0:00:05 > 0:00:08Across the planet, most wildlife is under threat.
0:00:11 > 0:00:14But one animal is defying the odds -
0:00:17 > 0:00:18the wolf.
0:00:20 > 0:00:24In America, all across their former range, wolves are coming back.
0:00:25 > 0:00:27Only one thing stands in their way.
0:00:29 > 0:00:30If they're a threat to my cattle,
0:00:30 > 0:00:36and my horses and my family, I'm going to start shooting them.
0:00:42 > 0:00:44A team of wildlife experts
0:00:44 > 0:00:48spent the winter on the frontline of wolf return,
0:00:48 > 0:00:51looking for a very special wolf family -
0:00:52 > 0:00:54the Lookout Pack.
0:00:55 > 0:00:57When you see a wolf track there's no mistaking it.
0:00:57 > 0:01:01It's like, "Bam!" Now that's a wolf track.
0:01:01 > 0:01:03These pioneering wolves were leading a dramatic comeback
0:01:03 > 0:01:07down the west coast of America.
0:01:08 > 0:01:11After weeks of searching, the team tracked them down.
0:01:13 > 0:01:16That is amazing. Oh, my God!
0:01:18 > 0:01:23But of the original ten, only two remained.
0:01:23 > 0:01:25We have a lab report and we believe that animal was shot.
0:01:26 > 0:01:29The pack had been illegally killed.
0:01:33 > 0:01:37Isaac and Jasmine headed south, following up fresh wolf sightings.
0:01:40 > 0:01:44If we can document a second pack this far south we're building up
0:01:44 > 0:01:48a much bigger picture of a major comeback for wolves in this region.
0:01:49 > 0:01:51And Gordon journeyed north.
0:01:53 > 0:01:57Wolf! Yes, yes, yes.
0:01:57 > 0:02:00Now the summer phase of the expedition is about to begin.
0:02:00 > 0:02:04The next thing I want to do is head further north,
0:02:04 > 0:02:08go over the border into Canada to find that source population,
0:02:08 > 0:02:12to find out if the wolves are going to keep on coming.
0:02:12 > 0:02:15In Canada and America, the team is back to find out if wolves
0:02:15 > 0:02:19really do have a future on the west coast.
0:02:19 > 0:02:21- You getting a signal?- Yep.
0:02:23 > 0:02:26We are further south in the Cascades
0:02:26 > 0:02:30than I ever imagined wolves would be right now.
0:02:30 > 0:02:32We've got a wolf, we've got a wolf. Gee whizz!
0:02:33 > 0:02:35WOLF HOWLS
0:02:55 > 0:02:58The battle between man and wolf is long-running.
0:02:59 > 0:03:03When European settlers arrived in America
0:03:03 > 0:03:05they saw the wolf as a threat, and waged war on them.
0:03:11 > 0:03:15More than a million were poisoned, shot or trapped.
0:03:17 > 0:03:21As people colonised westwards, wolves were wiped out.
0:03:23 > 0:03:27The wilds of Canada became their last stronghold.
0:03:30 > 0:03:35Now, wolves are sneaking back over the border into Washington state.
0:03:38 > 0:03:41The Lookout Pack was the first to breed here in 70 years.
0:03:45 > 0:03:46But with most of the pack dead,
0:03:46 > 0:03:51wolf comeback to the west coast hangs by a thread.
0:04:06 > 0:04:09Summer has arrived in Washington's Cascade Mountains.
0:04:11 > 0:04:15The expedition has moved 100 miles to the south of winter base camp.
0:04:16 > 0:04:19There has been some extraordinary news.
0:04:26 > 0:04:29Following up on wolf sightings, government scientists
0:04:29 > 0:04:34have managed to capture and radio-collar a young female.
0:04:34 > 0:04:36This is the furthest south wolves have been found
0:04:36 > 0:04:39in the Cascades for almost a century.
0:04:44 > 0:04:48Expedition biologist Jasmine Minbashian has come
0:04:48 > 0:04:49to see for herself.
0:04:56 > 0:04:59We're up in the air trying to find this collared female.
0:04:59 > 0:05:02We've got the telemetry equipment
0:05:02 > 0:05:06and we're listening for a signal to try and pinpoint her exact location.
0:05:06 > 0:05:10When the female was caught, scientists took a sample of her DNA.
0:05:11 > 0:05:14It's revealed something no-one could have guessed.
0:05:14 > 0:05:19Amazingly, it looks like this animal is a direct descendent of the Lookout Pack.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22Which is incredible. To think that
0:05:22 > 0:05:26despite all the odds of illegal killing and poaching,
0:05:26 > 0:05:28that this pack could persist, it can continue.
0:05:28 > 0:05:31It's just a testimony to how resilient wolves are.
0:05:34 > 0:05:36The legacy of the Lookout Pack lives on.
0:05:43 > 0:05:47Remarkably, this female from the Lookout Pack not only survived.
0:05:49 > 0:05:53She has moved even deeper into Washington state.
0:05:58 > 0:06:02By sampling wolf DNA from across North America, scientists have
0:06:02 > 0:06:05traced the bloodline of some members of the Lookout Pack
0:06:05 > 0:06:09up the Cascade range to the Great Bear Rainforest.
0:06:15 > 0:06:17More than 500 miles north of Jasmine,
0:06:17 > 0:06:21a small expedition team is getting ready to sail up the Canadian coast
0:06:21 > 0:06:25in search of the ancestors of Washington's wolves.
0:06:30 > 0:06:35Wildlife cameraman Gordon Buchanan is in charge.
0:06:35 > 0:06:39I've come over the border into Canada, to British Columbia,
0:06:39 > 0:06:41to try and find out this source population.
0:06:41 > 0:06:44To find the wolves here, get an idea of the numbers, and to try
0:06:44 > 0:06:48and find out whether they'll keep on moving south into north Washington.
0:06:48 > 0:06:52On board is fellow Brit and expert tracker Chris Morgan.
0:06:54 > 0:06:57He left Lancashire when he was 19 to follow his passion,
0:06:57 > 0:07:01studying bears and wolves in the wilds of North America.
0:07:03 > 0:07:06You've got this amazing source population of wolves that
0:07:06 > 0:07:08could continuously feed into the Cascades.
0:07:08 > 0:07:12But the source population has to be healthy as well, of course,
0:07:12 > 0:07:14so I'll be trying my best to find out
0:07:14 > 0:07:16how many are here and what they're up to.
0:07:20 > 0:07:25They'll be travelling into the heart of the Great Bear Rainforest -
0:07:25 > 0:07:28an immense wilderness.
0:07:30 > 0:07:36Few people live here, so wolves can exist largely undisturbed.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41But they're still wary and rarely seen.
0:07:43 > 0:07:46There are thousands of hidden coves and islands.
0:07:48 > 0:07:49They could be anywhere.
0:08:01 > 0:08:03Before Gordon can begin filming,
0:08:03 > 0:08:05Chris must try to narrow down their search.
0:08:13 > 0:08:15This inlet goes in about ten miles here
0:08:15 > 0:08:17and there are cascading waterfalls all around.
0:08:17 > 0:08:20It's one of the most beautiful places I've ever seen.
0:08:23 > 0:08:25His 15 years of tracking experience tell him
0:08:25 > 0:08:27this might be a good place to start.
0:08:34 > 0:08:41Over the next ten days, Chris will be living rough in one of the wettest places in North America.
0:08:42 > 0:08:46At least I have some kind of dry storage and a place to retreat to when it really starts raining.
0:08:48 > 0:08:50Cos this is nothing, apparently!
0:08:55 > 0:08:58Oh, look at that! Some scat - bear scat right there.
0:08:58 > 0:09:02Yeah, this is full of berries, some grasses.
0:09:02 > 0:09:04We're going to have to keep our wits about us.
0:09:04 > 0:09:09This is grizzly bear country, so definitely, extra precautions needed.
0:09:09 > 0:09:12I always pull the bear spray out
0:09:12 > 0:09:14when I'm in thick vegetation like this.
0:09:14 > 0:09:18It's just a dose of capsicum pepper that puts off a bear
0:09:18 > 0:09:20when it's charging towards you.
0:09:20 > 0:09:23It changes his behaviour pretty quickly and deters him.
