0:00:03 > 0:00:08The summer of '67 was a moment that rewrote history.
0:00:08 > 0:00:12Nature Boys, truth-seekers and politicos
0:00:12 > 0:00:15converged on the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco
0:00:15 > 0:00:18to forge a new way of being.
0:00:18 > 0:00:20The hippie was born.
0:00:20 > 0:00:24People in the Haight-Ashbury are seekers of a more meaningful
0:00:24 > 0:00:26human experience.
0:00:26 > 0:00:30MUSIC: Eight Miles High by The Byrds
0:00:30 > 0:00:34Free love, free drugs and freethinking
0:00:34 > 0:00:38were the mantras of these cultural revolutionaries.
0:00:38 > 0:00:40And yet, no sooner had the party begun
0:00:40 > 0:00:42than it started to unravel.
0:00:43 > 0:00:46What started happening with the Summer of Love
0:00:46 > 0:00:50was a lot of hard drugs started coming into the Haight-Ashbury,
0:00:50 > 0:00:53and that changed things a lot.
0:00:53 > 0:00:56The atrocities that have yet to surface from women's treatment
0:00:56 > 0:01:00by the hippie movement are considerable.
0:01:02 > 0:01:06The US government mobilised to stamp out the first signs of an uprising.
0:01:08 > 0:01:11We were afraid. You know, those of us who are alive today can tell you
0:01:11 > 0:01:14that we all thought that we were going to get killed.
0:01:14 > 0:01:15We never imagined living past 30.
0:01:15 > 0:01:17GUNSHOT
0:01:17 > 0:01:21The hippie movement is like any other extreme action
0:01:21 > 0:01:23on the part of people.
0:01:23 > 0:01:26It'll die a natural death.
0:01:26 > 0:01:28But the hippies would not be beaten.
0:01:28 > 0:01:32We were gassed, but we were prepared to fight again.
0:01:33 > 0:01:37The Summer of Love lasted just a few idyllic months,
0:01:37 > 0:01:41and yet it launched the biggest cultural shift in living memory.
0:01:42 > 0:01:46The revolution it unleashed not only changed the way
0:01:46 > 0:01:49we think about ourselves, each other and our planet,
0:01:49 > 0:01:51but shaped the world we live in today.
0:01:53 > 0:02:00This programme contains very strong language.
0:02:10 > 0:02:15MUSIC: Let's Go To San Francisco by The Flowerpot Men
0:02:32 > 0:02:39June 1967, and San Francisco is on the brink of a hippie revolution.
0:02:39 > 0:02:43Thousands of dreamers have come to look for an alternative way of life,
0:02:43 > 0:02:47turning the city into the flower power capital of the world.
0:02:53 > 0:02:56It was an incredibly exciting time.
0:02:56 > 0:02:58Incredibly optimistic.
0:02:58 > 0:03:02And we felt, as young people, very empowered.
0:03:02 > 0:03:05People were inventing themselves
0:03:05 > 0:03:07and inventing the way they wanted to live.
0:03:07 > 0:03:13And there was a kind of implicit scale of revolution
0:03:13 > 0:03:16which went from the guys that wore little mullets -
0:03:16 > 0:03:19you know, their haircut looked normal from the front
0:03:19 > 0:03:21but they had a little pigtail, so, on the weekends,
0:03:21 > 0:03:23they could let it down and be hippies -
0:03:23 > 0:03:26to guys who were, like, tattooing their faces.
0:03:28 > 0:03:32There were head shops on Haight Street.
0:03:32 > 0:03:34There was the psychedelic shop.
0:03:34 > 0:03:37There was The Garden Of Earthly Delight.
0:03:37 > 0:03:42It was a wonderful place and it was, in a way, self-sustaining.
0:03:42 > 0:03:45We had established a tribe,
0:03:45 > 0:03:48a community that took care of each other
0:03:48 > 0:03:53and made money and distributed the money and made music.
0:03:53 > 0:03:56It was paradise.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00People in the Haight-Ashbury are practising
0:04:00 > 0:04:04what people have spoken about for centuries
0:04:04 > 0:04:07and it threatens to overthrow...
0:04:08 > 0:04:11..the rest of the American establishment,
0:04:11 > 0:04:14which is built upon motives of greed...
0:04:16 > 0:04:18..anger, lust...
0:04:19 > 0:04:22..and self-interest.
0:04:23 > 0:04:27At the heart of the community were an anarchist troop of artists
0:04:27 > 0:04:32and radicals called the Diggers, the Robin Hoods of Haight-Ashbury
0:04:32 > 0:04:35who stole from the rich and gave to...
0:04:35 > 0:04:37the beautiful people.
0:04:37 > 0:04:40Their plan was to turn the Haight into a living experiment,
0:04:40 > 0:04:44to create a money-free, self-sustaining anarchist community
0:04:44 > 0:04:47with a collective conscience.
0:04:47 > 0:04:49'A group of hippies called the Diggers
0:04:49 > 0:04:53'provide free food to hungry hippies in Panhandle Park.
0:04:53 > 0:04:56'Diggers are people who share, says their manifesto,
0:04:56 > 0:04:58'and their aim is a society where everything is shared,
0:04:58 > 0:05:00'everything free.'
0:05:00 > 0:05:03Initially, the free food started by putting out
0:05:03 > 0:05:05Digger stew.
0:05:05 > 0:05:08It was stew and it was actually hot food
0:05:08 > 0:05:10that was cooked in an apartment somewhere
0:05:10 > 0:05:13and then brought out onto the street and fed to people.
0:05:13 > 0:05:19And all we asked them to do was step through a frame, 6ft by 6ft,
0:05:19 > 0:05:23painted yellow and it was called the Free Frame of Reference.
0:05:23 > 0:05:25And when they stepped through it,
0:05:25 > 0:05:27we gave them a little one-inch-by-one-inch frame
0:05:27 > 0:05:30on a shoelace,
0:05:30 > 0:05:33hung it around their neck and just invited them to look at the world
0:05:33 > 0:05:36as if everything they saw was free.
0:05:37 > 0:05:41Most of these people had just discovered social change.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44They grew up in a soft, middle-class family or something,
0:05:44 > 0:05:46and then, all of the sudden,
0:05:46 > 0:05:48they found out there was injustice in the world.
0:05:48 > 0:05:52"Oh, my God! Oh, my God! There's injustice. Social injustice.
0:05:52 > 0:05:57"We've got to do something about it. I know, we'll give away...clothes.
0:05:57 > 0:05:59"Free clothes! Yeah, that'll be great!"
0:05:59 > 0:06:02You know? "And free food! That's what the people want."
0:06:02 > 0:06:03They can have the free food
0:06:03 > 0:06:05and, you know, if it's past its sell date,
0:06:05 > 0:06:07who the fuck gives a shit, you know?
0:06:07 > 0:06:10MUSIC: Happy Together by The Turtles
0:06:13 > 0:06:16By the height of the Summer of Love,
0:06:16 > 0:06:19half a million starry-eyed kids had defied their parents' wishes
0:06:19 > 0:06:21and descended on the Haight.
0:06:21 > 0:06:24Among them were two teenage runaways,
0:06:24 > 0:06:27Tadg Galleran and Kat Castro.
0:06:27 > 0:06:29Everybody... The place was just...
0:06:29 > 0:06:34It was like 1,000 people on every block. I mean, the street was
0:06:34 > 0:06:37- completely lined with bodies. You remember.- I do.
0:06:37 > 0:06:40- KAT LAUGHS - I do! Everywhere.
0:06:40 > 0:06:43And anything that you needed or wanted,
0:06:43 > 0:06:46you would just ask around and somebody would give it to you.
0:06:46 > 0:06:48Oh, yeah. It was a community. It was a community.
0:06:48 > 0:06:51If there was food, if you needed money,
0:06:51 > 0:06:54if you wanted something to drink, if you wanted a joint...
0:06:54 > 0:06:55It was all over the place.
0:06:55 > 0:06:58And everybody shared - that's what was really cool about it.
0:06:58 > 0:06:59It was a community. That's what I call it.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02It's when you share like... And that was a community.
0:07:02 > 0:07:04- It was a true community. - It was like family.- Yes. Yes.
0:07:04 > 0:07:07And it was better... More like family
0:07:07 > 0:07:08than the family I had at home.
0:07:08 > 0:07:12Exactly. Cos when I came up here, I had just turned 16
0:07:12 > 0:07:15and just put down my Barbie dolls a month before,
0:07:15 > 0:07:17so, I mean, I was pretty, pretty sheltered.
0:07:17 > 0:07:20They kept acid in their cupboard like vitamins.
0:07:20 > 0:07:24They did. I said, you know, "Can I get a hit of acid?"
0:07:24 > 0:07:26- "Yeah. Help yourself, Kathy. They're on the shelf."- Oh, really?
0:07:26 > 0:07:29I opened the cupboard and there's a little bottle. Pop, pop, pop.
