0:00:09 > 0:00:11Coast is home.
0:00:45 > 0:00:49Standing on the brink, we dream of going beyond.
0:00:49 > 0:00:56Hoping to reach the magical meeting point of sea and sky.
0:00:56 > 0:01:00Heading out along natural causeways.
0:01:03 > 0:01:06And man-made walkways.
0:01:06 > 0:01:11Leaving the land behind lifts our spirits.
0:01:13 > 0:01:17We're here to explore Life Beyond the Edge.
0:01:24 > 0:01:28There's evidence of how we like to live beyond the edge
0:01:28 > 0:01:31all around our coast.
0:01:32 > 0:01:37Seaside piers reaching from the shore.
0:01:49 > 0:01:54For years we've built these walkways into the sea,
0:01:54 > 0:01:58peninsulas of pleasure that prompt us to push the boundaries
0:01:58 > 0:02:01and reach into the unknown.
0:02:01 > 0:02:05Out here we're free to reinvent ourselves,
0:02:05 > 0:02:08as they know in Southwold.
0:02:12 > 0:02:16Nowadays, piers might seem a little long in the tooth,
0:02:16 > 0:02:23but here a maverick machine maker is re-inventing traditional attractions.
0:02:23 > 0:02:27I'm Tim Hunkin, I'm an engineer and I'm also a cartoonist.
0:02:27 > 0:02:31The last ten years, I've been making machines for my amusement arcade,
0:02:31 > 0:02:36The Under The Pier Show, and I love it.
0:02:38 > 0:02:44This is my arcade. It's all home-made, mostly by me.
0:02:46 > 0:02:48I've made machines all my life,
0:02:48 > 0:02:52but about ten years ago I had a bit of a breakthrough.
0:02:52 > 0:02:55It finally became possible to add video, so I could finally have
0:02:55 > 0:03:00little movies as part of my machines, and this was really exciting.
0:03:03 > 0:03:07Bringing video into my arcade had a sort of strange parallel
0:03:07 > 0:03:09with 100 years ago.
0:03:09 > 0:03:13In 1894, Thomas Edison, who invented the light bulb
0:03:13 > 0:03:16and all sorts of things, introduced the Kinetoscope.
0:03:17 > 0:03:22This was a coin-operated movie player, and it was the first time
0:03:22 > 0:03:27that people could see proper movies in arcades.
0:03:34 > 0:03:37As people had never seen a moving... A movie before,
0:03:37 > 0:03:40they were happy to just watch anything that moved.
0:03:40 > 0:03:42One of the reels was just a man sneezing.
0:03:42 > 0:03:47Some of them seem quite bizarre. I mean, the boxing cats...
0:03:47 > 0:03:52You might think it's cruel but nobody was shocked by it at the time.
0:03:52 > 0:03:57There was a continuous loop of film that looped backwards and forwards inside the machine,
0:03:57 > 0:04:00giving a movie that lasts about 20 seconds.
0:04:00 > 0:04:05It was influential, if nothing else, because the size of the film,
0:04:05 > 0:04:07and the spacing of all the perforations,
0:04:07 > 0:04:12stuck, and became the standard for 35mm film.
0:04:17 > 0:04:21I've come to the model village in Great Yarmouth
0:04:21 > 0:04:25to see one of the descendants of Edison's Kinetoscope -
0:04:25 > 0:04:27the Mutoscope.
0:04:27 > 0:04:30They're basically just like flip books.
0:04:30 > 0:04:32Inside...
0:04:34 > 0:04:39..there are 840 cards on this reel...
0:04:40 > 0:04:43..and when you put the money in, the drum rotates.
0:04:47 > 0:04:50This is a good example,
0:04:50 > 0:04:54because most of the subjects involved scantily dressed girls,
0:04:54 > 0:04:58and obviously some people were quite shocked by this.
0:04:58 > 0:05:00Erm, in 1907 there was a case
0:05:00 > 0:05:03involving the display of obscene materials
0:05:03 > 0:05:06involving four Mutoscope titles.
0:05:06 > 0:05:10One was called What The Butler Saw. This is the name that stuck,
0:05:10 > 0:05:13and since then Mutoscopes have been known as What The Butler Saw machines.
0:05:13 > 0:05:16RECORDED LAUGHTER
0:05:22 > 0:05:26Preserving the traditions of life beyond the edge
0:05:26 > 0:05:30is a challenge all around our shores.
0:05:30 > 0:05:37On the west coast of Scotland, old ways of working have been steadily eroded.
0:05:37 > 0:05:41Slate miners quarried away at these islands for generations,
0:05:41 > 0:05:46but eventually the industry ate itself up.
0:05:46 > 0:05:51Others are determined to keep ploughing a lonely furrow,
0:05:51 > 0:05:56working with their livestock, making the most of a marginal existence.
0:06:04 > 0:06:08An age-old lifestyle still survives on the Isle of Lewis.
0:06:14 > 0:06:17Andy Torbet is in search of the sea shepherds.
0:06:21 > 0:06:26The folk of the Western Isles must turn their hands to many trades.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31It's no surprise to find a fishing harbour, but the men I'm off to see
0:06:31 > 0:06:35aren't after catching fish. They want much bigger beasts - sheep.
0:06:38 > 0:06:43Here on Lewis, rearing sheep is an offshore enterprise.
0:06:45 > 0:06:49Uninhabited isles with steep cliffs make perfect natural pens.
0:06:49 > 0:06:54You can put the flock out here and forget all about them.
0:06:54 > 0:06:57A style of farming that's as old as the hills.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02But I'm here to see one of the new boys.
0:07:02 > 0:07:06Sandy Granville spent 25 years as a barrister in London,
0:07:06 > 0:07:10then he swapped sharp suits for woolly fleeces.
0:07:13 > 0:07:17Now I'm signing on for a tour of duty as a sea shepherd.
0:07:17 > 0:07:20- Nice to see you.- You too.
0:07:20 > 0:07:23Sandy, I didn't expect to be meeting some shepherds on a pier side.
0:07:23 > 0:07:27- Where are the sheep?- The sheep are all on the island over there,
0:07:27 > 0:07:30only you can't see any of them just at the moment,
0:07:30 > 0:07:34but they're all there in ones and twos and threes, all over that hill,
0:07:34 > 0:07:39probably a lot of them up in the... Up in the mist at the top,
0:07:39 > 0:07:43and they're really wild. These are not sheep as...
0:07:43 > 0:07:45- you know them.- As we know it!
0:07:46 > 0:07:49'If the sheep are intimidating, then so are the shepherds,
0:07:49 > 0:07:53'a close-knit clan of Gaelic speakers.'
0:07:53 > 0:07:56MEN SPEAK GAELIC
0:07:56 > 0:07:59'Sandy's family were from Lewis,
0:07:59 > 0:08:02'but it's taken him years to earn his spurs with the sheep men.'
0:08:03 > 0:08:07What was it like coming into this community from the outside?
0:08:07 > 0:08:11The people on the hills aren't always so keen to have newcomers,
0:08:11 > 0:08:14cos nobody wants complete incompetents,
0:08:14 > 0:08:18and, of course, as a beginner that's just what you are, so they...
0:08:18 > 0:08:20To start with it's rather difficult,
0:08:20 > 0:08:25they don't tell you when the sheep are going to be gathered cos they don't want you there.
0:08:27 > 0:08:30'The sheep we're after have spent a year living alone
0:08:30 > 0:08:35'beyond the edge, running wild on the island of Seaforth.
0:08:35 > 0:08:37'Our mission is to round them up for market.'
0:08:44 > 0:08:47'Everyone seems to know their place - except me.'
0:08:49 > 0:08:53'As soon as we arrive, the shepherds take off.'
0:08:53 > 0:08:57SHEPHERDS WHISTLE
0:08:57 > 0:08:59'The plan was to split up and stay in sight.'
0:09:03 > 0:09:05'That's a bit tricky in the fog.
0:09:05 > 0:09:09'Soon I'm alone, just like the sheep.
0:09:09 > 0:09:11'No sign of them or my guides.'
0:09:16 > 0:09:20Obviously the shepherds know this land like the back of their hands,
0:09:20 > 0:09:24so we've only just started, but because the mist closed right down...
0:09:24 > 0:09:26I might have mislaid myself already.
0:09:26 > 0:09:30But I think I heard whistling over in that direction
0:09:30 > 0:09:32so I'm going to crack on.
0:09:39 > 0:09:43'No sheep, but a familiar figure emerges through the mist.'
0:09:43 > 0:09:47- I lost you for a bit, Sandy. - Hi, Andy.- How are you doing, mate? Mist is...
0:09:47 > 0:09:51Sometimes you can see, and sometimes you can't.
0:09:51 > 0:09:54It's quite a wild, rugged placed. How do the sheep cope out here?
0:09:54 > 0:09:59They've been bred to it. They're Lewis Blackfaces - love this, and they thrive on it.
0:09:59 > 0:10:02So why keep them on an island at all?
0:10:02 > 0:10:06You know they're here. You're going to find them if they're hiding behind a rock.
0:10:06 > 0:10:08Do you ever lose any?
0:10:08 > 0:10:11Well, you sometimes don't get them all in the gather.
0:10:11 > 0:10:13If we get them all today it will be a miracle.
0:10:13 > 0:10:17It's a bit tricky in the mist, I expect one or two sneaked past us.
0:10:17 > 0:10:21'I think it's more than a few that have sneaked past me.'
0:10:23 > 0:10:26'Fluffy white fleeces in a world of fog?
0:10:26 > 0:10:28'Hmm, tricky.'
0:10:32 > 0:10:35I've not seen a sheep yet at all.
0:10:35 > 0:10:37I have seen one sheepdog somewhere down there
0:10:37 > 0:10:41and I can just make out one of the shepherds through the mist.
0:10:43 > 0:10:45'And then, he's gone again.'
0:10:46 > 0:10:49'I could do with a sheepdog to round up the shepherds.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52'When the mist does lift, it's clear they've been busy
0:10:52 > 0:10:55'while I've been looking for them.'
0:10:58 > 0:11:03'The sheep are being sorted, some for market, some for shearing.
0:11:03 > 0:11:07'With no electricity, they have to be clipped by hand.'
0:11:12 > 0:11:14'Have I got the knack?'
0:11:16 > 0:11:19I think you must have a bit of crofting blood in you.
0:11:19 > 0:11:22It's just coming naturally to you.
0:11:22 > 0:11:25They're much kind of wilder than your normal sheep.
0:11:25 > 0:11:30- They're wild animals, really. - Hardy breed.- They don't have a great deal to do with people.
0:11:30 > 0:11:33This is real freedom food, but it's always been a hard life,
0:11:33 > 0:11:37it's never been easy, no more easy or difficult now than it ever was.
0:11:39 > 0:11:43'The ones staying get a once-over, ready for another year alone.'
0:11:44 > 0:11:49'The ones going for mutton get a boat ride, but they don't seem too keen.'
0:11:49 > 0:11:53Hold on, hold on, hold on.
0:11:53 > 0:11:56HE SPEAKS GAELIC
0:11:58 > 0:12:01They're much more feisty than I think you'd normally get.
0:12:01 > 0:12:06They've got a fair amount of power as well, they just run up and down the mountain free the whole year around,
0:12:06 > 0:12:12so they're a lot stronger, I think, than your average sheep, and not always the most co-operative either.
0:12:14 > 0:12:18'To persuade them, you've got to get hands-on...and legs.'
0:12:22 > 0:12:26'Negotiating the slippery rocks on a sheep is as hard as it looks.'
0:12:27 > 0:12:31'I'd rather ride a quad bike than a quadruped!'
0:12:33 > 0:12:36'We're cutting it a bit close with the tide, but after a final tussle
0:12:36 > 0:12:40'to get it off the rocks, the last boatful of sheep leaves the island.'
0:12:41 > 0:12:45'For the ones staying, it's back to freedom.'
0:12:45 > 0:12:48Off they go, that's them back to their hill.
0:12:48 > 0:12:53MAN SPEAKS GAELIC
0:12:54 > 0:12:57'But what does the future hold for the sea shepherds?'
0:12:57 > 0:13:00This may be the last generation that you'll see working out here.
0:13:00 > 0:13:03That's why they're an endangered species,
0:13:03 > 0:13:05there's not many of them left.
0:13:05 > 0:13:09Because they're not young, these chaps, and who's coming next?
0:13:09 > 0:13:12I suspect when... when we've finished,
0:13:12 > 0:13:14there'll be no sheep on these hills.
0:13:16 > 0:13:20'It's a stark assessment of a harsh way of life beyond the edge
0:13:20 > 0:13:22'that could soon disappear.
0:13:22 > 0:13:27'When the boats of the sea shepherds will be seen no more.'
0:13:45 > 0:13:47Adventures beyond the edge
0:13:47 > 0:13:50to cross wild oceans
0:13:50 > 0:13:52have inspired engineers to greatness.
0:13:54 > 0:13:57One such story of a mighty ship
0:13:57 > 0:14:02lies forgotten in the mud of the Mersey at Liverpool.
0:14:03 > 0:14:07Mark is here to give an old friend
0:14:07 > 0:14:10the sendoff she deserves.
0:14:14 > 0:14:15A little while ago,
0:14:15 > 0:14:18I was part of a remarkable discovery.
0:14:18 > 0:14:21Hang on, there's a trowel for you.
0:14:23 > 0:14:24Isn't that wonderful?
0:14:24 > 0:14:26There it is...
0:14:26 > 0:14:29as fresh as it comes!
0:14:29 > 0:14:31Buried ironwork
0:14:31 > 0:14:36from a mighty ship scrapped here over 100 years ago.
0:14:38 > 0:14:43The Great Eastern was once the largest vessel on earth.
0:14:43 > 0:14:47She was built for non-stop passage to Australia,
0:14:47 > 0:14:51but ended up being sold off
0:14:51 > 0:14:53as a floating billboard,
0:14:53 > 0:14:56before being broken up.
0:14:58 > 0:15:02But I won't let the old girl die in such disgrace.
0:15:02 > 0:15:05Before she ended her life here in the mud
0:15:05 > 0:15:07on the banks of the Mersey,
0:15:07 > 0:15:11she was responsible for one of the great engineering triumphs
0:15:11 > 0:15:13of the 19th century.
0:15:13 > 0:15:17It's a story that's seldom told, until now!
0:15:18 > 0:15:22This great ship launched the information age.
0:15:23 > 0:15:28It's a dazzling tale of astonishing audacity.
0:15:28 > 0:15:29Her mission -
0:15:29 > 0:15:33to lay a telegraph cable across the entire Atlantic,
0:15:33 > 0:15:39to send messages from continent to continent.
0:15:39 > 0:15:42This is the story of how the Great Eastern
0:15:42 > 0:15:44wired Britain to America.
0:15:44 > 0:15:48MUSIC: "Star Spangled Banner" by Francis Scott Key
0:15:48 > 0:15:51The celebrations for the Transatlantic cable were sweet,
0:15:51 > 0:15:55because of the failures that went before.
0:15:59 > 0:16:01Messages used to travel
0:16:01 > 0:16:04at the speed of sail.
0:16:04 > 0:16:06Then, in 1858,
0:16:06 > 0:16:09after an extraordinary effort,
0:16:09 > 0:16:10the first telegraph cable
0:16:10 > 0:16:13was stretched across the Atlantic seabed.
0:16:15 > 0:16:17In an age before the telephone,
0:16:17 > 0:16:21the new wire promised to send Morse Code messages
0:16:21 > 0:16:23between continents.
0:16:24 > 0:16:27But as soon as they began transmitting,
0:16:27 > 0:16:29there was trouble.
0:16:29 > 0:16:33The electrical messages were getting weaker and weaker.
0:16:33 > 0:16:37The first telegraph cable was dying.
0:16:38 > 0:16:40Cassie Newland, from Bristol University,
0:16:40 > 0:16:44is here to show me what went wrong.
0:16:44 > 0:16:46What they've got is a very badly insulated cable.
0:16:46 > 0:16:49They've got little manufacturing defects
0:16:49 > 0:16:51because they're inventing it as they go along,
0:16:51 > 0:16:54and tiny little faults are appearing and interfering with the signal.
0:16:54 > 0:16:56And as a layman, what I would have thought is,
0:16:56 > 0:16:58just put more power down the wire.
0:16:58 > 0:17:00And that's exactly what they did.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03At one point, they're putting 2,000 volts down the wire.
0:17:03 > 0:17:06So we can do something like 24 volts,
0:17:06 > 0:17:09so off we go, look, it burns a lot more brightly.
0:17:09 > 0:17:11What you are now doing,
0:17:11 > 0:17:13is making those faults worse and worse,
0:17:13 > 0:17:16with this big hefty voltage that's going down the cable,
0:17:16 > 0:17:18until finally, it just shorts.
0:17:18 > 0:17:20And look, our light's gone out.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23So how long did it actually last for, this cable?
0:17:23 > 0:17:26- Two weeks.- How much did it cost?
0:17:26 > 0:17:28£700,000.
0:17:30 > 0:17:33By 1866, they were ready to try again,
0:17:33 > 0:17:35with a new design.
0:17:37 > 0:17:40To lay the first cable,
0:17:40 > 0:17:41they had to use two vessels -
0:17:41 > 0:17:45the weight of the wire was too massive for one alone.
0:17:46 > 0:17:50What they really needed was one big ship
0:17:50 > 0:17:54capable of carrying 2,000 miles of Atlantic cable
0:17:54 > 0:17:56in one go.
0:17:58 > 0:18:01Such a ship didn't exist before,
0:18:01 > 0:18:04but now it had been launched.
0:18:05 > 0:18:09Only the Great Eastern could carry the new cable
0:18:09 > 0:18:10in one trip.
0:18:11 > 0:18:16She was five times bigger than any other vessel,
0:18:16 > 0:18:19but this one is a little smaller.
0:18:23 > 0:18:26This perfect scale replica is the work of Bob Abell,
0:18:26 > 0:18:28who used the original blueprints.
0:18:28 > 0:18:31You've got every detail,
0:18:31 > 0:18:35- however long did it take you to build it?- About two years.
0:18:35 > 0:18:39You've got the rivets all beautifully shown on the side of the decks.
0:18:39 > 0:18:41- This is the Captain's deck. - There we are.
0:18:42 > 0:18:45There's the cable.
0:18:45 > 0:18:48And this is how it goes down the bottom.
0:18:48 > 0:18:52I mean, this will be about the closest I'm ever going to get to see
0:18:52 > 0:18:55- what she was like, you know.- I think it's the only one in the land.
0:18:55 > 0:18:57Can I have a go?
0:19:03 > 0:19:07I never thought I would steer the Great Eastern!
0:19:08 > 0:19:11You're doing a good job.
0:19:13 > 0:19:16On the 13th July, 1866,
0:19:16 > 0:19:19she steamed away from the coast of Ireland,
0:19:19 > 0:19:21to cross the Atlantic.
0:19:24 > 0:19:27Her precious cargo spooled out behind.
0:19:27 > 0:19:31The Transatlantic cable was no ordinary wire.
0:19:31 > 0:19:36This is the Great Eastern's successful cable.
0:19:36 > 0:19:39- What's it actually made of?- You've got a conductor in the middle,
0:19:39 > 0:19:42if you see, there are seven little strands - all copper.
0:19:42 > 0:19:45Then wrapped around that, you've got your gutta-percha insulation.
0:19:45 > 0:19:48- Now what is gutta-percha? - Oh, gutta-percha...
0:19:48 > 0:19:52It's like a tree sap from the gutta-percha tree,
0:19:52 > 0:19:54which is a massive tall rainforest tree, grown in places
0:19:54 > 0:19:58like Borneo and Malaysia, that kind of tropical forest.
0:19:58 > 0:20:00It's a brilliant natural insulator,
0:20:00 > 0:20:02it only gets better under water,
0:20:02 > 0:20:04it was almost like it was designed for the job.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06Just wrapped around that is jute -
0:20:06 > 0:20:09the same stuff we make hessian sacks out of,
0:20:09 > 0:20:12and then around that you've got bright iron.
0:20:12 > 0:20:14The armour's getting laid on just up there...
0:20:14 > 0:20:16That's the Birkenhead docks.
0:20:16 > 0:20:18The copper's been smelted down there at Widnes.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22So it's kind of ironical that the cables are being manufactured here,
0:20:22 > 0:20:26the very resting point of the Great Eastern itself.
0:20:26 > 0:20:28Yeah, it's a beautifully circular thing.
0:20:32 > 0:20:34By the end of July 1866,
0:20:34 > 0:20:37the Great Eastern and her precious cable
0:20:37 > 0:20:40reached Newfoundland,
0:20:40 > 0:20:42after a voyage of 2,000 miles.
0:20:45 > 0:20:47Over such a long distance,
0:20:47 > 0:20:50telegraph messages were very, very weak.
0:20:50 > 0:20:52Eight years before,
0:20:52 > 0:20:58the first cable had blown when the voltage was boosted.
0:20:58 > 0:21:00So they needed a brighter idea,
0:21:00 > 0:21:06and this is where the story takes a very clever turn.
0:21:07 > 0:21:11Morse Code messages usually communicated by clicking,
0:21:11 > 0:21:13but the transatlantic signal
0:21:13 > 0:21:18was far too faint to make even a click.
0:21:18 > 0:21:21British scientist, William Thomson,
0:21:21 > 0:21:24had devised a solution of genius.
0:21:26 > 0:21:28His bright idea was to use a light beam,
0:21:28 > 0:21:33which even the weakest electrical current could move.
0:21:33 > 0:21:38At the heart of Thomson's machine was a mirror like this,
0:21:38 > 0:21:40which made a small rotation
0:21:40 > 0:21:44in response to the tiny telegraph signal.
0:21:45 > 0:21:49This model of a mirror galvanometer
0:21:49 > 0:21:52was built by scientist, Jonathan Hare.
0:21:52 > 0:21:55So this is the magic device?
0:21:55 > 0:21:57This is the mirror galvanometer,
0:21:57 > 0:22:01which is an exquisitely sensitive way of picking up a signal on a cable, basically.
0:22:01 > 0:22:04So it enabled signals to be sent in really low voltage.
0:22:04 > 0:22:06How does it work?
0:22:06 > 0:22:10So we've wired up the cable. It's going from the UK to here in America,
0:22:10 > 0:22:12and if we press a button on the other side,
0:22:12 > 0:22:14a little current will flow along here.
0:22:14 > 0:22:17On the mirror are fixed two magnets,
0:22:17 > 0:22:20and around the mirror is a coil of wire.
0:22:20 > 0:22:22Now when that current flows in the coil of wire
0:22:22 > 0:22:25it produces a magnetic field,
0:22:25 > 0:22:27which causes one magnet to move out, sort of repels it,
0:22:27 > 0:22:29and causes the other magnet to move in,
0:22:29 > 0:22:32and as the magnets are fixed to the mirror, it twists the mirror,
0:22:32 > 0:22:36but the clever thing was he bounced a beam of light off that mirror,
0:22:36 > 0:22:38and just like if you play with your watch, you know,
0:22:38 > 0:22:42and you reflect the sun's rays from your watch,
0:22:42 > 0:22:44you can actually make the spot move around a lot,
0:22:44 > 0:22:46with very little movement of your wrist.
0:22:46 > 0:22:48Here very little mirror movement,
0:22:48 > 0:22:51will actually cause a big movement in the spot some distance away.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54Now at the other end, in the UK, we're in America here,
0:22:54 > 0:22:57if she keys... She's got two positions on her keyer,
0:22:57 > 0:23:00one will send a dot, and if she flicks the switch
0:23:00 > 0:23:02and presses the button again, it will send a dash,
0:23:02 > 0:23:05and they cause the spot to move in different directions,
0:23:05 > 0:23:07so she can send a dot and a dash and send Morse Code
0:23:07 > 0:23:09and we can read the message.
0:23:11 > 0:23:14Press a key on one side of the Atlantic
0:23:14 > 0:23:17and 2,000 miles beyond,
0:23:17 > 0:23:19a light spot bounced,
0:23:19 > 0:23:23a miraculous method of sending telegrams.
0:23:23 > 0:23:26William Thomson's invaluable contribution
0:23:26 > 0:23:28to the transatlantic telegraph,
0:23:28 > 0:23:31earned him a well-deserved knighthood.
0:23:31 > 0:23:35MUSIC: "God Save The Queen"
0:23:35 > 0:23:38The band struck up in celebration,
0:23:38 > 0:23:41and the message was finally received
0:23:41 > 0:23:44loud and clear in the USA.
0:23:44 > 0:23:48MUSIC: "Star Spangled Banner"
0:23:50 > 0:23:52With the cable laid,
0:23:52 > 0:23:55the Great Eastern was gradually forgotten,
0:23:55 > 0:23:59broken up on the banks of the Mersey.
0:23:59 > 0:24:02But her legacy remains.
0:24:02 > 0:24:04Since 1866,
0:24:04 > 0:24:09we've never been out of contact with America.
0:24:09 > 0:24:11The Times newspaper said,
0:24:11 > 0:24:16"We have become one country - the Atlantic is dried up."
0:24:40 > 0:24:43Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd