0:00:07 > 0:00:12In July 1960, a 26-year-old secretary from Bournemouth
0:00:12 > 0:00:16entered a remote forest in Africa in search of wild chimpanzees.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21The whole business of wandering about in Africa,
0:00:21 > 0:00:24in the wilds of Africa, was in itself extraordinary
0:00:24 > 0:00:28and here was a girl from southern England brought up in, you know,
0:00:28 > 0:00:30what did she know about Africa?
0:00:30 > 0:00:32And how could she survive?
0:00:33 > 0:00:36But within a few months, Jane Goodall was making
0:00:36 > 0:00:39discoveries that would help change our entire understanding
0:00:39 > 0:00:41of the species closest to us
0:00:41 > 0:00:46and challenge the science of what differentiates human from animal.
0:00:46 > 0:00:49Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique.
0:00:49 > 0:00:54Absolutely extraordinary because she has made everybody
0:00:54 > 0:01:01aware of chimpanzees and aware of the closeness between us and chimpanzees.
0:01:03 > 0:01:07Where male scientists had floundered, she became accepted
0:01:07 > 0:01:09by a group of wild apes
0:01:09 > 0:01:12and revealed the unknown world of chimpanzee behaviour.
0:01:14 > 0:01:21For many people, Jane has been a major, major inspiration.
0:01:21 > 0:01:25You know, I think a lot of young people,
0:01:25 > 0:01:27but particularly young women, must have seen
0:01:27 > 0:01:34those films and thought, what a wonderful thing to do with your life.
0:01:34 > 0:01:38"The soft pressure of his fingers spoke to me,
0:01:38 > 0:01:40"not through my intellect,
0:01:40 > 0:01:42"but through a more primitive emotional channel.
0:01:42 > 0:01:44"The barrier of untold centuries,
0:01:44 > 0:01:48"which has grown up during the separate evolution
0:01:48 > 0:01:53"of man and chimpanzee was, for those few seconds, broken down.
0:01:53 > 0:01:56"It was a reward far beyond my greatest hopes."
0:01:59 > 0:02:03Then the notion that, not only was she surviving,
0:02:03 > 0:02:07but that she was living alongside these extraordinary animals,
0:02:07 > 0:02:11and that they were accepting her, was fabulous.
0:02:11 > 0:02:14I mean, in an almost literary sense
0:02:14 > 0:02:19that it became a fable of Beauty and the Beast.
0:02:31 > 0:02:37Gombe Stream Forest Reserve borders the Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika
0:02:37 > 0:02:39in what is now Tanzania.
0:02:39 > 0:02:43Although the reserve had been created to protect
0:02:43 > 0:02:47its population of chimpanzees, they had never been studied.
0:02:47 > 0:02:51When Jane Goodall arrived in July 1960,
0:02:51 > 0:02:55she had enough finances to last six months.
0:02:55 > 0:02:58Six months to get close to a shy,
0:02:58 > 0:03:01yet potentially violent species of wild animal.
0:03:06 > 0:03:10She recorded her experiences in a set of remarkable journals,
0:03:10 > 0:03:13which would eventually be crafted into the bestseller
0:03:13 > 0:03:15In The Shadow Of Man.
0:03:17 > 0:03:21Since dawn I had climbed up and down the steep mountain slopes
0:03:21 > 0:03:24and pushed my way through the dense valley forests.
0:03:24 > 0:03:29Again and again I had stopped to listen or to gaze through binoculars
0:03:29 > 0:03:31at the surrounding countryside.
0:03:33 > 0:03:35In two hours, darkness would fall
0:03:35 > 0:03:39over the rugged terrain of the Gombe Stream Reserve.
0:03:39 > 0:03:43I settled down at my favourite vantage point, the peak,"
0:03:43 > 0:03:46hoping that at least I might see a chimpanzee make its nest
0:03:46 > 0:03:49for the night before I had to stop work for the day.
0:03:51 > 0:03:54The first few weeks it was day after day,
0:03:54 > 0:03:58every day, no Saturdays, no Sundays, in fact, after a while
0:03:58 > 0:04:00I didn't know when Saturdays and Sundays were.
0:04:00 > 0:04:04Up at dawn, down at dusk.
0:04:04 > 0:04:10I would sit up on this peak and look out with my binoculars.
0:04:10 > 0:04:15I had a little tin trunk and a kettle on a wire and a blanket.
0:04:15 > 0:04:17That was it.
0:04:19 > 0:04:23For three and a half months, she failed to get closer than 50 yards.
0:04:23 > 0:04:26It was a bitter disappointment.
0:04:26 > 0:04:29I felt frustration, even despair.
0:04:29 > 0:04:30There were times when I wondered
0:04:30 > 0:04:33if they would ever permit me to approach them.
0:04:33 > 0:04:35Then, early one afternoon,
0:04:35 > 0:04:40she encountered the chimpanzee who would change her life.
0:04:40 > 0:04:45Nothing happened until 1.30, then I heard a measured tread
0:04:45 > 0:04:50and down the hill, straight towards me, came a very handsome male chimp.
0:04:50 > 0:04:55White beard, paleish face, long, black shining hair.
0:04:55 > 0:04:58He got to within ten yards and suddenly saw me.
0:04:58 > 0:05:01His expression was one of amazement.
0:05:01 > 0:05:05He stopped abruptly, stared, put his head on one side
0:05:05 > 0:05:07and then on the other,
0:05:07 > 0:05:11and then turned and continued off into the undergrowth.
0:05:11 > 0:05:14David Greybeard was, without doubt,
0:05:14 > 0:05:19the chimpanzee I remember with the most affection.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22He was the first one who lost his fear of me.
0:05:22 > 0:05:28He was the one who really helped me go into a magic world,
0:05:28 > 0:05:31the world of the wild chimpanzees.
0:05:31 > 0:05:35David Greybeard opened up to Jane Goodall what would become known as
0:05:35 > 0:05:40the Kasekela community, named after the valley where she set up camp.
0:05:40 > 0:05:45Instinctively, she concentrated on them as individuals.
0:05:45 > 0:05:49Over the next 50 years, they would yield up a gold seam
0:05:49 > 0:05:54of scientific revelation that is as rich today as it was then.
0:05:57 > 0:06:00Flo and Olly were the two females
0:06:00 > 0:06:03that spent a lot of time together
0:06:03 > 0:06:08and I learned a lot about mothering skills from them and the close bonds
0:06:08 > 0:06:12between mothers and offspring, between brothers and sisters.
0:06:12 > 0:06:16Flo was to become the matriarch of successive generations
0:06:16 > 0:06:19of what Goodall termed the F family.
0:06:19 > 0:06:22Their unfolding relationships and real-life dramas
0:06:22 > 0:06:25would turn them into household names.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31Flint, Flo's son, was the first infant
0:06:31 > 0:06:33whose development in the wild
0:06:33 > 0:06:37could be recorded step by step and just about day by day.
0:06:39 > 0:06:43Flint was seven, eight years old when I was there.
0:06:43 > 0:06:45He behaved like a four or five year old.
0:06:49 > 0:06:50He tried to ride on her,
0:06:50 > 0:06:53he succeeded in riding on her, this poor old woman,
0:06:53 > 0:06:56her son who was about half her body weight,
0:06:56 > 0:06:59would sometimes whimper and beg her for a ride
0:06:59 > 0:07:02and she didn't have the psychological strength to say no.
0:07:06 > 0:07:09Fifi and I had a special relationship and she always seemed
0:07:09 > 0:07:11to know when I was coming
0:07:11 > 0:07:15and, sure enough, Fifi would somehow be there.
0:07:16 > 0:07:17The mother-child relationship
0:07:17 > 0:07:21is one of the strongest bonds in chimp society.
0:07:23 > 0:07:26Their relationship remains close throughout their lives.
0:07:30 > 0:07:32My mother had a huge influence on me,
0:07:32 > 0:07:36I mean, I think everything I've done that I am a bit proud of is,
0:07:36 > 0:07:39she was so wise, the way she brought us up.
0:07:39 > 0:07:43For example, you know, the sorrows of childhood that seem so huge,
0:07:43 > 0:07:48she would say, "Well, go and get a book, go and lose yourself in a book
0:07:48 > 0:07:52"and then, when you come out of that world, you'll find it's better."
0:07:52 > 0:07:54So that was one piece of advice.
0:07:57 > 0:08:00My father couldn't have had influence on me because he wasn't
0:08:00 > 0:08:04there while I was growing up because my parents divorced when I was 12
0:08:04 > 0:08:08and that was the end of the war, and he went off when I was five.
0:08:12 > 0:08:16Though they play little part in the raising of their infants,
0:08:16 > 0:08:19male chimpanzees form strong ties with each other.
0:08:24 > 0:08:26Well, it is interesting that two brothers
0:08:26 > 0:08:28who were adjacent in the birth order
0:08:28 > 0:08:31could be so different,
0:08:31 > 0:08:34in the sense that Freud was always the thoughtful one,
0:08:34 > 0:08:38the one who achieved what he achieved quietly and,
0:08:38 > 0:08:40apparently with more planning,
0:08:40 > 0:08:43whereas Frodo has always been the tough guy,
0:08:43 > 0:08:45the problem chimp, if you will.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51Frodo is a particularly rough character.
0:08:55 > 0:08:59He's so tough, he's like the big bully at school
0:08:59 > 0:09:01who is so individually powerful,
0:09:01 > 0:09:05that it's as if he doesn't need his allies so much.
0:09:08 > 0:09:12Then, of course, he went on and took over the alpha male
0:09:12 > 0:09:15from his older brother and then, when he was alpha male,
0:09:15 > 0:09:18there was nothing you could do except pray, really,
0:09:18 > 0:09:21hold on a tree trunk if he charged you.
0:09:21 > 0:09:23CHIMPS SCREAM
0:09:29 > 0:09:33I think I'm the first one who used the term soap opera
0:09:33 > 0:09:35to describe what's going on.
0:09:36 > 0:09:38Well, this person hates that person
0:09:38 > 0:09:42and this person wants to have sex with that person
0:09:42 > 0:09:45and this person feels like he would be,
0:09:45 > 0:09:48like to be good friends with that person,
0:09:48 > 0:09:52but is afraid because that other person is higher ranking.
0:09:53 > 0:09:55Absolutely, it's what happens,
0:09:55 > 0:09:59and it's also absolutely the material of chimp drama.
0:09:59 > 0:10:01It's really quite the same.
0:10:05 > 0:10:07It is around this group of chimpanzees
0:10:07 > 0:10:10that Jane Goodall has built her extraordinary career.
0:10:12 > 0:10:18Over the last 50 years, Gombe has become a world famous National Park.
0:10:18 > 0:10:22And Dr Goodall still maintains her relationship with it
0:10:22 > 0:10:26and the people who live on its borders.
0:10:46 > 0:10:49So, first of all, how did I ever come to Africa
0:10:49 > 0:10:52when I was born far away in England?
0:10:52 > 0:10:54HE TRANSLATES
0:10:54 > 0:10:58When I was eight years old, and some of you here are eight years old,
0:10:58 > 0:11:01I knew I wanted to go to Africa.
0:11:14 > 0:11:18All that I remember of my childhood was loving animals
0:11:18 > 0:11:23and wanting more and more animals and reading books about animals.
0:11:23 > 0:11:29The first book I ever owned of my own was the story of Doctor Dolittle
0:11:29 > 0:11:34and, in that book, he takes animals from the circus back to Africa.
0:11:36 > 0:11:38There's a picture, still in my mind,
0:11:38 > 0:11:41of Doctor Dolittle walking across this bridge of monkeys,
0:11:41 > 0:11:44they're holding hands with each other, to escape an enemy
0:11:44 > 0:11:47and, I don't know, that just got me into Africa.
0:11:51 > 0:11:55And then, of course, Tarzan, Tarzan of the Apes,
0:11:55 > 0:11:57marrying that other stupid wimpy Jane,
0:11:57 > 0:12:00of whom I was frightfully jealous.
0:12:01 > 0:12:02I didn't want to be Tarzan,
0:12:02 > 0:12:07I wanted to be a proper mate for him, which I new I could have been,
0:12:07 > 0:12:10and as he existed as reality in my mind,
0:12:10 > 0:12:13there's no point my trying to be him, so what can I be?
0:12:13 > 0:12:16I can be a decent mate for him.
0:12:26 > 0:12:28HE TRANSLATES
0:12:28 > 0:12:30But everybody laughed at me.
0:12:30 > 0:12:33How would I get to Africa when we had no money?
0:12:33 > 0:12:35And back then, we didn't know very much about Africa
0:12:35 > 0:12:37and it was a very faraway place,
0:12:37 > 0:12:40and going to Africa would be a big adventure,
0:12:40 > 0:12:43and girls didn't have big adventures like that, it was only the boys.
0:12:43 > 0:12:47When I left school we had no money for university,
0:12:47 > 0:12:50so I learned how to be a secretary,
0:12:50 > 0:12:54because my mother said maybe then you get a job in Africa.
0:12:54 > 0:12:58The next thing that happened was I had a letter from a school friend
0:12:58 > 0:13:02whose parents had gone to Africa and she invited me for a holiday.
0:13:02 > 0:13:07Yes, so there was an opportunity and I worked and I worked and I worked
0:13:07 > 0:13:11and after months, I had enough money to go to Africa by boat.
0:13:11 > 0:13:13HE TRANSLATES
0:13:20 > 0:13:24The Africa that Goodall went to in the late '50s
0:13:24 > 0:13:26was still under British colonial rule.
0:13:26 > 0:13:28There were opportunities for anyone with aspirations
0:13:28 > 0:13:30to get close to wildlife.
0:13:31 > 0:13:33And after a little while,
0:13:33 > 0:13:39I heard about a man who was very famous, called Louis Leakey,
0:13:39 > 0:13:42and he knew a lot about animals.
0:13:42 > 0:13:44So I went to see Louis Leakey
0:13:44 > 0:13:47and he asked me many, many questions about animals.
0:13:49 > 0:13:53Louis Leakey was the foremost
0:13:53 > 0:13:58primate palaeontologist in the 1950s,
0:13:58 > 0:14:04that's to say, he was the one who was looking for fossil evidence
0:14:04 > 0:14:05of mankind's ancestry
0:14:05 > 0:14:09and he discovered this one site, the Olduvai Gorge,
0:14:09 > 0:14:15where there were a whole succession of rock beds going through the
0:14:15 > 0:14:20critical period of history when humanity was just emerging.
0:14:20 > 0:14:26And he it was, who saw the value of looking at other living primates,
0:14:26 > 0:14:29to shed light on what the fossils were telling him.
0:14:33 > 0:14:36Leakey's belief in humankind shared ancestry with the great apes
0:14:36 > 0:14:38has been borne out by science.
0:14:40 > 0:14:45Now what we know, as a result of the genetic discoveries,
0:14:45 > 0:14:49is that something around five million years ago,
0:14:49 > 0:14:52we shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees.
0:14:52 > 0:14:55When we go into any of these forests with chimpanzees,
0:14:55 > 0:14:57it's like a time machine.
0:14:57 > 0:15:01We're going in and seeing a species that is really quite similar
0:15:01 > 0:15:05to the one that gave rise to our lineage five million years ago,
0:15:05 > 0:15:08so that means that it tells us something about
0:15:08 > 0:15:10the likely kinds of social relationships
0:15:10 > 0:15:14that our species had then, our ancestors, and more confidently,
0:15:14 > 0:15:17about their capacities, their cognitive capacities.
0:15:17 > 0:15:25So these amazing beasts are telling us how we got started.
0:15:25 > 0:15:27They're telling us where we came from.
0:15:29 > 0:15:33Jane Goodall would be the first of three women who Dr Leakey launched
0:15:33 > 0:15:36on missions to study our closest relatives.
0:15:36 > 0:15:39Later known as Leakey's Angels,
0:15:39 > 0:15:41they were to become international celebrities,
0:15:41 > 0:15:44more famous than the man himself.
0:15:44 > 0:15:48Birute Galdikas was sent off on a quest
0:15:48 > 0:15:53to study orang-utans in Borneo, where she still works today.
0:15:53 > 0:15:57Dian Fossey was despatched to the mountains of Virunga
0:15:57 > 0:15:59to follow mountain gorillas.
0:15:59 > 0:16:01She was later murdered
0:16:01 > 0:16:05before the making of the film Gorillas In The Mist.
0:16:06 > 0:16:10People often ask why Leakey chose young women.
0:16:10 > 0:16:14I think he felt that a human female
0:16:14 > 0:16:21would be somehow less threatening to a male gorilla or a male chimpanzee.
0:16:21 > 0:16:25I'm not sure whether that was true, I think it's to do with personality.
0:16:25 > 0:16:30It's to do with the ability to sit quietly and not make a fuss.
0:16:32 > 0:16:35And there's one more thing, and I've had this proved, that our voice
0:16:35 > 0:16:40is less threatening to a chimpanzee than the voice of a man.
0:16:40 > 0:16:43A man's voice is more like their threat bark
0:16:43 > 0:16:48and a woman's is, generally...well, certainly if it's a voice like mine,
0:16:48 > 0:16:52is much more peaceful and, and less agitating.
0:16:54 > 0:16:58He was taking a risk with them because, you know,
0:16:58 > 0:17:03Jane could easily have been killed by one of her, the big male chimpanzees,
0:17:03 > 0:17:07so being one of Leakey's Angels was quite a risky business.
0:17:08 > 0:17:13When it came to Louis Leakey, there were other risks involved.
0:17:13 > 0:17:18He invited her over and, so you can ask, well, you know,
0:17:18 > 0:17:19what was Leakey thinking?
0:17:19 > 0:17:22And I think there were two levels of thought.
0:17:22 > 0:17:26One was, "Hmm, this is an attractive young woman here."
0:17:26 > 0:17:29Leakey was a lecher,
0:17:29 > 0:17:33he was, you know, he had just had an affair with his previous secretary
0:17:33 > 0:17:37and he was attracted to young women.
0:17:37 > 0:17:40It was very difficult because, you know, I was terrified
0:17:40 > 0:17:44that if I kept saying no, that that would ruin my chances
0:17:44 > 0:17:47of going to study the chimpanzees.
0:17:47 > 0:17:49It was a very difficult time.
0:17:50 > 0:17:52'I stayed firm and, by this time,
0:17:52 > 0:17:56'he was well committed to finding the money to send me to Gombe.'
0:17:56 > 0:18:01And so he told me I could come to Gombe National Park
0:18:01 > 0:18:04and try and learn about chimpanzees.
0:18:04 > 0:18:08And this was amazing because chimpanzees are more like
0:18:08 > 0:18:12human beings than any other animal in the world.
0:18:12 > 0:18:19'Louis particularly chose me because I hadn't got a degree of any sort.'
0:18:19 > 0:18:23He felt that, you know, the ethologists at the time
0:18:23 > 0:18:26were very rigid and very reductionist
0:18:26 > 0:18:31and, you know, he wanted somebody who saw things as they were.
0:18:39 > 0:18:44Jane finally arrived at what was then Gombe Stream Nature Reserve
0:18:44 > 0:18:46on 14th July, 1960.
0:18:47 > 0:18:52When I arrived, I felt that at long last my childhood ambition
0:18:52 > 0:18:54was being realised.
0:18:54 > 0:18:57But when I looked at the wild and rugged mountains
0:18:57 > 0:18:58where the chimpanzees lived,
0:18:58 > 0:19:01I knew that my task was not going to be easy.
0:19:04 > 0:19:08My mother was with me those first four months
0:19:08 > 0:19:12because I wasn't allowed to be on my own by the British authorities
0:19:12 > 0:19:14and she volunteered to come.
0:19:14 > 0:19:17Louis Leakey was very anxious that it was somebody
0:19:17 > 0:19:21who wouldn't be competitive, but who would be totally supportive.
0:19:21 > 0:19:24He felt that that was a prerequisite for whoever came
0:19:24 > 0:19:27and, of course, she more than filled the bill.
0:19:27 > 0:19:33And the person who helped me lived right here in Mwamgongo.
0:19:33 > 0:19:35HE TRANSLATES
0:19:40 > 0:19:44And that was Jumanne Kikwale's father, Rashidi.
0:19:46 > 0:19:51Jumanne was seven years old when I came to Gombe.
0:19:51 > 0:19:54I first met Jane in 1960.
0:19:54 > 0:20:01At the time, I was seven years old and I was living with my father,
0:20:01 > 0:20:07so they arrived and we pull out the boat and we greeted them and we
0:20:07 > 0:20:13helped them carrying their goods to where they are going to stay.
0:20:16 > 0:20:20Jane's mother, to make a good relationship with the people,
0:20:20 > 0:20:24she set up a small clinic to help them.
0:20:26 > 0:20:33I was helping her, giving people medicine.
0:20:33 > 0:20:35Mum set up this little clinic.
0:20:35 > 0:20:37She made some amazing cures,
0:20:37 > 0:20:42she cured tropical ulcers, became known as a white witch doctor.
0:20:44 > 0:20:46So she established this great relationship
0:20:46 > 0:20:48with all the local people
0:20:48 > 0:20:54and that was an enormous help to me and the students who came after me.
0:21:01 > 0:21:03When I first got to Gombe,
0:21:03 > 0:21:07my concern was that the chimpanzees are very conservative,
0:21:07 > 0:21:11they've never seen a white ape before and they just ran away.
0:21:11 > 0:21:15So my concern was, there I was in my beautiful forest world,
0:21:15 > 0:21:18that I dreamed of as a child,
0:21:18 > 0:21:22and yet, I knew that if I didn't make some kind of breakthrough,
0:21:22 > 0:21:24we only had money for six months,
0:21:24 > 0:21:27and not only would it be the end of the study,
0:21:27 > 0:21:31but I would have let Louis Leakey down, you know, my mentor.
0:21:33 > 0:21:37Wild chimpanzees were still an unknown entity in 1960.
0:21:37 > 0:21:41Earlier research projects by male academics
0:21:41 > 0:21:44had produced little useful information.
0:21:44 > 0:21:48There were a couple of Americans who had studied wild apes,
0:21:48 > 0:21:53and Adrian Kortland, who preceded Jane in the study of chimps
0:21:53 > 0:21:56by about two or three months,
0:21:56 > 0:21:59spent the equivalent of about eight weeks, total,
0:21:59 > 0:22:01watching chimps from inside blinds
0:22:01 > 0:22:05because he felt they were too dangerous to show himself to.
0:22:07 > 0:22:10But Jane did something very different,
0:22:10 > 0:22:13she studied them always showing herself, not trying to hide,
0:22:13 > 0:22:17but instead, trying to overcome their fear by gradually getting closer
0:22:17 > 0:22:22and also trying to look as boring as possible when she watched them.
0:22:25 > 0:22:31Now, the really shocking thing was that here was this young girl
0:22:31 > 0:22:35going to Africa in a pair of shorts and a shirt,
0:22:35 > 0:22:37wandering around in full view of the chimpanzees
0:22:37 > 0:22:42and actually making contact with them and becoming friendly with them.
0:22:42 > 0:22:46Nobody had ever done this before, this was unique.
0:22:46 > 0:22:48Absolutely extraordinary because chimpanzees can tear you,
0:22:48 > 0:22:50literally tear you, limb from limb.