0:07:29 > 0:07:32- SHE LAUGHS - Jeez.- I know.
0:07:36 > 0:07:38The Summer of Love wasn't actually a real thing.
0:07:38 > 0:07:39It was a media creation.
0:07:39 > 0:07:44It was describing the influx of teenagers to San Francisco...
0:07:45 > 0:07:50..who had heard about, or read about,
0:07:50 > 0:07:54the subculture in Haight-Ashbury and flocked there.
0:07:54 > 0:07:57You can be yourself. You don't have to be what adults want you to be
0:07:57 > 0:08:01- and everything like that, you know. - 'Well, what do you want to do here
0:08:01 > 0:08:04- 'that your parents wouldn't want you to do?'- Nothing! That's it.
0:08:04 > 0:08:07- 'Exactly.'- Nothing. I don't have to do anything.
0:08:07 > 0:08:12Underaged children poured into the Haight-Ashbury totally unprepared.
0:08:12 > 0:08:14No resources,
0:08:14 > 0:08:16no way to feed themselves, no way to live.
0:08:16 > 0:08:18Kids with no shoes, girls on the street,
0:08:18 > 0:08:2014, 15-year-old kids.
0:08:20 > 0:08:23What's the point in going around dirty?
0:08:23 > 0:08:24- Do these people bathe? - 'Are they dirty?'
0:08:24 > 0:08:27Yes. Half of them smell so bad, I don't want to stand next...
0:08:27 > 0:08:29'Well I've never got that close to them.'
0:08:29 > 0:08:31That was the one thing I hated about
0:08:31 > 0:08:34the whole period and the whole movement
0:08:34 > 0:08:36was girls with dirty feet
0:08:36 > 0:08:38and the same odour.
0:08:38 > 0:08:41They all put this, like... They thought it was perfume,
0:08:41 > 0:08:44and it smelled like hay from a horse shed
0:08:44 > 0:08:46with shit in it, you know. It was horrible!
0:08:46 > 0:08:50MUSIC: Heroin by The Velvet Underground
0:08:54 > 0:08:57Today, we went down to the city clinic
0:08:57 > 0:09:00and we talked to the people down there about the venereal disease
0:09:00 > 0:09:03that is spreading through Haight-Ashbury.
0:09:03 > 0:09:06They would have bad LSD trips, drug overdoses.
0:09:06 > 0:09:07They'd have gonorrhoea.
0:09:07 > 0:09:10They'd come from the Midwest to California
0:09:10 > 0:09:15thinking it was sunny California and they'd get pneumonia.
0:09:15 > 0:09:21We were seeing 250 patients a day with no government support.
0:09:21 > 0:09:25In fact, we asked the Health Department to,
0:09:25 > 0:09:28you know, help us because we had this public health crisis.
0:09:28 > 0:09:31There are a number of people in Haight-Ashbury who have this.
0:09:31 > 0:09:34They have the syphilis, gonorrhoea and the clap,
0:09:34 > 0:09:37and it has to be stopped because if isn't stopped now,
0:09:37 > 0:09:38it's just going to spread.
0:09:38 > 0:09:41And if it spreads, everyone here is going to catch it.
0:09:41 > 0:09:43If you're boning some chick and she's got it,
0:09:43 > 0:09:46you say, "Oh, that's cool," and you go get yourself fixed up,
0:09:46 > 0:09:48in the meantime, she's giving it to somebody else.
0:09:59 > 0:10:02Naive young kids living on the streets of Haight-Ashbury
0:10:02 > 0:10:07became easy prey for adults who hadn't come for peace and love.
0:10:08 > 0:10:14There were more and more unsavoury characters
0:10:14 > 0:10:19that started to exploit the drug culture,
0:10:19 > 0:10:22which had been primarily marijuana and LSD.
0:10:23 > 0:10:26And now, all of a sudden,
0:10:26 > 0:10:30amphetamines and other things were being hawked
0:10:30 > 0:10:34and so, you know, a much rougher element -
0:10:34 > 0:10:36more like organised crime -
0:10:36 > 0:10:40came as time progressed in there
0:10:40 > 0:10:42because there was a buck to be made, you know.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45I started to notice that there were people on the street,
0:10:45 > 0:10:49if you will, who seemed different.
0:10:49 > 0:10:51They kind of looked like a lot of people looked,
0:10:51 > 0:10:53but they were into different things.
0:10:53 > 0:10:56They had no interest in social activism,
0:10:56 > 0:10:58they had no interest in politics,
0:10:58 > 0:11:02they had no interest in helping other people
0:11:02 > 0:11:04for any reason whatsoever.
0:11:04 > 0:11:07They had no spiritual centre. They had no ethical compass.
0:11:07 > 0:11:10They were just there for the party and for the hard drugs.
0:11:10 > 0:11:13It became a nightmare. It was a nightmare.
0:11:13 > 0:11:18I mean, Charlie Manson was cruising the main strip
0:11:18 > 0:11:22just looking for those stoned hippie eyes
0:11:22 > 0:11:24on some little girl, you know.
0:11:24 > 0:11:27And he'd just, like, get them under his wing
0:11:27 > 0:11:30and give them more of the same
0:11:30 > 0:11:35and eventually they were going on creepy crawls with him and his gang,
0:11:35 > 0:11:38you know, out to kill people.
0:11:38 > 0:11:42Charles Manson and his cult of teenage followers
0:11:42 > 0:11:47would go on to murder seven people in a drug-fuelled frenzy.
0:11:47 > 0:11:50I find that I have to stay out of people that I know that are getting stoned
0:11:50 > 0:11:53because when I see them on it,
0:11:53 > 0:11:55then I know that I want to get on it too, you know?
0:12:00 > 0:12:06By August 1967, the Haight-Ashbury had turned into a human freak show.
0:12:10 > 0:12:13The tourists coming into the Haight-Ashbury, for me,
0:12:13 > 0:12:17was an indicator that this thing had turned the corner.
0:12:17 > 0:12:20We became a destination - a tourist destination.
0:12:20 > 0:12:22We'd hold up mirrors in front of the bus
0:12:22 > 0:12:26so they could see themselves in the mirror instead of looking at us.
0:12:26 > 0:12:30There was a blossoming of head shops and hippie stores.
0:12:30 > 0:12:33You know, you'd go into stores and you could buy hippie clothing.
0:12:33 > 0:12:35Right? You could buy beards and wigs and stuff
0:12:35 > 0:12:38and go to Haight-Ashbury for the weekend.
0:12:38 > 0:12:44My parents came here looking for me over the Fourth of July weekend.
0:12:44 > 0:12:47By then, I was in Milwaukee getting my ear pierced,
0:12:47 > 0:12:50but my parents dressed up like hippies.
0:12:50 > 0:12:53So did my dad! My dad tried on bell-bottoms...
0:12:53 > 0:12:58My mom had these, like, white, plastic go-go boots and a miniskirt.
0:12:58 > 0:13:02And my father, who was, like, you know, portly,
0:13:02 > 0:13:06got a Nehru jacket and a peace sign.
0:13:06 > 0:13:09The media attention to the subculture
0:13:09 > 0:13:12destroyed most of its meaning.
0:13:12 > 0:13:15And the external symbols by which we used to recognise each other -
0:13:15 > 0:13:19long hair on guys, long dresses on girls,
0:13:19 > 0:13:22this language using the word hip or cool or groovy
0:13:22 > 0:13:25or my pad or whatever -
0:13:25 > 0:13:27all of those things were completely drained of meaning
0:13:27 > 0:13:30and became kind of cartoon things
0:13:30 > 0:13:34that were easier to make fun of than to emulate.
0:13:34 > 0:13:38MUSIC: The Rain, The Park And Other Things by The Cowsills
0:13:45 > 0:13:49In October, just four months into the Summer of Love,
0:13:49 > 0:13:52the social experiment into an anarchist community
0:13:52 > 0:13:54had run its course.
0:13:54 > 0:13:56The Diggers staged a mock funeral in the Haight
0:13:56 > 0:13:58to symbolise the death of hippie,
0:13:58 > 0:14:02and to persuade the college kids and runaways to go back home.
0:14:04 > 0:14:08The death of hippie was an event
0:14:08 > 0:14:12basically to float this notion about hippie.
0:14:12 > 0:14:16You know, that it was a bad idea, that it was a contrived,
0:14:16 > 0:14:19conceptualised, now commercialised idea.
0:14:19 > 0:14:23This was street theatre that was meant, hopefully,
0:14:23 > 0:14:25to be evocative and provocative.
0:14:32 > 0:14:34This eye-catching and dramatic performance
0:14:34 > 0:14:37caught the attention of two politicos from the New Left.
0:14:37 > 0:14:41Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin had emerged
0:14:41 > 0:14:44out of the free speech and anti-war movements
0:14:44 > 0:14:49to form a new political party called Yippies in December 1967.
0:14:49 > 0:14:54To achieve their aims, they, too, staged spectacular stunts
0:14:54 > 0:14:58designed to attract maximum media attention.
0:14:58 > 0:15:01See, the dollar in American society
0:15:01 > 0:15:03is a symbol of property,
0:15:03 > 0:15:07and we believe that property is theft.
0:15:07 > 0:15:11And one of the things we like to do is burn up the money.
0:15:11 > 0:15:14It was the famous emergence of Abbie Hoffman
0:15:14 > 0:15:17into the public stage in '67
0:15:17 > 0:15:21when he and half a dozen friends went to the New York Stock Exchange
0:15:21 > 0:15:23and scattered dollar bills
0:15:23 > 0:15:25onto the floor of the New York Stock Exchange,
0:15:25 > 0:15:28and watched all of these millionaires scurrying
0:15:28 > 0:15:31to pick up a dollar as sort of a comment on materialism.
0:15:31 > 0:15:35The idea was that the system operated on a structure of logic,
0:15:35 > 0:15:38and if you undercut that structure and subverted it,
0:15:38 > 0:15:40the system could not function.
0:15:40 > 0:15:43So, when Abbie Hoffman went to the New York Stock Exchange
0:15:43 > 0:15:47and threw a barrage of dollar bills down from the visitor's gallery
0:15:47 > 0:15:49onto the floor of the stock exchange,
0:15:49 > 0:15:51it disrupted the proceedings.
0:15:51 > 0:15:54And brokers actually tried to pick up the money.
0:15:54 > 0:15:58They were serious anarchists, revolutionary anarchists.
0:15:58 > 0:16:03'And now I introduce a presidential candidate, Pigasus!
0:16:03 > 0:16:07'The Democratic Party is going to nominate a pig for president
0:16:07 > 0:16:08'and a pig for vice president,
0:16:08 > 0:16:11'and so we're nominating a pig for president.'
0:16:11 > 0:16:13CHEERING AND APPLAUSE
0:16:13 > 0:16:17Abbie and Jerry, they had to pick a pig to nominate for president.
0:16:17 > 0:16:21Their candidate for president was a pig called Pigasus.
0:16:21 > 0:16:24You know? Well, that's good theatre. I like theatre.
0:16:24 > 0:16:28Theatre's really great. But they got in a fight over...
0:16:28 > 0:16:30One of them wanted a good-looking pig,
0:16:30 > 0:16:32and one of them wanted an ugly pig.
0:16:32 > 0:16:37So, they really were not talking to each other that night, you know?
0:16:37 > 0:16:41And I thought, "Wow, these guys are a little..."
0:16:41 > 0:16:43HE HUMS
0:16:43 > 0:16:45MUSIC: You Showed Me by The Turtles
0:16:45 > 0:16:48'Political pigs, your days are numbered.
0:16:48 > 0:16:50'We are the second American Revolution.
0:16:50 > 0:16:52'We are winning. Yippie!'
0:16:55 > 0:16:57With the support of hippie heavyweights
0:16:57 > 0:17:00like Allen Ginsberg and John Lennon,
0:17:00 > 0:17:03Abbie Hoffman was one of the most charismatic leaders
0:17:03 > 0:17:07of the revolution, but not everyone fell for his impish charms.
0:17:08 > 0:17:12Yippie was an anarchistic, you know, do-what-you-want.
0:17:12 > 0:17:14And I must say, at first, I was taken by their style
0:17:14 > 0:17:19because their style seemed insouciant and witty,
0:17:19 > 0:17:24and was not rhetoric-filled.
0:17:24 > 0:17:27But the hypocrisy of Yippie...
0:17:27 > 0:17:30You know, the revolution is about free everything.
0:17:30 > 0:17:33Free food and free drink. Well, that sounds good.
0:17:33 > 0:17:36Free housing and free grass. OK.
0:17:36 > 0:17:38And free women.
0:17:38 > 0:17:42Many women, who were free, sexually, in the '60s,
0:17:42 > 0:17:44that consent was too easy to come by,
0:17:44 > 0:17:46and that there was this feeling
0:17:46 > 0:17:49that they sort of had to go along with this.
0:17:49 > 0:17:51Men, especially in the hippie counterculture,
0:17:51 > 0:17:55especially in Haight-Ashbury, used - quote, unquote -
0:17:55 > 0:17:58free love as an excuse
0:17:58 > 0:18:01for violence against women.
0:18:01 > 0:18:04Groping, raping - there was an awful lot of that
0:18:04 > 0:18:05that was hidden at the time.
0:18:05 > 0:18:09MUSIC: You Don't Own Me by Lesley Gore
0:18:15 > 0:18:20The New Left and the hippie movement were led by white men.
0:18:20 > 0:18:22Were led by men.
0:18:22 > 0:18:27So, the women mostly rolled joints and made coffee.
0:18:27 > 0:18:30And if you said no, it was like, "Why are you being so bitchy?
0:18:30 > 0:18:33"Why are you being so counterrevolutionary?"
0:18:33 > 0:18:36Everything was defined by guys as what was revolution or not.
0:18:36 > 0:18:39So, I decided, "OK, well, I'll just learn to roll a..."
0:18:39 > 0:18:42Nobody will want my joint, and I just...
0:18:42 > 0:18:44They fell apart the minute you got hold of them,
0:18:44 > 0:18:46and I was never asked to roll a joint again.
0:18:48 > 0:18:51Robin Morgan formed a breakaway guerrilla theatre group
0:18:51 > 0:18:55to give women an independent voice in the revolution.
0:18:55 > 0:18:57WITCH stood for
0:18:57 > 0:19:01Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy From Hell.
0:19:01 > 0:19:05I mean, when we hexed the stock exchange of New York,
0:19:05 > 0:19:06we announced it to the press.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09We were going to go on such and such a morning
0:19:09 > 0:19:10and hex the stock exchange.
0:19:10 > 0:19:12And the stock exchange would not open,
0:19:12 > 0:19:14and the doors did not open because,
0:19:14 > 0:19:16at four o'clock in the morning the night before,
0:19:16 > 0:19:21two of us, three of us, went and oozed Krazy Glue in the locks.
0:19:21 > 0:19:25There's a picture over there of me and my supporters -
0:19:25 > 0:19:26my women supporters -
0:19:26 > 0:19:29all of us dressed as a version of WITCH,
0:19:29 > 0:19:31because WITCH was an idea.
0:19:31 > 0:19:33In a sense, it was like Yippie. Anyone could be a Yippie.
0:19:33 > 0:19:35- Right.- Any woman could be a WITCH.
0:19:35 > 0:19:37WITCH was actually very important.
0:19:37 > 0:19:41I think it was, in terms of putting an alternate identity
0:19:41 > 0:19:45for women out - for radical women - out in the world.
0:19:45 > 0:19:48MUSIC: Respect by Aretha Franklin
0:19:56 > 0:19:59As the hippies took on the American establishment,
0:19:59 > 0:20:02America's corporations responded in kind
0:20:02 > 0:20:04by buying into the one hippie commodity
0:20:04 > 0:20:07they thought they could sell - the music.
0:20:10 > 0:20:13Before the record companies came in,
0:20:13 > 0:20:15you could just go to the Sons Of Champlin
0:20:15 > 0:20:17or Big Brother And The Holding Company.
0:20:17 > 0:20:19They were just the guys in the neighbourhood.
0:20:19 > 0:20:22And they would hold these parties and we would celebrate ourselves.
0:20:22 > 0:20:24It was quite wonderful.
0:20:25 > 0:20:27But then the record companies came in
0:20:27 > 0:20:30and they started giving out 100,000 advances.
0:20:30 > 0:20:33And the musicians were ambivalent.
0:20:33 > 0:20:35They were getting 100,000 as an advance,
0:20:35 > 0:20:39which is about 700,000 today, maybe more.
0:20:39 > 0:20:41And they were told, "You can do whatever you want.
0:20:41 > 0:20:42"We're not going interfere.
0:20:42 > 0:20:45"You have the studio. Do whatever you want."
0:20:45 > 0:20:47So they took the deal.
0:20:47 > 0:20:50And I don't think any of the groups
0:20:50 > 0:20:52that were at all significant resisted.
0:20:52 > 0:20:58When the record companies showed up, it was the end of that golden era
0:20:58 > 0:21:04of three-day concerts and unity and that kind of feeling,
0:21:04 > 0:21:08because the thing about being a recording artist is that
0:21:08 > 0:21:10you become a personality along with it
0:21:10 > 0:21:12because they're marketing you.
0:21:12 > 0:21:16If it's Moby Grape, then you try to make them seem like
0:21:16 > 0:21:19the American Beatles or the American Stones.
0:21:19 > 0:21:22"The bad boys of San Francisco."
0:21:22 > 0:21:25The bad girl of San Francisco, Janis Joplin,
0:21:25 > 0:21:28was another artist to be signed up,
0:21:28 > 0:21:31but she wasn't going to bow down before the man -
0:21:31 > 0:21:36in this case, Columbia Records' overlord Goddard Lieberson.
0:21:36 > 0:21:40There was a party in Goddard Lieberson's room.
0:21:40 > 0:21:42So, Janis is there, and...
0:21:43 > 0:21:47- Oh, man. I don't know if I should tell this story.- 'Go on!'
0:21:47 > 0:21:51Well, she went into the bathroom, you know,
0:21:51 > 0:21:54and found that he had all of these...
0:21:54 > 0:21:57Like, a hairbrush and comb that had his initials on there,
0:21:57 > 0:21:59G-O-D - God.
0:21:59 > 0:22:01And she didn't like that.
0:22:01 > 0:22:04She went in and piled them on floor, and then...
0:22:05 > 0:22:10..and then came out and said, "Go and check what I did, dude."
0:22:10 > 0:22:12You know, I walked in there she'd peed
0:22:12 > 0:22:15on these toiletries of this guy.
0:22:15 > 0:22:18And I thought, "Well, that's really a cool thing to do,
0:22:18 > 0:22:21"but it's not something I wanted to see in particular.
0:22:21 > 0:22:24"But that's cool. I mean, if you can get on...
0:22:24 > 0:22:27"If you can not care enough about your career
0:22:27 > 0:22:30"to do something like that to the head of Columbia Records,
0:22:30 > 0:22:32"I'm right there with you."
0:22:32 > 0:22:35MUSIC: Me and Bobby McGee by Janis Joplin
0:22:37 > 0:22:39Big Brother And The Holding Company's
0:22:39 > 0:22:41Cheap Thrills album with Janis, starring Janis,
0:22:41 > 0:22:44became the first number-one album
0:22:44 > 0:22:47to come out of the Bay Area in 1968.
0:22:47 > 0:22:50So, that was a real change that someone could actually produce
0:22:50 > 0:22:52a number-one album from the Bay Area.
0:22:52 > 0:22:55No-one in Bay Area music had ever done anything like that before.
0:22:58 > 0:23:02As San Francisco's musicians were enjoying commercial success,
0:23:02 > 0:23:07by 1968, the revolutionary edge of the hippie music scene
0:23:07 > 0:23:12had moved to Detroit with a band called the MC5.
0:23:12 > 0:23:14We used to say that
0:23:14 > 0:23:17the Summer of Love didn't make a stop in Detroit.
0:23:17 > 0:23:19HE LAUGHS
0:23:19 > 0:23:22I was underwhelmed by the West Coast music.
0:23:22 > 0:23:25It didn't move me.
0:23:25 > 0:23:27We would open for them.
0:23:27 > 0:23:31If they were lame and they got up and started playing some lame...
0:23:33 > 0:23:37..sunbeams-and-flower, folky crap,
0:23:37 > 0:23:39we'd yell at them from the side of the stage,
0:23:39 > 0:23:42"Hey, kick out the jams, motherfucker!"
0:23:42 > 0:23:45- RECORD SCRATCHES, MUSIC STOPS - Kick out the jams, motherfucker!
0:23:45 > 0:23:49MUSIC: Kick Out The Jams by MC5
0:23:49 > 0:23:52The difference between MC5 and the other rock bands
0:23:52 > 0:23:54is that they were openly political
0:23:54 > 0:24:00at a time when most rock bands did not feel that it was wise.
0:24:00 > 0:24:02We know that Lyndon Johnson, as president,
0:24:02 > 0:24:06would call up owners of television or radio stations and tell them,
0:24:06 > 0:24:10you know, "Make sure that that particular record isn't played."
0:24:10 > 0:24:14But MC5 performed songs that were openly political,
0:24:14 > 0:24:17and actually revolutionary in the words.
0:24:17 > 0:24:19# Just trying to make it satisfactory
0:24:19 > 0:24:20# Over and over
0:24:20 > 0:24:24# But all these inclinations toward manic frustration
0:24:24 > 0:24:27# I want my vaccination against castration
0:24:27 > 0:24:30# Vietnam, what a sexy war
0:24:30 > 0:24:34# Uncle Sam's a pimp, wants us to be whores
0:24:34 > 0:24:35# I said no... #
0:24:35 > 0:24:37The MC5 were closely connected
0:24:37 > 0:24:40to the revolutionary White Panther Party,
0:24:40 > 0:24:43the white counterparts of the Marxist Black Panthers.
0:24:43 > 0:24:46The band would often carry rifles onto stage,
0:24:46 > 0:24:49and their uncompromising political stance
0:24:49 > 0:24:53was exactly the type of music needed to kick off the revolution.
0:24:55 > 0:24:57We thought of ourselves as revolutionaries
0:24:57 > 0:25:02because we wanted to use this music to change the society.
0:25:03 > 0:25:06We wanted to overthrow the government with rock and roll.
0:25:06 > 0:25:10- HE CHUCKLES - You know what I'm saying?
0:25:10 > 0:25:13So, we threw ourselves at the wall, you know?
0:25:23 > 0:25:29We had a government that was waging a war in our name
0:25:29 > 0:25:32at home against black people,
0:25:32 > 0:25:36which had been going on for quite some time -
0:25:36 > 0:25:38a couple of hundred years -
0:25:38 > 0:25:41and then another war abroad in Vietnam...
0:25:43 > 0:25:48..waging a war against Vietnamese people.
0:25:48 > 0:25:53So, we were saying, "No. Not in our name."
0:25:53 > 0:25:57Young people had just reached a point where they said, "Enough."
0:25:57 > 0:26:00The hypocrisy of the older generation
0:26:00 > 0:26:04was not tolerable any more, and we weren't going to stand for it.
0:26:04 > 0:26:06We were going to raise our voices,
0:26:06 > 0:26:10we were going to raise our guitars, and at some points...
0:26:11 > 0:26:14..some of us said, "We'll raise our rifles and our pistols."
0:26:14 > 0:26:18That was the idea - total assault on the culture,
0:26:18 > 0:26:21by any means necessary,
0:26:21 > 0:26:24including rock and roll, dope, and fucking in the streets.
0:26:24 > 0:26:27That was our slogan.
0:26:27 > 0:26:31MUSIC: Something In The Air by Thunderclap Newman
0:26:37 > 0:26:41By the summer of '68, one year on from the Summer of Love,
0:26:41 > 0:26:44word of revolution had spread across the world.
0:26:44 > 0:26:47Wave after wave of student uprisings,
0:26:47 > 0:26:51from Mexico to Tokyo, promised to sweep away the old order
0:26:51 > 0:26:55and usher in a new age of freedom and equality.
0:26:57 > 0:27:01In America, the Yippies made an alliance with the Black Panthers,
0:27:01 > 0:27:05and arranged for the MC5 and a number of Californian bands
0:27:05 > 0:27:10to play a free concert in Chicago in front of 15,000 hippies.
0:27:10 > 0:27:13It would coincide with the Democratic National Convention
0:27:13 > 0:27:16being held in the city at the same time,
0:27:16 > 0:27:20and culminate in a huge, anti-Vietnam War demonstration.
0:27:21 > 0:27:26They were going to have an alternative rock festival in Chicago
0:27:26 > 0:27:30to counterbalance the Democrats' convention.
0:27:30 > 0:27:32They would be the convention of death,
0:27:32 > 0:27:34and we would be the convention of life,
0:27:34 > 0:27:36and did we want to come and play?
0:27:36 > 0:27:37And we said, "Of course."
0:27:37 > 0:27:41We wanted to invite rock bands from all around the country,
0:27:41 > 0:27:44like the Grateful Dead, Country Joe And The Fish,
0:27:44 > 0:27:46the Motor City Five,
0:27:46 > 0:27:49and we were going to have literary figures speak
0:27:49 > 0:27:52and comedians and theatre people.
0:27:52 > 0:27:56- It was going to be a joyous occasion.- It was.
0:27:56 > 0:27:58"We're going to go there and we're going to do this.
0:27:58 > 0:28:00"Man, it's going to be great, you know?
0:28:00 > 0:28:02"What could possibly happen?"
0:28:02 > 0:28:04What could happen?!
0:28:04 > 0:28:08They'll beat the shit out of you and throw you in jail -
0:28:08 > 0:28:10that's what can happen.
0:28:10 > 0:28:12Actually, I think Country Joe came...
0:28:12 > 0:28:15- Country Joe was... - ..and he was in an elevator,
0:28:15 > 0:28:18- and somebody punched him out or something?- Right. Right.
0:28:18 > 0:28:19- And then...- BOTH:- He left.
0:28:19 > 0:28:22We were the only band that showed up and played,
0:28:22 > 0:28:25and from my experience,
0:28:25 > 0:28:28when the band stops playing is when the riot starts.
0:28:28 > 0:28:30Once the crowd doesn't have anything to focus on,
0:28:30 > 0:28:35then the tension between them and the police explodes.
0:28:45 > 0:28:47The Chicago police,
0:28:47 > 0:28:50they were the most brutal police force in the country.
0:28:50 > 0:28:52And they, you know,
0:28:52 > 0:28:56took out their clubs and wailed away at people on camera.
0:28:56 > 0:29:00And that made the demonstration an incredible success.
0:29:00 > 0:29:03However, if you were in the middle of this, as I was,
0:29:03 > 0:29:05you were in terrific danger.
0:29:07 > 0:29:11Tear gas, if it does not knock you out, it deranges you.
0:29:11 > 0:29:15So everybody was crazy from the tear gas
0:29:15 > 0:29:17and mace and all of that, and I had...
0:29:17 > 0:29:21You know, I had a T-shirt around my mouth and nose for the tear gas.
0:29:26 > 0:29:29- We WERE gassed.- Oh, yeah.
0:29:29 > 0:29:31We ran from that, and that gas was...
0:29:31 > 0:29:34You know, you couldn't breathe.
0:29:34 > 0:29:37Tears ran down your face and the gas stuck to our clothes,
0:29:37 > 0:29:39it stuck to our eyes.
0:29:39 > 0:29:41And we would come back the next day sort of...
0:29:41 > 0:29:43But we were prepared to fight again.
0:29:43 > 0:29:46Finally, they called out the National Guard. The troops arrived.
0:29:46 > 0:29:48There are pictures of hippies putting flowers
0:29:48 > 0:29:51in the rifle barrels of the troops who, you know,
0:29:51 > 0:29:54understood perfectly what these kids were up to.
0:29:54 > 0:29:57So, the troops actually saved us
0:29:57 > 0:30:00from the most horrible possibilities,
0:30:00 > 0:30:04and what happened then was the hippie movement lost its quietism
0:30:04 > 0:30:07and began to become combative.
0:30:07 > 0:30:12MUSIC: Street Fighting Man by The Rolling Stones
0:30:49 > 0:30:52The Chicago riot was a huge turning point in the revolution.
0:30:52 > 0:30:54Eight of the festival organisers,
0:30:54 > 0:30:57including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin,
0:30:57 > 0:31:01were tried and convicted for incitement to riot, and imprisoned.
0:31:01 > 0:31:05The manager of the MC5, John Sinclair,
0:31:05 > 0:31:08also got ten years for selling a single joint
0:31:08 > 0:31:09to an undercover police officer.
0:31:12 > 0:31:15But far from stopping the revolution in its tracks,
0:31:15 > 0:31:20the New Left reorganised themselves into even more militant groups,
0:31:20 > 0:31:24many of whom were prepared to fight fire with fire.
0:31:24 > 0:31:27The most extreme of these were the Weather Underground.
0:31:29 > 0:31:31There's no way to be committed to nonviolence
0:31:31 > 0:31:33in the middle of the most violent society
0:31:33 > 0:31:34that history's ever created.
0:31:34 > 0:31:37I'm not committed to nonviolence in any way.
0:31:37 > 0:31:42The United States was the greatest force against humanity
0:31:42 > 0:31:44and justice and peace in the world
0:31:44 > 0:31:50that we had to oppose it with every tool at our disposal,
0:31:50 > 0:31:52and that it was...
0:31:52 > 0:31:54That we were part of a global struggle.
0:32:00 > 0:32:04In 1969, the Weather Underground declared war
0:32:04 > 0:32:06on the government of the United States
0:32:06 > 0:32:11and launched a bombing campaign to try and force political change.
0:32:11 > 0:32:13Their terrorist actions were echoed
0:32:13 > 0:32:15by other anarchist groups around the world,
0:32:15 > 0:32:18including, in Britain, The Angry Brigade,
0:32:18 > 0:32:22and the Baader-Meinhof Gang in Germany.
0:32:22 > 0:32:24The Weather Underground had planted a bomb
0:32:24 > 0:32:27inside the US Capitol Building and the Senate staircase.
0:32:27 > 0:32:29Did quite a bit of damage to the building.
0:32:29 > 0:32:33Perhaps most famously, they blew themselves up -
0:32:33 > 0:32:35three of them - in a New York City townhouse
0:32:35 > 0:32:38where they were trying to actually build bombs,
0:32:38 > 0:32:40but something went awry with the dynamite,
0:32:40 > 0:32:43and so they managed to destroy the entire building
0:32:43 > 0:32:45and themselves, as well.
0:32:45 > 0:32:47Comrades of ours were killed -
0:32:47 > 0:32:52killed themselves in an explosion in New York that March,
0:32:52 > 0:32:57and I disappeared along with a lot of other people.
0:32:57 > 0:33:00Well, I was a fugitive for 11 years.
0:33:00 > 0:33:04MUSIC: She's Not There by The Zombies
0:33:07 > 0:33:11People took those "wanted" posters off Post Office walls
0:33:11 > 0:33:14and put them in their windows and said, "Welcome here."
0:33:14 > 0:33:18You know, we felt protected by a bigger scene.
0:33:19 > 0:33:23Some hippies were only too happy to offer the Weather Underground
0:33:23 > 0:33:27and other revolutionaries on the run safe haven in their houses.
0:33:28 > 0:33:30The American government took the threat
0:33:30 > 0:33:32of guerrilla groups so seriously
0:33:32 > 0:33:36that President Nixon launched a national counterterrorism campaign
0:33:36 > 0:33:38to try and stop them.
0:33:40 > 0:33:43J Edgar Hoover developed a programme
0:33:43 > 0:33:47to discredit American dissent.
0:33:47 > 0:33:50It was called COINTELPRO,
0:33:50 > 0:33:54and it targeted every opposition group
0:33:54 > 0:33:58that was functioning in the country in those years -
0:33:58 > 0:34:01the Black Panthers, the Yippies, the anti-war movement,
0:34:01 > 0:34:03the civil rights movement -
0:34:03 > 0:34:09anyone that opposed the Nixon administration's policies,
0:34:09 > 0:34:11as benign as the group might be,
0:34:11 > 0:34:15or as militant as the group might be.
0:34:15 > 0:34:18And they sent in undercover operatives,
0:34:18 > 0:34:21so you kind of didn't know who to trust.
0:34:21 > 0:34:24MUSIC: Gimme Shelter by The Rolling Stones
0:34:24 > 0:34:27One of the models for all would-be revolutionaries
0:34:27 > 0:34:31were the Marxist-Leninist Black Panther Party.
0:34:31 > 0:34:35Under the joint leadership of the charismatic Fred Hampton,
0:34:35 > 0:34:38their armed struggle was seen as inspirational
0:34:38 > 0:34:39by other guerrilla groups.
0:34:48 > 0:34:51When it came to the Black Panther Party,
0:34:51 > 0:34:55Hoover decided, and stated, in 1968,
0:34:55 > 0:34:58that the Black Panther Party represented the greatest threat
0:34:58 > 0:35:02to the internal security of the United States.
0:35:02 > 0:35:05Now, what J Edgar Hoover said made us so dangerous
0:35:05 > 0:35:07was that we were getting other people
0:35:07 > 0:35:13to be aligned with this philosophy of revolutionary change.
0:35:13 > 0:35:18The Black Panther Party not only had coalitions with white organisations,
0:35:18 > 0:35:20starting with the Peace and Freedom Party,
0:35:20 > 0:35:22which was mostly white...
0:35:22 > 0:35:26SDS was a partner at one point with the Weather Underground.
0:35:26 > 0:35:30At that point, everything was done to,
0:35:30 > 0:35:33as Hoover said, disrupt,
0:35:33 > 0:35:36discredit or destroy the Black Panther Party.
0:35:36 > 0:35:39And in December of 1969,
0:35:39 > 0:35:42with the murder of Fred Hampton in Chicago,
0:35:42 > 0:35:45it was really horrible.
0:35:46 > 0:35:49The people who felt the stomping most
0:35:49 > 0:35:51- were actually people of colour. - That's right.
0:35:51 > 0:35:56They assassinated Fred Hampton and Mark Clark in their sleep.
0:35:56 > 0:36:00- Right.- A joint task force of the FBI and local police.
0:36:00 > 0:36:05So, we took some losses, but not like that.
0:36:05 > 0:36:06Right, exactly. I mean,
0:36:06 > 0:36:09they said they were going to prevent the rise of a black messiah,
0:36:09 > 0:36:10and that was...
0:36:10 > 0:36:14And to destroy and neutralise - these are FBI terms -
0:36:14 > 0:36:18destroy and neutralise the Panthers, destroy and neutralise the New Left.
0:36:18 > 0:36:21I think that the reason that I was under so much surveillance
0:36:21 > 0:36:23at the end was - and I know this from my files -
0:36:23 > 0:36:26they were looking for Abbie, who was underground.
0:36:26 > 0:36:28And so it had...
0:36:28 > 0:36:32There's no question it had a chilling effect.
0:36:32 > 0:36:34Those of us who are alive today can tell you that
0:36:34 > 0:36:36we all thought that we were going to get killed.
0:36:36 > 0:36:38We never imagined living past 30.
0:36:38 > 0:36:40Or 25, in some cases!
0:36:41 > 0:36:45And so...we were afraid.
0:36:51 > 0:36:54People realised, if they went head-to-head with America,
0:36:54 > 0:36:56they would be shot,
0:36:56 > 0:37:00and we were not in such a hurry to start a revolution.
0:37:00 > 0:37:02You could see what it would be.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07When a student protester was shot dead
0:37:07 > 0:37:11at a sit-in at the People's Park in Berkeley in 1969,
0:37:11 > 0:37:13and 50 others were injured,
0:37:13 > 0:37:16it was clear that the government wasn't going to back down.
0:37:18 > 0:37:21This convinced many would-be revolutionaries
0:37:21 > 0:37:24to abandon going head-to-head against the state.
0:37:27 > 0:37:32I was under surveillance, and it became...
0:37:33 > 0:37:35..uncomfortable to live
0:37:35 > 0:37:39feeling as if somebody was listening to my life.
0:37:39 > 0:37:43So, at a certain point, I felt...
0:37:44 > 0:37:48..like going out of their reach.
0:37:50 > 0:37:53Harriet Beinfield sought refuge in the Black Bear commune
0:37:53 > 0:37:56in the remotest reaches of California.
0:37:56 > 0:37:59Those who once dreamed of changing society
0:37:59 > 0:38:03now opted to reject it and start afresh.
0:38:03 > 0:38:05Between 1966 and 1973,
0:38:05 > 0:38:08as many as a million Americans became involved in communal living,
0:38:08 > 0:38:11many of them heading back to the land to do it,
0:38:11 > 0:38:12as they said at the time -
0:38:12 > 0:38:14moving to rural areas, buying a patch of land,
0:38:14 > 0:38:17living with something between five and 50 friends.
0:38:17 > 0:38:22MUSIC: The Cost Of Freedom by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young
0:38:28 > 0:38:31A sociologist handed out questionnaires
0:38:31 > 0:38:34to 60,000 residents of rural communes,
0:38:34 > 0:38:36and he asked a very interesting question.
0:38:36 > 0:38:39"Have any of you been arrested for protesting
0:38:39 > 0:38:42"in an anti-war movement or a civil rights protest?"
0:38:42 > 0:38:45And half said that they had,
0:38:45 > 0:38:47but the other half said they had not.
0:38:47 > 0:38:50And then he said, "Since moving to the commune,
0:38:50 > 0:38:53"have you been arrested?" And everyone said no.
0:38:53 > 0:38:56The new communalist critique of society, in many ways,
0:38:56 > 0:38:59was not perceived as a threat by the central state.
0:38:59 > 0:39:01If they want to go live in Colorado, grow their hair long,
0:39:01 > 0:39:03smoke dope, I mean, big deal, right?
0:39:03 > 0:39:05That's rural Colorado - I don't really care.
0:39:13 > 0:39:17Black Bear Ranch was really deep in the woods,
0:39:17 > 0:39:23and many miles on old logging roads to get there.
0:39:23 > 0:39:27When we arrived, there was one house.
0:39:27 > 0:39:28There were 60 of us.
0:39:28 > 0:39:33So we had to build shelters for ourselves
0:39:33 > 0:39:36out of the materials that were there.
0:39:37 > 0:39:39And you had, you know,
0:39:39 > 0:39:4350 urban people who'd never lived in the wilderness before,
0:39:43 > 0:39:45and every hour and a half,
0:39:45 > 0:39:50they would run around the house beating frying pans and pots
0:39:50 > 0:39:52to scare away the bears and the mountain lions.
0:39:52 > 0:39:57MUSIC: Hole In My Shoe by Traffic
0:39:57 > 0:39:59The communes had first been created
0:39:59 > 0:40:02by the Nature Boy tribe of the hippies.
0:40:02 > 0:40:05Here at Black Bear, they were determined to implement
0:40:05 > 0:40:08the hippie experiment in alternative living,
0:40:08 > 0:40:12based on ecological and communal values.
0:40:12 > 0:40:14We shared our money, we shared our food,
0:40:14 > 0:40:18we shared our bodies, we shared our children.
0:40:18 > 0:40:23You know, we shared everything and we were trying to figure out...
0:40:24 > 0:40:26..how far we could take that.
0:40:26 > 0:40:30Black Bear was so distant
0:40:30 > 0:40:34that strange ideas could spread like a virus through it.
0:40:34 > 0:40:35So, for instance...
0:40:37 > 0:40:40..a group of radical women took over one winter,
0:40:40 > 0:40:42and they passed a law that
0:40:42 > 0:40:46you could only sleep with the same woman twice
0:40:46 > 0:40:49because, otherwise, you were encouraging coupling,
0:40:49 > 0:40:53which was too bourgeois. So, for instance, that would...
0:40:53 > 0:40:56When I had slept with all the women that I wanted to sleep with,
0:40:56 > 0:40:58I would figure out a reason
0:40:58 > 0:41:00to run back to the city and do a food run.
0:41:02 > 0:41:04But one aspect of communal living
0:41:04 > 0:41:09continuously threatened to undermine the experiment in a sharing society.
0:41:09 > 0:41:14In the winter, 60 people slept in one space,
0:41:14 > 0:41:21and the sort of habits of patriarchy meant that...
0:41:23 > 0:41:26This is going to sound a little harsh.
0:41:26 > 0:41:30That the men were predators and the women...
0:41:31 > 0:41:37..were under sort of peer pressure to oblige.
0:41:37 > 0:41:42I mean, women were literally hauling firewood at those communes
0:41:42 > 0:41:47and being the property of six men and not using birth control
0:41:47 > 0:41:49because the men didn't want them to and it was natural.
0:41:49 > 0:41:52I mean, the atrocities that are yet to surface
0:41:52 > 0:41:59from women's treatment by the rural hippie movement
0:41:59 > 0:42:00are considerable.
0:42:00 > 0:42:05MUSIC: Different Drum by Linda Rondstandt
0:42:08 > 0:42:12Old patriarchal prejudices had plagued the hippie movement
0:42:12 > 0:42:15since its earliest days.
0:42:15 > 0:42:18Now women formed consciousness-raising groups,
0:42:18 > 0:42:20where they could share their experiences of sexism
0:42:20 > 0:42:22with other women.
0:42:23 > 0:42:26I went to my first consciousness-raising group,
0:42:26 > 0:42:31and I said, "I have to admit that I have sometimes,
0:42:31 > 0:42:33"on occasion,
0:42:33 > 0:42:38"like, more than once, faked an orgasm."
0:42:38 > 0:42:42And every woman in the room said, "Oh, you, too?"
0:42:43 > 0:42:45And I cannot tell you...
0:42:45 > 0:42:48I can laugh about it today, but, my dear...
0:42:50 > 0:42:52..my posture changed, you know?
0:42:52 > 0:42:54I sat up in a different way. I...
0:42:54 > 0:42:56I...
0:42:56 > 0:42:59Such a weight was lifted from me,
0:42:59 > 0:43:04and the "it's not just me" was huge.
0:43:04 > 0:43:06And, of course, if it's not just you,
0:43:06 > 0:43:08then what is it?
0:43:10 > 0:43:14Robin Morgan finally broke her ties with the hippie movement
0:43:14 > 0:43:17when she wrote a damning expose of sexism in the New Left
0:43:17 > 0:43:20called Goodbye To All That,
0:43:20 > 0:43:22urging other women to break away, as well.
0:43:24 > 0:43:26"Goodbye forever, counterfeit left,
0:43:26 > 0:43:31"counterfeit, male-dominated, cracked-glass-mirror reflection
0:43:31 > 0:43:33"of the American nightmare.
0:43:33 > 0:43:35"Women are the real left.
0:43:35 > 0:43:37"We are rising with a fury
0:43:37 > 0:43:42"older and potentially greater than any force in history."
0:43:42 > 0:43:45She named all the names
0:43:45 > 0:43:49of the men who ran all the different organisations,
0:43:49 > 0:43:52and she pointed out some of their problems.
0:43:52 > 0:43:57- Quite clearly.- Clearly. But I also didn't like it.
0:43:57 > 0:44:00I mean, I was incredibly uncomfortable when it came out
0:44:00 > 0:44:04- and felt really defensive about it...- Well...
0:44:04 > 0:44:07- ..cos I knew it was right! - Yeah, there you go.
0:44:07 > 0:44:10It was another version of "You, too?"
0:44:10 > 0:44:13It was the first time a woman had blown,
0:44:13 > 0:44:16with leftist credentials,
0:44:16 > 0:44:20known and respected by the guys, so she must be good,
0:44:20 > 0:44:22who had just...boom!
0:44:22 > 0:44:26We were surrounded by all kinds of liberation movements -
0:44:26 > 0:44:28black liberation, Chicano liberation,
0:44:28 > 0:44:31the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam -
0:44:31 > 0:44:33all these various liberation movements
0:44:33 > 0:44:38that we admired and emulated, but where were women?
0:44:38 > 0:44:40And then, light bulb! Well, OK.
0:44:40 > 0:44:42And that's where the phrase women's...
0:44:42 > 0:44:45That's why we started out - before feminism,
0:44:45 > 0:44:48we called it women's liberation because it was, in a sense...
0:44:48 > 0:44:51We were inspired by all these various other liberation movements.
0:44:51 > 0:44:54It was like a series of steps
0:44:54 > 0:44:59that were an advancement in consciousness.
0:44:59 > 0:45:01There's no question, at least for me,
0:45:01 > 0:45:04that Goodbye To All That - the title of that piece -
0:45:04 > 0:45:06was, as I said, germinal.
0:45:06 > 0:45:09It was one in a series of steps that...
0:45:09 > 0:45:11And, ultimately, at a certain point, I said,
0:45:11 > 0:45:14"All right, I am, in fact, saying goodbye to all that."
0:45:14 > 0:45:16MUSIC: Woodstock by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young
0:45:16 > 0:45:19Whilst women's liberation was a response
0:45:19 > 0:45:21to the chauvinism of the hippie movement,
0:45:21 > 0:45:24the message of peace, love and music
0:45:24 > 0:45:27was reaching out to an even bigger audience.
0:45:35 > 0:45:38In August 1969, plans were hatched
0:45:38 > 0:45:42to stage a massive three-day concert outside New York.
0:45:42 > 0:45:45When revellers broke through the fence,
0:45:45 > 0:45:48it became the biggest free festival of all time,
0:45:48 > 0:45:54symbolising all the hope and chaos of the hippie movement in one event,
0:45:54 > 0:45:55as immortalised on film.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00Woodstock was a very interesting experience.
0:46:00 > 0:46:02When we were flying over it,
0:46:02 > 0:46:05it looked like an encampment of the Macedonian army.
0:46:05 > 0:46:09When you get, you know, 400,000, 500,000 people all together
0:46:09 > 0:46:12and you're flying over them in a helicopter
0:46:12 > 0:46:15and there's fires and rain and mud and music,
0:46:15 > 0:46:17it was a fascinating experience.
0:46:21 > 0:46:23Oh, Woodstock was great.
0:46:23 > 0:46:26It was like Monterey, only bigger.
0:46:26 > 0:46:29I mean, I watched lots of the show... The sing...
0:46:29 > 0:46:30You know, the other acts.
0:46:30 > 0:46:33I saw them perform, and they were great.
0:46:33 > 0:46:37The music was great, the vibe was great, the audience was great.
0:46:37 > 0:46:41HE PLAYS THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
0:46:42 > 0:46:48I mean, Hendrix was just so emblematic of the...
0:46:49 > 0:46:51..emergence of the Woodstock Nation.
0:46:51 > 0:46:57His presence at Woodstock summarised the lifestyle, the freedom,
0:46:57 > 0:47:00the brash resistance to conformity,
0:47:00 > 0:47:04status quo, the sexual threat,
0:47:04 > 0:47:06you know, kind of a black sexual threat
0:47:06 > 0:47:08and a countercultural sexual threat
0:47:08 > 0:47:12that mainstream America saw embodied, you know, in Hendrix.
0:47:15 > 0:47:17I saw him, I stayed,
0:47:17 > 0:47:20and I was standing there in the mud when he played Star-Spangled Banner
0:47:20 > 0:47:23and I thought, "Oh, fuck, this is like...
0:47:23 > 0:47:27"This is an incredible musical moment,
0:47:27 > 0:47:31"and he is the best guitar player that ever lived."
0:47:31 > 0:47:34He shredded the national anthem. He shredded it!
0:47:34 > 0:47:36I mean, he tore it to bits.
0:47:36 > 0:47:39It was fucking mind-blowing!
0:47:39 > 0:47:40It's still mind-blowing today.
0:47:45 > 0:47:50The Star-Spangled Banner performance just seems to be the piece of music
0:47:50 > 0:47:52that just spoke to the chaos, the zeitgeist
0:47:52 > 0:47:54of the moment, you know, the most authoritatively,
0:47:54 > 0:47:58the most disruptively. Very heraldic
0:47:58 > 0:48:00of an apocalypse, in the sense of,
0:48:00 > 0:48:03you know, something that removes the veil.
0:48:05 > 0:48:08Jimi Hendrix's performance of Star-Spangled Banner
0:48:08 > 0:48:10in the Woodstock film
0:48:10 > 0:48:13both encapsulated the distorted, dystopian vision
0:48:13 > 0:48:16of a nation caught up in a war it didn't believe in,
0:48:16 > 0:48:19and, at the same time, was a requiem
0:48:19 > 0:48:22for a political revolution that was not to be.
0:48:24 > 0:48:27MUSIC: Both Sides Now by Joni Mitchell
0:48:28 > 0:48:32The confrontational attitude of the hippies
0:48:32 > 0:48:34had given way to a new sense of reflection.
0:48:39 > 0:48:41The political became personal,
0:48:41 > 0:48:44and this found a voice in a new, laid-back sound
0:48:44 > 0:48:48emerging from a community of inward-looking singer-songwriters.
0:48:48 > 0:48:51And it came not out of San Francisco,
0:48:51 > 0:48:54but the affluent, leafy canyons of LA.
0:48:54 > 0:48:57It's all very close together, hodgepodge.
0:48:57 > 0:49:00You know, little cabins and little windy streets,
0:49:00 > 0:49:02and you literally walk out of your door
0:49:02 > 0:49:05and walk over to Danny Hutton's house,
0:49:05 > 0:49:07walk up to see The Turtles,
0:49:07 > 0:49:10go down to see Joni Mitchell and Alice Cooper.
0:49:12 > 0:49:16Laurel Canyon was a small area of beautiful countryside.
0:49:16 > 0:49:18It's very close to the centre of Los Angeles,
0:49:18 > 0:49:23but there, there was this collection of musicians and artists
0:49:23 > 0:49:26that lived close to each other that would interact.
0:49:26 > 0:49:29And that's what everyone was doing - it was what Jackson was doing,
0:49:29 > 0:49:32it was what Joni was doing, some of the Eagles, you know,
0:49:32 > 0:49:34and la-la-la-la-la.
0:49:34 > 0:49:37It was a great time in Laurel Canyon in those days.
0:49:37 > 0:49:41# Tears and fears and feeling proud
0:49:41 > 0:49:46# To say "I love you" right out loud
0:49:46 > 0:49:48# Dreams and schemes... #
0:49:48 > 0:49:52Joni Mitchell was typical of a new generation
0:49:52 > 0:49:54of Laurel Canyon artists
0:49:54 > 0:49:57who took the peace-loving spirit of the hippies
0:49:57 > 0:49:59and turned it into music that conquered the world.
0:50:01 > 0:50:04Laurel Canyon is in the Hollywood Hills
0:50:04 > 0:50:07and became a magnet for the hip, young gunslingers
0:50:07 > 0:50:09of the LA film industry
0:50:09 > 0:50:13who felt a natural affinity with the hippie movement.
0:50:13 > 0:50:15There were also, of course, at the time,
0:50:15 > 0:50:17the new young bucks of Hollywood,
0:50:17 > 0:50:21like the producers of The Monkees, Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider,
0:50:21 > 0:50:26and they were indeed creating the new Hollywood film industry.
0:50:26 > 0:50:30MUSIC: Born To Be Wild by Steppenwolf
0:50:30 > 0:50:34With brilliant improvised direction by Dennis Hopper,
0:50:34 > 0:50:38Easy Rider tells the story of two hippie drug dealers
0:50:38 > 0:50:40on a road trip across the Midwest.
0:50:40 > 0:50:43# Get your motor runnin'
0:50:43 > 0:50:45# Head out on the highway... #
0:50:47 > 0:50:49Easy Rider was a smash hit
0:50:49 > 0:50:52at the box office and paved the way
0:50:52 > 0:50:54for an explosion of new
0:50:54 > 0:50:56Hollywood directors as antiestablishment
0:50:56 > 0:51:00films flooded out of Tinseltown's dream machine.
0:51:00 > 0:51:04MUSIC: Stairway To Heaven by Led Zeppelin
0:51:10 > 0:51:13The hippies were transforming American culture
0:51:13 > 0:51:16with their music and their values.
0:51:16 > 0:51:19Now the pioneering psychological experiments
0:51:19 > 0:51:24of the truth-seeking hippie tribe promised the ultimate dream -
0:51:24 > 0:51:26a revolution of the mind.
0:51:26 > 0:51:30The mystical experiences that enough people had on LSD
0:51:30 > 0:51:34led them to seek out other ways of looking at the world.
0:51:34 > 0:51:37I read a statistic that you'd have to verify,
0:51:37 > 0:51:40that the I Ching went from selling 1,000 copies a year
0:51:40 > 0:51:43to 50,000 copies a year by the end of the '60s.
0:51:43 > 0:51:48And there were all sorts of mystical texts and books
0:51:48 > 0:51:51that entered the culture very, very quickly.
0:51:51 > 0:51:55The centre of what would become known as the New Age movement
0:51:55 > 0:52:00first established itself in 1962 in a former spa hotel
0:52:00 > 0:52:04on the coast road outside San Francisco.
0:52:04 > 0:52:06Here, at the Esalen Institute,
0:52:06 > 0:52:09intellectual gurus of the hippie movement,
0:52:09 > 0:52:11like Aldous Huxley and Timothy Leary,
0:52:11 > 0:52:15had used their experiments with LSD to create new models
0:52:15 > 0:52:19of psychological and philosophical enquiry.
0:52:20 > 0:52:22People were coming for a weekend
0:52:22 > 0:52:25or for five days or for several months
0:52:25 > 0:52:30to deepen your understanding of yourself and others.
0:52:30 > 0:52:34How to become, you know, a better person.
0:52:34 > 0:52:37How to try out new ways of being.
0:52:37 > 0:52:39That's central to what Esalen's about.
0:52:39 > 0:52:42It's not to withdraw from the world,
0:52:42 > 0:52:45it's to help the world come to a greater birth,
0:52:45 > 0:52:47to give rise to a greater life.
0:52:49 > 0:52:52We were catalytic for the dispersion of these practices.
0:52:52 > 0:52:55I mean, a lot of people said that, when we started,
0:52:55 > 0:52:57there were about 20 yoga studios in America.
0:52:57 > 0:52:59Now there are 20,000.
0:52:59 > 0:53:02None of us had ever heard of the word mindfulness,
0:53:02 > 0:53:05in the way it's used now, in 1962.
0:53:05 > 0:53:08And we're actually experiencing right now,
0:53:08 > 0:53:10I must say, Esalen, with a...
0:53:10 > 0:53:14This is kind of like we're having a second beginning, a new beginning,
0:53:14 > 0:53:18because we have so many young people now coming in.
0:53:18 > 0:53:23And there is a kind of marriage afoot with Silicon Valley.
0:53:23 > 0:53:28Our new executive director has sold an algorithm to Google,
0:53:28 > 0:53:31and there's kind of a new marriage in the making.
0:53:31 > 0:53:35MUSIC: New World Coming by Mama Cass Elliot
0:53:38 > 0:53:42The hippie experiment to explore new ideas and consciousness
0:53:42 > 0:53:46and human connection was first reimagined in Silicon Valley
0:53:46 > 0:53:49by the pioneers of the Information Age.
0:53:49 > 0:53:53And although the means they used were not chemical, like LSD,
0:53:53 > 0:53:55but digital, like computer code,
0:53:55 > 0:53:59the spirit of invention and adventure was pure hippie.
0:54:02 > 0:54:06Silicon Valley required sort of this proto state
0:54:06 > 0:54:10of hippiedom, a California mentality,
0:54:10 > 0:54:12a California perspective
0:54:12 > 0:54:15where you didn't ask permission - you just did it -
0:54:15 > 0:54:18where there was a bias to the open and sharing
0:54:18 > 0:54:21rather than to the proprietary,
0:54:21 > 0:54:25where there was the expectation that you would try things
0:54:25 > 0:54:27and do it yourself and the fact that,
0:54:27 > 0:54:29when people get rich...
0:54:30 > 0:54:35..what they do with their money is they invest into other crazy ideas.
0:54:39 > 0:54:41Perhaps the most famous hippie
0:54:41 > 0:54:45to turn their ideas and values into a business
0:54:45 > 0:54:49was a Zen Buddhist LSD advocate who went on to become
0:54:49 > 0:54:53one of the most successful computer magnates of all time.
0:54:54 > 0:54:56Steve Jobs, who was very much a hippie
0:54:56 > 0:54:59living in the Bay Area,
0:54:59 > 0:55:04was involved in an early computer co-op project in Menlo Park
0:55:04 > 0:55:08that was only six blocks from where Jerry Garcia was living.
0:55:08 > 0:55:13And Jobs and others were interested in developing a personal computer
0:55:13 > 0:55:17because, at the time, computers meant IBM and Honeywell
0:55:17 > 0:55:20and other giant computer corporations.
0:55:20 > 0:55:23And what the inventors of the PC - the personal computer -
0:55:23 > 0:55:27had in mind was that they could put an IBM on everybody's desk
0:55:27 > 0:55:29and that they could give everyone that power,
0:55:29 > 0:55:32that they could take it away from IBM
0:55:32 > 0:55:35and democratise it and, indeed, democratise it globally,
0:55:35 > 0:55:37not just in the United States.
0:55:37 > 0:55:42Computer designers, marketers, users begin to imagine the microcomputer
0:55:42 > 0:55:44as a tool for personal transformation
0:55:44 > 0:55:48in terms set by LSD, in terms set by the counterculture.
0:55:48 > 0:55:52We begin to imagine the internet and network computers
0:55:52 > 0:55:54as the kind of community
0:55:54 > 0:55:57that communes were once supposed to be.
0:55:57 > 0:56:00Communes didn't work out, but now, with interlinked computers,
0:56:00 > 0:56:03we can make a world of interlinked minds,
0:56:03 > 0:56:05just as we hoped once
0:56:05 > 0:56:08to make a world of interlinked consciousnesses.
0:56:08 > 0:56:12MUSIC: Teach Your Children by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young
0:56:13 > 0:56:19We are connected today in ways the hippies first imagined only on LSD.
0:56:19 > 0:56:22The revolution of the mind that was unleashed
0:56:22 > 0:56:26has given birth to the cyberspace generation.
0:56:26 > 0:56:29The hippie vision of creating a global community
0:56:29 > 0:56:31based around sharing and not profit
0:56:31 > 0:56:36is now being acted out through Facebook and YouTube.
0:56:36 > 0:56:39It has come about through a technological innovation,
0:56:39 > 0:56:42a cognitive, not political, revolution.
0:56:43 > 0:56:47It's probably fair to say that the counterculture lost
0:56:47 > 0:56:49all the political arguments.
0:56:49 > 0:56:51All of them. We didn't end racism.
0:56:51 > 0:56:54We didn't end imperialism. We didn't end war.
0:56:54 > 0:56:58We didn't end misogyny. We just lost them all.
0:56:58 > 0:57:03But on a cultural front, we won every single one.
0:57:03 > 0:57:05And there's no place you can't go today
0:57:05 > 0:57:08where there's not an organic food movement,
0:57:08 > 0:57:11a slow food movement, a women's movement,
0:57:11 > 0:57:13an environmental movement,
0:57:13 > 0:57:15alternative medical practices
0:57:15 > 0:57:19like homoeopathy and naturopathy and acupuncture,
0:57:19 > 0:57:22alternative spiritual practices like Tibetan Buddhism,
0:57:22 > 0:57:25Vietnamese Buddhism, Hinduism.
0:57:25 > 0:57:31So, culture runs a lot deeper than politics.
0:57:36 > 0:57:40The things that the hippies stood for still apply.
0:57:40 > 0:57:42Peace IS better than war.
0:57:42 > 0:57:45Love IS better than hate. It really is.
0:57:45 > 0:57:50And those ideals are still as strong today as they ever were.
0:57:50 > 0:57:53I still believe it. I'm still a hippie, really.
0:57:54 > 0:57:57There's the big thing, see? We won a fight.
0:57:57 > 0:58:01Now we're allowed to grow marijuana legally.
0:58:01 > 0:58:05Five big, bushy plants!
0:58:05 > 0:58:08And the cops can come and look at them and they can walk away,
0:58:08 > 0:58:12scratching their heads, saying, "How did we ever let this happen?"
0:58:12 > 0:58:14I believe in hippie values -
0:58:14 > 0:58:19inclusion rather than exclusion,
0:58:19 > 0:58:23be kind rather than unkind.
0:58:23 > 0:58:27"Remember your hippie days," Jerry Garcia used to say.
0:58:27 > 0:58:29"Have more fun than anyone else!"
0:58:30 > 0:58:34# Well, you can tear a plane
0:58:34 > 0:58:38# In the falling rain
0:58:38 > 0:58:41# I drive a Rolls-Royce
0:58:41 > 0:58:43# Cos it's good for my voice
0:58:43 > 0:58:48# But you won't fool the children of the revolution
0:58:48 > 0:58:54# No, you won't fool the children of the revolution
0:58:54 > 0:58:56# No, no, no
0:58:58 > 0:58:59# Yeah! #