0:01:18 > 0:01:20It was a media revolution.
0:01:20 > 0:01:23There are so many parallels between the 16th century
0:01:23 > 0:01:26and the digital revolution that we are experiencing today.
0:01:39 > 0:01:42You're chanting what you believe as an act of defiance,
0:01:42 > 0:01:44and that's revolutionary.
0:02:30 > 0:02:32BAROQUE CLASSICAL MUSIC
0:03:57 > 0:03:59CHOIR SINGS
0:09:55 > 0:09:58So, would they have looked something like this?
0:09:58 > 0:10:00Or what sort of shape would the document have taken?
0:10:00 > 0:10:02Yes, so, the original document, sadly, is lost,
0:10:02 > 0:10:06and we don't know if it was a print or if it was, in fact, handwritten.
0:10:06 > 0:10:08Also, it was written in Latin,
0:10:08 > 0:10:10the language of the church and academia,
0:10:10 > 0:10:13so, Luther, being a monk and a professor of theology
0:10:13 > 0:10:16at the university, would certainly write a document like this in Latin.
0:10:16 > 0:10:19So, it was more a debate between the professors of theology
0:10:19 > 0:10:21- and the church hierarchy.- Yes.
0:10:21 > 0:10:25It was only meant for debate amongst theologians and academics,
0:10:25 > 0:10:27and the general citizen
0:10:27 > 0:10:30would not have been able to read the Latin document here.
0:10:30 > 0:10:33When do we get the German versions coming along, then?
0:10:33 > 0:10:35Well, so, in 1518, one year later,
0:10:35 > 0:10:38Luther wrote a sermon on indulgence and grace,
0:10:38 > 0:10:40which was written in German,
0:10:40 > 0:10:42and it opened the debate to the general public,
0:10:42 > 0:10:45and he took up the matters that he introduced in the thesis there.
0:11:09 > 0:11:13Charlotte, could you tell me something about the development
0:11:13 > 0:11:16of print culture in Germany at the time of Martin Luther?
0:11:16 > 0:11:21Yes, so, the printing press had been around since 1450
0:11:21 > 0:11:23when Gutenberg invented it -
0:11:23 > 0:11:26but they printed some indulgence letters
0:11:26 > 0:11:30and some theological texts, but it's no comparison
0:11:30 > 0:11:33to what happened here in Wittenberg after Martin Luther.
0:11:33 > 0:11:36The printing press was his medium, and he made it his own.
0:11:36 > 0:11:40- So, Luther had, really, technology on his side as well as message.- Yes.
0:11:40 > 0:11:42A dynamic man with a big message
0:11:42 > 0:11:44and the tools that can get that message out there.
0:11:44 > 0:11:46Yeah, you could definitely say so.
0:11:46 > 0:11:50The Reformation is a direct development from the printing press,
0:11:50 > 0:11:55so, without the press, there would not be a Reformation.
0:11:55 > 0:11:56There are so many parallels
0:11:56 > 0:11:59between the media revolution in the 16th century
0:11:59 > 0:12:02and the digital revolution that we are experiencing today.
0:17:17 > 0:17:19CONGREGATION SINGS
0:18:57 > 0:19:01We have, really, two branches of Protestantism
0:19:01 > 0:19:06and no consensus between these tendencies.
0:19:06 > 0:19:11The inside of the churches, during the time when Calvin was here,
0:19:11 > 0:19:13was deeply transformed.
0:19:25 > 0:19:30You have a place which is whitewashed, no images, no statues,
0:19:30 > 0:19:34in order to further the concentration
0:19:34 > 0:19:38of all the worshippers on what is saying from the pulpits.
0:19:47 > 0:19:52Calvin felt that music can stimulate sexual imagination,
0:19:52 > 0:19:54so, it has to be controlled -
0:19:54 > 0:19:58but music can also stimulate spiritual elevation,
0:19:58 > 0:20:06so he defined a very precise theology on use of music.
0:20:06 > 0:20:12You can sing only biblical words, psalms, only in unison.
0:20:12 > 0:20:14No polyphonic singing.
0:20:14 > 0:20:18So, it is really community singing, the singing of the people.
0:22:55 > 0:22:59Knox brings a start-up kit, which has got three components.
0:22:59 > 0:23:05He has a Bible, he has a Psalter and he has an order of worship -
0:23:05 > 0:23:08but the most important, is, of course,
0:23:08 > 0:23:12a translation of the Bible into the language of the people.
0:23:12 > 0:23:17This was the first version in English to be divided into verses.
0:23:17 > 0:23:20- Now, that makes life a lot easier... - Yes.
0:23:20 > 0:23:23..than having a great chunk of text.
0:23:23 > 0:23:28They also produce things like this nice map that you can see here,
0:23:28 > 0:23:31so that people understood -
0:23:31 > 0:23:35this is a map of the people of Israel in the Old Testament
0:23:35 > 0:23:38wandering in the wilderness.
0:23:38 > 0:23:42As well as maps, you have an index and you have notes down the side.
0:23:42 > 0:23:44You have explanations.
0:23:44 > 0:23:47All these things we take for granted were new -
0:23:47 > 0:23:53so, what you have is a full interpretation, as well as the text,
0:23:53 > 0:23:55within one set of covers,
0:23:55 > 0:23:58and that's revolutionary.
0:23:58 > 0:24:01But this is still quite an expensive book -
0:24:01 > 0:24:06and, in fact, we have the Psalter, the psalm book, as well.
0:24:06 > 0:24:09This is smaller, it's easier to afford,
0:24:09 > 0:24:13and more available than a great big Bible.
0:24:13 > 0:24:17So you feel you've got the Word of God in your home,
0:24:17 > 0:24:19even if you can't afford a Bible.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23- Here is both the music and the words.- Yes.
0:24:23 > 0:24:26So, the psalms that you sing in church,
0:24:26 > 0:24:29you also sing them in the home -
0:24:29 > 0:24:35but it's not just the church and the home, it's out there in the street.
0:24:35 > 0:24:38These are a bit more like, um...
0:24:38 > 0:24:42..political protest songs - football songs, even.
0:24:42 > 0:24:46You're chanting what you believe, and this particular psalm,
0:24:46 > 0:24:51"Now Israel may say," this was sung here in Edinburgh
0:24:51 > 0:24:55at a - what we would now call a political rally,
0:24:55 > 0:24:58where you had a couple of thousand people
0:24:58 > 0:25:03all singing this psalm as an act of defiance.
0:25:12 > 0:25:14Psalms, you memorise.
0:25:14 > 0:25:18So, you could just sing it whenever, wherever.
0:25:18 > 0:25:22So, these are also these acts of defiance,
0:25:22 > 0:25:25saying, "God's on my side, God has delivered me,"
0:25:25 > 0:25:28and that was really important both individually
0:25:28 > 0:25:31and for a sense of Scottish identity, too.
0:30:06 > 0:30:08CONGREGATION SINGS
0:31:07 > 0:31:10Jane, what gem have you uncovered for me here?
0:31:10 > 0:31:14This is the very exciting first book ever printed in Gaelic.
0:31:14 > 0:31:18John Carswell's Form Of Prayers, or Book Of Common Order.
0:31:19 > 0:31:23John Carswell was Superintendent of Argyll and Bishop of the Isles,
0:31:23 > 0:31:28and this is the book to be used in churches by the ministers
0:31:28 > 0:31:32and heard by the Gaelic congregations,
0:31:32 > 0:31:36so people hear it, but they don't necessarily have the book.
0:31:36 > 0:31:38Who produced this book?
0:31:38 > 0:31:42It's Carswell's own patron, the fifth Earl of Argyll,
0:31:42 > 0:31:44whom he's known since childhood.
0:31:44 > 0:31:48It provides all the resources Carswell needs
0:31:48 > 0:31:50to get this translation done.
0:31:50 > 0:31:56The fact that this had happened means that Gaelic clergy
0:31:56 > 0:32:01were able to take the Reformation to the Gaels of Scotland
0:32:01 > 0:32:05and, of course, of Ireland, too, as he makes it clear.
0:32:05 > 0:32:07I see, here, he starts off...
0:32:07 > 0:32:08HE READS IN GAELIC
0:32:11 > 0:32:13"Walk every district of smooth Scotland,"
0:32:13 > 0:32:15and then, here, he has, look...
0:32:15 > 0:32:17HE READS IN GAELIC
0:32:20 > 0:32:24"..and after that, cross the wave to Ireland of the smooth lands."
0:32:24 > 0:32:27- He's got a master plan, really. - Absolutely.
0:32:27 > 0:32:29This is not something merely for Scotland,
0:32:29 > 0:32:32it is definitely for Ireland, too.
0:36:58 > 0:37:00MAN SINGS
0:37:03 > 0:37:04CONGREGATION JOINS IN