0:00:02 > 0:00:06This programme contains some strong language and scenes which some viewers may find upsetting.
0:00:06 > 0:00:10Sport begins with fairness. Fairness.
0:00:10 > 0:00:15But most histories of the end of apartheid hardly refer to sport.
0:00:18 > 0:00:25White South Africa saw sport as its link to the civilised world.
0:00:27 > 0:00:33We understood as South Africans the significance of sport for white South Africa.
0:00:33 > 0:00:35It was like a religion.
0:00:35 > 0:00:39THEY SCREAM
0:00:44 > 0:00:48As opposition to apartheid spread around the globe,
0:00:48 > 0:00:51South Africa's presence at international sporting events
0:00:51 > 0:00:56would become a key battleground in the struggle against racism in sport.
0:00:57 > 0:00:59The opponents of South African knew
0:00:59 > 0:01:02that to have a successful sports boycott
0:01:02 > 0:01:09would almost be as painful and disastrous as a successful economic boycott.
0:01:11 > 0:01:14People kept saying, don't mix sports with politics.
0:01:14 > 0:01:17This is not normal politics.
0:01:17 > 0:01:20This is an issue of life and death for people.
0:01:40 > 0:01:43# Hey, say what's the word?
0:01:43 > 0:01:44# Tell me brother
0:01:44 > 0:01:48# Have you heard from Johannesburg?
0:01:50 > 0:01:54# Tell me what's the word now?
0:01:54 > 0:01:56# Oh sister woman have you heard
0:01:56 > 0:01:57# From Johannesburg? #
0:02:15 > 0:02:18During the days of apartheid,
0:02:18 > 0:02:23we had four distinct racial groups in South Africa.
0:02:25 > 0:02:28And whites enjoyed all the privileges,
0:02:29 > 0:02:33and coloureds had some privileges...
0:02:35 > 0:02:37..Indians a few...
0:02:39 > 0:02:41..Africans none.
0:02:54 > 0:02:57Whether you like it or not, whether the world likes it,
0:02:57 > 0:02:58makes no difference.
0:02:58 > 0:03:03Ever since sport was played, the whites have always played whites,
0:03:03 > 0:03:05the Indians have always played with Indians,
0:03:05 > 0:03:09the coloureds have always played with coloureds
0:03:09 > 0:03:11and the blacks have always played with blacks.
0:03:13 > 0:03:17That's how we develop. That's our way of life.
0:03:20 > 0:03:25But a growing anti-apartheid movement was fighting back.
0:03:32 > 0:03:34GUNSHOTS
0:03:38 > 0:03:45The regime responded with violence, intimidation and brutal crackdowns.
0:03:47 > 0:03:51By the 1960s, every major leader of the resistance
0:03:51 > 0:03:55was either in jail, banned or in exile.
0:04:03 > 0:04:07The campaign against apartheid found other avenues of resistance.
0:04:10 > 0:04:12To white South Africans,
0:04:12 > 0:04:17sport was a daily demonstration of their racial superiority.
0:04:18 > 0:04:23In 1959, a coloured teacher and social worker, Dennis Brutus,
0:04:23 > 0:04:26began to campaign against racism in sport.
0:04:26 > 0:04:32I went to sport with the sense of its fairness, you know, be fair,
0:04:32 > 0:04:36play the game, you know, don't be a cad.
0:04:36 > 0:04:38You have all those values,
0:04:38 > 0:04:42and then you put those values against the behaviour...
0:04:43 > 0:04:45..and see the contradiction.
0:04:48 > 0:04:52Of course, discrimination in sport is unfair.
0:04:53 > 0:04:58It's only later that I begin to see it as a political instrument as well.
0:05:01 > 0:05:03I discovered there were black athletes
0:05:03 > 0:05:06who were the best in the country
0:05:06 > 0:05:09who could not be on the South African Olympic team
0:05:09 > 0:05:14because the team could only have white athletes.
0:05:14 > 0:05:17Jake Tuli, still the undefeated champion.
0:05:17 > 0:05:20The Olympic Charter said that any country that was
0:05:20 > 0:05:25guilty of discrimination should be excluded from the Olympics.
0:05:28 > 0:05:33The secretary of the South African Olympic Committee was a man
0:05:33 > 0:05:36called Ira G Emery.
0:05:36 > 0:05:37I asked to meet him,
0:05:37 > 0:05:40and he says, "Come in, my boy, what do you want, my boy?
0:05:40 > 0:05:45"There are no black athletes!" And he said, "You're wasting your time,"
0:05:45 > 0:05:49and I said, "I'm glad I had the chance to talk to you, and I have to tell you
0:05:49 > 0:05:51"I'm going to get you expelled from the Olympics."
0:05:54 > 0:06:01And so began a 25-year long battle using sport as a weapon against apartheid.
0:06:01 > 0:06:05They say that sport is a danger to the society,
0:06:05 > 0:06:08it could undermine the security of the state
0:06:08 > 0:06:13if you did not have apartheid in every area of your life.
0:06:24 > 0:06:26So I became an organiser.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31We have this meeting, and as I was speaking,
0:06:31 > 0:06:36I get a tap on the shoulder, and it's a member of the secret police,
0:06:36 > 0:06:38and he says, "You're under arrest."
0:06:44 > 0:06:49At five o'clock in the afternoon, thousands on the streets,
0:06:49 > 0:06:52I had these two policemen with me in plain clothes,
0:06:52 > 0:06:56and they say to me, "We're not going to handcuff you
0:06:56 > 0:07:00"because we hope you'll try to escape, then we can kill you."
0:07:04 > 0:07:08I'm carrying my suitcase and pretending it's very heavy.
0:07:09 > 0:07:15It puts me in a position where I'm crouching like a sprinter,
0:07:15 > 0:07:21then I take off at such speed that it just leaves them taken aback.
0:07:21 > 0:07:26So I get away perhaps as much as four blocks.
0:07:28 > 0:07:32I run into one of them and he shoots me instantly.
0:07:37 > 0:07:42Ambulance arrived, and then the men got out with their stretcher,
0:07:42 > 0:07:47came over to me, took a look at me, got back into the ambulance,
0:07:47 > 0:07:50put away their stretcher and drove away.
0:07:54 > 0:07:59They said, Brutus, you understand - that's an ambulance for white people,
0:07:59 > 0:08:03they would lose their job if they took you in that ambulance.
0:08:11 > 0:08:14I was sentenced to 18 months in prison.
0:08:15 > 0:08:21I broke stones there with a hammer, together with Mandela and Sisulu.
0:08:28 > 0:08:33'It's Japan's turn to be the host nation at the Olympic Games next year,
0:08:33 > 0:08:35'and work is well advanced...'
0:08:35 > 0:08:41As the world prepared for the 1964 Olympics, Brutus saw his opportunity.
0:08:43 > 0:08:47From prison, he began organising a worldwide campaign
0:08:47 > 0:08:49to exclude South Africa from the Games.
0:08:49 > 0:08:52Dennis Brutus used to write to me,
0:08:52 > 0:08:57and I was representing Dennis' organisation abroad.
0:08:57 > 0:09:01We managed to smuggle a letter from him from prison,
0:09:01 > 0:09:04which was an appeal to the International Olympic Committee
0:09:04 > 0:09:06to exclude South Africa.
0:09:06 > 0:09:10Now, I had great difficulty in handing this letter over
0:09:10 > 0:09:14to Mr Brundage, the president of the International Olympic Committee.
0:09:15 > 0:09:21Avery Brundage, an American millionaire, had served on the committee
0:09:21 > 0:09:24ever since Nazi Germany had hosted the Olympics in 1936.
0:09:26 > 0:09:29For Brundage, politics had no place in sport.
0:09:36 > 0:09:40All my telephone calls and attempts to see him were declined,
0:09:40 > 0:09:44so one morning at about four o'clock,
0:09:44 > 0:09:49I went to his very luxurious hotel and sat outside his door,
0:09:49 > 0:09:51virtually on guard.
0:09:51 > 0:09:54At about seven o'clock, I knocked on his door,
0:09:54 > 0:09:57and he saw this person of colour,
0:09:57 > 0:10:02was really, I think, feeling that I was either working in the hotel
0:10:02 > 0:10:06or a messenger, but I then handed him the letter and he took it.
0:10:06 > 0:10:09Now he is obliged then to take it to the Olympic board.
0:10:12 > 0:10:15The International Olympic Committee
0:10:15 > 0:10:21is a very weird self-perpetuating organisation of wealthy businessman.
0:10:21 > 0:10:27The IOC operated almost like the conclave of Cardinals.
0:10:27 > 0:10:31Their minutes were secret. Elections were for life
0:10:31 > 0:10:36and you were elected by the other members of the executive.
0:10:37 > 0:10:40Brundage and the IOC refused to expel South Africa
0:10:40 > 0:10:42for racial discrimination,
0:10:42 > 0:10:47but this was the 1960s, and the world was changing.
0:10:47 > 0:10:51A small group of white men were not going to find it easy
0:10:51 > 0:10:52to have the final say.
0:10:54 > 0:10:57It was really that African countries were becoming independent.
0:11:02 > 0:11:07Africa is a power. A power in sports.
0:11:07 > 0:11:09We aren't a power in the United Nations.
0:11:12 > 0:11:14But in the field of sports, we were.
0:11:14 > 0:11:20Young men and women in Africa who excelled, and who the international community wanted to see,
0:11:20 > 0:11:25so that's one area where Africa was strong and could make a difference.
0:11:28 > 0:11:31Wherever South Africa was allowed to take part,
0:11:31 > 0:11:35other African countries decided to stage a boycott.
0:11:48 > 0:11:52In sport, it was an open activity, it was a multilateral activity,
0:11:52 > 0:11:56and although not all countries in the world supported the sports boycott,
0:11:56 > 0:11:59the Africans were very, very strong.
0:11:59 > 0:12:02The Africans said, if you take part with South Africa,
0:12:02 > 0:12:04we're not going to play with you.
0:12:04 > 0:12:06Faced with a boycott threat
0:12:06 > 0:12:11and the potential collapse of the Tokyo games, the IOC had to act.
0:12:11 > 0:12:15South Africa is told they can come to Tokyo provided they give
0:12:15 > 0:12:22an assurance that selection in future will be on merit.
0:12:33 > 0:12:40They refused to give that assurance, and so they are then excluded from the Games.
0:13:21 > 0:13:27But the exclusion in Tokyo is not an expulsion.
0:13:27 > 0:13:29It's only a suspension.
0:13:32 > 0:13:36The next Olympics were to be held in Mexico City.
0:13:36 > 0:13:38To keep South Africa out of the Games,
0:13:38 > 0:13:44the campaigners faced a four-year uphill battle with an unresponsive IOC.
0:13:45 > 0:13:50Avery Brundage was very clear in support of South Africa.
0:13:51 > 0:13:57Our friends on the IOC, and we ourselves, have been fighting
0:13:57 > 0:14:03and arguing the case to get South Africa back into the Olympic Games.
0:14:03 > 0:14:08I escaped from South Africa, now that I'm out of prison,
0:14:08 > 0:14:11we are renewing the campaign,
0:14:11 > 0:14:14and prior to the Mexico Olympics,
0:14:14 > 0:14:17Brundage calls a meeting of all the IOC members
0:14:17 > 0:14:24and invites them to vote on whether South Africa should be invited or not,
0:14:24 > 0:14:28and they vote that South Africa should be invited.
0:14:28 > 0:14:29And I couldn't believe this,
0:14:29 > 0:14:33so I marched up to Brundage and I said to him,
0:14:33 > 0:14:36"In spite of your decision,
0:14:36 > 0:14:40"we will mobilise and force South Africa out."
0:14:40 > 0:14:41He says, "Go ahead and try."
0:14:41 > 0:14:47He said, "If I am the only spectator in the bleachers
0:14:47 > 0:14:52"and South Africa is the only team in the stadium,
0:14:52 > 0:14:54"the Games will still go on."
0:14:57 > 0:15:04So I started travelling all over the place, talking to people from all over the world,
0:15:04 > 0:15:07and we build the boycott threat,
0:15:07 > 0:15:12a coalition of about 40 African countries, Asian countries,
0:15:12 > 0:15:16Caribbean countries, Latin American countries,
0:15:16 > 0:15:20which was strong enough by '68 to take on Brundage.
0:15:20 > 0:15:25The Mexicans can see that a large drop in the numbers of tourists
0:15:25 > 0:15:28which would go hand-in-hand with any mass walkout would hit them hard,
0:15:28 > 0:15:32but apart from the loss of prestige at staging what would be
0:15:32 > 0:15:36perhaps one of the most considerable Olympic fiascos in modern years.
0:15:36 > 0:15:38The sportsmen and women of Africa,
0:15:38 > 0:15:40sportsmen and women from other countries,
0:15:40 > 0:15:43felt strongly about apartheid. They withdrew.
0:15:52 > 0:15:58The Mexicans say, "We put 90 million into these games,
0:15:58 > 0:16:01"we can't have a fiasco with all these countries withdrawing."
0:16:03 > 0:16:07Brundage is confronted with 90 countries saying,
0:16:07 > 0:16:11"Either you have us or you have South Africa."
0:16:14 > 0:16:19It was extremely difficult, even for those who were normally apologists for the South African government.
0:16:19 > 0:16:25They understood if you want a truly international sports competition,
0:16:25 > 0:16:27you can't have South Africa.
0:16:27 > 0:16:30South Africa was voted out of the Games.
0:16:54 > 0:16:57This was the end for South Africa's Olympic ambitions.
0:16:58 > 0:17:02Two years later, it was banned for good.
0:17:02 > 0:17:04Would you expect the other international federation
0:17:04 > 0:17:08to follow the IOC's example and expel South Africa from yet more sporting events?
0:17:08 > 0:17:13I hope so, but there are not many left. She's out of several already.
0:17:13 > 0:17:18Out of boxing, football, basketball, nearly out of everything.
0:17:18 > 0:17:20Judo.
0:17:20 > 0:17:26Fencing. Gymnastics. Table tennis. Volleyball.
0:17:26 > 0:17:29By the 1970s, South Africa had been banned
0:17:29 > 0:17:33from nearly every international sporting competition except one.
0:17:41 > 0:17:47To us in South Africa, rugby, it is really our world.
0:17:55 > 0:18:00Rugby is probably as well supported in South Africa as baseball
0:18:00 > 0:18:04and football and basketball thrown together in the United States.
0:18:04 > 0:18:06It's the sport.
0:18:06 > 0:18:09The South African national team, the Springboks,
0:18:09 > 0:18:13was the number one power in the world in rugby.
0:18:15 > 0:18:18They just crushed the opposition.
0:18:18 > 0:18:21'South Africa win by 17 points to six.'
0:18:21 > 0:18:24'Springboks win an excellent game by 17 points to five.'
0:18:24 > 0:18:27'Springboks won 8-3.'
0:18:27 > 0:18:33So this was an enormous reinforcement of this Herrenvolk mentality,
0:18:33 > 0:18:41this notion of a super race, superhumans, not just white, but supreme white.
0:18:41 > 0:18:46The slogan was, you're not the best until you've beaten the Boks.
0:18:49 > 0:18:51And just to be chosen,
0:18:51 > 0:18:57the thought of putting that green and gold Springbok jersey over your head,
0:18:57 > 0:18:59words cannot actually describe it.
0:18:59 > 0:19:02It's a magic, magic moment.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10Just a year after the Mexico Olympics,
0:19:10 > 0:19:12South Africa's rugby team set off on a world tour.
0:19:15 > 0:19:19They planned to play against their most important competitors,
0:19:19 > 0:19:21New Zealand,
0:19:21 > 0:19:23Australia and Britain.
0:19:26 > 0:19:27'Heathrow Airport.
0:19:27 > 0:19:31'Demonstrators faced a cordon of security staff as they prepared
0:19:31 > 0:19:35'to greet the incoming Springbok touring team from South Africa.
0:19:35 > 0:19:41'The Springboks captain commented that they'd come to play rugby and not worry about politics.'
0:19:41 > 0:19:44When we arrived, they were at the airport already,
0:19:44 > 0:19:48holding up banners, you know - go home, and you're not wanted in the UK,
0:19:48 > 0:19:53equal rights to everybody, just placards and all that type of thing.
0:19:53 > 0:20:00They went out of their way to make our life a misery. And we played our first game against Oxford University.
0:20:05 > 0:20:09Supposedly an easy game. And Oxford beat us 6-3.
0:20:09 > 0:20:12So the tour got off to a really bad start.
0:20:12 > 0:20:14CROWD CHANTS
0:20:14 > 0:20:18What had begun as the 1969 Springbok tour
0:20:18 > 0:20:21had now suddenly become a battleground
0:20:21 > 0:20:25in the worldwide anti-apartheid struggle.
0:20:25 > 0:20:28This was a period of student politics,
0:20:28 > 0:20:31and the campus sit-ins all over the world.
0:20:33 > 0:20:37And there were the Vietnam protests.
0:20:37 > 0:20:40And I was becoming engaged in all of that.
0:20:40 > 0:20:43And becoming involved in direct action politics.
0:20:43 > 0:20:45And I started to think,
0:20:45 > 0:20:48we could apply the kind of direct action tactics
0:20:48 > 0:20:50to the apartheid fight in sport.
0:20:50 > 0:20:54And this is something I always felt we could win.
0:20:55 > 0:20:57When I lived in South Africa,
0:20:57 > 0:21:01my mother and father were involved in the anti-apartheid struggle.
0:21:01 > 0:21:05They were both jailed for periods. They were also banned.
0:21:05 > 0:21:10A banning order meant you couldn't take part in political activity.
0:21:10 > 0:21:14It meant you couldn't communicate with another banned person.
0:21:14 > 0:21:18So when my mother was banned, that was OK.
0:21:18 > 0:21:20When my father was banned a year later,
0:21:20 > 0:21:24they each had to be given special provision to talk to each other.
0:21:24 > 0:21:26This is an Orwellian type of nightmare,
0:21:26 > 0:21:29of what apartheid actually meant in ordinary terms.
0:21:29 > 0:21:32We were forced to leave South Africa and settle in London.
0:21:35 > 0:21:39I went to the London School of Economics,
0:21:39 > 0:21:44and it just so happened that there were a whole contingent
0:21:44 > 0:21:46of exiled South Africans there.
0:21:46 > 0:21:51And they told us that the system in South Africa was wrong,
0:21:51 > 0:21:53and it had got to be opposed.
0:21:53 > 0:21:58It was actually encouraging racists throughout the whole world.
0:21:59 > 0:22:02And the South African exiles were saying,
0:22:02 > 0:22:06"If you really want to hurt them, you stop them playing rugby."
0:22:06 > 0:22:09It's very difficult to beat a multinational corporation
0:22:09 > 0:22:11trading with an apartheid economy.
0:22:11 > 0:22:15It's very difficult to buck the world of international finance
0:22:15 > 0:22:17which was supporting South Africa.
0:22:17 > 0:22:22But sport was out there, was available, it was open,
0:22:22 > 0:22:24it was exposed.
0:22:24 > 0:22:27And if we applied direct action tactics to it, we could stop it.
0:22:27 > 0:22:31# Lay down, lay down
0:22:31 > 0:22:33# Lay it all down
0:22:33 > 0:22:36# Let your white birds smile
0:22:36 > 0:22:39# At the ones who stand and frown... #
0:22:39 > 0:22:42To keep the peace at Lansdowne Road tomorrow,
0:22:42 > 0:22:45the police are relying on two things. Manpower and barbed wire.
0:22:49 > 0:22:52# Lay down, lay down
0:22:52 > 0:22:54# Lay it on down
0:22:54 > 0:22:57# Let your white bird smile
0:22:57 > 0:23:00# At the ones who stand and frown
0:23:00 > 0:23:03# Let your white bird smile
0:23:03 > 0:23:06# At the ones who stand and frown... #
0:23:07 > 0:23:12There were demonstrations outside and inside every rugby ground.
0:23:12 > 0:23:15There were demonstrations outside the hotels.
0:23:15 > 0:23:17People did incredible things.
0:23:17 > 0:23:20On one occasion, in London,
0:23:20 > 0:23:24we booked a young girl into the Springboks' hotel.
0:23:24 > 0:23:26And in the early hours of the morning,
0:23:26 > 0:23:30before an international match, she went round and gummed up
0:23:30 > 0:23:33their door locks so they couldn't get out of their rooms in the morning.
0:23:33 > 0:23:36They had to break the doors down.
0:23:37 > 0:23:40One man dressed up as the driver of a coach.
0:23:40 > 0:23:43Got into the Springbok coach, with a full team in it,
0:23:43 > 0:23:46drove them off to Hemel Hempstead and left them in a field.
0:23:47 > 0:23:50In another case, a man specially bred rabbits,
0:23:50 > 0:23:54and arranged with his friends to go with these bags into the rugby field
0:23:54 > 0:23:57and then open the bag so rabbits would run all over.
0:23:57 > 0:24:01Someone else was breeding moles to release on Old Trafford rugby ground
0:24:01 > 0:24:04because the Springboks were going to play there.
0:24:04 > 0:24:06There was actually one serious debate
0:24:06 > 0:24:10about whether moles or locusts would be the most effective method!
0:24:10 > 0:24:15They'd fill a bottle with tacks and then throw it onto the field.
0:24:15 > 0:24:18The bottle would break open, and all these pieces of glass
0:24:18 > 0:24:21and all these tacks would be all over the field.
0:24:21 > 0:24:24Then you'd have to stop the game, and we'd all be picking up
0:24:24 > 0:24:28these pieces of glass because if you fell, you'd cut yourself.
0:24:28 > 0:24:30In the back of one's mind, you're thinking,
0:24:30 > 0:24:34maybe someone's got a gun and they're going to shoot one of us or something.
0:24:34 > 0:24:37It wasn't a nice thing to watch.
0:24:37 > 0:24:40Because of the intimidation of our sportspeople,
0:24:40 > 0:24:44throwing all kind of things on the sports field.
0:24:44 > 0:24:47After all, they're participants.
0:24:47 > 0:24:50We're not responsible for the policies.
0:24:50 > 0:24:53CROWD CHANTS
0:24:56 > 0:24:59I think they've been a tremendous success.
0:24:59 > 0:25:03The physical effect on the tour has been quite fantastic.
0:25:03 > 0:25:07It's been the most disastrous tour ever by a team coming to Britain.
0:25:07 > 0:25:10Inside South Africa, the white sports officialdom
0:25:10 > 0:25:14and the structure has been thrown into frightened turmoil.
0:25:14 > 0:25:16They'd always thought that despite everything,
0:25:16 > 0:25:20despite the fact that they were regarded as the lepers of the world,
0:25:20 > 0:25:23the pariahs of the world, because of the evil system of apartheid,
0:25:23 > 0:25:27that they could still trade, still have their tourism,
0:25:27 > 0:25:28they could still do business
0:25:28 > 0:25:31and they could still be accepted
0:25:31 > 0:25:35as equal and respectable guests in the sports arenas of the world.
0:25:35 > 0:25:39And now their sport was being stopped, and they hated it.
0:25:39 > 0:25:42Peter Hain was just a person,
0:25:42 > 0:25:45who made my life a misery.
0:25:45 > 0:25:50He made my life a misery plus 32 companions,
0:25:50 > 0:25:5232 colleagues of mine.
0:25:52 > 0:25:54Um...
0:25:54 > 0:25:58Yes, you reach a stage where, I actually said if I met him
0:25:58 > 0:26:01face-to-face, I'd first like to talk to him, but...
0:26:02 > 0:26:05I had a huge dislike for him at the time, no doubt.
0:26:14 > 0:26:17I felt a lot of anger towards Peter Hain,
0:26:17 > 0:26:22being instrumental at the time in bringing about this situation.
0:26:25 > 0:26:27REPORTER: What were you instructed by BOSS
0:26:27 > 0:26:31to do about Hain? What was your brief?
0:26:31 > 0:26:32I can remember the very words.
0:26:32 > 0:26:35"Pin that political butterfly to the wall.
0:26:35 > 0:26:37"And you will be the pin." Me.
0:26:37 > 0:26:41First of all I received a letter bomb, in June 1972,
0:26:41 > 0:26:43which fortunately did not go off.
0:26:43 > 0:26:45There was a technical fault in it,
0:26:45 > 0:26:48and the bomb squad had to come and defuse it.
0:26:48 > 0:26:52'My assignment in Britain was to monitor the South African exiles,'
0:26:52 > 0:26:54members of the anti-apartheid movement,
0:26:54 > 0:26:57members of the ANC, to find out about their private lives,
0:26:57 > 0:27:00to uncover skeletons in their cupboards.
0:27:00 > 0:27:05Any information which could be slid back to Pretoria
0:27:05 > 0:27:08to be used by their disinformation experts.
0:27:09 > 0:27:13'And I was told by BOSS to compile a huge dossier
0:27:13 > 0:27:16'of hatred against Peter Hain.'
0:27:16 > 0:27:19HAIN: 'The second thing that happened to me
0:27:19 > 0:27:22'was I was prosecuted in a four-week trial at the Old Bailey
0:27:22 > 0:27:26'for conspiracy to disrupt South African sports tours.'
0:27:29 > 0:27:33I was the chief prosecution witness for the private prosecution against Hain.
0:27:33 > 0:27:37The idea was to get him convicted, to make an example of him.
0:27:37 > 0:27:40They had made this a political trial.
0:27:40 > 0:27:42And ironically, because of that,
0:27:42 > 0:27:45the politics of it stopped the jury convicting me
0:27:45 > 0:27:48on what, frankly, was very clear evidence.
0:27:50 > 0:27:53'People who stand up and annoy government must be smashed.
0:27:53 > 0:27:57'I was a perfect instrument, because I had'
0:27:57 > 0:28:01the filth in me that is necessary
0:28:01 > 0:28:04to create and cause destruction
0:28:04 > 0:28:06amongst ordinary, decent people.
0:28:06 > 0:28:10Having failed the first time, Winter tried again.
0:28:10 > 0:28:12I'm claiming that I'm not guilty.
0:28:12 > 0:28:15And I still can't quite believe that I'm standing here,
0:28:15 > 0:28:17facing these absurd charges.
0:28:17 > 0:28:22The story of the Barclay's Bank snatch is an extraordinary,
0:28:22 > 0:28:26surreal one, to the point where both I and others who look back on it,
0:28:26 > 0:28:31a quarter of a century later, almost can't believe it happened.
0:28:31 > 0:28:34- REPORTER:- It was almost comically elaborate.
0:28:34 > 0:28:37Using a Hain lookalike, they tried to frame him on a charge
0:28:37 > 0:28:41of robbing £490 from Barclays Bank in Putney.
0:28:42 > 0:28:45Within 10 minutes of the robbery,
0:28:45 > 0:28:48we phoned someone in British Special Branch and said,
0:28:48 > 0:28:50"If you look at your files,
0:28:50 > 0:28:53"you'll find that Peter Hain actually demonstrated against
0:28:53 > 0:28:55"that very bank, Barclays bank,
0:28:55 > 0:28:58"they invest in South Africa."
0:28:58 > 0:29:01And boom, that's why they rushed to Hain's home and arrested him
0:29:01 > 0:29:04on the turn and threw him into jail.
0:29:04 > 0:29:08Being charged with criminal dishonesty, to a politician like me,
0:29:08 > 0:29:12is extremely upsetting, it's the worst thing that ever happened to me.
0:29:12 > 0:29:16Because it's impugning your reputation, your integrity, your character.
0:29:16 > 0:29:18What was the feeling then when it failed?
0:29:18 > 0:29:21Doesn't matter, the smear stays.
0:29:21 > 0:29:23You should know that, you're in the media.
0:29:23 > 0:29:25Once you've smeared a man,
0:29:25 > 0:29:28there's always people saying, "Yeah, he got off, he got off."
0:29:33 > 0:29:35Apartheid!
0:29:35 > 0:29:36ALL: Out, out!
0:29:36 > 0:29:38- Racialism! - ALL: Out!
0:29:38 > 0:29:41- Racialism! - ALL: Out, out!
0:29:41 > 0:29:44Out, out, out!
0:29:48 > 0:29:51We never went back to Britain. Mm-mm.
0:29:52 > 0:29:54HAIN: It was a tremendous victory,
0:29:54 > 0:29:56born out of a genuinely popular movement.
0:29:56 > 0:30:01And it proved a cathartic event.
0:30:01 > 0:30:03Direct action had finally stopped something.
0:30:03 > 0:30:09But the stopping of the 1970 tour didn't win the argument.
0:30:09 > 0:30:12The Springboks were still going to the international
0:30:12 > 0:30:15sports fields of the world.
0:30:16 > 0:30:19The next stop on the Springboks' tour was Australia,
0:30:19 > 0:30:22where a national controversy was about to erupt.
0:30:22 > 0:30:24Here are the Springboks.
0:30:33 > 0:30:37The athletes and sportsmen from South Africa are ambassadors of apartheid.
0:30:37 > 0:30:41I think Mr Balthazar John Vorster, the Prime Minister of South Africa,
0:30:41 > 0:30:43said to the rugby team,
0:30:43 > 0:30:47he said, "You're honoured because you represent your country in rugby.
0:30:47 > 0:30:48"You are doubly honoured
0:30:48 > 0:30:52"because you will be chosen to be the spokesmen for our way of life abroad."
0:30:57 > 0:31:00The trade union movement here in Australia
0:31:00 > 0:31:03got together and said, we have to really take a stand.
0:31:03 > 0:31:07And so we got support from workers at the airport.
0:31:07 > 0:31:12Any aircraft that carried any of them wouldn't get off the ground.
0:31:12 > 0:31:15The trains that carried them wouldn't leave the stations.
0:31:15 > 0:31:18At major hotels, if they took the Springboks,
0:31:18 > 0:31:21there would be no service.
0:31:21 > 0:31:24So there was a whole number of bans put in place.
0:31:24 > 0:31:28And as a consequence, when they came here, they were really,
0:31:28 > 0:31:30they had to behave like fugitives.
0:31:30 > 0:31:32CROWD BOOS
0:31:34 > 0:31:36When the Springboks came out,
0:31:36 > 0:31:40for some reason, they were installed
0:31:40 > 0:31:43in a motel that was two doors away from our big black commune.
0:31:43 > 0:31:46So the aboriginal activists' house
0:31:46 > 0:31:49ended up being a headquarters for us.
0:31:49 > 0:31:52And they were very, very prominent in the demonstration outside.
0:31:55 > 0:32:01We were approached by a guy who had played rugby for Australia in South Africa,
0:32:01 > 0:32:03and in South Africa had acquired
0:32:03 > 0:32:08these three genuine Springbok football jumpers.
0:32:08 > 0:32:10He said, "When I was in South Africa,
0:32:10 > 0:32:15"the mere proposition that any black person would ever wear this
0:32:15 > 0:32:19"revered and hallowed symbol of Afrikanerdom,
0:32:19 > 0:32:22"it would make the Broederbond have a heart attack."
0:32:24 > 0:32:27So three of us put these football jerseys on,
0:32:27 > 0:32:30and all we did was stand at the front of the vigil.
0:32:30 > 0:32:33It was worth it just to see the looks on these
0:32:33 > 0:32:35big South African rugby players' faces.
0:32:35 > 0:32:38They were furious. If there hadn't been police, they'd have killed us.
0:32:41 > 0:32:44The protesters had planned a campaign
0:32:44 > 0:32:47of non-violent civil disobedience.
0:32:47 > 0:32:50But as the tour continued, they were met with
0:32:50 > 0:32:55increasingly violent attacks from frustrated rugby fans and heavy-handed police.
0:32:58 > 0:33:01In Queensland, a state of emergency was declared
0:33:01 > 0:33:04and the army brought in.
0:33:14 > 0:33:16Could you be fighting a losing battle by being here?
0:33:16 > 0:33:19Oh, I don't think so. I think we've already won the battle.
0:33:19 > 0:33:23The sports tour of the South African Springboks stopped a long time ago.
0:33:23 > 0:33:27It's now a travelling police circus. The last thing it is is a rugby tour.
0:33:34 > 0:33:381971 was the last time we played against Australia.
0:33:42 > 0:33:45The ill-fated tour moved on to New Zealand.
0:33:45 > 0:33:49If you want to...
0:33:49 > 0:33:52test your own ability, you test it against New Zealand,
0:33:52 > 0:33:54when it comes to rugby.
0:33:54 > 0:33:58It's their Bible, it's their economy, it's everything to them.
0:34:01 > 0:34:05We were the two countries that lead the world in rugby football.
0:34:05 > 0:34:06We were way out ahead of the rest.
0:34:06 > 0:34:10And so it was a fight for the rugby crown.
0:34:15 > 0:34:16In New Zealand,
0:34:16 > 0:34:21the first protests against South African racism were in 1921.
0:34:21 > 0:34:23Not 1960, '76, or '85.
0:34:23 > 0:34:26In 1921, and there were over rugby.
0:34:26 > 0:34:30The Springboks came, and they were shocked to have to play with Maoris.
0:34:30 > 0:34:33Ka mate! Ka mate! Ka ora! Ka ora!
0:34:33 > 0:34:36Tenei te tangata puhuruhuru!
0:34:36 > 0:34:38The South Africans were disgusted by that.
0:34:38 > 0:34:41They couldn't understand how members of their own race
0:34:41 > 0:34:47were cheering on Maori All Blacks to defeat members of their own race.
0:34:47 > 0:34:52Our people have always been respected for their prowess on the field.
0:34:52 > 0:34:57We were good, we were good at that game. And we still are.
0:34:57 > 0:35:00And if you took the Maoris away,
0:35:00 > 0:35:04New Zealand would be about bottom of the ladder.
0:35:04 > 0:35:07So it's the Maori that actually give New Zealand rugby
0:35:07 > 0:35:10the power and dominance that it has in the world at the moment.
0:35:10 > 0:35:13# My old man's an All Black
0:35:13 > 0:35:15# He wears a silver fern... #
0:35:15 > 0:35:19My father was the first person from his tribal area
0:35:19 > 0:35:21to become an All Black.
0:35:23 > 0:35:26So he was a legend.
0:35:26 > 0:35:32He played against the South African rugby team when they toured in 1937.
0:35:32 > 0:35:35Two years later, the team was going to South Africa.
0:35:35 > 0:35:39And suddenly, because he was brown,
0:35:39 > 0:35:43he was forbidden to try out for the All Blacks.
0:35:43 > 0:35:46Even though he had been a member of that team
0:35:46 > 0:35:49for the three preceding years.
0:35:49 > 0:35:52So my involvement in the South African issue
0:35:52 > 0:35:57was a direct consequence of the stories that my dad had told us.
0:36:02 > 0:36:04Sid Jackson's Maori organisation
0:36:04 > 0:36:08joined forces with the local anti-apartheid movement
0:36:08 > 0:36:11to keep the South African team out of New Zealand.
0:36:13 > 0:36:17Looking overseas, seeing what had happened in Britain in '69, '70,
0:36:17 > 0:36:19in Australia in '71, we started saying,
0:36:19 > 0:36:26if the '73 Springboks come, we are going to close the country down.
0:36:29 > 0:36:30Before Christmas,
0:36:30 > 0:36:33the Prime Minister, Norman Kirk, received a report
0:36:33 > 0:36:37from the police that essentially said, if the tour went ahead,
0:36:37 > 0:36:42it was going to be chaotic mayhem from one end of the country to the other.
0:36:42 > 0:36:46We could point to the protests, the demonstrations in Australia
0:36:46 > 0:36:49and say, see? That's what we're talking about.
0:36:53 > 0:36:58With Kirk, there'd just been this moment
0:36:58 > 0:37:02where one man's moral integrity and principles
0:37:02 > 0:37:04had shown some leadership.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07But then in 1975,
0:37:07 > 0:37:12a new prime minister came to power in New Zealand.
0:37:12 > 0:37:14Imagine it, coming to power on a policy
0:37:14 > 0:37:17of allowing a sporting team back in again.
0:37:17 > 0:37:19I believe that at the present time,
0:37:19 > 0:37:22political interference into sport in this country
0:37:22 > 0:37:24is being carried to absurd lengths.
0:37:24 > 0:37:27We've debarred South African sportsmen from coming to
0:37:27 > 0:37:30New Zealand, by what I believe to be a disgraceful
0:37:30 > 0:37:34and improper use of the powers of the Minister of Immigration.
0:37:34 > 0:37:39This man had said, as a major part of his election campaign,
0:37:39 > 0:37:42to distinguish himself from the Labour Party,
0:37:42 > 0:37:44that he was going to allow tours.
0:37:53 > 0:37:57Many blacks are extremely disappointed
0:37:57 > 0:38:00that with the change of government in your country,
0:38:00 > 0:38:06there has come a change in policy and the All Blacks are going to come.
0:38:06 > 0:38:11For my part, I would have wished that they didn't come.
0:38:11 > 0:38:14As the All Blacks headed for South Africa,
0:38:14 > 0:38:17the protests spilled over into the Montreal Olympics.
0:38:19 > 0:38:23We go to Montreal, and the debate rages there.
0:38:25 > 0:38:27If New Zealand does participate,
0:38:27 > 0:38:31should the African countries participate?
0:38:31 > 0:38:36It comes at a crucial moment, because in 1976, June...
0:38:36 > 0:38:38GUNSHOTS
0:38:41 > 0:38:45'..you had the terrible shooting of all the students in Soweto.'
0:38:48 > 0:38:52'When literally, the streets were running with blood.'
0:38:57 > 0:38:59GUNSHOT
0:39:08 > 0:39:12I was assigned to cover the Olympic Games in Montreal.
0:39:12 > 0:39:14We would go to black Africans and ask them
0:39:14 > 0:39:16their backgrounds for the broadcasts.
0:39:16 > 0:39:18And they would say, where are you from?
0:39:18 > 0:39:20We'd say, New Zealand.
0:39:20 > 0:39:23And they'd say, we're not talking to you.
0:39:23 > 0:39:24This was a great shock to us,
0:39:24 > 0:39:28because they were saying to us that, your rugby team is in South Africa,
0:39:28 > 0:39:31it's just started the tour there and we don't like you.
0:39:34 > 0:39:36I must say, I was confused.
0:39:37 > 0:39:40I suppose I assumed that all countries in the world
0:39:40 > 0:39:43would regard a New Zealand-South Africa rugby test series
0:39:43 > 0:39:46as a great rugby sporting event.
0:40:03 > 0:40:0629 nations pulled out of the games.
0:40:06 > 0:40:11We protest against the participation of New Zealand who went to
0:40:11 > 0:40:15South Africa to make a tour on the rugby after the massacre of Soweto.
0:40:15 > 0:40:19We think that is an insult to our continent.
0:40:19 > 0:40:23We deny ourselves this chance to run, this chance to jump,
0:40:23 > 0:40:29this chance to do anything for the sake of our brothers there.
0:40:29 > 0:40:31For the politicians, they made their point.
0:40:31 > 0:40:34When they say something is going to happen it is
0:40:34 > 0:40:37going to happen but for the athletes it is very discouraging
0:40:37 > 0:40:40and there were some of them expressed their disappointment.
0:40:40 > 0:40:43It is something you cannot recover. It is one big lost race.
0:40:43 > 0:40:45I'm so disappointed.
0:40:45 > 0:40:51I'm really very disappointed because I was ready to compete.
0:40:51 > 0:40:53They made such sacrifices.
0:40:53 > 0:40:57At least four years of preparation in many cases more than that.
0:40:57 > 0:41:00It really was an heroic act.
0:41:00 > 0:41:03It ends up with the morning
0:41:03 > 0:41:08when the march takes place, 29 countries are missing.
0:41:19 > 0:41:21We were told that you New Zealanders.
0:41:21 > 0:41:24You're the ones causing the trouble at our Olympic Games.
0:41:24 > 0:41:29And I suppose for the first time I thought that there was a different
0:41:29 > 0:41:33and bigger picture that I should really be thinking about.
0:41:36 > 0:41:39And so I found that I had changed my mind completely
0:41:39 > 0:41:44about whether we should be playing against this racist society.
0:41:44 > 0:41:47There was shock at the outcome of the Olympics.
0:41:47 > 0:41:50People could not comprehend what was going on.
0:41:50 > 0:41:55They couldn't comprehend the depth of feeling against New Zealand.
0:41:55 > 0:41:57This little country that prided itself on racial equality
0:41:57 > 0:42:01and fairness and how on earth had we become an international pariah?
0:42:05 > 0:42:11Who was this arrogant little country with this upstart little leader?
0:42:11 > 0:42:15Who thought that they could do this on the world stage?
0:42:15 > 0:42:19Tomorrow, the Prime Minister leaves on a mission which many
0:42:19 > 0:42:22people regard as his most important overseas trip to date.
0:42:22 > 0:42:25Mr Muldoon's off to the Commonwealth Prime Minister's conference
0:42:25 > 0:42:28and there he'll find himself embroiled in controversy over
0:42:28 > 0:42:30the sporting contacts issue.
0:42:36 > 0:42:43At Gleneagles I persuaded the Commonwealth leaders to take
0:42:43 > 0:42:45a Commonwealth stand.
0:42:45 > 0:42:50An official Commonwealth stand against sporting contacts
0:42:50 > 0:42:51with South Africa.
0:42:51 > 0:42:56The Gleneagles agreement said that countries had to take every practical step to stop
0:42:56 > 0:42:59sporting links between their sports teams and South Africa.
0:42:59 > 0:43:02Muldoon was... didn't want any agreement at all
0:43:02 > 0:43:05and fought very hard to weaken it as much as possible
0:43:05 > 0:43:08but in the end he signed the agreement.
0:43:11 > 0:43:17Yeah. I thought that that was going to mean there couldn't be a tour.
0:43:17 > 0:43:21At Gleneagles we said, OK, in the diplomatic way we'll come together.
0:43:21 > 0:43:25We'll all say discourage. You'll move from banned to discourage.
0:43:25 > 0:43:28We'll move from no interference to discourage.
0:43:28 > 0:43:31And we shook hands on it. Went out and had a drink.
0:43:31 > 0:43:35But, you know, Muldoon was a five-star manipulative bastard.
0:43:37 > 0:43:39So we hadn't won our battle.
0:43:39 > 0:43:42He was to be Prime Minister for another five or six years
0:43:42 > 0:43:45and there was the '81 tour.
0:43:45 > 0:43:47He wasn't going to stop that.
0:43:50 > 0:43:54Government has the authority under New Zealand law and the
0:43:54 > 0:43:58responsibility under the Gleneagles agreement to stop this tour.
0:43:58 > 0:44:00APPLAUSE
0:44:00 > 0:44:07I think that 1981 was the last great battle in the war
0:44:07 > 0:44:11to determine whose values were actually going to prevail.
0:44:11 > 0:44:15Are there any circumstances you could foresee in which the Government
0:44:15 > 0:44:17would call the tour off?
0:44:17 > 0:44:18No.
0:44:18 > 0:44:20None whatsoever?
0:44:22 > 0:44:28You never ever ever ever thought you'd won around Muldoon.
0:44:28 > 0:44:32Gisborne, the town chosen by the New Zealand rugby authorities
0:44:32 > 0:44:36to start the South African tour is a place where the white man
0:44:36 > 0:44:40first set food in New Zealand back in 1769.
0:44:40 > 0:44:44The anti-racialists are hoping that this coming week it'll be
0:44:44 > 0:44:49the place where the Springbok tour ends as soon as it begins.
0:44:49 > 0:44:52# One, two, three, four, we don't want your racist tour. #
0:44:52 > 0:44:56We had very strong contacts with the aboriginal movement.
0:44:56 > 0:44:59In Australia we invited Gary Foley.
0:44:59 > 0:45:03Basically we came here to express solidarity with our brothers
0:45:03 > 0:45:05and sisters in South Africa.
0:45:05 > 0:45:09As well as to express solidarity with those Maori groups
0:45:09 > 0:45:13who are opposed to the tour and all anti-racist people in New Zealand.
0:45:13 > 0:45:15The Maori political movement
0:45:15 > 0:45:18had established themselves very strongly.
0:45:18 > 0:45:21When they linked up with the anti-tour movement,
0:45:21 > 0:45:23it was a very formidable alliance.
0:45:23 > 0:45:27I've never been in a situation like it in all of my travels -
0:45:27 > 0:45:31the whole country seemed to divide very dramatically.
0:45:31 > 0:45:35There was a huge amount of tension, within families, within communities.
0:45:35 > 0:45:38CHANTING: Freedom killed by racist state!
0:45:38 > 0:45:41'Everywhere through the country, people were arguing the issue.'
0:45:41 > 0:45:43SHOUTING
0:45:43 > 0:45:50I had families where Mum half the kids moved out of home during the tour.
0:45:50 > 0:45:55The dividing line was down the middle of the dining room table, and they couldn't live together.
0:45:55 > 0:45:58We've got to decide which is more important,
0:45:58 > 0:46:02the freedom for black South Africans or freedom for New Zealanders.
0:46:02 > 0:46:06If we lose our freedom, how will we ever get it back again?
0:46:06 > 0:46:09And if we are denied the right to even go to a rugby game,
0:46:09 > 0:46:12what sort of freedom have we got here?
0:46:13 > 0:46:17- Springboks!- 'We were yelled at. Common things were,
0:46:17 > 0:46:20"Get a haircut! Get a job."
0:46:20 > 0:46:22And "wanker!"
0:46:22 > 0:46:26Wanker! Wanker!
0:46:26 > 0:46:28Wanker!
0:46:28 > 0:46:30DRUNKEN SHOUTING
0:46:30 > 0:46:32Wanker! Wanker!
0:46:32 > 0:46:34No tour!
0:46:34 > 0:46:36'When we arrived at the demonstration,
0:46:36 > 0:46:40'we were told there was going to be a thing called Operation Everest.'
0:46:40 > 0:46:43All those people who don't want to be involved in any direct confrontation,
0:46:43 > 0:46:47- you march at the back of the march. - There were 40,000 rugby supporters
0:46:47 > 0:46:50at the game that day. It was a huge game.
0:46:50 > 0:46:56This was going to be an event that could and should turn the tide
0:46:56 > 0:46:59of history in terms of the voice against apartheid in New Zealand.
0:46:59 > 0:47:02'There was this wire fence that guarded the outside of the ground
0:47:02 > 0:47:05'and all the rugby fanatics were up on top.
0:47:05 > 0:47:08'And, suddenly, Rebecca Evans put up a megaphone'
0:47:08 > 0:47:11and she said, "Operation Everest - go!"
0:47:11 > 0:47:15And the frontline spun left, and all of them jumped up,
0:47:15 > 0:47:18grabbed the top of the fence, and pulled.
0:47:24 > 0:47:27'So we haul back the fence flat out
0:47:27 > 0:47:32'and then just a sea of people storming through the crowd.'
0:47:38 > 0:47:40'And then, before we knew it,
0:47:40 > 0:47:42'we were in the middle of the lions' den.'
0:47:49 > 0:47:52'The consummate South African broadcaster kept saying,
0:47:52 > 0:47:55'"Yes, a bit of trouble on the field here at the moment.
0:47:55 > 0:47:58'"The game will kick off shortly".'
0:47:59 > 0:48:03'Meanwhile, on the screen, all hell was breaking out.'
0:48:16 > 0:48:19'Only 400 had burst through the fence.'
0:48:19 > 0:48:22'Things were very, very tense.'
0:48:22 > 0:48:25My parents were in the stand
0:48:25 > 0:48:28as spectators wanting to see the game
0:48:28 > 0:48:30when I was in the demonstration.
0:48:33 > 0:48:36'The police came out with their helmets on and the sticks,
0:48:36 > 0:48:41'which I think is the first time it had ever been seen New Zealand.'
0:48:45 > 0:48:49'25,000 people wanted to kill us. I mean, kill us.'
0:48:56 > 0:49:00'The crowd screaming for blood, us in the middle,
0:49:00 > 0:49:02'and the police between us.'
0:49:04 > 0:49:05SHOUTING AND CHANTING
0:49:07 > 0:49:11'The police realised that the cameras of the world were there.
0:49:11 > 0:49:14'They didn't feel they could baton us out there in the open,
0:49:14 > 0:49:17'three o'clock on a Saturday afternoon,
0:49:17 > 0:49:19'with half the world watching.'
0:49:22 > 0:49:27The gentleman in charge of the police, in my opinion,
0:49:27 > 0:49:29let down the whole country very badly.
0:49:31 > 0:49:33TANNOY: The game has been officially cancelled.
0:49:33 > 0:49:35JEERING AND SHOUTING
0:49:38 > 0:49:43The Hamilton game has been called off, and this is the first time that
0:49:43 > 0:49:47I am aware in the history of the long campaign against racist sport
0:49:47 > 0:49:51that a sporting fixture has ever been called off!
0:49:51 > 0:49:54'I never thought we'd ever stop a game, really.'
0:49:54 > 0:49:58It was an out-of-body experience. I just thought, "We've done it!
0:49:58 > 0:50:00"The whole tour is over! This is it."
0:50:04 > 0:50:06My feeling was of total euphoria.
0:50:06 > 0:50:11Because we could picture all these rednecks
0:50:11 > 0:50:15in South Africa waiting to see their lovely game come
0:50:15 > 0:50:19on television, and they weren't going to see a game.
0:50:19 > 0:50:22TRANSLATION:
0:50:35 > 0:50:40But then there was this other absolute moment of elation,
0:50:40 > 0:50:46of the news being a television screen in Britain opening the BBC
0:50:46 > 0:50:50World Service with the people standing in the middle of Hamilton.
0:50:50 > 0:50:53'Jim Biddulph, BBC, New Zealand.'
0:50:53 > 0:50:56It was huge, yeah. Shit! SHE LAUGHS
0:50:56 > 0:50:59Good old New Zealand, you know? Yeah!
0:50:59 > 0:51:05Yeah, it was. It was that kind of... Because we felt such shame.
0:51:09 > 0:51:11So ashamed.
0:51:17 > 0:51:23Yeah. So it was kind of... It was a cleansing kind of thing.
0:51:30 > 0:51:32'After Hamilton, we were very optimistic.
0:51:32 > 0:51:35'But we had not counted on'
0:51:35 > 0:51:41the determination of the Prime Minister to see that tour proceed.
0:51:41 > 0:51:45The extreme left is taking over the protest movement.
0:51:45 > 0:51:46It's made to order for them!
0:51:46 > 0:51:50Disruptive, anti-establishment, anti-government,
0:51:50 > 0:51:55anti-everything that we stand for!
0:51:58 > 0:52:02'A few days after the Hamilton game was cancelled,
0:52:02 > 0:52:06'there was the first baton charge on demonstrators in 30 years.'
0:52:08 > 0:52:12- Do you have any weapons on you at all?- No, I don't.
0:52:12 > 0:52:14It was just a peaceful match
0:52:14 > 0:52:17and look what they've fucking done to me. I'm just a fucking kid.
0:52:17 > 0:52:21- How many batons hit you? How old are you?- I'm 16.
0:52:21 > 0:52:23'It was grim.
0:52:23 > 0:52:26'The protests and the reaction of the state'
0:52:26 > 0:52:31were the closest that New Zealand got to civil war
0:52:31 > 0:52:33in the 20th century.
0:52:38 > 0:52:41MAORI CHANTING
0:53:07 > 0:53:10MAORI HAKA CHANT
0:53:19 > 0:53:22I remember at the very end of the tour,
0:53:22 > 0:53:25the last demonstration was over, feeling absolutely exhausted,
0:53:25 > 0:53:28and someone from one of the Sunday newspapers came up to me
0:53:28 > 0:53:32and said, "Well, look, you didn't stop the tour, what did you achieve?"
0:53:32 > 0:53:35And I said, "I think what we've achieved is the Springboks
0:53:35 > 0:53:37"will never leave South Africa again".
0:53:37 > 0:53:40And effectively that is what happened.
0:53:53 > 0:53:58So you had a movement that was just a tiny idea,
0:53:58 > 0:54:03and ended up being an international political hot potato that moved
0:54:03 > 0:54:08the government and moved the United Nations and the Commonwealth to act.
0:54:08 > 0:54:13And the first isolation came in sport.
0:54:13 > 0:54:16So in my own view, and I admit I'm biased,
0:54:16 > 0:54:22I would say that probably the challenge, successful in sport,
0:54:22 > 0:54:27made an enormous impact on the whole struggle against apartheid.
0:54:29 > 0:54:33I think sport sanctions were very effective
0:54:33 > 0:54:37in changing or influencing the attitude
0:54:37 > 0:54:40of white South Africans.
0:54:41 > 0:54:45And eventually I think there were many, many more people
0:54:45 > 0:54:50who would start thinking, you know, that...
0:54:50 > 0:54:53"Aren't we perhaps doing something wrong?"
0:55:01 > 0:55:03CHEERING
0:55:03 > 0:55:08I was part of the main committee for the inauguration of Nelson Mandela
0:55:08 > 0:55:13as the first democratically-elected leader of South Africa.
0:55:14 > 0:55:19After the election there was a hue and cry especially amongst
0:55:19 > 0:55:24black South Africans not to have the Springbok as the emblem
0:55:24 > 0:55:29for South African sport because it represented depression,
0:55:29 > 0:55:33it represented exclusivity, it represented white domination.
0:55:33 > 0:55:37But then Nelson Mandela felt that reconciliation was important.
0:55:37 > 0:55:43There is a real possibility, if we review our decision and accept
0:55:43 > 0:55:49the Springbok for rugby as our symbol, we will unite the country.
0:55:49 > 0:55:56And that a victory will make the achievement even more significant.
0:55:56 > 0:56:00That the whole country, black and white, was behind them.
0:56:02 > 0:56:06And they must go to the field fully motivated
0:56:06 > 0:56:11knowing that they will bring glory to South Africa.
0:56:12 > 0:56:16MUSIC: "Xilongo" by Richard Nwabi
0:56:23 > 0:56:24CHEERING
0:56:29 > 0:56:32And I was there when we won the World Cup.
0:56:37 > 0:56:44This extremely excited level of emotion found expression in so many different ways.
0:56:44 > 0:56:47As we walked out of the stadium,
0:56:47 > 0:56:53you saw hundreds of black people who previously didn't even come to a rugby game
0:56:53 > 0:56:57because it was considered part of the white man's apartheid system,
0:56:57 > 0:57:00running around just shouting at the top of their voices,
0:57:00 > 0:57:02"Ama Boko Boko, Ama Boko Boko".
0:57:02 > 0:57:04'We never experienced this.'
0:57:04 > 0:57:06This is our best time.
0:57:06 > 0:57:09We're very proud of the him and very proud of the Boks.
0:57:09 > 0:57:13You have to experience that to really understand
0:57:13 > 0:57:17the unifying force of sport.
0:57:17 > 0:57:23That occasion where Mr Mandela came out with a number six rugby jersey,
0:57:23 > 0:57:25with Francois Pienaar, the captain,
0:57:25 > 0:57:30did so much towards racial reconciliation in this country.
0:57:31 > 0:57:36By proclaiming the message of one team, one country,
0:57:36 > 0:57:43rugby in South Africa, once a symbol of division and exclusion,
0:57:43 > 0:57:48had indeed crossed the threshold to a new era
0:57:48 > 0:57:52of a united and reconciled nation.
0:57:52 > 0:57:54MUSIC CONTINUES
0:58:13 > 0:58:15Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:58:15 > 0:58:17Email subtitling@bbc.co.uk