0:00:30 > 0:00:33- PRESIDENT KENNEDY:- Now it is time to take longer strides.
0:00:33 > 0:00:36Time for a great new American enterprise.
0:00:36 > 0:00:41Time for this nation to take a clearly leading role
0:00:41 > 0:00:42in space achievements
0:00:42 > 0:00:46which, in many ways, may hold the key to our future on Earth.
0:00:47 > 0:00:51I believe that this nation should commit itself
0:00:51 > 0:00:55to achieving the goal, before this decade is out,
0:00:55 > 0:00:56of landing a man on the moon
0:00:56 > 0:00:59and returning him safely to the Earth.
0:00:59 > 0:01:02No single space project in this period
0:01:02 > 0:01:05will be more impressive to mankind
0:01:05 > 0:01:09or more important for the long-range exploration of space.
0:01:09 > 0:01:12And none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
0:01:29 > 0:01:33In July 1969, Apollo 11 lifted off here at Cape Canaveral
0:01:33 > 0:01:36to take two Americans to the surface of the moon and back,
0:01:36 > 0:01:39ahead of John Kennedy's already ambitious schedule.
0:01:39 > 0:01:4315 years later, in the knowledge that the President's prime aim
0:01:43 > 0:01:46was to find anything that would take the public's mind off
0:01:46 > 0:01:49his recent political humiliation at the Bay of Pigs
0:01:49 > 0:01:52and win some kind of propaganda victory over the Russians,
0:01:52 > 0:01:55the idea of a manned mission to the moon
0:01:55 > 0:01:58seems an outrageous leap of the political imagination.
0:01:58 > 0:02:00But it paid off.
0:02:00 > 0:02:04The landing in the Sea of Tranquillity was a crowning moment
0:02:04 > 0:02:05in the history of mankind.
0:02:05 > 0:02:09It united the world as never before or since.
0:02:09 > 0:02:11And it was all-American.
0:02:11 > 0:02:15The first part of this programme tells the story of that moment,
0:02:15 > 0:02:17as recorded by the onboard cameras
0:02:17 > 0:02:20and as we all saw it back here on Earth.
0:02:20 > 0:02:23Today, though, that first moon landing
0:02:23 > 0:02:27is more than just a great adventure story to be retold.
0:02:27 > 0:02:30It has particular relevance because, in many ways,
0:02:30 > 0:02:32it's about to be repeated.
0:02:32 > 0:02:34After a decade of relative inactivity,
0:02:34 > 0:02:37we are about to take another great leap for mankind.
0:02:38 > 0:02:40So the second part of this film, then,
0:02:40 > 0:02:43explores the missions that are planned as part of that leap.
0:02:43 > 0:02:46They are wide-ranging and ambitious
0:02:46 > 0:02:48and, perhaps, more clearly appreciated
0:02:48 > 0:02:51in the light of what happened in that extraordinary week
0:02:51 > 0:02:55that began here on the morning of July 16th, 1969.
0:03:04 > 0:03:07Ten, nine, eight,
0:03:07 > 0:03:11seven, six, five, four...
0:03:11 > 0:03:16- Ignition.- ..three, two, one, zero.
0:03:24 > 0:03:26Liftoff. We have a liftoff.
0:03:26 > 0:03:2932 minutes past the hour.
0:03:29 > 0:03:31Liftoff on Apollo 11.
0:03:31 > 0:03:33That's a go. Roger.
0:03:38 > 0:03:41- PRESIDENT KENNEDY: - We set sail on this new sea
0:03:41 > 0:03:44because there is new knowledge to be gained
0:03:44 > 0:03:47and new rights to be won.
0:03:49 > 0:03:51We choose to go to the moon...
0:03:51 > 0:03:53APPLAUSE
0:03:53 > 0:03:55We choose to go to the moon...
0:03:56 > 0:04:01We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things,
0:04:01 > 0:04:03not because they are easy,
0:04:03 > 0:04:05but because they are hard.
0:04:11 > 0:04:17- Clear of the tower. - Tower cleared.
0:04:17 > 0:04:19- PATRICK MOORE: - Well, another perfect launch
0:04:19 > 0:04:21of the kind we've come to expect.
0:04:21 > 0:04:23And I think it's really rather staggering, you know,
0:04:23 > 0:04:26to remember the first men on the moon are really on their way.
0:04:28 > 0:04:31Houston, you're good at one minute.
0:04:36 > 0:04:41MUSIC: "Also sprach Zarathustra" by Richard Straus
0:04:50 > 0:04:52JAMES BURKE: An estimated world television audience
0:04:52 > 0:04:57of 600 million people this afternoon watched the Apollo 11 spacecraft
0:04:57 > 0:05:01launched into a perfect blue sky above Cape Kennedy in Florida
0:05:01 > 0:05:04on the first stage of its four-day journey to the moon,
0:05:04 > 0:05:07724 milliseconds late.
0:05:07 > 0:05:09At this moment, the three astronauts on board -
0:05:09 > 0:05:12Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins -
0:05:12 > 0:05:15are nearly 11,000 miles out from Earth
0:05:15 > 0:05:18going towards the moon at a speed of over 11,000 miles an hour
0:05:18 > 0:05:19and slowing as they go,
0:05:19 > 0:05:22because Earth's gravity is trying to pull them back all the time.
0:05:22 > 0:05:25I've got the morning news here, if you're interested. Over.
0:05:27 > 0:05:30Yeah, we sure are. We're ready to copy and comment.
0:05:30 > 0:05:31OK.
0:05:31 > 0:05:34First off, it looks like it's going to be impossible
0:05:34 > 0:05:36to get away from the fact that
0:05:36 > 0:05:39you guys are dominating all the news back here on Earth.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44Even Pravda in Russia is headlining the mission
0:05:44 > 0:05:46and calls Neil "the tsar of the ship".
0:05:46 > 0:05:49I think, maybe, they got the wrong mission!
0:05:49 > 0:05:5111, this is Houston.
0:05:51 > 0:05:53We're getting a good picture of Buzz now.
0:05:54 > 0:05:58We've come to the conclusion that this has been far more
0:05:58 > 0:06:01than three men on a voyage to the moon.
0:06:03 > 0:06:07We feel that this stands as a symbol
0:06:07 > 0:06:10of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind
0:06:10 > 0:06:12to explore the unknown.
0:06:13 > 0:06:17The acceptance of this challenge was inevitable.
0:06:17 > 0:06:21When I consider the heavens, the work of thy fingers...
0:06:22 > 0:06:26..the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained...
0:06:27 > 0:06:30..what is man if thou art mindful of him?
0:06:40 > 0:06:45# Picture yourself in a boat on a river
0:06:45 > 0:06:51# With tangerine trees and marmalade skies
0:06:53 > 0:06:58# Somebody calls you You answer quite slowly
0:06:58 > 0:07:04# A girl with kaleidoscope eyes
0:07:06 > 0:07:11# Cellophane flowers of yellow and green
0:07:11 > 0:07:16# Towering over your head
0:07:17 > 0:07:21# Look for the girl with the sun in her eyes
0:07:21 > 0:07:23# And she's gone... #
0:07:23 > 0:07:25- NEWSREADER:- There is a great deal of interest here
0:07:25 > 0:07:27in the flight of Apollo 11.
0:07:27 > 0:07:31The half-million American servicemen on duty in South Vietnam
0:07:31 > 0:07:34have been reading about it for weeks in Stars And Stripes,
0:07:34 > 0:07:36the daily military newspaper,
0:07:36 > 0:07:39and in several of the English-language Saigon papers.
0:07:39 > 0:07:42Well, it really didn't impress me too much until today,
0:07:42 > 0:07:45when I was talking to a former Vietcong, who works for my company.
0:07:45 > 0:07:47I was talking to him through an interpreter
0:07:47 > 0:07:49and we were trying to explain to him
0:07:49 > 0:07:51the United States is putting a man on the moon.
0:07:51 > 0:07:53And as much as we explained to him,
0:07:53 > 0:07:55he just refused to believe it was possible.
0:07:55 > 0:07:57And it really hit home at this time
0:07:57 > 0:08:00that the United States is accomplishing a fantastic feat.
0:08:02 > 0:08:07PILOTS TALK INDISTINCTLY
0:08:13 > 0:08:17- PRESIDENT KENNEDY:- For space science has no conscience of its own.