0:22:54 > 0:22:57Chimpanzees, amongst the general public, have a reputation
0:22:57 > 0:23:00of being charming and funny and so on,
0:23:00 > 0:23:03but that's because you nearly always, in zoos,
0:23:03 > 0:23:05saw young chimpanzees, baby chimpanzees.
0:23:05 > 0:23:08But anybody who's seen chimpanzees in the wild
0:23:08 > 0:23:11know that when they grow up, and particularly the males,
0:23:11 > 0:23:16they are very, very strong animals and can often be very aggressive.
0:23:21 > 0:23:25It let Jane do something that nobody else had done
0:23:25 > 0:23:28and that was to make really detailed,
0:23:28 > 0:23:30close studies of chimpanzees in the wild.
0:23:32 > 0:23:35It was at this time that I began to recognise a number
0:23:35 > 0:23:37of different individuals.
0:23:37 > 0:23:40As soon as I was sure of knowing a chimpanzee,
0:23:40 > 0:23:43if I saw it again, I named it.
0:23:43 > 0:23:47Some scientists feel that animals should be labelled by numbers,
0:23:47 > 0:23:49that to name them is anthropomorphic,
0:23:49 > 0:23:53but I've always been interested in the differences between individuals
0:23:53 > 0:23:57and a name is not only more individual than a number,
0:23:57 > 0:24:00but also far easier to remember.
0:24:00 > 0:24:03It was her favourite, David Greybeard,
0:24:03 > 0:24:06who would lead Goodall to the discoveries
0:24:06 > 0:24:07which would change science.
0:24:09 > 0:24:14I saw this dark shape hunched over a termite mound.
0:24:14 > 0:24:18I could see the hand reach out and pick a piece of grass.
0:24:18 > 0:24:23He was making arm movements as though he's sliding it across
0:24:23 > 0:24:26the ground or something like that, and obviously eating.
0:24:26 > 0:24:31But that was all I saw and then when he left, I saw it was David,
0:24:31 > 0:24:35I saw this white beard, and I went up to the heap
0:24:35 > 0:24:37and there were the pieces of grass lying there,
0:24:37 > 0:24:39termites moving about the surface.
0:24:39 > 0:24:42So I picked up one of these abandoned tools and pushed it
0:24:42 > 0:24:47into the mound and the termites bit on and it was pretty obvious.
0:24:51 > 0:24:54And at that time we were defined as man the toolmaker
0:24:54 > 0:24:58and it was supposed to make us more different than anything else
0:24:58 > 0:25:01from the rest of the animal kingdom.
0:25:03 > 0:25:06People were saying, you know, man the toolmaker,
0:25:06 > 0:25:09that was the de facto definition of humans,
0:25:09 > 0:25:12we're these animals who make tools,
0:25:12 > 0:25:16and then we discovered another set of animals who make tools,
0:25:16 > 0:25:21in fact, there are lots of animals that make and use tools,
0:25:21 > 0:25:23so now it's not unusual,
0:25:23 > 0:25:28but it was an amazing discovery and it really did launch her career.
0:25:31 > 0:25:36I sent Louis Leakey a telegram and he sent his famous reply,
0:25:36 > 0:25:38"Now we have to redefine man,
0:25:38 > 0:25:41"redefine tool or accept chimpanzees as humans."
0:25:43 > 0:25:47But what is so remarkable about Jane Goodall's first six months in Gombe
0:25:47 > 0:25:51was that she made not just one ground-breaking discovery but two.
0:25:51 > 0:25:54She also demolished the belief of the time
0:25:54 > 0:25:56that chimps were peaceful herbivores.
0:26:00 > 0:26:04I was sitting on the peak, as I did for hours every day.
0:26:04 > 0:26:08I looked across, and a chimpanzee climbed up a tree
0:26:08 > 0:26:10with something in his mouth.
0:26:10 > 0:26:13It looked as though he was licking this pink thing,
0:26:13 > 0:26:15and my binoculars just weren't powerful enough,
0:26:15 > 0:26:16I really couldn't see,
0:26:16 > 0:26:21but there were a couple of bush pigs down below,
0:26:21 > 0:26:23and when the juvenile would climb down,
0:26:23 > 0:26:27one of the pigs would charge the child,
0:26:27 > 0:26:30and I put two and two together and thought,
0:26:30 > 0:26:32"Well, this must be a little pig."
0:26:32 > 0:26:36So I wasn't positive, that first time.
0:26:37 > 0:26:42I think the next thing I saw was a chimpanzee hunting a red colobus.
0:26:47 > 0:26:49There were two colobus,
0:26:49 > 0:26:54one of whom was a female with a baby up a tree, emerging from the canopy,
0:26:54 > 0:26:59and there were three or four adults and an adolescent.
0:27:00 > 0:27:03The adolescent was creeping up the trunk
0:27:03 > 0:27:06towards these two adult monkeys,
0:27:06 > 0:27:11and the other adult chimps were sitting around.
0:27:11 > 0:27:14Clearly, they were stationing themselves
0:27:14 > 0:27:18so wherever those monkeys jumped, there would be a chimp to intercept.
0:27:29 > 0:27:35But, in fact, the adolescent grabbed the infant from the mother
0:27:35 > 0:27:39and raced down the tree, and I could see them eating it.
0:27:46 > 0:27:52Fascinated. Because, after all, Louis sent me there,
0:27:52 > 0:27:55because he believed that we might learn something
0:27:55 > 0:28:00about how our earliest ancestors might have behaved and, of course,
0:28:00 > 0:28:03we all know that they were hunters and there were chimpanzees -
0:28:03 > 0:28:06thought to be vegetarians - actually hunting,
0:28:06 > 0:28:10so they were hunting and they were using and making tools.
0:28:10 > 0:28:14That was exactly perfect for Louis Leakey's ideas.
0:28:19 > 0:28:22These discoveries won her the extra funding
0:28:22 > 0:28:25she needed to continue researching at Gombe.
0:28:25 > 0:28:28Louis Leakey had enticed the National Geographic Society
0:28:28 > 0:28:30to come up with a grant.
0:28:30 > 0:28:37The National Geographic saw, early on, that this...English...girl,
0:28:37 > 0:28:39beautiful girl,
0:28:39 > 0:28:43wandering about Africa, was extremely newsworthy
0:28:43 > 0:28:44and was very exciting,
0:28:44 > 0:28:50and so they not only had...
0:28:50 > 0:28:53articles about her, photographs of her,
0:28:53 > 0:28:56but they commissioned a film.
0:28:56 > 0:29:03The cameraman they sent was a young Dutchman, Baron Hugo Van Lawick.
0:29:03 > 0:29:06The National Geographic wanted a lecture film,
0:29:06 > 0:29:09which would be used by Jane,
0:29:09 > 0:29:10and they warned me
0:29:10 > 0:29:12that I probably wouldn't get any material on chimps,
0:29:12 > 0:29:13cos they were very shy.
0:29:13 > 0:29:15But that didn't matter,
0:29:15 > 0:29:19as long as I got material on her and how she lived there and so on.
0:29:19 > 0:29:23Of course, personally, I wanted to get the material on chimps.
0:29:23 > 0:29:28Now, they sent me there for six weeks, that was the brief,
0:29:28 > 0:29:31but I actually stayed for three months.
0:29:33 > 0:29:37I very well remember the day Hugo arrived. I'd never met him
0:29:37 > 0:29:42and I came down from the hills, and there had been a fire,
0:29:42 > 0:29:45and I was all black, and Hugo told me afterwards
0:29:45 > 0:29:47he thought that I'd done it for show,
0:29:47 > 0:29:49that I'd sort of made myself all black,
0:29:49 > 0:29:52until he climbed up and found out that that wasn't true.
0:29:52 > 0:29:55Anyway, there was this young, extremely handsome,
0:29:55 > 0:29:58Dutch nobleman, and I thought, "Well, this is going to be OK."
0:30:01 > 0:30:05Their shared interest in wildlife blossomed into love
0:30:05 > 0:30:06and subsequently marriage.
0:30:08 > 0:30:12And I remember getting a telegram saying, "Do you like emeralds?"
0:30:12 > 0:30:17And I sent a telegram back saying, "Love emeralds, love you."
0:30:23 > 0:30:27Meanwhile, Goodall's discoveries were stirring up interest
0:30:27 > 0:30:31among the great and good of the British zoological establishment
0:30:31 > 0:30:33and ruffling some feathers.
0:30:33 > 0:30:37Early in 1962, there was a conference at the London Zoo
0:30:37 > 0:30:41on the behaviour of primates, and Jane was present.
0:30:41 > 0:30:44Her first results were in and they were very exciting.
0:30:44 > 0:30:49In one particular respect, she had given us some new ideas
0:30:49 > 0:30:52about the sexual behaviour of chimpanzees.
0:30:52 > 0:30:56Chimps are very promiscuous. What she first observed
0:30:56 > 0:31:00was that there were many females and many males,
0:31:00 > 0:31:01and the females mated with all the males,
0:31:01 > 0:31:04and the males mated with all the females.
0:31:04 > 0:31:07But it's different from gorillas, for example,
0:31:07 > 0:31:09where, in general, you have several females
0:31:09 > 0:31:11and just one silver-backed male,
0:31:11 > 0:31:14and he is the one who mates with the females.
0:31:14 > 0:31:16But in groups like baboons,
0:31:16 > 0:31:19where there are many males and many females,
0:31:19 > 0:31:23it not just the alpha male fathering the infants,
0:31:23 > 0:31:26although he has the advantage, as they do in chimps.
0:31:26 > 0:31:28Goodall's observations contradicted
0:31:28 > 0:31:31another accepted belief about primates -
0:31:31 > 0:31:35that the dominant male in a group had exclusive access to the females.
0:31:38 > 0:31:42The main proponent of the idea that alpha males had harems
0:31:42 > 0:31:47was the kingpin of British science, Sir Solly Zuckerman.
0:31:47 > 0:31:49'He's called the Chief Scientific Adviser,
0:31:49 > 0:31:51'but he's really much more than that.
0:31:51 > 0:31:54'He's the main ambassador of scientists to the Government,
0:31:54 > 0:31:58'and all through Whitehall, you'll hear people saying,
0:31:58 > 0:31:59' "Sir Solly says..." '
0:31:59 > 0:32:02Solly Zuckerman was Louis Leakey's bete noire, for one.
0:32:02 > 0:32:07He studied hamadryas baboons in the zoo. Therefore, they had...
0:32:07 > 0:32:11all monkeys, and the chimpanzees as well, had a harem system,
0:32:11 > 0:32:12he was convinced.
0:32:12 > 0:32:18And when I was giving my first paper, he was chairman.
0:32:20 > 0:32:24We were outraged when one of the elderly primatologists present
0:32:24 > 0:32:27suggested that this somehow reflected Jane's sexual behaviour,
0:32:27 > 0:32:31that she was simply seeing the chimpanzee as a reflection
0:32:31 > 0:32:33of her own sexual behaviour,
0:32:33 > 0:32:35which we thought was absolutely outrageous,
0:32:35 > 0:32:39and I remember getting up and asking a question and trying
0:32:39 > 0:32:44to get Jane to defend herself against these...scurrilous remarks.
0:32:44 > 0:32:49Desmond Morris, who believed that chimpanzees didn't have harems
0:32:49 > 0:32:52and now had me to prove it, asked me this question,
0:32:52 > 0:32:55and Solly turned and asked somebody else for a question.
0:32:55 > 0:32:59This happened three times, and the third time, Desmond turned
0:32:59 > 0:33:02and asked me directly, which was against all protocol.
0:33:02 > 0:33:05So I didn't quite know what to do, but I answered.
0:33:05 > 0:33:09I remember coming out of that conference seething with anger
0:33:09 > 0:33:12and afterwards, I got a letter
0:33:12 > 0:33:17from Solly Zuckerman, and it ends with this sentence.
0:33:17 > 0:33:18He said,
0:33:18 > 0:33:23"I want you to know about my anxiety, lest a subject which has been usually
0:33:23 > 0:33:25"marked by unscientific treatment
0:33:25 > 0:33:31"should continue in the unscientific shadows because of glamour."
0:33:31 > 0:33:33He was telling me that I was being led astray by glamour -
0:33:33 > 0:33:37this beautiful young blonde - who was out there with, you know, sort of...
0:33:37 > 0:33:42Beauty and the Beast, Tarzan and the Apes and so on,
0:33:42 > 0:33:47and was accusing me of being led astray by Jane's glamorous appearance
0:33:47 > 0:33:48and was accusing her
0:33:48 > 0:33:52of misinterpreting the chimpanzees' behaviour.
0:33:55 > 0:33:59Which, you know, I think's very funny.
0:33:59 > 0:34:01Today it's considered... I mean, oh, it's awful
0:34:01 > 0:34:06and it's cos Jane's a girl and it's got all these twists to it,
0:34:06 > 0:34:07but I just found it funny.
0:34:10 > 0:34:17In 1965, National Geographic launched its new star on television.
0:34:17 > 0:34:2020 million homes tuned in to the first showing
0:34:20 > 0:34:23of Miss Goodall And The Wild Chimpanzees.
0:34:23 > 0:34:25It was to be the first of many documentaries.
0:34:27 > 0:34:31One of the reasons that people did romanticise Jane and her work
0:34:31 > 0:34:33is because of those early National Geographic films
0:34:33 > 0:34:38that just show her kind of wandering through forested glades
0:34:38 > 0:34:41with kind of beams of sunlight kind of shining
0:34:41 > 0:34:43on her beautiful blonde hair.
0:34:43 > 0:34:49It was all kind of rather Timotei shampoo advertisement,
0:34:49 > 0:34:53in some ways, whereas it's not quite the reality of it!
0:34:55 > 0:34:59I've often thought that it was just one of the other gifts
0:34:59 > 0:35:01my parents - combined, I suppose - gave me...
0:35:01 > 0:35:05a certain attractive appearance, which served
0:35:05 > 0:35:08the Geographic very well, served Louis Leakey very well
0:35:08 > 0:35:11and probably helped to spread the message.
0:35:11 > 0:35:13So if you get a gift, use it.
0:35:13 > 0:35:18While National Geographic helped to provide the fame and glamour,
0:35:18 > 0:35:21Jane Goodall also received the academic recognition
0:35:21 > 0:35:23that had been denied her a few years earlier.
0:35:26 > 0:35:30In 1966, Cambridge University awarded her
0:35:30 > 0:35:34a doctorate for the contribution to the science of chimpanzee behaviour.
0:35:34 > 0:35:38Her studies had been made a great deal easier
0:35:38 > 0:35:44when the chimps began to visit her camp in search of bananas.
0:35:46 > 0:35:47Provisioning wild chimps
0:35:47 > 0:35:51with bananas would later prove to be a controversial decision.
0:35:51 > 0:35:54It was accepted practice at the time
0:35:54 > 0:35:57and greatly enhanced the study of chimp behaviour.
0:35:57 > 0:36:04It is the easiest way to communicate with an animal to offer it food.
0:36:04 > 0:36:06One is you drawing it in,
0:36:06 > 0:36:10but you also saying, "I don't want to hurt you."
0:36:10 > 0:36:14So it's a kind of universal language amongst all animals, isn't it?
0:36:14 > 0:36:19To be honest, it would take decades
0:36:19 > 0:36:22to get that kind of proximity
0:36:22 > 0:36:27to chimps without using bananas to speed up the process.
0:36:36 > 0:36:40Jane and Hugo's son was born in 1967.
0:36:40 > 0:36:44Christened Hugo, it wasn't long before they renamed him Grub.
0:36:44 > 0:36:50When Grub was very little, he didn't want to eat solid foods.
0:36:50 > 0:36:54At the time, the chimp Goblin was about the same age
0:36:54 > 0:36:58and Goblin always was covered with straw and earth
0:36:58 > 0:37:02and banana all over himself, so he became known as Goblin Grub
0:37:02 > 0:37:05and so Grub became known as Grublin Gob.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07That was his original name.
0:37:08 > 0:37:10'When I was very young,'
0:37:10 > 0:37:12up to the age of four,
0:37:12 > 0:37:17I spent most of my time up at chimp camp in...
0:37:17 > 0:37:20in a cage, basically.
0:37:22 > 0:37:25We, unfortunately, know that chimpanzees
0:37:25 > 0:37:27occasionally eat human babies.
0:37:27 > 0:37:32Their favourite prey, at least in our area, is other primates
0:37:32 > 0:37:35and so we built a cage,
0:37:35 > 0:37:40it was a very safe, strong cage, and that was
0:37:40 > 0:37:42inside the room up at the chimp camp
0:37:42 > 0:37:47and that's where Grub was before he could walk and then we had
0:37:47 > 0:37:49a caged-in veranda down on the beach
0:37:49 > 0:37:52where the chimps don't go very often for when he was older.
0:37:52 > 0:37:58But he never could be outside that cage without responsible adults.
0:37:58 > 0:38:01And I remember the feeding time for the chimps,
0:38:01 > 0:38:04when the bananas were being fed to the chimps
0:38:04 > 0:38:06because they always became very excited at that point
0:38:06 > 0:38:08and that was always
0:38:08 > 0:38:10when I became fearful because they'd make a lot of noise.
0:38:10 > 0:38:13CHIMPS SCREAM
0:38:13 > 0:38:15And display outside the window
0:38:15 > 0:38:18and jump up on the bars
0:38:18 > 0:38:22and to me, it was like they were trying to get in to attack me,
0:38:22 > 0:38:27so for me it was quite scary at the time.
0:38:27 > 0:38:30CHIMPS SCREAM
0:38:30 > 0:38:37The sound is really very terrifying when the chimps become excited and,
0:38:37 > 0:38:41you know, at Gombe, with the hills around, the sounds echo.
0:38:41 > 0:38:43SCREAMS ECHO
0:38:43 > 0:38:46You know, the sounds are coming
0:38:46 > 0:38:49from everywhere and it's very, very frightening.
0:38:51 > 0:38:55Grub's experiences at chimp-feeding time lead to a strong preference
0:38:55 > 0:38:57for the house beside the lake.
0:38:57 > 0:38:59After that time, of course, I'd see the chimps
0:38:59 > 0:39:05from time to time down on the beach, but I would never go back up
0:39:05 > 0:39:07to chimp camp up in the forest
0:39:07 > 0:39:10and basically, once I could put my foot down and say no,
0:39:10 > 0:39:14that's what I said was no and "I'll stay down on the beach
0:39:14 > 0:39:16"and keep away from them, basically".
0:39:18 > 0:39:22I always had this fear of chimps until, I mean, even now,
0:39:22 > 0:39:23I don't feel comfortable
0:39:23 > 0:39:27going up into the forest with the chimps.
0:39:27 > 0:39:29It's not exactly a phobia,
0:39:29 > 0:39:33but I definitely don't feel comfortable around the chimps.
0:39:34 > 0:39:38Apart from raising a child, and running an expanding team
0:39:38 > 0:39:42of young researchers, Goodall wrote In The Shadow of Man,
0:39:42 > 0:39:44an immediate bestseller.
0:39:46 > 0:39:49She's a natural storyteller. She manages to
0:39:49 > 0:39:55assemble a very diverse set of confusing information
0:39:55 > 0:40:03into elegantly-described accounts that fit stories.
0:40:04 > 0:40:07"Old Flo lay on her back in the early morning sunshine,
0:40:07 > 0:40:10"her belly full of palm nuts
0:40:10 > 0:40:12"and suspended Flint above her,
0:40:12 > 0:40:14"grasping one of his minute wrists
0:40:14 > 0:40:16"with her large horny foot."
0:40:16 > 0:40:21"As he dangled, gently waving his free arm and kicking with his legs,
0:40:21 > 0:40:23"she reached up and tickled him
0:40:23 > 0:40:25"in his groin and his neck
0:40:25 > 0:40:29"until he opened his mouth in the play face or chimpanzee smile."
0:40:31 > 0:40:34After In The Shadow Of Man came out,
0:40:34 > 0:40:37I think it made her so famous she was
0:40:37 > 0:40:41getting stacks of fan mail every time the mail boat came.
0:40:42 > 0:40:44And I remember seeing this one particular picture in it,
0:40:44 > 0:40:47which I still have quite vividly in my mind,
0:40:47 > 0:40:50of her camp that she set up with her mother Vanne
0:40:50 > 0:40:51when she first arrived
0:40:51 > 0:40:57and I remember just thinking, now, that's where I want to live.
0:40:57 > 0:40:59That's my ideal home,
0:40:59 > 0:41:03bit of washing and a cooking pot outside
0:41:03 > 0:41:05and I thought that was just fantastic.
0:41:07 > 0:41:09It was not long after publication
0:41:09 > 0:41:12that one of the book principal characters died.
0:41:18 > 0:41:22"Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed,
0:41:22 > 0:41:27"it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream.
0:41:27 > 0:41:31"For me, it was like losing an old friend."
0:41:31 > 0:41:33Jane was certainly very upset
0:41:33 > 0:41:35because she had known Flo for so long
0:41:35 > 0:41:38and more than that, Flo had meant so much
0:41:38 > 0:41:40because it was the introduction
0:41:40 > 0:41:43to the Flo family that had really been the breakthrough
0:41:43 > 0:41:47in terms of getting to know individual differences so very well.
0:41:49 > 0:41:53Flo had an obituary in the Sunday Times, which I wrote.
0:41:53 > 0:41:56I think it was one of the very, very few obituaries
0:41:56 > 0:41:59to a non-human or other than human animal.
0:42:00 > 0:42:06I just wrote that, that there was this wild chimpanzee that
0:42:06 > 0:42:10I'd learned so much about and spent so many wonderful hours with
0:42:10 > 0:42:13and she taught me such a lot
0:42:13 > 0:42:17and it was sad from the point of view of what we were learning,
0:42:17 > 0:42:21but also, you know, she had her own wild individuality
0:42:21 > 0:42:25and person and that I would mourn that.
0:42:26 > 0:42:32But the sense of loss was felt most by Flo's son, Flint.
0:42:32 > 0:42:36For Flint, of course, even though he'd been, you know, mean to her,
0:42:36 > 0:42:40was desperately psychologically attached to her
0:42:40 > 0:42:43and then there was the extraordinary three weeks
0:42:43 > 0:42:46when Flint barely moved more than
0:42:46 > 0:42:5115 yards away from where her body had collapsed on the edge of the stream.
0:42:53 > 0:42:57Astonishingly, he just grew weaker and weaker and died.
0:42:59 > 0:43:03When the people doing the postmortem
0:43:03 > 0:43:06could find no particular problem with him,
0:43:06 > 0:43:09then the concept of him dying
0:43:09 > 0:43:12from a broken heart seemed really perfectly reasonable.
0:43:16 > 0:43:18Until now, Hugo's camerawork
0:43:18 > 0:43:22had captured many of the key events at Gombe,
0:43:22 > 0:43:27but the pursuit of their separate career paths led to estrangement
0:43:27 > 0:43:30and eventually divorce in 1974.
0:43:32 > 0:43:35The remote forest that Goodall once explored alone
0:43:35 > 0:43:37was now filled with young
0:43:37 > 0:43:41researchers from the universities of the United States and Europe.
0:43:41 > 0:43:45Gombe had also been made a National Park
0:43:45 > 0:43:50with the help of the man who became her second husband, Derek Bryceson.
0:43:50 > 0:43:54She was to nurse him through a long period of cancer
0:43:54 > 0:43:56before he died in 1980.
0:43:57 > 0:44:01In her absence, researchers continued to record
0:44:01 > 0:44:03the succeeding generations of Gombe chimps.
0:44:03 > 0:44:04Flo's daughter Fifi
0:44:04 > 0:44:10was to be the mother of yet more charismatic members of the F family.
0:44:12 > 0:44:15The family line is very, very plentiful.
0:44:15 > 0:44:19Fifi had nine infants.
0:44:19 > 0:44:21Only two of those died,
0:44:21 > 0:44:27so she's now got five or six completely adult offspring,
0:44:27 > 0:44:32children, grandchildren and even a couple of great-grandchildren.
0:44:35 > 0:44:38But now this community of world famous chimps
0:44:38 > 0:44:41began to reveal a more sinister side.
0:44:44 > 0:44:49Having shown themselves to be voracious hunters of other primates,
0:44:49 > 0:44:52they now began to slaughter their own kind.
0:44:55 > 0:45:00The main study community, the Kasekela community, got rather
0:45:00 > 0:45:05a lot of males, there were like 17 and normally, you know, 10 was big.
0:45:07 > 0:45:09So the community began to divide
0:45:09 > 0:45:14for whatever reason and a smaller part of it was seven males
0:45:14 > 0:45:17and four adult females moved off to the south
0:45:17 > 0:45:21and gradually kind of took over part of the range
0:45:21 > 0:45:23they all had once shared.
0:45:23 > 0:45:29And then the males of the larger Kasekela community
0:45:29 > 0:45:32began systematically invading the heart of this territory
0:45:32 > 0:45:35the southerners had carved out for themselves
0:45:35 > 0:45:38and if they found an individual, attacking
0:45:38 > 0:45:41and attacking brutally and leaving them to die of their wounds.
0:45:41 > 0:45:45They annihilated an entire community that way.
0:45:51 > 0:45:55What was fascinating about it is that they clearly show
0:45:55 > 0:45:59a differentiation between my group and the other group
0:45:59 > 0:46:03and so the split off individuals, who they knew,
0:46:03 > 0:46:07it was like a civil war, really.
0:46:07 > 0:46:12They treated them in ways that we'd never seen them treat an individual
0:46:12 > 0:46:16of their own community, ways which you see when they're hunting
0:46:16 > 0:46:19and trying to kill an adult prey animal.
0:46:22 > 0:46:25It was horrible, I mean, cupping the victim's head as he lay bleeding
0:46:25 > 0:46:28with blood pouring from his nose and drinking the blood.
0:46:28 > 0:46:31Twisting a limb to try and twist it off,
0:46:31 > 0:46:34tearing pieces of skin with their teeth.
0:46:34 > 0:46:37Never see that in a fight within a community
0:46:37 > 0:46:41and yet these were individuals they travelled with,
0:46:41 > 0:46:43fed with, played with, grown up with.
0:46:47 > 0:46:52The chimp-on-chimp violence in Gombe was a sensation.
0:46:52 > 0:46:54Some academics wanted to cover it up.
0:46:54 > 0:46:58Others said it was something peculiar to Gombe.
0:46:58 > 0:47:00They suggested that it arose from
0:47:00 > 0:47:03the artificial conditions that came with the provisioning of bananas.
0:47:03 > 0:47:09It was not a good idea to feed bananas to chimpanzees because it
0:47:09 > 0:47:12distorts things from a situation, a context,
0:47:12 > 0:47:17that you don't really have a good feeling for in the first place.
0:47:17 > 0:47:22But how, my goodness, you know, here we have for the first time,
0:47:22 > 0:47:27the opportunity for somebody to spend close time with a species
0:47:27 > 0:47:31that she and no-one else in the world is recognising
0:47:31 > 0:47:34to be astonishingly similar to humans.
0:47:36 > 0:47:39We don't know if the banana-provisioning system
0:47:39 > 0:47:43or some other feature of what Jane did in Gombe
0:47:43 > 0:47:48could have affected the pattern of the killing,
0:47:48 > 0:47:52but it is clear that it did not CREATE it.
0:47:52 > 0:47:56Chimpanzees have a propensity to kill their neighbours.
0:47:57 > 0:48:01Brutal forms of inter-communal violence have been observed among
0:48:01 > 0:48:04communities that have never been provisioned with food.
0:48:04 > 0:48:10The notion of chimpanzees being interested in the possibility
0:48:10 > 0:48:14of being able to launch brutal attacks on a neighbouring male
0:48:14 > 0:48:17is quite clearly supported by what we see in
0:48:17 > 0:48:20the community that I and my group study
0:48:20 > 0:48:27and also by the studies in a nearby community in Kibale at Ngogo.
0:48:27 > 0:48:30They've seen many brutal and killing attacks.
0:48:34 > 0:48:37At first, I didn't want to believe it.
0:48:37 > 0:48:39It went against all that I'd always thought,
0:48:39 > 0:48:42that they were like us, but nicer than us.
0:48:44 > 0:48:48But at the same time, once I accepted it,
0:48:48 > 0:48:54because of what was happening, it made them even more fascinating.
0:48:54 > 0:48:57It helped us, I think, understand ourselves a bit better,
0:48:57 > 0:49:00our evolutionary history.
0:49:04 > 0:49:06At Gombe, ferocious attacks
0:49:06 > 0:49:11on outsiders have continued spasmodically over the years.
0:49:11 > 0:49:15And recently, the most notoriously brutal, even sadistic,
0:49:15 > 0:49:18male has been Frodo, Fifi's second son.
0:49:18 > 0:49:23Here seen mortally wounding a young adolescent.
0:49:23 > 0:49:27In 2002, he brought Gombe back
0:49:27 > 0:49:30into the international spotlight by killing
0:49:30 > 0:49:33a human child.
0:49:36 > 0:49:38TRANSLATION: I was overwhelmed by the sudden attack.
0:49:38 > 0:49:40The chimpanzee started unwrapping the cloth
0:49:40 > 0:49:43I'd tied my baby to my back with
0:49:43 > 0:49:45and then ran off with my child.
0:49:48 > 0:49:50Well, I was pretty horrified,
0:49:50 > 0:49:55but it was something which we had predicted might happen.
0:49:55 > 0:49:56Frodo was a great hunter.
0:49:56 > 0:49:59Chimpanzees are known to hunt small human children,
0:49:59 > 0:50:05just as they hunt small monkeys, and it was a shock, but, as I say,
0:50:05 > 0:50:07we had actually thought it might happen and that's why
0:50:07 > 0:50:09it was so unfortunate
0:50:09 > 0:50:12that this woman felt she had to go through the park with her child,
0:50:12 > 0:50:14which she wasn't allowed to do.
0:50:17 > 0:50:23I was not particularly surprised because outside Kibale, in my own
0:50:23 > 0:50:28area, we had had a male who had killed several babies
0:50:28 > 0:50:31in the villages to eat them.
0:50:33 > 0:50:36Although Frodo's killing of a human baby stirred
0:50:36 > 0:50:39some interest in the British press,
0:50:39 > 0:50:42neither Jane Goodall nor the Tanzanian authorities
0:50:42 > 0:50:46saw any need to take any form of retribution on the chimpanzee.
0:50:46 > 0:50:50Nobody ever suggested killing Frodo, not the national parks,
0:50:50 > 0:50:54not anybody and I think even the family realised
0:50:54 > 0:50:58that although it was a tragedy, it wasn't really Frodo's fault.
0:51:00 > 0:51:05Frodo, a chimp capable of such bestial behaviour, is known
0:51:05 > 0:51:08to be gentle and playful with the young chimps in his own community.
0:51:10 > 0:51:12It seems that, as with humans,
0:51:12 > 0:51:17an individual chimpanzee can be capable of terrible savagery
0:51:17 > 0:51:19and yet, show apparent tenderness.
0:51:21 > 0:51:25What we're learning from chimpanzees is what we see in humans
0:51:25 > 0:51:28is very likely part of our biology.
0:51:28 > 0:51:33When Dostoevsky says, "In every man a demon lies hidden",
0:51:33 > 0:51:37that's what I feel about chimpanzees and the fact
0:51:37 > 0:51:39that it's our closest relative
0:51:39 > 0:51:43that is able to, on the one hand,
0:51:43 > 0:51:45have extremely well-organised, courteous,
0:51:45 > 0:51:50sensible relationships within groups and yet, at the same time is tempted,
0:51:50 > 0:51:53as it were, to impose appalling
0:51:53 > 0:51:54punishment on enemies,
0:51:54 > 0:51:58the fact that you have this amazing combination
0:51:58 > 0:52:01in our closest living relative,
0:52:01 > 0:52:04and that it appears so vividly in ourselves,
0:52:04 > 0:52:08clearly suggests that there is an underlying biology which is the same.
0:52:13 > 0:52:17Across Lake Tanganyika, in the Congo, the darker side
0:52:17 > 0:52:21of our own human nature has led to social upheaval
0:52:21 > 0:52:24and atrocities on a vast scale.
0:52:24 > 0:52:26GUNFIRE
0:52:26 > 0:52:28Protracted civil war in the Congo
0:52:28 > 0:52:30and ethnic conflict in neighbouring Burundi
0:52:30 > 0:52:34caused thousands of refugees to settle around Gombe.
0:52:34 > 0:52:39Their desperate search for food and timber, accelerated a process
0:52:39 > 0:52:40of environmental destruction
0:52:40 > 0:52:45that was already underway around the borders of the park.
0:52:45 > 0:52:49When I looked down from the plane and flew over Gombe and
0:52:49 > 0:52:53the surrounding area, I was totally horrified by the devastation.
0:52:53 > 0:52:56It seemed to me that all the trees
0:52:56 > 0:52:59had gone except those that had been planted for shade, introduced trees
0:52:59 > 0:53:03and those in the very, very steep ravines
0:53:03 > 0:53:06where even desperate farmers couldn't try to cultivate.
0:53:06 > 0:53:10The slopes in many cases were completely infertile
0:53:10 > 0:53:15and in some cases, because it was the dry season,
0:53:15 > 0:53:18it really looked as though we were flying over desert land.
0:53:22 > 0:53:26It was very clear that this was because there were more
0:53:26 > 0:53:29people living there than the land could support,
0:53:29 > 0:53:35swelled by refugees coming from Burundi and Congo
0:53:35 > 0:53:39and I realised that there was no way to save the precious chimpanzees
0:53:39 > 0:53:42while people were struggling to survive.
0:53:45 > 0:53:50It became clear that chimpanzee populations all over Africa were
0:53:50 > 0:53:54being threatened by destruction of their habitat
0:53:54 > 0:53:57as well as being hunted for their meat.
0:53:57 > 0:54:02Jane Goodall began to use her fame to campaign for conservation.
0:54:05 > 0:54:07It wasn't a question of asking myself, well, do I really
0:54:07 > 0:54:13want to give all this up and change, I just changed, just like that.
0:54:13 > 0:54:19Jane has spent the last 25 years on a non-stop global mission
0:54:19 > 0:54:22to promote conservation and animal rights.
0:54:22 > 0:54:25I've been on the road, I can't remember, forever.
0:54:25 > 0:54:28At the moment, she's travelling
0:54:28 > 0:54:32around, ooh, 275, 280 days a year,
0:54:32 > 0:54:34non-stop.
0:54:34 > 0:54:40Just in October this year, Lubbock, Los Angeles, Portland,
0:54:40 > 0:54:45Eugene, Spokane, Edmonton, Toronto, London, Kitchener, Hamilton.
0:54:45 > 0:54:47How are you?
0:54:47 > 0:54:49It's moving, it's lecturing, it's talking, but most days start
0:54:49 > 0:54:52around 6.30-7. they rarely finish before midnight or 1am.
0:54:52 > 0:54:56Oh, what a pleasure to meet you.
0:54:56 > 0:55:00I have been on the road approximately 300 days every year.
0:55:00 > 0:55:04The entire package of going into the forest, a sort of beauty
0:55:04 > 0:55:07and the beast kind of thing,
0:55:07 > 0:55:09saving up the money, being picked up by National Geographic
0:55:09 > 0:55:13and, yes, becoming a cover girl,
0:55:13 > 0:55:16that's all tied up in giving a certain mystique
0:55:16 > 0:55:20which is incredibly useful to open doors.
0:55:20 > 0:55:22And I would like to bring you
0:55:22 > 0:55:27the voice of these amazing beings with whom we share the planet
0:55:27 > 0:55:30and I would like to bring you the sound which,
0:55:30 > 0:55:35before too long, may not be heard any more in the forests of Africa,
0:55:35 > 0:55:39the sound made by contented chimpanzees
0:55:39 > 0:55:42when they've had a good day, their stomachs are full,
0:55:42 > 0:55:44they're getting ready to spend the night
0:55:44 > 0:55:50under the African stars or the moon, lying in their leafy tree top beds.
0:55:50 > 0:55:57Hoo-hooo-hooo-hooo!
0:55:57 > 0:56:01Haa!
0:56:01 > 0:56:06This sound has not been heard before in this room, I'm sure of that.
0:56:06 > 0:56:08LAUGHTER
0:56:12 > 0:56:15But it needed to be heard.
0:56:18 > 0:56:23It's a voice that is heard strongest around Gombe, the launch pad for her
0:56:23 > 0:56:25Roots & Shoots youth movement,
0:56:25 > 0:56:28promoting care for animals and the environment.
0:56:28 > 0:56:33It has spread to over 120 countries.
0:56:33 > 0:56:37The Jane Goodall Institute raises 15 million a year for Gombe,
0:56:37 > 0:56:40Tanzania and conservation in general
0:56:41 > 0:56:44and in 2002, the United Nation's Kofi Annan
0:56:44 > 0:56:48made her a UN messenger of peace.
0:56:48 > 0:56:53Yet above all, she still represents the chimpanzees.
0:56:53 > 0:56:59Chimpanzees show so many amazing commonalities with humans.
0:56:59 > 0:57:04The long-term friendly bonds between members of the family,
0:57:04 > 0:57:08the communication patterns that include kissing, embracing,
0:57:08 > 0:57:12holding hands, patting one another
0:57:12 > 0:57:17on the back, the fact that they can co-operate to solve a problem,
0:57:17 > 0:57:20they can use and even make tools.
0:57:20 > 0:57:22Of course,
0:57:22 > 0:57:25like us, they have a brutal side to their nature,
0:57:25 > 0:57:28they are capable of behaviour like a kind of primitive war,
0:57:28 > 0:57:31but they also show behaviour
0:57:31 > 0:57:37that is like our compassion and love and altruism.
0:57:42 > 0:57:45The unfolding drama of life among the chimps of Gombe
0:57:45 > 0:57:49is still the inspiration for new ground-breaking research
0:57:49 > 0:57:53and Dame Jane Goodall campaigning and fundraising
0:57:53 > 0:57:56has now begun to reverse the environmental devastation
0:57:56 > 0:57:58there and in other parts of Africa.
0:58:01 > 0:58:05It is this absolute determination to succeed against the odds
0:58:05 > 0:58:08which explains how half a century ago
0:58:08 > 0:58:11she entered a remote African forest
0:58:11 > 0:58:15and transformed our understanding of chimpanzees and ourselves.
0:58:22 > 0:58:25What do you do when you've had enough of an interview?
0:58:25 > 0:58:28Oh-ho!
0:58:28 > 0:58:30That do? Oh-oh!
0:58:30 > 0:58:32Oh-oh!
0:58:34 > 0:58:37- And that means?- Go away!
0:58:58 > 0:59:00Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd