0:00:02 > 0:00:07*
0:00:18 > 0:00:23This ceiling at the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall
0:00:23 > 0:00:28was created by Rubens to celebrate the majesty of monarchy.
0:00:28 > 0:00:35A little after 2pm on the 30th of January 1649, Charles I walked through this room.
0:00:35 > 0:00:40As he went, he must have reflected on the irony of the image above him.
0:00:44 > 0:00:47He descended these stairs,
0:00:47 > 0:00:51then walked through a hole cut in the wall just there
0:00:51 > 0:00:53onto a scaffold draped in black.
0:00:53 > 0:00:58After making a short speech which few could hear, he prayed,
0:00:58 > 0:01:03then fell to the ground and put his head on the block.
0:01:03 > 0:01:07The headsman's axe severed it with a single blow.
0:01:09 > 0:01:1218 miles north of London,
0:01:12 > 0:01:14in a Northamptonshire field,
0:01:14 > 0:01:20Mike Westaway and Peter Burton are tracking the distribution of lead musket balls.
0:01:20 > 0:01:23This is the battlefield of Naseby,
0:01:23 > 0:01:26the Civil War's decisive clash.
0:01:26 > 0:01:29- HOOT! - Got a signal, Pete!
0:01:29 > 0:01:34It was here on the 14th of June, 1645, that Charles lost the war
0:01:34 > 0:01:40and began his long downward slide that ended on a scaffold in Whitehall.
0:01:40 > 0:01:44300 years later, the land yields up its secrets.
0:01:44 > 0:01:50- Mike, you'll have to pinpoint this one.- I'm not entirely convinced.- Oh, it's there.
0:01:50 > 0:01:55- HOOTING - It'll be THERE. Right?
0:01:58 > 0:02:01Ah, here we are!
0:02:01 > 0:02:07- You're the first man to touch that since 1645.- Remarkable!
0:02:07 > 0:02:12Absolutely remarkable! Goodness me... Look at that.
0:02:16 > 0:02:23The war may seem remote to us now, but that musket ball is a reminder that men fought and died here
0:02:23 > 0:02:28in a struggle that was to decide who was to rule the country -
0:02:28 > 0:02:31King or Parliament.
0:02:42 > 0:02:47The campaign that ended on Naseby field began 100 miles to the south.
0:02:56 > 0:03:00Oxford has been called "the home of lost causes".
0:03:00 > 0:03:04During the Civil War, it was the Royalist capital
0:03:04 > 0:03:10and Charles's Parliament, set up in opposition to the rather larger one at Westminster,
0:03:10 > 0:03:13met here in the Hall at Christchurch.
0:03:13 > 0:03:18By the spring of 1645, the war had been going on for almost three years.
0:03:18 > 0:03:21It was a deeply divisive conflict,
0:03:21 > 0:03:27pitting family against family, father against son, brother against brother.
0:03:27 > 0:03:33Men fought one another with the firm conviction that God was on their side -
0:03:33 > 0:03:36none more so than Charles himself.
0:03:36 > 0:03:41But the tide of war was running hard against the King.
0:03:41 > 0:03:45Many of his advisors believed that now was the time
0:03:45 > 0:03:50 to gain a military advantage which might turn into a compromise peace.
0:03:52 > 0:03:59His nephew, Prince Rupert, a distinguished soldier at 26, commanded the Royalist forces.
0:03:59 > 0:04:04But a recent defeat convinced him that peace must be sought.
0:04:04 > 0:04:09George, Lord Digby, courtier and amateur soldier,
0:04:09 > 0:04:14was for engaging the enemy with the help of troops from Ireland.
0:04:14 > 0:04:21Charles himself - chilly, easily influenced, yet immovable on the issue of Royal power -
0:04:21 > 0:04:23continuously wavered.
0:04:23 > 0:04:26With the King's advisors divided,
0:04:26 > 0:04:32we shouldn't be surprised that the 1645 campaign began in an air of uncertainty.
0:04:32 > 0:04:36But it soon developed into a deadly game of cat and mouse.
0:04:36 > 0:04:42One May morning, this quadrangle bustled with the activity that precedes a campaign.
0:04:42 > 0:04:48Charles left his quarters over there, mounted his horse, and, leaving Oxford well garrisoned,
0:04:48 > 0:04:53set off north with his army, perhaps to join his Scots supporters.
0:04:53 > 0:04:56It was a fateful decision.
0:04:56 > 0:05:02Hardly had he left than the Parliamentarians arrived in hot pursuit
0:05:02 > 0:05:04and laid siege to the city.
0:05:12 > 0:05:16They dug gun positions up here on Headington Hill,
0:05:16 > 0:05:19with its commanding view of Oxford,
0:05:19 > 0:05:21and prepared to bombard the city.
0:05:21 > 0:05:24In command was Sir Thomas Fairfax,
0:05:24 > 0:05:28a 33-year-old peer's son from Yorkshire,
0:05:28 > 0:05:33whose dark hair and swarthy features earned him the nickname Black Tom.
0:05:34 > 0:05:39Fairfax needed to test Parliament's recently formed New Model Army.
0:05:39 > 0:05:46Its soldiers, many of them conscripts, were promised regular pay and a decent uniform.
0:05:46 > 0:05:49The New Model was untried in battle.
0:05:49 > 0:05:54The Royalists were anxious to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
0:05:54 > 0:06:02and they decided that the best way of doing so would be to fall upon some place possessed by Parliament.
0:06:02 > 0:06:04They chose Leicester.
0:06:04 > 0:06:09The castle and newarke retained their mediaeval stone walls
0:06:09 > 0:06:13and the rest of the town had earth and timber defences.
0:06:13 > 0:06:18On the 30th of May, Rupert ordered it to surrender.
0:06:18 > 0:06:22When it refused, the batteries up here opened fire.
0:06:28 > 0:06:34By nightfall, they had blown a breach in the walls and Rupert assaulted the city.
0:06:34 > 0:06:37Some of the defenders of Leicester
0:06:37 > 0:06:42fired their guns through loop holes cut in the old town walls.
0:06:42 > 0:06:45But the attackers had surprises of their own.
0:06:45 > 0:06:48Grenados, grenades made of pottery,
0:06:48 > 0:06:54were filled with black powder, with powder running down a wooden fuse.
0:06:54 > 0:06:59You lit the fuse from a length of slow-burning cord
0:06:59 > 0:07:01and then threw them over the walls
0:07:01 > 0:07:08to cause consternation amongst the inexperienced defenders on the far side.
0:07:08 > 0:07:12The outnumbered defenders fought like tigers
0:07:12 > 0:07:15and many townspeople joined in.
0:07:15 > 0:07:20This enraged the attackers, who fell upon soldiers and civilians alike.
0:07:20 > 0:07:27One Royalist says, "They fired upon our men out of their windows and from the tops of their houses,
0:07:27 > 0:07:30"and threw tiles down upon their heads.
0:07:30 > 0:07:36"Finding one house better manned than ordinary and many shots fired at us,
0:07:36 > 0:07:40"we resolved to make them an example, which they did -
0:07:40 > 0:07:45"breaking the doors, they killed all they found without distinction."
0:07:45 > 0:07:49Once taken, the town was remorselessly pillaged.
0:07:49 > 0:07:56When the Mayor turned out to welcome Charles's formal entry, his silver mace was snatched as he waited.
0:07:56 > 0:07:58So great was the carnage
0:07:58 > 0:08:04that it is said Charles wept, and ordered a stop to the killing.
0:08:05 > 0:08:12Though the fate of Leicester was harsh by the standards of the Civil War,
0:08:12 > 0:08:17the line between discipline and obedience was always pretty thin.
0:08:17 > 0:08:25Soldiers carried a snapsack - we'd now call it a knapsack - in which to put their daily ration:
0:08:24 > 0:08:29two pounds of bread, a pound of meat or cheese,
0:08:29 > 0:08:33a bottle of wine or two bottles of beer.
0:08:38 > 0:08:43Yet the sudden arrival of an army often exhausted local foodstocks.
0:08:43 > 0:08:49Since soldiers were paid late, if at all, they sometimes existed simply by marauding.
0:08:49 > 0:08:51They even ran out of clothes.
0:08:51 > 0:08:58A Parliamentarian officer complained that his men had one pair of trousers between two.
0:08:58 > 0:09:03When one was on duty, decency compelled the other to remain in bed.
0:09:03 > 0:09:07Small wonder that men looted when they got the chance.
0:09:10 > 0:09:18After Leicester, the Royalists drifted southward to Daventry, not knowing if their strategy had worked.
0:09:18 > 0:09:23They spread out over the surrounding area, living off the country.
0:09:23 > 0:09:30On the evening the 12th of June, the King was hunting deer in the park, when he heard good news and bad.
0:09:30 > 0:09:36The good news was that the New Model had given up the siege at Oxford.
0:09:36 > 0:09:43The bad news was that it was only a few miles away. His strategy had worked all too well.
0:09:54 > 0:10:00Fairfax had been told to abandon the siege of Oxford on the 2nd of June.
0:10:00 > 0:10:07He came pounding up here, well aware that the King's Field Army was his real target for the campaign.
0:10:07 > 0:10:11He spent the night watching the Royalists,
0:10:11 > 0:10:16but when he got back to headquarters, he'd forgotten the password
0:10:16 > 0:10:23and the sentry kept him outside until the Captain of the Guard came to identify him.
0:10:23 > 0:10:30And it's a measure of Fairfax that he gave the sentry a coin for his soldierly honesty.
0:10:34 > 0:10:37On the night of June 13th, 1645,
0:10:37 > 0:10:44some Royalist cavalrymen, dining at this table in Shuckborough Hall in Naseby,
0:10:44 > 0:10:47were surprised and captured.
0:10:47 > 0:10:52A few got away and galloped off north to Market Harborough -
0:10:52 > 0:10:57Prince Rupert's headquarters after the long day's march from Daventry.
0:10:58 > 0:11:03The Royalists held a Council of War there in the small hours.
0:11:03 > 0:11:08Rupert and most senior officers probably advised marching north.
0:11:08 > 0:11:15They knew they were outnumbered and they had a healthy respect for the New Model,
0:11:15 > 0:11:20which Digby and his cronies scornfully called "The New Noddle".
0:11:20 > 0:11:26The King, as usual, was undecided, but eventually he sided with Digby.
0:11:28 > 0:11:30His army would offer battle.
0:11:51 > 0:11:57The Royalists left Market Harborough - behind me - at dawn on the 14th.
0:11:57 > 0:12:05They marched up here to take position on what one officer called "rising ground of great advantage"
0:12:05 > 0:12:10and waited for the New Model to appear from the direction of Naseby.
0:12:15 > 0:12:17Unfortunately, it didn't.
0:12:17 > 0:12:23And Francis Ruce, the Scoutmaster-General, was sent off in search of it.
0:12:23 > 0:12:28He was soon back with the news that it was nowhere to be found.
0:12:28 > 0:12:35Rupert was unimpressed. If the New Model wasn't about, who pushed in his patrols last night?
0:12:35 > 0:12:40So he set off down there, with a strong advance guard, to find it.
0:13:08 > 0:13:14Rupert was right. The Parliamentarians had not gone away.
0:13:14 > 0:13:21From their vantage point to the north-east of Naseby, they watched the Royalist column move off
0:13:21 > 0:13:27and shadowed it across a landscape of unenclosed expanses of rough grassland,
0:13:27 > 0:13:30interspersed with gorse and boggy ground.
0:13:43 > 0:13:46Like two wrestlers, circling,
0:13:46 > 0:13:49looking for an advantage,
0:13:49 > 0:13:52the armies moved westwards, seeking better ground.
0:13:52 > 0:13:57The Royalists marched between Sibbertoft and Clipston
0:13:57 > 0:14:01onto Dust Hill, where the Royal Standard now flies.
0:14:01 > 0:14:04The New Model had less far to come
0:14:04 > 0:14:08and it finished up on Mill Hill, behind me.
0:14:08 > 0:14:13Between the two armies lay Broad Moor, a great open plain.
0:14:25 > 0:14:31This near-contemporary engraving gives a very good view of the opposing forces.
0:14:31 > 0:14:36In the 17th century, armies faced each other in strict formation -
0:14:36 > 0:14:40cavalry opposite cavalry on the wings,
0:14:40 > 0:14:45and infantry, made up of blocks of pike and musket, in the middle.
0:14:45 > 0:14:47Fairfax had about 16,000 men -
0:14:47 > 0:14:50some in the infantry, a bit shaky,
0:14:50 > 0:14:55others very good - especially the cavalry, under Cromwell.
0:14:58 > 0:15:02There were about 12,000 Royalists on the ridge opposite.
0:15:02 > 0:15:05Sir Marmaduke Langdale -
0:15:05 > 0:15:11a Yorkshireman so dour that when he was at the point of death, nobody dared tell him -
0:15:11 > 0:15:15commanded the cavalry on the Royalist left.
0:15:15 > 0:15:22In the centre, Lord Astley, a professional soldier in his sixties, commanded the Royalist infantry.
0:15:22 > 0:15:29Very good, this - the King's old foot, with a high proportion of experienced officers.
0:15:29 > 0:15:34On the right was Prince Rupert with some of his best cavalry regiments.
0:15:34 > 0:15:39And it was on this flank that the first of the action took place.
0:15:39 > 0:15:43Colonel John Okey was one of the New Model's new men.
0:15:43 > 0:15:50He was a stocky, tough soldier with a taste for Republican politics, and a devout Puritan.
0:15:50 > 0:15:52He was issuing ammunition
0:15:52 > 0:15:58when Cromwell ordered him forward to secure the hedges on the New Model's left flank.
0:15:58 > 0:16:03Okey's men lined these at right angles to Rupert's cavalry.
0:16:03 > 0:16:10The Royalists saw that they were in a position to do great damage to their horse as they passed by
0:16:10 > 0:16:13so they strived to flush them out.
0:16:13 > 0:16:17At this period, dragoons were really mounted infantry.
0:16:17 > 0:16:21They could fight on horseback if they had to,
0:16:21 > 0:16:26but their mounts were cheap nags, smaller than proper cavalry chargers.
0:16:26 > 0:16:33They carried a flintlock musket, and when they dismounted, they left one man in ten to hold the horses.
0:16:38 > 0:16:40The Battle of Naseby began just here,
0:16:40 > 0:16:45with the Royalists hemming Okey in on three sides.
0:16:45 > 0:16:50He received them, as he put it, "with shooting and rejoicing,
0:16:50 > 0:16:57"but it pleased God that we beat them off, both horse and foot, and kept our ground."
0:17:10 > 0:17:15It wasn't really in Rupert's interests to attack first.
0:17:15 > 0:17:22He'd have to come past Okey's dragoons and then up a slope to get at Ireton's men.
0:17:22 > 0:17:24But he wasn't one to hang about.
0:17:24 > 0:17:32When the armies were formed up, he led his cavalry forward, past the dragoons, who hit him in the flank.
0:17:32 > 0:17:38He paused briefly about here - probably a combination of a parish hedge and boggy ground -
0:17:38 > 0:17:41and then he was off.
0:17:42 > 0:17:47Rupert's men would have ridden three-deep, knee to knee.
0:17:47 > 0:17:52They'd have started at a walk, then broken into a trot,
0:17:52 > 0:17:57and at about 60 paces from the enemy line, into a gallop.
0:18:06 > 0:18:11Fairfax's cavalry came down the slope to meet him and fought hard.
0:18:11 > 0:18:17But before long, Rupert was through, riding with loose rein and bloody spur
0:18:17 > 0:18:19into the open country beyond.
0:18:31 > 0:18:36At the same moment as Rupert charged, the Royalist Infantry advanced.
0:18:36 > 0:18:41They came up this slope, as Cromwell admitted, "in gallant order"
0:18:41 > 0:18:48and as they crested the rise, they saw the New Model's infantry drawn up just in front of them.
0:18:48 > 0:18:53It must have been an unnerving sight, but these were hard men.
0:18:53 > 0:18:57Present! Your places! Cock your match!
0:18:57 > 0:19:00First to engage were the musketeers.
0:19:00 > 0:19:03There was an exchange of volley fire
0:19:03 > 0:19:06at close range.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09Aim... Fire!
0:19:12 > 0:19:17- Mick, this is the matchlock musket used by the foot on both sides.- Yes.
0:19:17 > 0:19:22By Naseby, two-thirds of the foot on both sides had matchlock muskets.
0:19:22 > 0:19:28- How do you work it?- Well, we open the pan, take the priming flask...
0:19:28 > 0:19:31we prime the pan, we close the pan,
0:19:31 > 0:19:34shake off loose powder, blow off loose powder...
0:19:34 > 0:19:41- take a measured charge out of one of these holders... - How much powder?
0:19:41 > 0:19:45About three drams. We take some wadding...
0:19:47 > 0:19:49We draw the scouring stick...
0:19:50 > 0:19:53ram home the wad,
0:19:53 > 0:19:55replace the scouring stick...
0:19:58 > 0:20:01take a ball, put a ball in...
0:20:03 > 0:20:05We then mount the match,
0:20:05 > 0:20:08blow on your coals...
0:20:08 > 0:20:10test the match...
0:20:10 > 0:20:13adjust it to fall in the pan.
0:20:13 > 0:20:16Then we present and give fire.
0:20:19 > 0:20:24- Recover.- How many could you fire in a minute?- Two to three rounds.
0:20:24 > 0:20:31- A good musketeer might manage three. - You had to know your business. - Absolutely.
0:20:33 > 0:20:40The musket was a grubby affair, with plenty of opportunities for burnt fingers and a singed moustache.
0:20:40 > 0:20:44Men also needed to master collective drills.
0:20:44 > 0:20:49"Firing by introduction" allowed them to achieve a continuous fire.
0:20:49 > 0:20:57As the line advanced, the front rank fired, to be immediately replaced by a succession of ranks from the rear.
0:20:57 > 0:21:01Mike and Peter's harvest is a poignant one.
0:21:01 > 0:21:07Here's a good cross-section of artefacts from Naseby field.
0:21:07 > 0:21:09A belt buckle,
0:21:09 > 0:21:11that's a spur buckle
0:21:11 > 0:21:14 and these are various strap buckles.
0:21:14 > 0:21:18A horse harness buckle, found in a concentration of bullets,
0:21:18 > 0:21:21and of course bullets themselves.
0:21:21 > 0:21:24That bullet obviously hit something very hard
0:21:24 > 0:21:27and one would assume it was armour.
0:21:27 > 0:21:30- And flattened right out.- Yes. Indeed.
0:21:30 > 0:21:36- This really enables you to touch the past, doesn't it?- It's real history.
0:21:36 > 0:21:41A third of the infantry carried the pike.
0:21:41 > 0:21:43It was meant to be 18 feet long,
0:21:43 > 0:21:49but soldiers, understandably enough, often shortened it for convenience.
0:21:49 > 0:21:54Pikemen would have advanced with their weapons at the shoulder
0:21:54 > 0:21:59and then, before contact brought them down to the charge,
0:21:59 > 0:22:03for that ghastly business called "push of pike".
0:22:04 > 0:22:07- Pike!- ARGGH!
0:22:09 > 0:22:14After an hour of fighting, the Royalist infantry had the upper hand.
0:22:14 > 0:22:17But victory proved elusive.
0:22:17 > 0:22:24While Rupert won the cavalry battle on the New Model's left, Cromwell did exactly the same on the right.
0:22:24 > 0:22:29Many of Rupert's men went in search of fleeing Parliamentarians,
0:22:29 > 0:22:37while Cromwell swung his uncommitted regiments against the rear of the hitherto unbeaten Royalist Infantry.
0:22:37 > 0:22:39It was the battle's decisive moment.
0:22:43 > 0:22:45Vainly, the Royalists fought back.
0:22:45 > 0:22:51But they must have been asking the question that we still ask today.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54Where was Rupert?
0:22:54 > 0:22:56The New Model's baggage train
0:22:56 > 0:22:59stood somewhere here with its guard.
0:22:59 > 0:23:04A party of cavalry approached, led by an officer in a red montero cap
0:23:04 > 0:23:11just like the one that Fairfax had worn before he put his helmet on that morning.
0:23:11 > 0:23:18Thinking it was his general, the Guard Commander approached, doffed his hat and asked how the day went.
0:23:18 > 0:23:23He was shocked to be invited to surrender. It was Rupert himself.
0:23:23 > 0:23:27The Guard fired and beat the Royalists off
0:23:27 > 0:23:34but by the time Rupert got his men back to the battlefield, the day was lost.
0:23:47 > 0:23:49Charles I was no coward.
0:23:49 > 0:23:53On the chilly morning of his execution,
0:23:53 > 0:23:58he deliberately donned two shirts lest any shivering be misunderstood.
0:23:58 > 0:24:02As the tide of battle turned against him,
0:24:02 > 0:24:07he prepared to lead his last reserve forward, into the valley down there.
0:24:07 > 0:24:15However, the Earl of Carneth, who rode alongside him, uttered some Scots oaths and grabbed his bridle.
0:24:15 > 0:24:22As the King's horse turned, there was something like a panic in the cavalry surrounding him.
0:24:22 > 0:24:27The whole lot, we are told, "turned their horses and rode upon the spur
0:24:27 > 0:24:32"as if they were, every man, to shift for himself."
0:24:40 > 0:24:47The Parliamentarian propagandists were quick to talk of a Royalist rout,
0:24:47 > 0:24:50but the new archaeological finds
0:24:50 > 0:24:52suggest otherwise.
0:24:52 > 0:24:56 Historian Glenn Foard has reassessed the evidence.
0:24:56 > 0:25:01Glenn, I always thought, once the King failed to lead that last charge,
0:25:01 > 0:25:06- the battle was over very quickly. - That has been the understanding.
0:25:06 > 0:25:11But the new archaeological evidence has really turned the tables.
0:25:11 > 0:25:17That low hill in the distance is the site where the King's infantry was destroyed.
0:25:17 > 0:25:21That hill is LITTERED with musket balls.
0:25:21 > 0:25:26That distance - two miles from the battlefield as we have known it -
0:25:26 > 0:25:31made one ask some questions about the interpretation of the battle.
0:25:31 > 0:25:36It's made me look back at the documentary evidence -
0:25:36 > 0:25:41the accounts of the battle and the topography of the landscape.
0:25:41 > 0:25:46And those accounts can be tied into this archaeological evidence,
0:25:46 > 0:25:52suggesting the retreat was over two miles back to Wadborough Hill
0:25:52 > 0:25:57and it's on that hill that the King's old infantry were destroyed.
0:25:57 > 0:26:04The King himself perhaps stood even here, with his cavalry, watching that destruction,
0:26:04 > 0:26:11- wondering how he would follow on. - And knowing that it was the end of the war as far as he was concerned?
0:26:11 > 0:26:14That really was the end of the war.
0:26:14 > 0:26:19Although he was able to pull together most of his cavalry,
0:26:19 > 0:26:24although they got back to Leicester from here in dribs and drabs,
0:26:24 > 0:26:29the loss of his old Infantry on that hill was the end of the war.
0:26:32 > 0:26:37The pursuing Parliamentarians weren't simply intent on plunder.
0:26:37 > 0:26:42Hereabouts, they found some women from the Royalist baggage train.
0:26:42 > 0:26:49Contemporaries called them "Irish women, wives of the bloody rebels in Ireland" and "common rabble."
0:26:49 > 0:26:56Some carried long knives and spoke a language that the Parliamentarians couldn't understand.
0:26:56 > 0:26:58About a hundred were killed,
0:26:58 > 0:27:05and the rest marked as whores by having their faces slashed or their noses slit.
0:27:05 > 0:27:12It's almost certain that the women were neither Irish nor whores,
0:27:12 > 0:27:16but the wives of the King's Welsh Infantry.
0:27:17 > 0:27:25There were fewer killed than we might expect for such a hard-fought battle, perhaps 1,500 in all.
0:27:25 > 0:27:28Naseby destroyed the King's last good army.
0:27:28 > 0:27:33Though the war went on, its issue was never again in doubt.
0:27:33 > 0:27:38Almost as damaging was the capture of all Charles's private papers.
0:27:38 > 0:27:45Amongst them was a letter to the Queen in which he describes a plan
0:27:45 > 0:27:48to bring the Irish to fight for him.
0:27:48 > 0:27:53It was damning evidence used against him at his trial.
0:28:03 > 0:28:09After the war it was Cromwell, not Fairfax, who dominated the political scene.
0:28:09 > 0:28:12But a long-term settlement eluded him
0:28:12 > 0:28:17and in 1660, Charles II was restored to the throne.
0:28:17 > 0:28:22Yet it wasn't his father's throne, built on divine right -
0:28:22 > 0:28:26but a throne resting firmly on Parliament.
0:28:26 > 0:28:30Naseby, in its way, had changed history.
0:28:43 > 0:28:48Subtitles by Anne Morgan BBC Scotland 1997