0:08:17 > 0:08:22Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man.
0:08:23 > 0:08:27Whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace
0:08:27 > 0:08:30or a new terrifying theatre of war.
0:08:30 > 0:08:31- ASTRONAUT:- 7-6-4...
0:08:32 > 0:08:34..0-3-0.
0:08:35 > 0:08:370-0-0.
0:08:38 > 0:08:402-9-3.
0:08:40 > 0:08:44JAMES BURKE: And any second now, we should hear Eagle....
0:08:44 > 0:08:47Eagle, Houston. Everything's looking good here. Over.
0:08:48 > 0:08:51They have it. They have a signal. They've picked up the lunar module
0:08:51 > 0:08:54with Armstrong and Aldrin on their way down to the moon.
0:08:54 > 0:08:57So let me shut up and let's just listen to this drop
0:08:57 > 0:09:00towards the lunar surface by Eagle, the lunar module.
0:09:04 > 0:09:07Eagle, Houston. We read you now. You're go for PDI. Over.
0:09:08 > 0:09:10Roger, Eagle. Undock.
0:09:12 > 0:09:13Roger. How does it look?
0:09:13 > 0:09:15- Unbelievable.- Rog.
0:09:18 > 0:09:21Tail flap and collars and going around the horn.
0:09:21 > 0:09:24Make your go-now-goes based on the data you have.
0:09:26 > 0:09:271202.
0:09:27 > 0:09:30We've got a reading on the 1202 program alarm.
0:09:30 > 0:09:32We're going that line.
0:09:32 > 0:09:34Roger. We got you. We are going that line.
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- We are currently go.- OK. Have you still got landing radar guidance?
0:09:37 > 0:09:39- Confirmed.- OK. Is it converged?
0:09:39 > 0:09:41- Has it converged?- Yes.
0:09:41 > 0:09:44- OK, all flight controllers, go, now go for landing. Retro?- Go.
0:09:44 > 0:09:45- Guidance?- Go.
0:09:45 > 0:09:46- Control?- Go.
0:09:46 > 0:09:47- Countdown?- Go.
0:09:47 > 0:09:49- Surgeon?- Go.
0:09:49 > 0:09:50Cap Com, we're go for landing.
0:09:50 > 0:09:52Eagle, Houston. You're go for landing. Over.
0:09:52 > 0:09:55- Bravo one, bracket 1201 alarm. - 1201 alarm.
0:09:55 > 0:09:58Set time for go flight. We are go. Same time. We are go.
0:09:58 > 0:10:00OK, all flight controllers, hang tight.
0:10:00 > 0:10:03Four forward. Drifting to the right a little.
0:10:03 > 0:10:0530 seconds. 30 seconds.
0:10:05 > 0:10:06Forward drift.
0:10:06 > 0:10:0820 feet down. Two and a half.
0:10:08 > 0:10:10Picking up some dust.
0:10:10 > 0:10:11Faint shadow.
0:10:12 > 0:10:14Contact right. OK, engine stop.
0:10:14 > 0:10:15APA at a descent.
0:10:17 > 0:10:20- We've got shutdown. - We copy you're down, Eagle.
0:10:20 > 0:10:21Tranquillity Base here.
0:10:21 > 0:10:23The Eagle has landed.
0:10:23 > 0:10:24Roger, Tranquillity.
0:10:24 > 0:10:26We copy you on the ground.
0:10:26 > 0:10:28You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue.
0:10:28 > 0:10:30We're breathing again. Thanks a lot.
0:10:30 > 0:10:32OK, keep the chatter down in this room.
0:10:32 > 0:10:34E1, stay?
0:10:34 > 0:10:35- Retro?- Stay.
0:10:35 > 0:10:37- Guidance.- Stay.- Control?- Stay.
0:10:37 > 0:10:39- Countdown?- Stay.- ENC?- Stay.
0:10:39 > 0:10:41- Recom?- Stay.- Surgeon?- Stay.
0:10:41 > 0:10:42Cap Com, we're stay for T1.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45Roger, Eagle. And you're stay. Over.
0:10:45 > 0:10:47Eagle, you are OK for T1.
0:10:49 > 0:10:51JAMES BURKE: Well, this is a moment, if there ever was a moment,
0:10:51 > 0:10:54for Patrick Moore...
0:10:54 > 0:10:56Well, I really feel absolutely overcome.
0:10:56 > 0:10:58I've lived with this idea all my life.
0:10:58 > 0:11:00Now that it's really happened, I can hardly believe it.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03No admiration can be too great for those magnificent men,
0:11:03 > 0:11:06who have brought this strange, spidery module down on the moon.
0:11:06 > 0:11:07And this, obviously, is a moment
0:11:07 > 0:11:09that humanity is never going to forget.
0:11:09 > 0:11:12Check and verify TV circuit breaker in.
0:11:13 > 0:11:15Roger. TV circuit breaker is in.
0:11:15 > 0:11:17JAMES BURKE: And here's the picture...
0:11:17 > 0:11:20And we're getting the picture on the TV!
0:11:22 > 0:11:24You've got a good picture, huh?
0:11:24 > 0:11:27There's a great deal of contrast
0:11:27 > 0:11:30and it's currently upside down on our monitor,
0:11:30 > 0:11:32but we can make out a fair amount of detail.
0:11:37 > 0:11:39JAMES BURKE: There is Armstrong.
0:11:42 > 0:11:43You can see him moving.
0:11:45 > 0:11:48I'm at the foot of the ladder.
0:11:48 > 0:11:50The LM foot pads are only, er...
0:11:51 > 0:11:56..er, depressed in the surface about one or two inches.
0:11:59 > 0:12:01I'm going to step off the LM now.
0:12:10 > 0:12:12That's one small step for man...
0:12:15 > 0:12:18..one giant leap for mankind.
0:12:24 > 0:12:26It has a stark beauty all of its own.
0:12:26 > 0:12:30It's like much of the high desert of the United States.
0:12:30 > 0:12:33It's different, but it's very pretty out here.
0:12:36 > 0:12:38James Burke: And there's Aldrin.
0:12:40 > 0:12:44Armstrong is going to try and guide Aldrin out as he comes backwards.
0:12:44 > 0:12:46How far are my feet from the...?
0:12:46 > 0:12:48OK, you're right at the edge of the porch.
0:12:48 > 0:12:50Making sure not to lock it on my way out!
0:12:50 > 0:12:52ARMSTRONG LAUGHS
0:12:52 > 0:12:54There you go.
0:12:56 > 0:13:00- Beautiful view. - Isn't that something?
0:13:00 > 0:13:01Magnificent sight out here.
0:13:04 > 0:13:05Magnificent desolation.
0:13:09 > 0:13:11OK, Houston. I'm going to change lenses on you.
0:13:13 > 0:13:15Roger, Neil.
0:13:15 > 0:13:18JAMES BURKE: And here, a moment while Neil Armstrong
0:13:18 > 0:13:21changes the lens on the television camera.
0:13:21 > 0:13:23When he takes it out to its distant position,
0:13:23 > 0:13:27we'll get a wider view of everything that's going on.
0:13:27 > 0:13:3040, 50 feet. Why don't you turn around and let...
0:13:32 > 0:13:33..let them get a view from there
0:13:33 > 0:13:35and see what the field of view looks like?
0:13:38 > 0:13:40You're backing into the cable.
0:13:40 > 0:13:42JAMES BURKE: And there it is. The lunar module.
0:13:44 > 0:13:47I'll get a couple of panoramas with this view.
0:13:47 > 0:13:50You're going too fast on the panorama sweeps.
0:13:50 > 0:13:52You're going to have to stop for...
0:13:52 > 0:13:54I haven't stopped. I haven't put it down yet.
0:13:54 > 0:13:58That's the first picture in the panorama, right there.
0:13:59 > 0:14:01Roger.
0:14:01 > 0:14:03JAMES BURKE: The Sea of Tranquillity.
0:14:04 > 0:14:05OK, I'm going to move it.
0:14:05 > 0:14:07OK, here's another good one.
0:14:07 > 0:14:09JAMES BURKE: Fantastic.
0:14:10 > 0:14:12The blackness in the sky...
0:14:12 > 0:14:14OK, we've got that one.
0:14:17 > 0:14:19Roger. We see both...
0:14:19 > 0:14:21How's that for a final...?
0:14:22 > 0:14:25OK, that looks good there, Neil.
0:14:25 > 0:14:27Yeah, it looks good.
0:14:30 > 0:14:33JAMES BURKE: And we've just heard that all over the world
0:14:33 > 0:14:35there are 33 countries who have stayed up
0:14:35 > 0:14:37to take these pictures live.
0:14:43 > 0:14:45This is CBS News.
0:14:45 > 0:14:49Coloured coverage of man on the moon.
0:14:49 > 0:14:52This evening, a walk on the moon.
0:14:52 > 0:14:54Now, here again, is Walter Cronkite.
0:14:54 > 0:14:57Well, for thousands of years now,
0:14:57 > 0:15:01it's been man's dream to walk on the moon.
0:15:01 > 0:15:03Right now, after seeing it happen,
0:15:03 > 0:15:05knowing that it happened,
0:15:05 > 0:15:07it still seems like a dream.
0:15:07 > 0:15:08So let's go now to Mike Wallace
0:15:08 > 0:15:11at our CBS News space headquarters in London
0:15:11 > 0:15:15for a report on the world reaction to this event today. Mike...?
0:15:15 > 0:15:17The headline of the Daily Mirror here tells it all for London.
0:15:17 > 0:15:19Let me read it...
0:15:19 > 0:15:22"The date, July 21 AD, 1969.
0:15:22 > 0:15:25"Man walks on the moon.
0:15:25 > 0:15:29"Astronaut Neil Armstrong launched a new era for mankind today,
0:15:29 > 0:15:31"when he stepped from the lunar module.
0:15:31 > 0:15:35"America, a land of frontiersmen, has launched a new frontier."
0:15:36 > 0:15:38All of the newspapers here, of course,
0:15:38 > 0:15:40have given banner headlines to the story.
0:15:40 > 0:15:43And on the television channels, all of them this morning,
0:15:43 > 0:15:46they are replaying the tapes of the astronauts' walk on the moon.
0:15:47 > 0:15:50But, of course, there is no sense of holiday here.
0:15:50 > 0:15:51It is a working Monday morning.
0:15:51 > 0:15:54But it seems that everybody you talk to in London,
0:15:54 > 0:15:56watched television all night through.
0:15:56 > 0:16:00And, of course, there is nothing but admiration for Armstrong and Aldrin.
0:16:01 > 0:16:04I suppose it's an achievement which
0:16:04 > 0:16:07incorporates all the work,
0:16:07 > 0:16:11all the discoveries of the mathematicians and the scientists
0:16:11 > 0:16:13and the space experts
0:16:13 > 0:16:16almost from the earliest days of mathematics and science.
0:16:16 > 0:16:20And it incorporates the technologies and the experience of many nations.
0:16:20 > 0:16:25And now I think our greatest feeling of all
0:16:25 > 0:16:30is our prayers for the safe return of these three very great men.
0:16:32 > 0:16:36JAMES BURKE: And for those of you who have just tuned in,
0:16:36 > 0:16:39one of the astronauts walking on the surface of the moon.
0:16:41 > 0:16:45And here comes Mike Collins, 70 miles up in the command module.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48Roger. The EVA is progressing beautifully.
0:16:48 > 0:16:50I guess you're about the only person around
0:16:50 > 0:16:53that doesn't have TV coverage of the scene.
0:16:54 > 0:16:56That's all right. I don't mind a bit.
0:16:56 > 0:16:58Is the lighting for you there decent?
0:16:58 > 0:17:00Yes, indeed. They've got the flag up now.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03You can see the Stars and Stripes on the lunar surface.
0:17:06 > 0:17:07Beautiful. Just beautiful.
0:17:09 > 0:17:14Arthur, you've been dreaming of this moment long before many of us did.
0:17:14 > 0:17:17Beginning back in the mid-1930s,
0:17:17 > 0:17:19you were writing about going up to the moon.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23What was your feeling when we saw this thing happen today?
0:17:24 > 0:17:28Well, I don't think I did feel anything. I think we all sort of...
0:17:28 > 0:17:30Time just stopped for me.
0:17:30 > 0:17:32And I think it stopped for everybody. It was just a...
0:17:34 > 0:17:36A hole in history, you know? And the whole world's...
0:17:37 > 0:17:40Everything. My heart stopped. Breathing stopped.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44I can't imagine a moment... to equal this.
0:17:44 > 0:17:47The only thing I could imagine is if some fellow came forward
0:17:47 > 0:17:50and could say positively we're not going to have any more war.
0:17:51 > 0:17:53I think this is a step in that direction because...
0:17:55 > 0:17:58..this sort of thing is making our stupidities here on Earth
0:17:58 > 0:18:00seem more and more intolerable.
0:18:00 > 0:18:04And I think this may be the greatest result of the space programme.
0:18:05 > 0:18:06Come in, Mr Heinlein...
0:18:08 > 0:18:11I agree with what Arthur said a while ago
0:18:11 > 0:18:12about the possible effect
0:18:12 > 0:18:15on war on this planet.
0:18:15 > 0:18:20But I think this whole business today, this week,
0:18:20 > 0:18:24has been thought of, in many cases, in too small terms.
0:18:24 > 0:18:28This is the greatest event in all the history of the human race
0:18:28 > 0:18:30up to this time. This is...
0:18:30 > 0:18:33Today is New Year's Day of the year one.
0:18:33 > 0:18:35If we don't change the calendar...
0:18:35 > 0:18:37historians will do so.
0:18:37 > 0:18:41The human race will not die, even if we spoil this planet,
0:18:41 > 0:18:43the human race will not die.
0:18:43 > 0:18:45It's going to go on and on and on.
0:18:46 > 0:18:50For those who haven't read the plaque, it says...
0:18:51 > 0:18:55"Here men from the planet Earth first stepped foot upon the moon.
0:18:56 > 0:18:58"We came in peace for all mankind.
0:18:59 > 0:19:02"July 1969 AD."
0:19:05 > 0:19:09Roger. Our guidance recommendation is you're cleared for takeoff.
0:19:11 > 0:19:13Roger. Understand. We're number one on the runway!
0:19:14 > 0:19:17Work stage on our assent proceed.
0:19:23 > 0:19:24Status beautiful.
0:19:24 > 0:19:2726, 36 feet per second up.
0:19:27 > 0:19:29Very true.
0:19:30 > 0:19:33Very quiet ride. There's that moon crater down there.
0:19:38 > 0:19:421,000 feet high, 80 feet per second.
0:19:42 > 0:19:43Vertical rise.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50Eagle, Houston. Request manual start override.
0:20:55 > 0:20:59If we can do all of that in such a short time...
0:21:00 > 0:21:02..I wonder why it is that, er...
0:21:03 > 0:21:08..we can't put that same effort to bring good
0:21:08 > 0:21:10and peace to all the world.
0:21:18 > 0:21:19There's blackout.
0:21:23 > 0:21:27Range to go to splash 1,510 nautical miles.
0:21:32 > 0:21:34Drogues.
0:21:40 > 0:21:43Aircraft reports a visual with three full chutes.
0:21:43 > 0:21:46Condition of crew? Over.
0:21:46 > 0:21:48There it is! There it is!
0:21:48 > 0:21:51Apollo 11. The men who walked on the moon.
0:21:51 > 0:21:53Just for an instant. Just for a brief instant.
0:21:55 > 0:21:59BAND PLAYS "HAIL THE CHIEF"
0:22:13 > 0:22:16Gee, you look great. Do feel as good as you look?
0:22:16 > 0:22:18Oh, we feel just perfect, Mr President.
0:22:18 > 0:22:21I was thinking, as you know, as you came down
0:22:21 > 0:22:25and we knew it was a success
0:22:25 > 0:22:28and it had only been eight days, just a week, a long week.
0:22:30 > 0:22:33And this is the greatest week
0:22:33 > 0:22:35in the history of the world since the creation.
0:22:36 > 0:22:38As a result of what you have done,
0:22:38 > 0:22:41the world has never been closer together before.
0:22:41 > 0:22:43And we just thank you for that.
0:22:43 > 0:22:46And I only hope that all of us in government,
0:22:46 > 0:22:47all of us in America
0:22:47 > 0:22:50that, as a result of what you've done,
0:22:50 > 0:22:52we can do our job a little better.
0:22:52 > 0:22:56We can reach for the stars just as you have reached the stars.
0:22:56 > 0:23:00BAND PLAYS AMERICAN NATIONAL ANTHEM
0:23:16 > 0:23:19Back on Earth, all that remained of the vision was this...
0:23:19 > 0:23:22The image of Buzz Aldrin standing in the lunar dust.
0:23:24 > 0:23:27Unfortunately, the photograph also showed the American taxpayer
0:23:27 > 0:23:30where his dollars had gone and he didn't like the view.
0:23:31 > 0:23:34The Apollo project was curtailed in the face of public disinterest
0:23:34 > 0:23:36and hurried, some said, to an early grave.
0:23:37 > 0:23:41Today, 15 years later - a lifetime in politics -
0:23:41 > 0:23:44comes the renaissance.
0:23:44 > 0:23:47The idea of a space spectacular has been disinterred,
0:23:47 > 0:23:49largely, thanks to this...
0:24:01 > 0:24:03The shuttle has cleared the tower.
0:24:03 > 0:24:06Good roll confirmed by Mission Control.
0:24:06 > 0:24:09JAMES BURKE: This year, the shuttle will carry more astronauts into orbit
0:24:09 > 0:24:14than flew during all the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Skylab missions combined.
0:24:15 > 0:24:18Over 40 shuttle flights are planned during the next three years.
0:24:21 > 0:24:24Challenger, Houston. You're go at throttle-up.
0:24:24 > 0:24:25Roger, Houston.
0:24:32 > 0:24:34We have separation.
0:24:34 > 0:24:36Roger. Separation. Looks good.
0:24:43 > 0:24:45SHUTTLE PILOT SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY
0:24:45 > 0:24:47Roger.
0:24:47 > 0:24:49Right now, separation of the rocket motors.
0:24:53 > 0:24:55And guidance has converged as planned.
0:24:59 > 0:25:01Great view over South America.
0:25:01 > 0:25:03Sorry, Africa!
0:25:03 > 0:25:06JAMES BURKE: Aside from present problems with the latest orbiter, Discovery,
0:25:06 > 0:25:10Nasa's shuttles are poised to provide regular access to space
0:25:10 > 0:25:12and the means to develop a spectacular technology
0:25:12 > 0:25:15to exploit the new frontier.
0:25:15 > 0:25:19- Challenger, Houston. With you for eight minutes.- Roger.
0:25:19 > 0:25:20How are you reading?
0:25:20 > 0:25:23Roger, Bruce. Loud and clear.
0:25:25 > 0:25:28Well, that may have been one small step for Neil,
0:25:28 > 0:25:30but it's a heck of a big leap for me!
0:25:32 > 0:25:34Hey, great.
0:25:35 > 0:25:36OK, Bruce, we see you airborne.
0:25:39 > 0:25:43Moving away from the orbiter out to a distance of 300 feet.
0:25:46 > 0:25:48Looks like another sunny day up here!
0:25:52 > 0:25:54I can't listen as man manoeuvring you in,
0:25:54 > 0:25:58it constitutes a separate spacecraft of their own now.
0:26:03 > 0:26:06JAMES BURKE: 15 years after Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the moon,
0:26:06 > 0:26:09there is now a new image of man in space.
0:26:09 > 0:26:12And almost 25 years after Kennedy set the lunar goal,
0:26:12 > 0:26:15President Reagan has echoed the initiative
0:26:15 > 0:26:18in setting America a new major objective in space.
0:26:20 > 0:26:22America has always been greatest
0:26:22 > 0:26:24when we dared to be great.
0:26:24 > 0:26:27We can reach for greatness again.
0:26:27 > 0:26:29We can follow our dreams to distant stars,
0:26:29 > 0:26:31living and working in space
0:26:31 > 0:26:34for peaceful economic and scientific gain.
0:26:34 > 0:26:36Tonight, I am directing Nasa to develop
0:26:36 > 0:26:40a permanently manned space station and to do it within a decade.
0:26:40 > 0:26:45APPLAUSE
0:26:59 > 0:27:02JAMES BURKE: The dream of a space station is hardly new.
0:27:02 > 0:27:05100 years ago, science fiction writers had ambitious visions
0:27:05 > 0:27:07of cities in the sky,
0:27:07 > 0:27:10where armies of astronauts would assemble vast spinning structures,
0:27:10 > 0:27:12creating a comfortable environment
0:27:12 > 0:27:15for thousands of people miles above the Earth.
0:27:16 > 0:27:19Such a station would be a stepping stone,
0:27:19 > 0:27:22a place of departure for all points in the solar system.
0:27:22 > 0:27:24But what President Reagan is proposing
0:27:24 > 0:27:26is a long way from that grand vision.
0:27:29 > 0:27:31At least for the foreseeable future,
0:27:31 > 0:27:33Nasa's space station will be a more modest affair.
0:27:33 > 0:27:36It will be assembled in several stages
0:27:36 > 0:27:38from components delivered into orbit by the shuttle.
0:27:38 > 0:27:39In the largest designs,
0:27:39 > 0:27:42there will be room for a crew of six to eight astronauts.
0:27:42 > 0:27:45There may also be unmanned sections of the station
0:27:45 > 0:27:47flying separately alongside.
0:27:51 > 0:27:55The man in charge of Nasa's space station task force is John Hodge,
0:27:55 > 0:27:59British-born and a veteran from the earliest days of the space programme.
0:28:00 > 0:28:05This particular piece you see here is the manned part of the programme.
0:28:05 > 0:28:08We also have associated with it unmanned platforms,
0:28:08 > 0:28:11which wouldn't have the manned elements on it.
0:28:11 > 0:28:13But let me tell you about what we've got here as a result of that,
0:28:13 > 0:28:16recognising that it may not look anything like this
0:28:16 > 0:28:18by the time we build it.
0:28:18 > 0:28:21Of course, we have the shuttle, which you've all seen many times.
0:28:21 > 0:28:25And it has the robot arm here, which is able to pick things up
0:28:25 > 0:28:28and will be able to place them on the space station.
0:28:28 > 0:28:31This piece down the end here is the servicing platform,
0:28:31 > 0:28:34where we will bring other satellites in and repair them.
0:28:34 > 0:28:37Now, on the end here, what we have is just simply a number of...
0:28:37 > 0:28:39A representation of a number of modules,
0:28:39 > 0:28:41where various things would take place.
0:28:41 > 0:28:44You'll notice that this one has Japan written on it
0:28:44 > 0:28:46and this one has the European Space Agency
0:28:46 > 0:28:48and there's a couple of US ones here.
0:28:48 > 0:28:51And we do expect this to be very much an international programme.
0:28:51 > 0:28:55But we could conceptually say that this is the habitat
0:28:55 > 0:28:58where the men will live and we'll have from six to eight people
0:28:58 > 0:28:59living there continuously.
0:28:59 > 0:29:02JAMES BURKE: John Hodge and his team are far from decided
0:29:02 > 0:29:04how the space station should finally look
0:29:04 > 0:29:07or exactly how their 8 billion budget will be spent.
0:29:09 > 0:29:12Every major aerospace company in America is churning out designs,
0:29:12 > 0:29:14hoping for a piece of the action.
0:29:15 > 0:29:18We expect to get going early next year on the detailed design
0:29:18 > 0:29:20and then, following that, in 1987
0:29:20 > 0:29:22or perhaps a little bit later than that,
0:29:22 > 0:29:24we'll actually start cutting metal.
0:29:24 > 0:29:28So we really won't have anything to launch until the early 1990s.
0:29:28 > 0:29:30And we expect this facility, for example,
0:29:30 > 0:29:33to go up with about five shuttle launches
0:29:33 > 0:29:35over a period of about a year.
0:29:35 > 0:29:39So it would be, say, 1992 or 1993 before we actually had
0:29:39 > 0:29:40a fully functional space station.
0:29:42 > 0:29:44JAMES BURKE: But once the space station is in orbit,
0:29:44 > 0:29:46what will it be good for?
0:29:54 > 0:29:57Well, according to Nasa and President Reagan,
0:29:57 > 0:30:00practical rewards will rain down from the heavens.
0:30:00 > 0:30:03- PRESIDENT REAGAN:- The benefits to be reaped from our work in space
0:30:03 > 0:30:05literally dazzle the imagination.
0:30:05 > 0:30:09Together, we can produce rare, life-saving medicines,
0:30:09 > 0:30:12saving thousands of lives and hundreds of millions of dollars.
0:30:12 > 0:30:14We can manufacture super chips
0:30:14 > 0:30:16that improve our competitive position
0:30:16 > 0:30:19in the world computer market.
0:30:19 > 0:30:23We can rapidly and efficiently repair defective satellites.
0:30:23 > 0:30:25We can build space observatories,
0:30:25 > 0:30:29enabling scientists to see out to the edge of the universe.
0:30:29 > 0:30:33And we can produce special alloys and biological materials
0:30:33 > 0:30:37that benefit greatly from a zero-gravity environment.
0:30:38 > 0:30:41JAMES BURKE: Nasa has a long list of industrial processes
0:30:41 > 0:30:44it believes would work well on the station.
0:30:44 > 0:30:46Furnaces, to make high-purity crystals
0:30:46 > 0:30:48for superfast computer chips.
0:30:48 > 0:30:51And improved fibre optics for the growing communications market.
0:30:51 > 0:30:53But so far, only one process
0:30:53 > 0:30:56shows any real evidence of a commercial future -
0:30:56 > 0:30:59the manufacture of high-value drugs.
0:30:59 > 0:31:03Charlie Walker is due to become the first non-astronaut in space,
0:31:03 > 0:31:05when McDonnell Douglas send him up on the shuttle
0:31:05 > 0:31:08to operate their new electrophoresis separation equipment.
0:31:08 > 0:31:11It's designed to separate a mixture of substances
0:31:11 > 0:31:14as they flow continuously through the machine,
0:31:14 > 0:31:18thus producing highly pure drugs in far greater quantities than on Earth.
0:31:19 > 0:31:23We're running six samples through the next couple of days.
0:31:23 > 0:31:26And each sample is contained in a syringe.
0:31:27 > 0:31:30The device is the latest in a series of prototypes
0:31:30 > 0:31:33flown at Nasa's expense on earlier shuttle missions.
0:31:33 > 0:31:35As it's flowing up,
0:31:35 > 0:31:39we put an electric field on it across the fluid.
0:31:40 > 0:31:44And that separates the materials in the sample.
0:31:46 > 0:31:50But how real are the chances of making money on the space station?
0:31:50 > 0:31:53John Logsdon is a leading analyst of American space policy.
0:31:53 > 0:31:56He's recently advised the United States Senate
0:31:56 > 0:31:59investigating commercial opportunities in space.
0:31:59 > 0:32:02Of all the justifications being offered for the space station,
0:32:02 > 0:32:05the one that I'm most sceptical about
0:32:05 > 0:32:07is the immediate commercial return.
0:32:07 > 0:32:10McDonnell Douglas has developed one process
0:32:10 > 0:32:12that seems to work well in space.
0:32:12 > 0:32:16But even that may be threatened by some ground-based alternatives.
0:32:16 > 0:32:18The cost of operating in space,
0:32:18 > 0:32:21even with the station and the shuttle, remains high.
0:32:21 > 0:32:25And so you really need very high-value products
0:32:25 > 0:32:28in order to justify operations in space.
0:32:28 > 0:32:31And we just do not know what those products are.
0:32:31 > 0:32:34Even if the McDonnell Douglas experiment succeeds
0:32:34 > 0:32:36and becomes a commercial product,
0:32:36 > 0:32:38what's the second and third and fourth
0:32:38 > 0:32:40that one builds an industry on?
0:32:43 > 0:32:46JAMES BURKE: Perhaps the real reason for the space station
0:32:46 > 0:32:47is more sinister.
0:32:57 > 0:33:00Certainly, the shuttle has a military role.
0:33:00 > 0:33:02Top secret Department of Defense payloads will be carried
0:33:02 > 0:33:05on up to half of all future shuttle missions.
0:33:07 > 0:33:11And a special division of the Air Force, Space Command,
0:33:11 > 0:33:14has been created to militarise the new high ground.
0:33:14 > 0:33:17Space Command has its own mission control centre
0:33:17 > 0:33:20and its own military shuttle crews.
0:33:23 > 0:33:26And soon, Space Command will have its own shuttle launch centre,
0:33:26 > 0:33:28a remarkable new space complex
0:33:28 > 0:33:32recently dedicated at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
0:33:32 > 0:33:34God, our heavenly father,
0:33:34 > 0:33:37we thank you for the gift of life we enjoy today,
0:33:37 > 0:33:39the privilege of living in America,
0:33:39 > 0:33:42the land of the free and the home of the brave.
0:33:44 > 0:33:46Guard and protect the astronauts
0:33:46 > 0:33:50who will fly from this space port, Slick Six.
0:33:50 > 0:33:51Amen.
0:33:53 > 0:33:56BAND STRIKES UP A TUNE
0:33:56 > 0:33:59Slick Six, when it opens for business next year,
0:33:59 > 0:34:02will become the third manned space port on the planet.
0:34:05 > 0:34:07CHEERING AND APPLAUSE
0:34:07 > 0:34:09The vast mobile launch structures of Slick Six
0:34:09 > 0:34:12represent a major military investment in space.
0:34:12 > 0:34:15From here, numerous early warning, communications
0:34:15 > 0:34:17and spy satellites will be launched.
0:34:17 > 0:34:20If President Reagan's Star Wars vision ever gets off the ground,
0:34:20 > 0:34:22then it will be from here.
0:34:22 > 0:34:24Yet, as far as this space station is concerned,
0:34:24 > 0:34:28the Defense Department has gone out of its way to oppose its development.
0:34:28 > 0:34:30They repeatedly claim that their military objectives
0:34:30 > 0:34:33can be achieved perfectly well without it.
0:34:33 > 0:34:38I do accept the notion that, at this point, it is a civilian enterprise.
0:34:38 > 0:34:41It's not a Trojan horse for a military interest.
0:34:41 > 0:34:45I think that that's an honest reality
0:34:45 > 0:34:47that the Defense Department, at this point,
0:34:47 > 0:34:51does not have any specific needs or justifications
0:34:51 > 0:34:53for a permanent human presence in space.
0:34:53 > 0:34:57From the military point of view, the space station has many disadvantages.
0:34:57 > 0:34:59In wartime, it will be vulnerable to attack.
0:34:59 > 0:35:03And in peacetime, it will be in the full glare of the world's media.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06There could hardly be a worse place to conduct secret activities.
0:35:06 > 0:35:11So, if the space station is neither a platform for the military
0:35:11 > 0:35:13nor a profit-making factory in the sky,
0:35:13 > 0:35:16then what other uses may it have?
0:35:16 > 0:35:19Well, Nasa believes it will also be a science park in space,
0:35:19 > 0:35:22a laboratory where scientists can continue and expand on the work
0:35:22 > 0:35:25now being done on Spacelab.
0:35:25 > 0:35:28- MAN:- Spacelab, marshal ops for all...
0:35:28 > 0:35:32Spacelab is a joint venture between Nasa and the European Space Agency.
0:35:32 > 0:35:36It's a system of interchangeable manned and unmanned modules
0:35:36 > 0:35:38that fit in the cargo bay of the shuttle.
0:35:38 > 0:35:41On board Spacelab, in shirtsleeve conditions,
0:35:41 > 0:35:45scientists can gain immediate access to the unique environment of space.
0:35:45 > 0:35:48The only major restriction is the length of stay,
0:35:48 > 0:35:51limited by the relatively brief orbital endurance of the shuttle.
0:35:51 > 0:35:54- MAN:- At the checkout, everything looks good to us.
0:35:54 > 0:35:57Even so, the ease with which scientists can now work in space
0:35:57 > 0:36:00is a dramatic improvement over the early days of rocketry.
0:36:00 > 0:36:02- MAN:- Copy. Start the experiment.
0:36:02 > 0:36:05James Van Allen was a pioneer in the earliest days of space science
0:36:05 > 0:36:08and he is still a leading figure in the field today.
0:36:08 > 0:36:12How does he assess scientific possibilities on the space station?
0:36:13 > 0:36:16There's no doubt that certain scientific uses
0:36:16 > 0:36:18of the space station can be identified.
0:36:18 > 0:36:20But on the whole, I expect the undertaking
0:36:20 > 0:36:22of the space station development
0:36:22 > 0:36:26to have a strongly adverse effect on the performance of space science
0:36:26 > 0:36:28and the advancements in space science,
0:36:28 > 0:36:31by virtue of competition for resources, funds
0:36:31 > 0:36:34and launching facilities and matters of this sort.
0:36:34 > 0:36:37So I expect it to have an adverse effect.
0:36:39 > 0:36:42James Van Allen speaks for many scientists in America,
0:36:42 > 0:36:46who fear that money spent on man in space is money lost to science.
0:36:46 > 0:36:48They argue that humans make poor experimenters -
0:36:48 > 0:36:52they're inefficient, disruptive and they pollute the environment.
0:36:53 > 0:36:56Scientific experiments are much better carried out by robots.
0:36:59 > 0:37:03The performance of scientific experiments in the space station
0:37:03 > 0:37:05is extremely limited in scope.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07And it's difficult to think of anything
0:37:07 > 0:37:09that can be well done in the space station,
0:37:09 > 0:37:13which could not be better done by an unmanned commandable spacecraft.
0:37:13 > 0:37:16In 1986, the shuttle will place in orbit
0:37:16 > 0:37:18an unmanned commandable spacecraft
0:37:18 > 0:37:21that promises to be the most significant scientific instrument
0:37:21 > 0:37:23ever sent into space.
0:37:23 > 0:37:26The Hubble Space Telescope will see much further into the universe
0:37:26 > 0:37:29than has ever been possible before.
0:37:29 > 0:37:31Freed from the obscuring effects of the atmosphere,
0:37:31 > 0:37:33the optical system at the heart of the spacecraft
0:37:33 > 0:37:37will enable the telescope's mirror to resolve details ten times better
0:37:37 > 0:37:39than any instrument on the ground.
0:37:42 > 0:37:44When it's installed in the space telescope,
0:37:44 > 0:37:47this mirror is set to revolutionise our vision of the universe.
0:37:48 > 0:37:51It will allow us to search the stars for other solar systems
0:37:51 > 0:37:53that may harbour life.
0:37:53 > 0:37:56And, closer to home, we will be able to study the planets
0:37:56 > 0:37:58with a resolution equivalent to the Voyager probe
0:37:58 > 0:38:01only a few days away from its closest encounter.
0:38:03 > 0:38:07But the space telescope itself will have no astronomers on board.
0:38:07 > 0:38:11It's revolutionary images will be relayed back to Earth
0:38:11 > 0:38:13to the Space Telescope Science Institute,
0:38:13 > 0:38:17destined to become the greatest observatory on Earth.
0:38:18 > 0:38:20In purely numerical terms,
0:38:20 > 0:38:24it is as big or bigger a leap
0:38:24 > 0:38:27than occurred when Galileo
0:38:27 > 0:38:29first used a telescope
0:38:29 > 0:38:33rather than the naked eye to look at the universe and look at stars.
0:38:33 > 0:38:39Now, it's not obvious how much of a leap that will bring in knowledge,
0:38:39 > 0:38:44because the important advances are made
0:38:44 > 0:38:47where you not only see some objects
0:38:47 > 0:38:51better and better than you did before, but when, in some way,
0:38:51 > 0:38:53this new capability you have
0:38:53 > 0:38:56brings about the discovery of new objects,
0:38:56 > 0:38:59whose existence we could not previously suspect.
0:38:59 > 0:39:04We hope that that will happen with Space Telescope, as well.
0:39:04 > 0:39:07We know for sure that every area of astronomy
0:39:07 > 0:39:09will be very profoundly affected.
0:39:10 > 0:39:13The Space Telescope is a perfect example of what can be achieved
0:39:13 > 0:39:15with an unmanned spacecraft.
0:39:15 > 0:39:18Yet it will also benefit from the presence of man in space,
0:39:18 > 0:39:20both to maintain its instruments
0:39:20 > 0:39:22and to carry out repairs if it breaks down.
0:39:24 > 0:39:27The facility to retrieve and service satellites in orbit
0:39:27 > 0:39:30is another advantage that Nasa claims for the space station.
0:39:30 > 0:39:34They backed their claim earlier this year with a spectacular test
0:39:34 > 0:39:35using the shuttle.
0:39:36 > 0:39:38Challenger, Houston.
0:39:38 > 0:39:40We've got a good picture of pinky flying in the bay.
0:39:40 > 0:39:43The objective was to rescue and repair Solar Max,
0:39:43 > 0:39:45an ailing scientific satellite.
0:39:47 > 0:39:51Roger. Copy that and the ground's giving you a go for MMU flyover.
0:39:53 > 0:39:54OK. Thank you.
0:39:55 > 0:39:57We have a go.
0:40:15 > 0:40:18Man, I did get to chattering.
0:40:18 > 0:40:20Nelson on his way in one hour and two minutes.
0:40:30 > 0:40:33ASTRONAUT SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY
0:40:50 > 0:40:51OK. Looking good.
0:41:12 > 0:41:15You're going to have to hold on to it with both hands, I imagine.
0:41:15 > 0:41:17JAMES BURKE: Unable to dock properly with Solar Max,
0:41:17 > 0:41:21Nelson tried instead to stop the satellite spinning with his hands.
0:41:21 > 0:41:25If you could go in and hold somewhere like that, that'd be fine.
0:41:25 > 0:41:29I don't know I'm going to have enough gas to do that.
0:41:29 > 0:41:31OK. Come on back in. Thanks.
0:41:31 > 0:41:33INDISTINCT CONVERSATION
0:41:33 > 0:41:36It's fairly hard to come back to it.
0:41:36 > 0:41:38Challenger, Houston.
0:41:38 > 0:41:39Standby, Jerry.
0:41:39 > 0:41:42Just wondering if you'd like to station keep for another rev,
0:41:42 > 0:41:43try the other MMU or...
0:41:43 > 0:41:46We'll have do get settled down. We'll talk to you about that in a minute.
0:41:46 > 0:41:49JAMES BURKE: Nelson's efforts had only made Solar Max tumble faster
0:41:49 > 0:41:52and, for a while, the mission seemed a failure.
0:41:52 > 0:41:54Happily, though, controllers on the ground
0:41:54 > 0:41:56managed to slow the spinning satellite enough
0:41:56 > 0:41:58for the shuttle to manoeuvre alongside
0:41:58 > 0:42:01and attempt to grab Solar Max with a robot manipulator arm.
0:42:01 > 0:42:04Challenger, Houston. Standing by.
0:42:06 > 0:42:08OK. We've got it.
0:42:08 > 0:42:10Roger. Copy that.
0:42:10 > 0:42:13Outstanding!
0:42:13 > 0:42:16Challenger, Houston. We see the rotation on TV
0:42:16 > 0:42:20and we also see a smile on Don Murry's face.
0:42:20 > 0:42:23Challenger, the President of the United States.
0:42:23 > 0:42:24Hello, Bob?
0:42:24 > 0:42:28Well, once again, I'm calling to congratulate you
0:42:28 > 0:42:31and the rest of the crew aboard the Challenger.
0:42:31 > 0:42:33They're on an historic mission.
0:42:33 > 0:42:37But, Bob, I understand that satellite you have onboard
0:42:37 > 0:42:43would cost us about 200 million to build at today's prices.
0:42:43 > 0:42:48So, if you can't fix it up there, would you mind bringing it back?
0:42:49 > 0:42:51Roger. It's all downhill from here.
0:42:52 > 0:42:54Well, the repair of the Solar Max mission
0:42:54 > 0:42:56was a very impressive achievement
0:42:56 > 0:42:59and I share in that pleasure of having seen that done.
0:43:00 > 0:43:04Now, on the economic side, though, it's not nearly as favourable.
0:43:04 > 0:43:08We could have made another SMM satellite and launched it
0:43:08 > 0:43:12for much less cost to the rescue mission required.
0:43:12 > 0:43:16So, economically, it was probably not sensible to do.
0:43:16 > 0:43:18But perhaps the more important thing is,
0:43:18 > 0:43:20of all the satellites in orbit around Earth
0:43:20 > 0:43:23or prospectively in orbit around the Earth,
0:43:23 > 0:43:25very few will be accessible to rescue
0:43:25 > 0:43:28by either the shuttle or a space station.
0:43:28 > 0:43:31JAMES BURKE: The successful repair of Solar Max
0:43:31 > 0:43:35was a convincing demonstration of what man can do in space.
0:43:35 > 0:43:39But as an advertisement for the space station, it's misleading.
0:43:39 > 0:43:42The station may well become an orbiting garage and workshop,
0:43:42 > 0:43:44but at least for the foreseeable future,
0:43:44 > 0:43:47it will not have many customers.
0:43:47 > 0:43:49Blasting off from Florida,
0:43:49 > 0:43:51the shuttle will assemble the space station
0:43:51 > 0:43:52in the most economic orbit there is -
0:43:52 > 0:43:55a low equatorial orbit that takes full advantage
0:43:55 > 0:43:58of the extra boost provided by the Earth's spin.
0:43:58 > 0:44:01But most satellites are found elsewhere.
0:44:01 > 0:44:04Many in polar orbit - ideal for surveying the ground.
0:44:04 > 0:44:08As the Earth turns on its axis, every part of the globe will,
0:44:08 > 0:44:11in due course, pass beneath the satellite's gaze.
0:44:11 > 0:44:15But polar orbit will be inaccessible to the space station.
0:44:15 > 0:44:17As will geo-stationary orbit -
0:44:17 > 0:44:21prime space real estate lying much further out than the low orbit
0:44:21 > 0:44:23where the space station will be.
0:44:23 > 0:44:27Out in geo-stationary orbit, a satellite circles the Earth
0:44:27 > 0:44:31exactly once a day, so maintaining a fixed position overhead.
0:44:33 > 0:44:35Geo-stationary orbit is the ideal location
0:44:35 > 0:44:38for the majority of the world's communication, navigation
0:44:38 > 0:44:40and weather observation satellites.
0:44:40 > 0:44:43But the space station, without a means to go up and get them,
0:44:43 > 0:44:47will be unable to rescue or repair a single one.
0:44:47 > 0:44:50Nasa does have plans for a space ferry to fill this gap
0:44:50 > 0:44:52but, as yet, no funds have been approved to build it.
0:44:56 > 0:44:58Launching satellites into this high orbit
0:44:58 > 0:45:00poses problems for the space station, too.
0:45:03 > 0:45:06As with the shuttle, an extra booster fixed beneath the satellite
0:45:06 > 0:45:09is needed for the final part of the ride.
0:45:09 > 0:45:11Apart from the extra expense,
0:45:11 > 0:45:14these boosters have recently proved unreliable,
0:45:14 > 0:45:17encouraging potential customers to look elsewhere.
0:45:17 > 0:45:19As a means of launching satellites,
0:45:19 > 0:45:22space station will be facing some stiff competition.
0:45:29 > 0:45:32Unmanned expendable rockets, like Europe's Ariane,
0:45:32 > 0:45:34offer a less expensive means of launching satellites
0:45:34 > 0:45:37directly into geo-stationary orbit.
0:45:39 > 0:45:42LAUNCH COUNTDOWN IN JAPANESE
0:45:53 > 0:45:55And soon there will be another major competitor
0:45:55 > 0:45:57in the satellite launching business.
0:46:00 > 0:46:03Japan is investing heavily in space technology
0:46:03 > 0:46:06and is only waiting for America and Europe
0:46:06 > 0:46:08to tire of subsidising launches with taxpayers' money
0:46:08 > 0:46:11before competing on a real commercial basis.
0:46:15 > 0:46:18So the space station, America's next major goal in space,
0:46:18 > 0:46:21is being sold publicly on the basis of arguments
0:46:21 > 0:46:23that just don't stand up.
0:46:23 > 0:46:26The commercial prospects for industry in space are uncertain.
0:46:26 > 0:46:28The military appear uninterested.
0:46:28 > 0:46:30Many scientists are unconvinced.
0:46:30 > 0:46:32And as a means of launching and repairing satellites,
0:46:32 > 0:46:35there are some severe limitations.
0:46:35 > 0:46:38Perhaps the real reasons for building space station
0:46:38 > 0:46:40echo those that took America to the moon.
0:46:40 > 0:46:42The actors may be different,
0:46:42 > 0:46:45but the play's still the same.
0:46:45 > 0:46:47- PRESIDENT KENNEDY: - If we are to win the battle
0:46:47 > 0:46:49between freedom and tyranny,
0:46:49 > 0:46:53the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks
0:46:53 > 0:46:56should have made clear to us all
0:46:56 > 0:47:01the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere,
0:47:01 > 0:47:03who are attempting to make a determination
0:47:03 > 0:47:05of which road they should take.
0:47:06 > 0:47:09Both President Kennedy and President Reagan
0:47:09 > 0:47:13aren't overwhelmingly concerned with economic or scientific benefits.
0:47:13 > 0:47:15If they come, fine.
0:47:15 > 0:47:16But they're making their decisions
0:47:16 > 0:47:19on the basis of the national interest,
0:47:19 > 0:47:21of what's good for the United States,
0:47:21 > 0:47:26what will present an image to the world of a nation moving forward
0:47:26 > 0:47:29at the forefront of technological accomplishment.
0:47:29 > 0:47:31That was true for Kennedy in May of '61
0:47:31 > 0:47:34and I think it's equally true for Reagan in 1984.
0:47:35 > 0:47:37JAMES BURKE: Both Nasa and the President
0:47:37 > 0:47:41are keen to make the space station an international venture,
0:47:41 > 0:47:43at least with their closer allies.
0:47:45 > 0:47:49One of its great assets is that, in microgravity,
0:47:49 > 0:47:53I understand, you can produce all sorts of medical things
0:47:53 > 0:47:56that you can't produce any other way.
0:47:56 > 0:47:59JAMES BURKE: Cooperation in space is a political tool
0:47:59 > 0:48:02to strengthen alliances back on Earth.
0:48:03 > 0:48:04- MAN:- Six months.
0:48:04 > 0:48:06Six months?!
0:48:07 > 0:48:11LAUNCH COUNTDOWN IN RUSSIAN
0:48:11 > 0:48:14And America also has bitter memories of being left behind.
0:48:20 > 0:48:23The Soviet Union has had a space station,
0:48:23 > 0:48:25albeit a less ambitious one than Nasa is now planning,
0:48:25 > 0:48:27in orbit for almost a decade.
0:48:30 > 0:48:32Their Salyut spacecraft have been occupied
0:48:32 > 0:48:34for up to six months at a time
0:48:34 > 0:48:37and the Russians have played host to a variety of guests.
0:48:39 > 0:48:43I would like to ask a question to Comrade Leonid about Rakesh Sharma.
0:48:43 > 0:48:48Does Sharma snore while sleeping in Salyut 7
0:48:48 > 0:48:51and how does it affect the Salyut 7 flightpath, I would like to know.
0:48:51 > 0:48:57COSMONAUT REPLIES IN RUSSIAN
0:48:57 > 0:49:00So you don't know whether he is snoring or not,
0:49:00 > 0:49:04because both of you will be sleeping together and simultaneously, maybe.
0:49:04 > 0:49:07I suggest you ask this question of my wife.
0:49:07 > 0:49:09She'll be able to give you the answer.
0:49:09 > 0:49:12JAMES BURKE: Soviet space station technology is already well advanced.
0:49:12 > 0:49:14At one point earlier this year,
0:49:14 > 0:49:17there were six cosmonauts living onboard Salyut 7,
0:49:17 > 0:49:20include Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian in space.
0:49:24 > 0:49:27And, at the same time, but in a slightly different orbit,
0:49:27 > 0:49:30there were five American astronauts onboard,
0:49:30 > 0:49:32or at least floating somewhere near, the shuttle.
0:49:34 > 0:49:3611 people together in space,
0:49:36 > 0:49:39the greatest number there has ever been at one time.
0:49:39 > 0:49:41No doubt this record will soon be broken.
0:49:41 > 0:49:44But it symbolises the progress, uncertain at times,
0:49:44 > 0:49:47that we are making as we move out into space.
0:49:47 > 0:49:50Perhaps, after all, this vision is the true justification
0:49:50 > 0:49:52for the space station.
0:49:52 > 0:49:54Even if it's not the one that Nasa is promoting.
0:49:55 > 0:49:58Nasa is a pretty conservative bureaucracy
0:49:58 > 0:49:59and if you listen to everything Nasa says,
0:49:59 > 0:50:01then things can get pretty dull.
0:50:01 > 0:50:04But, really, the business that we're involved with
0:50:04 > 0:50:07has to do with the human renaissance in space.
0:50:07 > 0:50:09We're talking about mining the moon and the asteroids,
0:50:09 > 0:50:12creating huge space colonies,
0:50:12 > 0:50:15creating solar power satellites to provide energy to the Earth,
0:50:15 > 0:50:18we're talking about people moving to the planets.
0:50:18 > 0:50:21These are all things that sound rather astounding but, actually,
0:50:21 > 0:50:24will probably happen around the turn of the century.
0:50:24 > 0:50:26And the space station provides a means by which
0:50:26 > 0:50:27we can start doing those things.
0:50:27 > 0:50:30And that's the real reason for a space station.
0:50:31 > 0:50:33JAMES BURKE: Brian O'Leary sees the space station
0:50:33 > 0:50:35as the key to a rich future in space.
0:50:37 > 0:50:40A manned lunar base that, unlike Apollo,
0:50:40 > 0:50:42would establish a permanent foothold on the moon.
0:50:44 > 0:50:47Mining expeditions to extract precious metals from asteroids
0:50:47 > 0:50:49in orbit near Earth.
0:50:52 > 0:50:55And even one day soon, men and women on Mars.
0:50:57 > 0:50:59Setting foot on its surface to see with their own eyes
0:50:59 > 0:51:03a landscape first glimpsed by the Viking probes.
0:51:06 > 0:51:09Perhaps the space station should be justified
0:51:09 > 0:51:12not principally as a place to reap practical benefits,
0:51:12 > 0:51:15but as a challenge to our collective imagination.
0:51:21 > 0:51:24I think the prospective space station
0:51:24 > 0:51:26does serve our cultural yearning.
0:51:26 > 0:51:32It's very closely related to our interest in science fiction.
0:51:32 > 0:51:34It's a real thing.
0:51:34 > 0:51:37It's much less exciting than science fiction, but it is real.
0:51:37 > 0:51:41And that gives it a kind of a cultural appeal which is undeniable.
0:51:41 > 0:51:43Now, I share in that.
0:51:43 > 0:51:46I think that, in fact, that may be the principal reason
0:51:46 > 0:51:50why we are engaged in the development of a space station
0:51:50 > 0:51:53with men onboard, men and women onboard.
0:51:53 > 0:51:56If it were just being done as an automated spacecraft,
0:51:56 > 0:51:58it would not have that appeal at all,
0:51:58 > 0:52:01even though it might be a much better way to do things.
0:52:01 > 0:52:03But I think we should be honest about this
0:52:03 > 0:52:05and, if that is the reason,
0:52:05 > 0:52:08we should put it up front and say that is the principal reason
0:52:08 > 0:52:10and then let us consider whether that's worthy
0:52:10 > 0:52:12of this kind of undertaking or not.
0:52:22 > 0:52:26JAMES BURKE: Mankind is already reaching deep into space.
0:52:26 > 0:52:29Voyager spacecraft have carried our presence to Saturn.
0:52:29 > 0:52:31Soon, Voyager 2 will reach Uranus,
0:52:31 > 0:52:35returning the first detailed pictures of that unknown world.
0:52:41 > 0:52:42And following Voyager,
0:52:42 > 0:52:47a remarkable new spacecraft will depart Earth in 1986.
0:52:51 > 0:52:55Galileo, the last great planetary mission of the century.
0:53:09 > 0:53:13A mission to visit the moons and to sample the atmosphere of Jupiter.
0:53:18 > 0:53:21200 days before Galileo reaches the planet,
0:53:21 > 0:53:24the probe detaches itself from the main spacecraft.
0:53:29 > 0:53:32And flying briefly through the newly-discovered rings,
0:53:32 > 0:53:34plunges into the atmosphere of Jupiter.
0:53:34 > 0:53:37It's saved from destruction by a heat shield,
0:53:37 > 0:53:39which slows the probe down to the point
0:53:39 > 0:53:42where a parachute carries it gently down into the planet,
0:53:42 > 0:53:46radioing back data for an hour before it's crushed by the pressure.
0:53:49 > 0:53:53But as the probe's life ends, the orbiter's mission is just beginning.
0:53:53 > 0:53:56It first encounters the volcanic moon Io,
0:53:56 > 0:54:00returning images 1,000 times clearer than those of Voyager.
0:54:03 > 0:54:06By using the gravity of Io to change its trajectory,
0:54:06 > 0:54:09Galileo places itself in orbit around the Jovian system.
0:54:09 > 0:54:12Over a two-year period, it will visit, in turn,
0:54:12 > 0:54:15each of Jupiter's principal moons.
0:54:19 > 0:54:21Using hardly any fuel, Galileo relies on
0:54:21 > 0:54:24precise calculations of orbital mechanics
0:54:24 > 0:54:27to achieve its exquisitely-planned tour.
0:55:06 > 0:55:10There is probably a child now alive who will, one day,
0:55:10 > 0:55:12follow Galileo to Jupiter.
0:55:17 > 0:55:20That will be an adventure to equal the landing on the moon.
0:55:23 > 0:55:2715 years ago, Buzz Aldrin was inside that spacesuit on the lunar surface.
0:55:32 > 0:55:34Well, looking back those 15 years,
0:55:34 > 0:55:39I see that as a great fulfilment of a commitment that our nation made
0:55:39 > 0:55:44to an expanding, progressive, outreaching movement.
0:55:45 > 0:55:47And I think we all felt
0:55:47 > 0:55:50the rejuvenation of our pride and spirit.
0:55:50 > 0:55:53And, unfortunately, that faulted a bit.
0:55:53 > 0:55:55And I think that what we're seeing now
0:55:55 > 0:55:57is a rejuvenation of that
0:55:57 > 0:56:03and I'd like to think that that spirit will be picked up again.
0:56:03 > 0:56:07Right, you do have to be rather careful
0:56:07 > 0:56:10to keep track of where your centre of mass is.
0:56:10 > 0:56:15It gets rather tiring after several hundred steps.
0:56:15 > 0:56:19But this may be a function of this suit as well as lack of gravity.
0:56:20 > 0:56:24Well, what comes to my mind now is...
0:56:25 > 0:56:29..a thought that I had quietly on the lunar surface that, erm...
0:56:31 > 0:56:37..the two of us were further away than mankind had ever been before,
0:56:37 > 0:56:40in terms of the steps necessary to return back to home.
0:56:40 > 0:56:45And yet, at the same time, we had the sense and the feeling
0:56:45 > 0:56:50of more people being with the two of us than had ever happened before.
0:56:50 > 0:56:53And I think that the spirit of the people
0:56:53 > 0:56:56can carry with future ventures
0:56:56 > 0:57:03and I guess that spirit of having the world with us
0:57:03 > 0:57:05and with the explorers,
0:57:05 > 0:57:09it's a great treat to be able to be a part of carrying those experiences
0:57:09 > 0:57:12back to all parts of the world.
0:57:15 > 0:57:19JAMES BURKE: Like Apollo, the decision to develop the space station
0:57:19 > 0:57:21will determine the course of the American space programme
0:57:21 > 0:57:23for a least a decade.
0:57:23 > 0:57:26But the space station is not being sold like Apollo,
0:57:26 > 0:57:28as a visionary adventure.
0:57:28 > 0:57:32Instead, it's supposed to provide profit and practical benefit.
0:57:34 > 0:57:38Nasa is afraid that, without down-to-earth justifications,
0:57:38 > 0:57:40the whole manned space programme,
0:57:40 > 0:57:43like this unused Saturn V moon rocket,
0:57:43 > 0:57:45could end up just a museum piece.
0:57:50 > 0:57:52If the space station is not to be like Apollo -
0:57:52 > 0:57:54a giant leap to nowhere -
0:57:54 > 0:57:58then surely it must be unashamedly presented for what it is,
0:57:58 > 0:58:02a stepping stone to a viable future in space.
0:58:02 > 0:58:05And, yes, a reason for Nasa to go on existing.
0:58:05 > 0:58:07Expensive? Maybe.
0:58:07 > 0:58:11But the only project likely to capture the public imagination enough
0:58:11 > 0:58:14to keep the funds for space exploration coming in.
0:58:14 > 0:58:17No grand and ultimately fruitless adventure.
0:58:17 > 0:58:22But the first real step on our journey outward...beyond the moon.
0:58:55 > 0:58:57Roger. It's all downhill from here.