bring it in!
0:01:48 > 0:01:55Over a long season of urban archaeology, they're determined to discover what happened here,
0:01:55 > 0:01:59when the amphitheatre was built and what exactly it looked like.
0:01:59 > 0:02:03The secrets of Britain's lost colosseum.
0:02:23 > 0:02:27The excavation begins in mid-June.
0:02:29 > 0:02:33There are 20 skilled archaeologists.
0:02:33 > 0:02:35Surveying the site grid...
0:02:35 > 0:02:37There are surveyors...
0:02:37 > 0:02:39..Two south!
0:02:39 > 0:02:41..builders...
0:02:41 > 0:02:45geophysicists and archivists...
0:02:45 > 0:02:48Romanists...and medievalists.
0:02:48 > 0:02:51The first rota I'll call "white"...
0:02:51 > 0:02:58They're led by two experts on Roman archaeology - Tony Wilmott from English Heritage
0:02:58 > 0:03:02and Dan Garner from Chester City Council.
0:03:07 > 0:03:14The team Tony and Dan have gathered together will be working 7 days a week for 15 weeks
0:03:14 > 0:03:16in the middle of the city centre.
0:03:16 > 0:03:20And it's all on view to the public.
0:03:23 > 0:03:26It's going to be hard manual labour,
0:03:26 > 0:03:28digging down until they reach Roman level
0:03:28 > 0:03:30to reveal the buried amphitheatre.
0:03:32 > 0:03:38The layers and structures that we've got on site, we peel off in reverse chronological order.
0:03:38 > 0:03:40Obviously, uppermost is the latest.
0:03:40 > 0:03:44So 19th-century pottery in the top layer, that's a 19th-century layer.
0:03:44 > 0:03:48As we go down, we'll get early material in the deeper layers,
0:03:48 > 0:03:52that will give us the dating levels for those layers, and the relationships
0:03:52 > 0:03:56between the layers gives us a nice dated sequence through the layer cake
0:03:56 > 0:03:58that we have on the site.
0:04:03 > 0:04:06Chester prides itself on its Roman heritage.
0:04:06 > 0:04:09Its amphitheatre is a showpiece.
0:04:09 > 0:04:13In Roman Britain, it must have been an awesome sight.
0:04:13 > 0:04:16It was the largest amphitheatre in the country,
0:04:16 > 0:04:21a grand stone structure built to serve the largest fortress in Britain.
0:04:21 > 0:04:26It seems that Chester was destined for great things.
0:04:32 > 0:04:34EQUIPMENT CLANKS AND RATTLES
0:04:36 > 0:04:41In 43 AD, the vast Roman Empire was still expanding
0:04:41 > 0:04:45and Britain was an irresistible prize at the edge of the known world.
0:04:47 > 0:04:51Julius Caesar had failed to capture Britain a century before,
0:04:51 > 0:04:55and now Emperor Claudius wanted its gold and its grain.
0:05:01 > 0:05:05He landed four legions, 20,000 men, at Richborough
0:05:05 > 0:05:06on the south east coast.
0:05:06 > 0:05:10They marched and fought their way west and north,
0:05:10 > 0:05:13capturing territory from British warrior kings and queens.
0:05:13 > 0:05:18For three decades, many of the British resisted the Romans,
0:05:18 > 0:05:23and for Roman soldiers, it was a notorious posting.
0:05:23 > 0:05:26Britain's seen as the armpit of the Roman Empire.
0:05:26 > 0:05:29It's wet, it's cold, it's barbaric,
0:05:29 > 0:05:32it has one of the largest...
0:05:32 > 0:05:36it NEEDS one of the largest standing garrisons
0:05:36 > 0:05:38because it's full of trouble and rebellion.
0:05:42 > 0:05:45It's the tough place where you go to wear trousers,
0:05:45 > 0:05:48and not have bare legs,
0:05:48 > 0:05:52where the wine would be awful cos it's travelled a long way,
0:05:52 > 0:05:57and where the natives are pretty appalling.
0:05:59 > 0:06:03The Roman frontier advanced regardless,
0:06:03 > 0:06:08and by the 70s, most of present-day England was settled and peaceful.
0:06:10 > 0:06:12To guard the north and west frontiers,
0:06:12 > 0:06:18legionary fortresses were built at Chester, York and Caerleon.
0:06:18 > 0:06:21But there were plans afoot to go further,
0:06:21 > 0:06:23and Chester lay at the heart of them.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26Chester's fortress was built on the river Dee.
0:06:26 > 0:06:31It was a perfect sea-port, with deep-river access to the north-west coast.
0:06:31 > 0:06:35It could be the launch-pad for expansion not only into Scotland
0:06:35 > 0:06:37but also Ireland.
0:06:37 > 0:06:41There's evidence from manuscripts which say that perhaps one legion
0:06:41 > 0:06:44would be enough to conquer Ireland,
0:06:44 > 0:06:48and the Romans were in touch with Irish chieftains.
0:06:48 > 0:06:52And there's plenty of evidence of trade.
0:06:54 > 0:06:56Vespasian was emperor in the 70s AD.
0:06:56 > 0:06:59He'd been with Claudius at the invasion of Britain,
0:06:59 > 0:07:02and now he wanted fresh conquests.
0:07:02 > 0:07:06Vespasian is not aristocratic,
0:07:06 > 0:07:09he's a bluff, good soldier,
0:07:09 > 0:07:13and he's wanting to make victories and make waves.
0:07:13 > 0:07:18He builds the Colosseum to restore Roman values,
0:07:18 > 0:07:21he wants conquest to show he likes Caesar,
0:07:21 > 0:07:25and Claudius IS an emperor,
0:07:25 > 0:07:29however lowly, who can actually deliver glory to Rome.
0:07:32 > 0:07:37We know that at some stage, there was talk
0:07:37 > 0:07:40in the Roman world, of invading Ireland.
0:07:40 > 0:07:42And it makes sense -
0:07:42 > 0:07:45you'd have a nice province consisting of Great Britain and Ireland.
0:07:45 > 0:07:48"The British Isles".
0:07:48 > 0:07:52Chester is the obvious base from which to launch the invasion.
0:07:52 > 0:07:55For reasons that are no longer particularly clear,
0:07:55 > 0:07:58that invasion never happens.
0:07:58 > 0:08:03The theory runs that Chester was not only a perfect invasion base,
0:08:03 > 0:08:08but the perfect capital of the new, expanded Britannia.
0:08:08 > 0:08:13It would be ideally placed, it's more or less central
0:08:13 > 0:08:15to that imagined province.
0:08:15 > 0:08:20And it would explain some of the peculiarities about the fortress.
0:08:20 > 0:08:23There are buildings inside the fortress
0:08:23 > 0:08:28that have no parallels anywhere else in Roman military archaeology.
0:08:30 > 0:08:34The magnificent buildings are now hidden under streets
0:08:34 > 0:08:37that follow the original Roman plan.
0:08:37 > 0:08:41Chester's fortress was 20% bigger than any other in Britain.
0:08:41 > 0:08:44Some of its monumental walls still stand,
0:08:44 > 0:08:47as grand as those of any Roman capital.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51Londinium, London, doesn't really exist at this stage.
0:08:51 > 0:08:56It's just a rather muddy place by the Thames,
0:08:56 > 0:09:01and Chester could well have been intended as the capital
0:09:01 > 0:09:03of the new provinces.
0:09:07 > 0:09:12A capital of the new provinces would deserves a fine amphitheatre.
0:09:12 > 0:09:14Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum in Rome,
0:09:14 > 0:09:18did he build an amphitheatre here in Chester?
0:09:18 > 0:09:23Or was it built much later, under a different emperor altogether?
0:09:23 > 0:09:28Tony and Dan have to work that out during their excavation.
0:09:31 > 0:09:34The amphitheatre was discovered in 1929.
0:09:34 > 0:09:39But it was excavated partially in the 1960s by the late Hugh Thompson,
0:09:39 > 0:09:42then curator of Chester's museum.
0:09:42 > 0:09:47The Thompson Report revealed a magnificent stone building
0:09:47 > 0:09:49with 72 buttresses.
0:09:49 > 0:09:53It would have held 7,000 - 8,000 spectators.
0:09:53 > 0:09:55It had 12 entrances,
0:09:55 > 0:09:58and its arena wall was painted bright red.
0:09:58 > 0:10:02He also found that before the stone amphitheatre existed,
0:10:02 > 0:10:05there was a smaller amphitheatre on the same site,
0:10:05 > 0:10:08built entirely of timber.
0:10:08 > 0:10:12In the last few years, the Thompson theory has been severely questioned,
0:10:12 > 0:10:16that's why the new excavation is taking place.
0:10:20 > 0:10:23It's up to Tony and Dan to uncover the truth.
0:10:23 > 0:10:27I think we approach the existing report with an open mind.
0:10:27 > 0:10:29We're digging for the story.
0:10:29 > 0:10:32We're digging for the story, and when we've got it,
0:10:32 > 0:10:36we wanna tell people the story. It's what archaeology REALLY is all about.
0:10:36 > 0:10:40Tony and Dan have decided to dig two areas of the site -
0:10:40 > 0:10:44a curved section of seating bank, trench A,
0:10:44 > 0:10:47which Thompson dug in the 1960s...
0:10:47 > 0:10:52The second area is a wedge of seating bank and arena, trench B,
0:10:52 > 0:10:54which is virgin ground.
0:10:56 > 0:11:00The diggers have their work cut out if they're to find answers
0:11:00 > 0:11:02in the next 15 weeks.
0:11:02 > 0:11:04It's only day 2 of the dig,
0:11:04 > 0:11:08but already, they're onto something exciting in trench A.
0:11:12 > 0:11:15- < WOMAN:- They picked it up on the metal detectors
0:11:15 > 0:11:18and put a metal tag in for it.
0:11:18 > 0:11:22We normally don't find one coin in a whole excavation site.
0:11:22 > 0:11:23it's great.
0:11:23 > 0:11:26You can tell a little about it from its size.
0:11:26 > 0:11:29It's likely to be earlier rather than later.
0:11:29 > 0:11:33It's going to be 1st or 2nd century rather than 3rd or 4th.
0:11:33 > 0:11:36But we'll see.
0:11:36 > 0:11:37But it's not so great to realise
0:11:37 > 0:11:44Thompson's team must've put the Roman coin back by mistake when they refilled the site in the 1960s.
0:11:44 > 0:11:50In those days, archaeology was less professional than today.
0:11:50 > 0:11:53Unskilled labourers did much of the digging, and even...
0:11:53 > 0:11:55schoolboys.
0:11:55 > 0:11:57One of them was Dai Morgan Evans.
0:11:57 > 0:12:00I think I was a bit blase about it, I'm afraid!
0:12:00 > 0:12:06A ghastly 16-year-old, rather cocky and full of himself.
0:12:06 > 0:12:10The problem wasn't only untrained diggers.
0:12:10 > 0:12:14In the 1960s, bulldozers were used to save time.
0:12:14 > 0:12:19Today, small hand-tools are used to sift through every inch of earth.
0:12:23 > 0:12:29It's slow, painstaking work. It's vital that every metre is methodically recorded
0:12:29 > 0:12:31for the archive.
0:12:34 > 0:12:36Archaeology is "an unrepeatable experiment".
0:12:36 > 0:12:41When you've removed it, it's GONE. You know, it's archaeological stratigraphy NOW...
0:12:41 > 0:12:45It'll be hauled off in skips in due course, or some of it will.
0:12:51 > 0:12:57The objects they find in the debris are taken to the finds room in a nearby visitor centre.
0:12:57 > 0:13:02Here, they are cleaned, catalogued and studied by a team of experts.
0:13:02 > 0:13:07- We were staggered when these started coming out, actually.- Yeah!
0:13:07 > 0:13:13Because they came out of one of the pits which Thompson excavated then back-filled.
0:13:13 > 0:13:20Samian-ware with scenes of wild-beast hunts or gladiatorial scenes were sold as souvenirs
0:13:20 > 0:13:23around amphitheatres.
0:13:23 > 0:13:27Though important finds were missed in the 1960s,
0:13:27 > 0:13:32Tony and Dan's team have retrieved them because Thompson refilled the site with the earth he'd taken out.
0:13:32 > 0:13:36There's surprise on the quantity and the quality of what we've recovered.
0:13:36 > 0:13:43We knew Thompson had removed a lot of the top of the excavation area with a bulldozer in the '60s.
0:13:43 > 0:13:47Then, presumably, all that stuff got shoved back in as backfill. We suspected he would've missed things.
0:13:47 > 0:13:49That certainly seems to be the case.
0:13:49 > 0:13:53We've got some really good quality Roman artefacts
0:13:53 > 0:13:56including this really great southern Gaulish Samian-ware pottery.
0:13:56 > 0:14:03It's highly decorated. There's a recurring scene of a lion, probably part of a wild-beast hunt here,
0:14:03 > 0:14:07which we know was popularly re-enacted in amphitheatres. So that might be relevant.
0:14:07 > 0:14:10Glass beads off a necklace.
0:14:10 > 0:14:14They've come up from various parts of the site,
0:14:14 > 0:14:19so I don't think they're off the same necklace. We've presumably got several represented.
0:14:19 > 0:14:22Then, moving forward in time, we've got Medieval pottery,
0:14:22 > 0:14:24a 17th-century clay tobacco pipe,
0:14:24 > 0:14:2618th-century drinking glass...
0:14:28 > 0:14:3018th or 19th-century paint pot...
0:14:30 > 0:14:35um, then going almost to the ridiculous, we've got...
0:14:35 > 0:14:371960s' artefacts,
0:14:37 > 0:14:40including a milk-bottle,
0:14:40 > 0:14:42possibly one of Thompson's men's shovels,
0:14:42 > 0:14:45and a KP Nut packet.
0:14:45 > 0:14:51This is obviously stuff that was being consumed or used by the excavators in the 1960s.
0:14:51 > 0:14:53We know where they got their milk,
0:14:53 > 0:14:56we know somebody have a penchant for peanuts
0:14:56 > 0:14:59and this was the sort of shovel they were using!
0:15:06 > 0:15:09It's early July, and the excavation is going well.
0:15:09 > 0:15:13The team has emptied the area close to the arena
0:15:13 > 0:15:15where Thompson dug in the 1960s.
0:15:15 > 0:15:18Further out towards the road lie the stone foundations
0:15:18 > 0:15:21of two great amphitheatre walls.
0:15:21 > 0:15:23But they're not easy to get at
0:15:23 > 0:15:27because they lie beneath a sewage system from recent housing.
0:15:36 > 0:15:40There's just pipes going EVERYWHERE, actually.
0:15:40 > 0:15:44Obviously the houses on the site needed their services, but...
0:15:44 > 0:15:50Well, this is a main sewer, then you've got offshoots to individual properties going in all directions...
0:15:50 > 0:15:55There's been a lot of destruction to the fabric of the amphitheatre.
0:15:55 > 0:15:58That's urban archaeology, though. That's the way it goes.
0:15:58 > 0:16:03The order is, destroy it. I've seen enough of them.
0:16:03 > 0:16:06I don't want to see them any more! HE LAUGHS
0:16:17 > 0:16:21There's little hope of digging down methodically, layer by layer.
0:16:21 > 0:16:23Apart from the sewer pipes,
0:16:23 > 0:16:26there are also vast pits to be dug out -
0:16:26 > 0:16:31Medieval cesspits which filled up with rubbish over the centuries.
0:16:31 > 0:16:37I don't think... I think it MAY be the continuation of the buttress foundation...
0:16:37 > 0:16:40Interpreting this pockmarked site
0:16:40 > 0:16:44is like playing three-dimensional chess.
0:16:44 > 0:16:47And it's increasingly difficult to work on.
0:16:58 > 0:17:02A month into the dig, there are some significant finds.
0:17:04 > 0:17:06This is really good, actually.
0:17:06 > 0:17:09Fantastic. It's bone...
0:17:09 > 0:17:12It's got these little ridges on it.
0:17:12 > 0:17:17And what it is, it's part of the actual grip of a Roman gladius,
0:17:17 > 0:17:19a sword handle.
0:17:19 > 0:17:23Nothing else in the Roman world, made of bone, looks like that.
0:17:23 > 0:17:28The grip, the ridges are specially made so you can get your fingers into it. I can just about get mine in...
0:17:28 > 0:17:30to the exact places.
0:17:30 > 0:17:31I have a replica here.
0:17:31 > 0:17:35It's based on an archaeological find from another site.
0:17:35 > 0:17:39- That's gladius the handle... - And there's the fragment.
0:17:39 > 0:17:41Almost identical.
0:17:41 > 0:17:47This is based on COMPLETE examples which have been found, not just fragmentary ones like this.
0:17:47 > 0:17:50So we do know that that is exactly what this is.
0:17:50 > 0:17:54It tells us there's still good stuff to be found here, in finds terms.
0:17:54 > 0:17:58And stuff that relates directly to the use of the amphitheatre.
0:18:01 > 0:18:04The next job is to open up trench B.
0:18:07 > 0:18:12It seems to have been a garden, perhaps belonging to the neighbouring church.
0:18:18 > 0:18:22Before long, a small skeleton emerges from the mud.
0:18:22 > 0:18:26Too small to be anything like a sheep. Um...
0:18:26 > 0:18:30It's a bit big for a rabbit. I suppose it COULD be rabbit, but...
0:18:30 > 0:18:34Analysis proves it to be a Victorian cat.
0:18:36 > 0:18:42Over in trench A, They're still not at Roman level.
0:18:42 > 0:18:43It's not what Dan and Tony expected.
0:18:45 > 0:18:47It's full of slate...
0:18:47 > 0:18:50brick, rubbish, scrap-iron.
0:18:50 > 0:18:54The first five weeks have been tough... HE SIGHS
0:18:54 > 0:19:02..just because there's been so much 20th-century archaeology to get rid of. All the excavation trenches
0:19:02 > 0:19:08and the sewer-trench fills and things like that. But now we're getting into the real thing, it's gonna cheer up.
0:19:30 > 0:19:33Today, there's a buzz at the arena.
0:19:33 > 0:19:35It's National Archaeology Day,
0:19:35 > 0:19:38with public events all over Britain
0:19:38 > 0:19:43and gladiators here for the first time in nearly 2,000 years.
0:19:46 > 0:19:48METAL RINGS OUT
0:19:52 > 0:19:54CROWD: Oh...!
0:19:54 > 0:19:56There's still bloodlust at Chester.
0:19:58 > 0:20:01- Think he should kill him?- Yeah.- Yeah.
0:20:01 > 0:20:03- Iugula! IUGULA!- IUGULA!
0:20:03 > 0:20:07CHANT CONTINUES
0:20:10 > 0:20:13- Oh, blood everywhere! - CHEERS AND JEERS
0:20:13 > 0:20:16Who's gonna pay for his burial(?)
0:20:16 > 0:20:18'In the Roman world,'
0:20:18 > 0:20:24the watching of these spectacles is meant to instil good Roman virtues
0:20:24 > 0:20:26in the spectator.
0:20:26 > 0:20:30The gladiators who fight in the afternoons are dressed as barbarians.
0:20:30 > 0:20:33These are the "other",
0:20:33 > 0:20:36the people we don't like... the people we've conquered!
0:20:36 > 0:20:38And they're dangerous
0:20:38 > 0:20:40and they're nasty,
0:20:40 > 0:20:42and we CONTAIN them.
0:20:42 > 0:20:45In Britain, there are 25 amphitheatre sites
0:20:45 > 0:20:48built from the 60s AD onwards.
0:20:48 > 0:20:53Most British amphitheatres are very different from the monumental Colosseum.
0:20:53 > 0:20:57They're simple earthworks like this one at Dorchester,
0:20:57 > 0:21:02a dugout arena surrounded by turf-covered banks.
0:21:02 > 0:21:06Only two have stone outer walls, Caerleon in south Wales
0:21:06 > 0:21:08and Chester itself.
0:21:08 > 0:21:13With no historical records to tell us what went on in British amphitheatres,
0:21:13 > 0:21:18the archaeological evidence is all the more precious.
0:21:18 > 0:21:24The amphitheatre in London has produced evidence to suggest there might've been wild-beast hunts,
0:21:24 > 0:21:29certainly involving wolves and probably wild boar.
0:21:29 > 0:21:32Um...and in Chester, we have a plaque
0:21:32 > 0:21:36that was found very close to the amphitheatre site,
0:21:36 > 0:21:37depicting two gladiators.
0:21:37 > 0:21:40So people knew what gladiators were
0:21:40 > 0:21:44and had, presumably, seen them fighting in the amphitheatre at Chester.
0:21:44 > 0:21:49Back at the dig on National Archaeology day,
0:21:49 > 0:21:53the team has unearthed something useful to wounded Gladiators.
0:21:53 > 0:21:57- A miniature spear...? - No, it's a medical probe.
0:21:57 > 0:22:01- A medical probe?!- Yeah. To pull out the broken bits
0:22:01 > 0:22:05When you've got a bit of metal lodged in you...
0:22:05 > 0:22:08- That's amazing!- ..pull it out.
0:22:08 > 0:22:11This just came out the ground ten minutes ago.
0:22:11 > 0:22:15The evidence is now starting to BEGIN to stack up, you know...
0:22:15 > 0:22:21We know it's an amphitheatre, so we know there's gonna be gladiatorial combat. But we've got Samian-ware
0:22:21 > 0:22:27with images of gladiators and lions - more than perhaps we might expect. We've got the bone sword handle
0:22:27 > 0:22:29and now we've medical instruments.
0:22:29 > 0:22:36Evidence for the sort of thing going on in the arena. I didn't expect to find stuff like this at all!
0:22:36 > 0:22:40If you come back this afternoon, we'll probably put it to good use.
0:22:43 > 0:22:47Don't damage yourself. I need you tomorrow, to work.
0:22:50 > 0:22:54Temperatures have been over 70 degrees for a week.
0:22:54 > 0:22:57Digging is much harder and slower.
0:22:59 > 0:23:05We've got a sandwich today. This site is really baked solid. We could do with a really good downpour.
0:23:05 > 0:23:08A good overnight downpour, wet it down,
0:23:08 > 0:23:13lay the dust and just bring up the colour so we can see what we're doing.
0:23:13 > 0:23:15This is just completely baked out.
0:23:16 > 0:23:19It's now late July.
0:23:19 > 0:23:24But answers to Tony and Dan's major questions are not emerging.
0:23:24 > 0:23:27In fact, the dig is getting more confusing.
0:23:27 > 0:23:29Bizarre features turn up,
0:23:29 > 0:23:32like a 1920s car-inspection pit.
0:23:32 > 0:23:37Who knows if the early motorist realised he was digging through a Roman Amphitheatre?
0:23:37 > 0:23:41The excavation is enormously complex.
0:23:41 > 0:23:45And one of the biggest questions is whether Hugh Thompson was right
0:23:45 > 0:23:49in thinking there were two amphitheatres.
0:23:49 > 0:23:55He envisaged his magnificent stone building as the second amphitheatre on the site.
0:23:55 > 0:24:00He found evidence for a small timber amphitheatre built 30 years earlier.
0:24:02 > 0:24:07- ..I just can't see them. - Cos on this side, they're all pretty regular.- Yeah, they are.
0:24:07 > 0:24:12Thompson's excavation plan shows the foundation of the timber amphitheatre like a red train-track
0:24:12 > 0:24:14running around the arena.
0:24:16 > 0:24:20That same foundation is now emerging on the ground.
0:24:21 > 0:24:26In Roman times, the long, narrow slots held timber beams.
0:24:26 > 0:24:33The first person to find these slots in 1960 was Dai Morgan Evans.
0:24:33 > 0:24:37The trowel he used is still a prized possession.
0:24:37 > 0:24:39This is the trowel, yes. Yes...
0:24:39 > 0:24:43I mean, it WAS larger. You can't actually say that was the edge
0:24:43 > 0:24:48that found the timber amphitheatre. Cos the edge was out about there
0:24:48 > 0:24:52at the time. So it has shrunk through hard troweling.
0:24:53 > 0:24:58Like Thompson, Dai believes the timber foundation was laid down in the 70s AD,
0:24:58 > 0:25:00under Emperor Vespasian,
0:25:00 > 0:25:04as a framework for a wholly timber amphitheatre.
0:25:06 > 0:25:09Keith Matthews disagrees.
0:25:09 > 0:25:15The former Chester archaeologist has doubts about the timber beam-slots, or "grillage".
0:25:15 > 0:25:20The difficulty, really with the timber grillage is understanding
0:25:20 > 0:25:24whether it's a separate structure in its own right
0:25:24 > 0:25:29or whether it's simply part of the stone structure.
0:25:29 > 0:25:31And there are various ways
0:25:31 > 0:25:34in which archaeologists could go out and test this idea
0:25:34 > 0:25:37that WEREN'T tested in the 1960s.
0:25:39 > 0:25:43Keith believes there was no timber amphitheatre.
0:25:43 > 0:25:47He thinks the timber foundation supported a seating bank
0:25:47 > 0:25:50for the large stone amphitheatre built in 100AD,
0:25:50 > 0:25:5220 years AFTER Vespasian.
0:25:52 > 0:25:56There's only one way to sort it out -
0:25:56 > 0:25:59a gladiatorial debate.
0:26:03 > 0:26:05- Right...!- OK.
0:26:05 > 0:26:1044 years ago, I found the first timber amphitheatre at Chester.
0:26:10 > 0:26:15And it's one of the things I've really kept with me for the whole of my archaeological career.
0:26:15 > 0:26:21- You're trying to take it from me. - You DID discover a timber framework. I have no argument with that.
0:26:21 > 0:26:25It is an argument about the relationship between the timber...
0:26:25 > 0:26:27- Yes.- ..and the stone.
0:26:27 > 0:26:32I think the timbers have to go in AFTER these walls.
0:26:32 > 0:26:34Hmm...
0:26:34 > 0:26:40The arguments are complicated, going for an hour around the intricacies of amphitheatre construction.
0:26:40 > 0:26:46- ..I don't agree.- It does seem to be a cack-handed way of doing it, build your arena wall up to that height,
0:26:46 > 0:26:52put your timber structure in, then throw the stuff over. Why don't they start off by throwing the stuff over
0:26:52 > 0:26:58- THEN build a wall, THEN put...? - Well, it seems even MORE cack-handed to me to leave an earlier structure
0:26:58 > 0:27:03- in place...- Ah.- ..while you build the stone structure.- OK, so...
0:27:03 > 0:27:07The clincher, for Dai, is historical common sense.
0:27:07 > 0:27:11In the 70s AD, amphitheatres were being built all over the empire
0:27:11 > 0:27:13by Vespasian, the man who built the Colosseum.
0:27:13 > 0:27:18- Vespasian's really into amphitheatres, isn't he?- Absolutely.
0:27:18 > 0:27:23I'm disputing his influence on the amphitheatre at Chester...
0:27:23 > 0:27:25An amphitheatre-building dynasty,
0:27:25 > 0:27:30the odds are that when they come to build this extra-special fortress at Chester
0:27:30 > 0:27:36that's 20% larger than anything else in the country, they're gonna put an amphitheatre in. The probability.
0:27:36 > 0:27:39- Possibly, yes.- No, not "possible"- probable. Come on!
0:27:39 > 0:27:42Both are bloodied but unbowed.
0:27:42 > 0:27:46They'll have to wait for this year's excavation results for the answer.
0:27:46 > 0:27:52..Not so much an argument in its favour, but it is an argument about the relationship...
0:27:55 > 0:27:57It's still going slowly.
0:27:57 > 0:28:02The much-needed rain has arrived, but that brings its own problems.
0:28:02 > 0:28:04Keep all the spoil, yeah.
0:28:06 > 0:28:07It's raining!
0:28:08 > 0:28:10GEORGE - BRING IT IN!
0:28:10 > 0:28:16They would like to give an answer to Dai and Keith about the timber amphitheatre,
0:28:16 > 0:28:18but it's difficult.
0:28:18 > 0:28:24We can't go either way yet, because the information that we need to look at, the evidence we need to look at,
0:28:24 > 0:28:27is still...buried.
0:28:27 > 0:28:34- And where not going to uncover it until the last week. - Mmm. Absolutely.
0:28:34 > 0:28:36Um, but there is also the potential
0:28:36 > 0:28:42that NEITHER of them are actually fully right, and that the truth lies somewhere in between their ideas.
0:28:42 > 0:28:47Now, I think the idea that there are two phases of amphitheatre...
0:28:47 > 0:28:53is looking good. The idea that one of them is wholly timber and the other is wholly stone is...
0:28:53 > 0:28:56- is NOT going to be the case.- Mmm.
0:28:59 > 0:29:02Rain has stopped play altogether.
0:29:02 > 0:29:05It's the wettest August on record.
0:29:07 > 0:29:11The weather in the last couple of days has been LOUSY.
0:29:11 > 0:29:16And at this point in the excavation, it's the last thing we need,
0:29:16 > 0:29:20because the site's resolving itself into a lot of deep holes.
0:29:20 > 0:29:25If it rains HARD - like the thunderstorms we've just been having - if it really rains hard,
0:29:25 > 0:29:27it wrecks the site!
0:29:27 > 0:29:33They had imagined they would find a lot of amphitheatre walls and foundations.
0:29:33 > 0:29:35But there is very little stonework left.
0:29:35 > 0:29:40That's because over the years, it has been removed by stone-robbers
0:29:40 > 0:29:42for use in other buildings.
0:29:44 > 0:29:49Hundreds of tons of stone have been removed from this shattered monument.
0:29:49 > 0:29:53In its place, hundreds of tons of earth to dig out.
0:29:56 > 0:29:58And thousands of finds.
0:29:58 > 0:30:03Back in week 5, Tony was thrilled with a Roman medical probe.
0:30:05 > 0:30:08I was checking through some books
0:30:08 > 0:30:11to check a reference on another find that we had,
0:30:11 > 0:30:14and there was a picture exactly - almost exactly -
0:30:14 > 0:30:16looking like this.
0:30:16 > 0:30:21And they called it a Medieval pen really than a Roman surgical instrument.
0:30:21 > 0:30:25So it was really exciting to come across something that was a PEN...
0:30:25 > 0:30:29but I had to go and tell people that it actually wasn't Roman and...
0:30:29 > 0:30:32wasn't a surgical instrument!
0:30:32 > 0:30:35You know, in the heat of the moment, you get a bit excited and...
0:30:35 > 0:30:37a bit carried away.
0:30:37 > 0:30:42Um...it was a reasonable hypothesis at the time!
0:30:42 > 0:30:44But it just happened to be wrong(!)
0:30:49 > 0:30:51And the weather doesn't improve.
0:30:54 > 0:30:58We really, really, really don't need this.
0:30:58 > 0:31:00It makes life very difficult.
0:31:03 > 0:31:09And the problem is that walking on this means people are going to be bringing half the archaeology back
0:31:09 > 0:31:12on their boots.
0:31:12 > 0:31:15And I don't want to have to lose another day.
0:31:15 > 0:31:18And here it comes again.
0:31:19 > 0:31:21I suggest we go in.
0:31:31 > 0:31:33They need a break.
0:31:35 > 0:31:37LIVELY TUNE
0:31:41 > 0:31:43Arles in the south of France,
0:31:43 > 0:31:50a chance for Tony and Dan to get some sun and entertainment in a standing Roman amphitheatre.
0:31:54 > 0:32:01I think it's the closest thing you're going to get to experiencing entertainment in an amphitheatre
0:32:01 > 0:32:06as a citizen of Rome no matter where you were in the empire, be it Rome or Chester.
0:32:08 > 0:32:14The amphitheatre at Arles is larger than Chester's but its architectural layout is very similar.
0:32:21 > 0:32:23TRUMPET FANFARE
0:32:23 > 0:32:30In Roman times, the spectacles were free to the public, funded by emperor or leading citizens.
0:32:30 > 0:32:33Seats were allocated by wealthy patrons -
0:32:33 > 0:32:36well-connected toffs at the ringside,
0:32:36 > 0:32:38slaves and women up at the top.
0:32:40 > 0:32:44Everybody would know exactly where they were going in the arena,
0:32:44 > 0:32:51everyone knows just where to got to find their seats, the correct gateway to go in, the correct passage to use.
0:32:52 > 0:32:57I think it's very interesting, the way everybody came up the one flight of stairs
0:32:57 > 0:33:02and then dispersed around the circuit of the amphitheatre and went up their individual, designated entrances.
0:33:02 > 0:33:08Great design. It acts as crowd-control, it disperses people so you don't get a huge crush.
0:33:08 > 0:33:09It's only single-entrance.
0:33:09 > 0:33:17Well, I think the spectators came for a number of things. To see and be seen. And to meet friends...
0:33:17 > 0:33:19Family there...
0:33:19 > 0:33:21FANFARES
0:33:32 > 0:33:34APPLAUSE
0:33:40 > 0:33:46I'm SURE that's what it would've been like in Roman times. People applauding...swordsmanship
0:33:46 > 0:33:51or whatever facility with weapons that the gladiators had.
0:33:51 > 0:33:56There must've been moments of drama, moments of hush,
0:33:56 > 0:33:59people wondering what's gonna happen.
0:34:04 > 0:34:09That whole mix of sort of... entertainment,
0:34:09 > 0:34:13people really getting into it, cheering on the bullfighters...
0:34:13 > 0:34:18and that whole aspect of the fact that what you're actually seeing is something being put to death.
0:34:18 > 0:34:21I... It's very powerful images.
0:34:21 > 0:34:22APPLAUSE
0:34:24 > 0:34:28Tony and Dan find it too hard to stomach, and leave.
0:34:32 > 0:34:34I-It's really not for me. I couldn't... I couldn't...
0:34:34 > 0:34:38I couldn't watch that poor beast being done to death out there.
0:34:38 > 0:34:43I mean, I'm obviously not the material of an ancient Roman, am I?
0:34:43 > 0:34:46But no, that was... too rich for me, I'm afraid.
0:34:52 > 0:34:54It's an echo of a past age.
0:34:58 > 0:35:04To a British audience, it may be considered to be a somewhat bizarre blend.
0:35:04 > 0:35:10That's what this building was built for, essentially, and exactly what people have been coming to watch
0:35:10 > 0:35:13- for 2,000 years. So... - < APPLAUSE INCREASES
0:35:13 > 0:35:19if you want to see what Chester's amphitheatre was used for 2,000 years ago, this is it. Pretty good.
0:35:25 > 0:35:27Back in Chester, things are looking up.
0:35:29 > 0:35:32We've got four weeks left, including this week.
0:35:32 > 0:35:37The weather has improved considerably, so we may get our Indian summer, which is very good.
0:35:37 > 0:35:42Site's drying out very quickly. People down in holes...
0:35:42 > 0:35:45We're doing well. We're doing well, I think.
0:35:47 > 0:35:49After weeks of hard slog,
0:35:49 > 0:35:53the Chester amphitheatre is beginning to yield up its secrets.
0:35:53 > 0:36:01The two stone walls of Thompson's "second" amphitheatre have emerged as curves of rubble.
0:36:01 > 0:36:03What exactly it looked like,
0:36:03 > 0:36:09and whether there was an earlier timber amphitheatre is not yet clear.
0:36:10 > 0:36:14Tony and Dan are very close to a new interpretation.
0:36:14 > 0:36:18And it starts with some exciting finds.
0:36:21 > 0:36:26We've got a very high proportion... of these. These are ribs.
0:36:26 > 0:36:31They're beef ribs. And they look like the remains of any barbecue
0:36:31 > 0:36:33that I might have in my back garden.
0:36:33 > 0:36:35Um...you can't help but wonder
0:36:35 > 0:36:39whether these aren't the residue
0:36:39 > 0:36:44of fast food that spectators at arena events are eating,
0:36:44 > 0:36:47whether, um...
0:36:47 > 0:36:54the people watching the amphitheatre spectacles are licking the barbecue sauce of the ribs they've just bought
0:36:54 > 0:36:57from the concession stalls just outside!
0:36:57 > 0:37:00The concessions may be selling...
0:37:02 > 0:37:06..souvenirs. This bowl I found yesterday...
0:37:06 > 0:37:11Unfortunately, I hit it with a mattock, but you can still fit it together and see that it shows...
0:37:11 > 0:37:13scenes of gladiatorial combat.
0:37:13 > 0:37:18You can see the heavy helmet with a bit of a plume going out behind it.
0:37:18 > 0:37:21A square shield in front of the gladiator.
0:37:21 > 0:37:25The arm-guard, the segmented arm-guard down here
0:37:25 > 0:37:27wit a sword running off
0:37:27 > 0:37:30against the side of the shield.
0:37:30 > 0:37:33The legs, including the armoured front leg.
0:37:33 > 0:37:37So It's a reasonable bet that that's the kind of thing that's going on.
0:37:37 > 0:37:42The spare ribs and gladiator pottery came from the space
0:37:42 > 0:37:45between the two stone walls.
0:37:45 > 0:37:49THAT suggests that the inner wall once stood alone,
0:37:49 > 0:37:52with the debris piling up around it.
0:37:52 > 0:37:56If the two stone walls were built at different times,
0:37:56 > 0:37:59that would be highly significant.
0:38:00 > 0:38:07Peter Hill, an expert on ancient masonry, has been called in to examine the site,
0:38:07 > 0:38:09starting on the inner wall.
0:38:09 > 0:38:14The stones are less well squared. I mean, you get tapering, almost,
0:38:14 > 0:38:15down there.
0:38:15 > 0:38:21That one there tapers from oh, 100mm that end to 150 at the other end.
0:38:21 > 0:38:23- Yeah.- It's a different design.- Right.
0:38:23 > 0:38:26It... It looks like a quicker job.
0:38:26 > 0:38:33- It look as though they wanted to get this up.- So there's not the same concern for appearance?- No.
0:38:33 > 0:38:37- Well, I really WANTED there to be a difference!- You've certainly got one.
0:38:37 > 0:38:39You've got a difference here, very definitely.
0:38:39 > 0:38:44The difference in quality between the inner and outer walls
0:38:44 > 0:38:49confirms Tony and Dan's growing belief that there were TWO stone amphitheatres on the site,
0:38:49 > 0:38:53built at different times and by different people.
0:38:53 > 0:39:00They now have their own interpretation of Chester's Roman amphitheatre,
0:39:00 > 0:39:02different from Hugh Thompson's.
0:39:03 > 0:39:05In the last week, we've become...
0:39:05 > 0:39:12absolutely convinced now that we can forget all the stories of a timber amphitheatre followed by a stone one.
0:39:12 > 0:39:17What we've actually got are two amphitheatres basically of stone construction.
0:39:17 > 0:39:20That is pretty unexpected. Pretty unexpected.
0:39:21 > 0:39:25Tony and Dan's radical interpretation shows
0:39:25 > 0:39:30that there was an early stone amphitheatre with timber seating banks.
0:39:30 > 0:39:34Many years later, a larger amphitheatre was built
0:39:34 > 0:39:36by adding another stone wall.
0:39:39 > 0:39:45It may upset certain people looking at other amphitheatres in Britain at the moment,
0:39:45 > 0:39:50who've used Chester, with its timber amphitheatre, as a model if you like.
0:39:50 > 0:39:55Um, but that's what archaeology's all about, challenging accepted theories.
0:39:58 > 0:40:00But how do they know this is true?
0:40:00 > 0:40:05It's all about the first stone amphitheatre and its outer wall.
0:40:05 > 0:40:11The evidence lies in the deposits either side of that outer wall.
0:40:13 > 0:40:19On site, that outer wall of the first amphitheatre is no longer there,
0:40:19 > 0:40:23because the stone has been robbed away. But it would've looked like this.
0:40:23 > 0:40:28Where we are standing, you must imagine a wall
0:40:28 > 0:40:32with this material piled up against this side of it.
0:40:32 > 0:40:36And all of this is clean sand and clay...
0:40:36 > 0:40:41which is material thrown up from the arena...
0:40:41 > 0:40:48So the wall's constructed, this material's excavated from the arena
0:40:48 > 0:40:51and dumped up against it.
0:40:51 > 0:40:54and then the timber seating's installed over there.
0:40:54 > 0:40:58But the important thing is that this material inside the wall
0:40:58 > 0:41:02is totally different from the material OUTSIDE the wall-dam.
0:41:02 > 0:41:08Yeah. I mean, essentially, you can see that that's all a dump of material that's probably occurred
0:41:08 > 0:41:14over a fairly short period of time. On the outside, at the bottom of our section of soil,
0:41:14 > 0:41:19we've got the original Roman ground surface, where Roman grass-level would've been.
0:41:19 > 0:41:21Above that, a band of red material
0:41:21 > 0:41:27which probably represents a fairly nice, paved surface outside amphitheatre number one.
0:41:27 > 0:41:31And then we've got these deposits of soil and sand...
0:41:31 > 0:41:35which represent occupation on the back wall of the amphitheatre
0:41:35 > 0:41:37in its first phase of use.
0:41:37 > 0:41:43Um, so this chunk of archaeology is really exciting, cos it might actually give us answers
0:41:43 > 0:41:47as to what the amphitheatre, in its first phase, is actually being used for,
0:41:47 > 0:41:51and the sorts of activities that are going on immediately outside it,
0:41:51 > 0:41:56sort of market stalls, maybe, selling Roman fast-food or souvenirs
0:41:56 > 0:41:58and that sort of thing.
0:41:58 > 0:42:00..I wonder if...
0:42:00 > 0:42:04So what will Dai and Keith the gladiatorial archaeologists make of it?
0:42:04 > 0:42:11- In a sense, neither of them are right, so...!- And both are right as well.- Yeah.- It depends, really.
0:42:11 > 0:42:17Yes, Dai and Keith will be VERY excited about this, very excited, cos they're both people with open minds.
0:42:17 > 0:42:23On a site demonstration, Dai has to face up to losing his timber amphitheatre.
0:42:23 > 0:42:29In my heart of hearts, I don't WANT to believe it. It's terrible to confess!
0:42:29 > 0:42:32I'd have liked to have survived with a completely timber amphitheatre,
0:42:32 > 0:42:35and I'm not giving up without a BIT of a fight.
0:42:36 > 0:42:41Keith has to accept there were TWO amphitheatres,
0:42:41 > 0:42:44though he was right about the timber seating bank.
0:42:44 > 0:42:48In the end, he never QUITE convinced me.
0:42:48 > 0:42:53And it's very gratifying to discover that I was right to stick to my guns.
0:42:53 > 0:42:56Do you think it's all of one build? No. Right.
0:42:56 > 0:43:00He's been vindicated. Just wish he wouldn't look so bloody smug!
0:43:00 > 0:43:02But I don't blame him.
0:43:06 > 0:43:10Dan and Tony are delighted with their new interpretation.
0:43:10 > 0:43:16the SMALL stone amphitheatre is a revelation, with evidence for external staircases.
0:43:16 > 0:43:21These may well have been double staircases for increased access to the highest seats,
0:43:21 > 0:43:24as on the amphitheatre at Pompeii.
0:43:25 > 0:43:29The later, larger amphitheatre also differed from Thompson's vision.
0:43:29 > 0:43:35Tony and Dan think the vast foundations supported decorative arches at the entrances.
0:43:35 > 0:43:40And they found only half as many buttresses as Thompson.
0:43:47 > 0:43:53It's the last week of the dig and there's still one burning question.
0:43:53 > 0:43:58Was the first amphitheatre built with the fortress in the 70s AD
0:43:58 > 0:44:00under Emperor Vespasian?
0:44:00 > 0:44:05- CAMERA CLICKS Got it?- Yup. Thank you. - You're welcome.
0:44:05 > 0:44:11..It's really fantastic that we've been able to prove that there are TWO stone amphitheatres at Chester.
0:44:11 > 0:44:15What's very frustrating is the lack of dating evidence we've got.
0:44:15 > 0:44:20We're just gonna have to keep plugging away and hoping something comes up in the last couple of days.
0:44:24 > 0:44:28The dating evidence must lie in the space between the two outer walls,
0:44:28 > 0:44:31where Roman builders would've dropped things.
0:44:31 > 0:44:35It's a race against time to find anything that might help them.
0:44:41 > 0:44:44At last, something comes to light.
0:44:44 > 0:44:46- Is it a sieving?- Yeah.
0:44:46 > 0:44:49ALL TALK AT ONCE
0:44:51 > 0:44:54It would've been nice to have got a silver one(!)
0:44:54 > 0:44:59- It's quite light for a stone, though. I dunno whether you'd have...- I don't know, I think...
0:44:59 > 0:45:04- Not if you'd been running through the amount of sieving that we've been doing. I dunno.- What's going on?
0:45:04 > 0:45:06- <- Something exciting?- Well...
0:45:06 > 0:45:13We've just got...a coin come up from this sand outside amphitheatre one.
0:45:13 > 0:45:18It's the first one we've got. Potentially, it's dating evidence for...
0:45:18 > 0:45:22amphitheatre two. It's the only solid piece of dating evidence we've had.
0:45:22 > 0:45:28Unfortunately, it's in bad condition. You can barely see it's a coin, apart from that little bit of green.
0:45:28 > 0:45:32Anyway, it's absolutely crucial - absolutely CRUCIAL.
0:45:32 > 0:45:36We've sieved every bloody atom of this stuff
0:45:36 > 0:45:40and we've come up, finally, with one piece of dating evidence.
0:45:40 > 0:45:41Thank God!
0:45:47 > 0:45:50The coin is taken to the English Heritage Conservation lab
0:45:50 > 0:45:53to be cleaned and X-rayed. It's the moment of truth.
0:45:53 > 0:45:55Right...
0:45:55 > 0:45:59V-E-S-P-A... And before that, possibly,
0:45:59 > 0:46:02a V and an E. "Vespa..."
0:46:02 > 0:46:06So it's either off the front of a scooter...(!)
0:46:06 > 0:46:07or it's Vespasian,
0:46:07 > 0:46:09the real thing.
0:46:09 > 0:46:13So let's have a look at the real thing then, shall we?
0:46:14 > 0:46:16Yep, "Vespasian..."
0:46:16 > 0:46:19and I'd recognise that ugly mug anywhere.
0:46:19 > 0:46:24So the face of the man who built the Colosseum has turned up
0:46:24 > 0:46:26as dating evidence at Chester.
0:46:26 > 0:46:30But it's not the definitely proof it might seem,
0:46:30 > 0:46:34because coins from Vespasian's time remained in circulation for over 100 years.
0:46:34 > 0:46:41The amphitheatres could've been built any time between the 70s and the 170s AD.
0:46:41 > 0:46:45What's really frustrating is that we know
0:46:45 > 0:46:51that both amphitheatres must be... you know, AD70-plus.
0:46:51 > 0:46:56But we haven't got...we haven't got the dating that'll give us...
0:46:56 > 0:47:01an idea about how long they are apart - you know, the lifetime of the first amphitheatre
0:47:01 > 0:47:04and the construction date of the second - as yet.
0:47:04 > 0:47:10It's really frustrating. It's the one most frustrating thing. We've come away from this first season with.
0:47:13 > 0:47:16Right, that's it, clear the diggers!
0:47:16 > 0:47:18After 15 weeks
0:47:18 > 0:47:23and 900 tonnes of earth, the dig's over until next summer.
0:47:26 > 0:47:29It's been tiring, but it's been huge fun.
0:47:29 > 0:47:34You know, great team, REALLY hard-working bunch of people who have produced fantastic results.
0:47:34 > 0:47:38They may not have construction dates,
0:47:38 > 0:47:42but they have proved that Thompson's 1960s excavation was flawed.
0:47:42 > 0:47:46They've got their own new vision of Chester's two amphitheatres
0:47:46 > 0:47:49and resolved at least one fierce debate.
0:47:49 > 0:47:51You never answer all the questions.
0:47:51 > 0:47:55And the problem is that to a certain extent, as we go along this summer,
0:47:55 > 0:48:00we're posing new questions that we might want to answer in future years' excavation.
0:48:02 > 0:48:06That's more or less the attraction of archaeology, if you like.
0:48:06 > 0:48:10The lure is the fact that, for every question you answer,
0:48:10 > 0:48:12you create a new question.
0:48:12 > 0:48:14So...!
0:48:40 > 0:48:43Subtitles by BBC Broadcast - 2005