0:09:32 > 0:09:38The problem is, in this thick vegetation, with lots of noisy creaks around,
0:09:38 > 0:09:41you can stumble across an unsuspecting bear quite easily.
0:09:45 > 0:09:48A surprised bear can be a dangerous bear, especially if it's a grizzly,
0:09:48 > 0:09:52so we've got to make noise, but that scares the wolves away, so it's tricky.
0:09:55 > 0:09:56Hey, bear!
0:09:59 > 0:10:02Fatal bear attacks happen every year in North America,
0:10:02 > 0:10:06almost always in this kind of setting
0:10:06 > 0:10:07where they can't hear people coming.
0:10:07 > 0:10:09Hey, bear!
0:10:33 > 0:10:35Just up the coast from Chris,
0:10:35 > 0:10:38Gordon's found a slightly easier route.
0:10:41 > 0:10:44He's checking the shoreline for any wolf tracks.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52There's a dark shape on the shore.
0:10:54 > 0:10:57Oh, there it is. OK.
0:11:02 > 0:11:04OK, where are you?
0:11:04 > 0:11:06There you go.
0:11:06 > 0:11:08Now, raise your head up.
0:11:10 > 0:11:14OK, we've got a black bear eating salmon.
0:11:15 > 0:11:17It's a youngster from this year.
0:11:19 > 0:11:23Its mother and its brother or sister probably aren't that far away.
0:11:23 > 0:11:28Oops, he's just got a little whiff of us. If we stand nice and still...
0:11:32 > 0:11:35OK, he can smell us.
0:11:35 > 0:11:39He's sniffing the air but he's carrying on munching his fish.
0:11:43 > 0:11:45OK, we've got this bear coming towards us.
0:11:48 > 0:11:50Gordon doesn't want to surprise him.
0:11:51 > 0:11:54The bear can smell something strange
0:11:54 > 0:11:58but his poor eyesight means he hasn't seen Gordon yet.
0:12:03 > 0:12:05He's just here.
0:12:14 > 0:12:15Hey, bear!
0:12:25 > 0:12:31He just got a little waft of our scent and it sent him off running.
0:12:31 > 0:12:33They're a really peaceful animal.
0:12:33 > 0:12:39There are so many people that are petrified of these animals.
0:12:39 > 0:12:46Practically every big carnivore is misunderstood - black bears, wolves.
0:12:47 > 0:12:54We're just fearful of things that are bigger than us.
0:12:54 > 0:12:56Animals that have claws and teeth.
0:12:56 > 0:13:02Look at this animal - beautiful, just beautiful.
0:13:08 > 0:13:11This deep-seated fear of large carnivores
0:13:11 > 0:13:16is one reason why so few wolves exist beyond pristine wildernesses.
0:13:16 > 0:13:20But their century-long absence from much of the United States
0:13:20 > 0:13:24has had far-reaching consequences for the wildlife.
0:13:26 > 0:13:32Scientists like wolf expert Doug Smith have realised only recently
0:13:32 > 0:13:36that wolves are a vital part of the American landscape.
0:13:37 > 0:13:42These large carnivores are one of the major structuring forces
0:13:42 > 0:13:48in nature. I mean, equal to things like climate and sunshine.
0:13:48 > 0:13:51These large carnivores really do affect what we see out there.
0:13:58 > 0:14:01Wolves hunt elk and deer.
0:14:03 > 0:14:06This prevents herds from becoming too large
0:14:06 > 0:14:08and also keeps them on the move.
0:14:09 > 0:14:13Unchecked, they overgraze shrubs
0:14:13 > 0:14:17and young trees, damaging the habitat for other wildlife.
0:14:22 > 0:14:26Wolves in the landscape produce an environment
0:14:26 > 0:14:29that's very different without them.
0:14:29 > 0:14:32We lop that level off, and we're losing something.
0:14:32 > 0:14:38We're losing how these systems were put together for millions of years.
0:14:41 > 0:14:46If Canada's coastal wolves keep spreading and gain a foothold
0:14:46 > 0:14:51in Washington state, it might be the start of something historic.
0:14:52 > 0:14:55Wolves could continue down the Cascades,
0:14:55 > 0:14:58helping to re-colonise their former range...
0:15:02 > 0:15:05..even as far as California and Mexico.
0:15:12 > 0:15:15In Washington, the Lookout Pack survivor is on the leading edge.
0:15:18 > 0:15:20Jasmine is working to locate this female wolf,
0:15:20 > 0:15:23with local biologist Scott Fitkin.
0:15:23 > 0:15:26- ELECTRONIC BEEPING - There we go.
0:15:26 > 0:15:28- Are we getting a signal?- Yep.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34Yep, she's down there, hiding somewhere.
0:15:36 > 0:15:39- I'm spiralling down.- OK.
0:15:40 > 0:15:44To pinpoint her location, the pilot must now pull
0:15:44 > 0:15:46tighter and tighter circles.
0:15:46 > 0:15:49Jasmine's keen to get a sighting.
0:15:49 > 0:15:50That's the only way she can be sure
0:15:50 > 0:15:54if the wolf's alone or part of a pack.
0:16:01 > 0:16:04BEEPING CONTINUES Anything?
0:16:05 > 0:16:09I don't see any movement, but I know she's close. It's frustrating.
0:16:09 > 0:16:12It's the heat of the day. It's likely she's laying down somewhere in the trees.
0:16:12 > 0:16:15Yeah, you're right. That'd be my guess too.
0:16:20 > 0:16:24Dense forest cover means the search will have to continue on the ground.
0:16:30 > 0:16:34Final team member and expert wolf tracker Isaac Babcock
0:16:34 > 0:16:36is heading to the last known position of the wolf.
0:16:39 > 0:16:42Jasmine called me down to tell me that they
0:16:42 > 0:16:45radio-collared a female wolf here
0:16:45 > 0:16:49and we are further south in the Cascades
0:16:49 > 0:16:53than I ever imagined wolves would be right now.
0:16:53 > 0:16:56So I'm going in to try to find out if she has pups,
0:16:56 > 0:16:59if she has other wolves with her, what's going on,
0:16:59 > 0:17:03what's the status and what's she doing down here, this far south?
0:17:07 > 0:17:11Local scientists have already criss-crossed this forest
0:17:11 > 0:17:14from the air, plotting the female's movements.
0:17:18 > 0:17:21Before he starts tracking her, Isaac checks in
0:17:21 > 0:17:24with biologist Bill Gaines for an update.
0:17:25 > 0:17:28Bill's discovered an intriguing pattern.
0:17:28 > 0:17:30This is the most recent telemetry information
0:17:30 > 0:17:33we have from the female with the radio collar.
0:17:33 > 0:17:36You can see how in some places we have clusters of locations
0:17:36 > 0:17:39where she's spent some time.
0:17:39 > 0:17:42We're not sure what she's doing there. Is she on a kill,
0:17:42 > 0:17:44is she at a den site?
0:17:44 > 0:17:46If there's something bringing her back and back
0:17:46 > 0:17:49and back, you know, through all those movements,
0:17:49 > 0:17:51something's got to be holding her down there.
0:17:51 > 0:17:53Either... Puppies makes sense.
0:17:53 > 0:17:55- That's what we're hoping to find out.- All right.
0:17:58 > 0:18:00This could be an exciting development.
0:18:00 > 0:18:05If she does have pups, she'll have hidden them away
0:18:05 > 0:18:10at a carefully chosen place deep in the forest, called a rendezvous site.
0:18:13 > 0:18:16Usually a rendezvous site has shade and water nearby
0:18:16 > 0:18:19and it's just a place for the pups to grow up.
0:18:22 > 0:18:25It's kind of an epicentre of activity for the pack,
0:18:25 > 0:18:28like spokes on a wheel with the rendezvous centre at the middle,
0:18:28 > 0:18:31the wolves kind of fan out and hunt for the summer.
0:18:34 > 0:18:37A pack can be based at the same rendezvous site for days on end,
0:18:37 > 0:18:42making them easier for Isaac to find.
0:18:45 > 0:18:49But it also makes them vulnerable to illegal hunters.
0:19:07 > 0:19:11500 miles north of Isaac, Chris is on the trail of the ancestors
0:19:11 > 0:19:14of the radio-collared female.
0:19:16 > 0:19:20The key to finding a wolf is first to find its prey.
0:19:23 > 0:19:26During late summer, the rivers of the Great Bear Rainforest
0:19:26 > 0:19:29are filled with millions of spawning salmon.
0:19:31 > 0:19:34They draw predators of all shapes and sizes out of the forest.
0:19:44 > 0:19:47Chris is hoping that wolves might be tempted out
0:19:47 > 0:19:49to feed on the energy-rich salmon.
0:20:00 > 0:20:02Wow, look, look!
0:20:02 > 0:20:05Look at this channel. It's packed full of fish - humpies.
0:20:05 > 0:20:08That's the male that has that humped back.
0:20:08 > 0:20:10See? Three of them next to each other.
0:20:10 > 0:20:12There's some dead salmon over there,
0:20:12 > 0:20:15and a dinner table over here. Look, bingo!
0:20:20 > 0:20:23There is a salmon with its brain bitten clean off.
0:20:23 > 0:20:26A sign of potential wolf feeding.
0:20:27 > 0:20:29Here's one of the pink salmon.
0:20:29 > 0:20:32You can see the size difference between the pink salmon
0:20:32 > 0:20:33and the chum.
0:20:35 > 0:20:38This one, look at that, it's got a claw mark or a canine hole
0:20:38 > 0:20:41in it there, and also, the brain has gone.
0:20:41 > 0:20:45The brain is full of protein and fat and they've chewed that right off.
0:20:45 > 0:20:49I think that we are hot on the trail
0:20:49 > 0:20:52of something big with teeth and claws.
0:21:03 > 0:21:06Ooh, look at that.
0:21:06 > 0:21:11Scat, wolf scat, and it could be quite fresh. Look at that.
0:21:11 > 0:21:14There are salmon teeth.
0:21:16 > 0:21:18Fantastic! Ha-ha!
0:21:18 > 0:21:22Not only have we got wolf scat, but this is the evidence we need
0:21:22 > 0:21:25to show that they've been here feeding on salmon as well.
0:21:25 > 0:21:27And I've got a hunch that they're probably going to be over
0:21:27 > 0:21:29in this main channel here.
0:21:29 > 0:21:31The riverbank is lined with crows and gulls,
0:21:31 > 0:21:35there's eagles flying overhead. It seems to be where the heart of the action is.
0:21:37 > 0:21:41Chris thinks the wolves may well return to this salmon hotspot.
0:21:46 > 0:21:49He reports back to base with the news Gordon's been hoping for.
0:21:51 > 0:21:53We got into this cool spot.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56It was just by the river there. That's where the tracks were.
0:21:56 > 0:21:59I was even thinking it might be a spot for you to get in and maybe place a hide.
0:22:01 > 0:22:05It could be Gordon's best chance to catch up
0:22:05 > 0:22:07with the elusive coastal wolves.
0:22:21 > 0:22:23It's pretty guaranteed that I'm going to see salmon.
0:22:23 > 0:22:28Whether I'll see the wolves or not, I can't quite picture it in my own head. I think it is...
0:22:28 > 0:22:32quite incredible to think of a pack of wolves catching fish.
0:22:33 > 0:22:37I just thought they'd scavenge fish, but they're actively going into
0:22:37 > 0:22:41the river and fishing. Catching fish in the same way grizzly bears do,
0:22:41 > 0:22:44hooking them out and eating them, and that's not something new,
0:22:44 > 0:22:47that's been happening for thousands and thousands of years.
0:22:50 > 0:22:54Gordon will stake out the river mouth alone, in a hide.
0:23:03 > 0:23:10He'll have to remain here, alert, 24 hours a day, to stand any chance
0:23:10 > 0:23:15of capturing this unusual fishing behaviour on film.
0:23:25 > 0:23:28Wolves are incredibly adaptable.
0:23:30 > 0:23:34Able to live anywhere from the Arctic tundra to baking desert.
0:23:36 > 0:23:41Feeding on everything from mice to huge male bison.
0:23:43 > 0:23:44Wolves are very intelligent.
0:23:44 > 0:23:48They have large brains for their body size.
0:23:48 > 0:23:52When you're killing something that is anywhere from, you know,
0:23:52 > 0:23:58two to ten times as big as you and you weigh 100 pounds, and you
0:23:58 > 0:24:03could get your brains kicked out, you have to be smart about it.
0:24:05 > 0:24:08A single wolf is one of the cleverest animals on the planet,
0:24:08 > 0:24:11but when they put their brains together
0:24:11 > 0:24:16and work as a pack, they can hunt the most formidable prey.
0:24:50 > 0:24:55In Washington, Isaac has trekked into the Cascade Mountains
0:24:55 > 0:24:58to the rendezvous site the radio-collared wolf keeps returning to.
0:25:00 > 0:25:04Now he needs to find out if she's raising a family here.
0:25:07 > 0:25:12The rendezvous site, basically, is like a puppy playground.
0:25:12 > 0:25:16It's a place where the wolf pups stay and the adults come and go.
0:25:16 > 0:25:19They go hunting, they go out and then they always return there
0:25:19 > 0:25:21and meet the pups there.
0:25:26 > 0:25:30Isaac is such an experienced tracker he can spot the tiniest signs
0:25:30 > 0:25:32that wolves have been here.
0:25:36 > 0:25:38We've got wolf tracks right here.
0:25:39 > 0:25:44These tracks here don't look very fresh to me, but the good news is this looks like
0:25:44 > 0:25:47an ideal spot for a rendezvous site. You've got a creek coming through,
0:25:47 > 0:25:50you've got some open areas to play in.
0:25:50 > 0:25:53Everything's pointing that this might be the spot.
0:25:59 > 0:26:04In the Great Bear Rainforest, Gordon is 30 hours into his vigil.
0:26:04 > 0:26:07A new influx of spawning salmon has brought
0:26:07 > 0:26:11the bounty of the ocean deep into the heart of the forest.
0:26:18 > 0:26:26You see so many different species benefit from salmon.
0:26:26 > 0:26:31There's a seal coming up the river, but it's no surprise.
0:26:31 > 0:26:34The river is just full of fish.
0:26:35 > 0:26:39The first wolf that comes along is going to have a field day in there.
0:26:41 > 0:26:46I've still got really high hopes for this place. It feels so right.
0:26:46 > 0:26:48Why wouldn't a wolf come here?
0:26:51 > 0:26:54But there's still no sign of them.
0:26:54 > 0:26:56Chris is further up the coast.
0:26:56 > 0:27:02Now the rain has stopped, soft banks are the perfect place to look for wolf tracks.
0:27:02 > 0:27:04There's some mud down here, maybe...
0:27:07 > 0:27:09Oh, wow, look, grizzly tracks!
0:27:09 > 0:27:12Right here, quite fresh, as well, some of them.
0:27:12 > 0:27:16Tracks of all sizes. Look, there's cub tracks here. See that?
0:27:16 > 0:27:18Then there's adult tracks.
0:27:18 > 0:27:20There's a main palm pad and then five toes
0:27:20 > 0:27:22and you can even see the long claws -
0:27:22 > 0:27:25grizzlies have really long claws and that's what these holes are here.
0:27:25 > 0:27:29Look at them all up here! Wow, super-fresh as well.
0:27:31 > 0:27:33There's a grizzly bear right on the logs here. Look at him.
0:27:35 > 0:27:38Hey, bear, it's OK. It's all right.
0:27:39 > 0:27:45OK, this is quite a deep pool, but we should be ready to move back here.
0:27:48 > 0:27:50He definitely knows I'm here.
0:27:51 > 0:27:54Look at that. He's pulling up scraps from underneath.
0:27:54 > 0:27:58Can you see? He's moving his paws around under the water
0:27:58 > 0:28:01trying to find fish scraps. There's one! He just pulled one up.
0:28:01 > 0:28:05Suddenly the sun is out, the bears are out... It's just magic!
0:28:11 > 0:28:13Oh, see that? He just heard a fish splash
0:28:13 > 0:28:16and went right over to the shallow little pool over there.
0:28:16 > 0:28:19He'd much rather get the fresh ones than the dead scraps.
0:28:21 > 0:28:25He's pulling the skin off this fish cos it's full of fat.
0:28:34 > 0:28:36Just a beautiful-looking animal.
0:28:39 > 0:28:41Look at that, huge.
0:28:42 > 0:28:45Surveying the scene, looking for the next fishing spot.
0:28:49 > 0:28:53Oh, my goodness, look at that! You beautiful bear.
0:29:06 > 0:29:09The rain has started again, dampening Gordon's spirits.
0:29:14 > 0:29:19I'm sitting here up to my ankles in freezing cold, squelchy mud
0:29:19 > 0:29:26and there's rain splattering into the hide, so things have been better.
0:29:27 > 0:29:29I just hope it's all worthwhile,
0:29:29 > 0:29:33I really... I'm so desperate to see these wolves.
0:29:33 > 0:29:35I just think... I just hope that this all pays off.
0:29:42 > 0:29:44Oh, look, look, look.
0:29:46 > 0:29:48We've got a wolf, we've got a wolf.
0:29:48 > 0:29:51Gee whizz! Oh, wow.
0:29:53 > 0:29:56A very wet, bedraggled-looking wolf, but it's a wolf.
0:29:57 > 0:29:59Yes, yes, yes.
0:30:04 > 0:30:08Its coat is a distinctive rusty brown colour,
0:30:08 > 0:30:10characteristic of these coastal wolves.
0:30:12 > 0:30:16Oh, he's got a fish, got a fish, yes.
0:30:16 > 0:30:20I am so happy, I am so happy.
0:30:20 > 0:30:25Only a handful of people have filmed this unique behaviour.
0:30:29 > 0:30:33And it's the first time Gordon has seen a wolf close up in the wild.
0:30:35 > 0:30:41This is very much the fulfilment of a lifetime ambition.
0:30:41 > 0:30:44It is a wild, wild wolf.
0:30:47 > 0:30:50You handsome, handsome, handsome dog.
0:30:54 > 0:30:56Not only do wolves catch salmon,
0:30:56 > 0:30:59there are reports of them hunting seals...
0:31:01 > 0:31:05..snatching seabirds and foraging for mussels.
0:31:07 > 0:31:10Some are known to swim more than seven miles at a stretch.
0:31:16 > 0:31:20The fact that wolves and humans can survive in the same places,
0:31:20 > 0:31:25and hunt the same food, has brought them into conflict.
0:31:28 > 0:31:30Amazing to look at this animal
0:31:30 > 0:31:37and think that the attitude was to exterminate, to wipe them out
0:31:37 > 0:31:44because we fear them, we see them as competition.
0:31:54 > 0:32:02One of the world's most interesting, charismatic animals.
0:32:02 > 0:32:08Just to see it in the wild is utterly fantastic.
0:32:16 > 0:32:20Young lone wolves will strike out into new territory
0:32:20 > 0:32:22to establish packs of their own.
0:32:26 > 0:32:29But once they leave pristine wilderness behind,
0:32:29 > 0:32:32they are likely to come up against humans.
0:32:34 > 0:32:38Just 90 miles from one of America's biggest cities,
0:32:38 > 0:32:42Isaac thinks he's closing in on what could be a new pack.
0:32:50 > 0:32:53(They could be 50 yards away,
0:32:53 > 0:32:55(they could be a few hundred yards away,
0:32:55 > 0:32:59(but, I mean, they could be farther than that
0:32:59 > 0:33:03(but we're the closest we've been so far.)
0:33:07 > 0:33:11Isaac has brought a camera and long lens to record what he sees.
0:33:17 > 0:33:21If there is a pack here, they'll be incredibly wary of humans.
0:33:25 > 0:33:30(One of the hardest parts about this I think is that
0:33:30 > 0:33:33(you're coming into an area that you've never been into before,
0:33:33 > 0:33:36(and so you really don't know the lay of the land,
0:33:36 > 0:33:39(and you really need every advantage you can get
0:33:39 > 0:33:41(because the wolves' senses are just so acute,
0:33:41 > 0:33:44(they pick you up so quickly whether they smell you
0:33:44 > 0:33:45(or hear you or see you.)
0:33:51 > 0:33:54(That's an old wolf scat.)
0:34:00 > 0:34:02(You see that jaw bone over there?)
0:34:06 > 0:34:08(This really looks to me like the spot,
0:34:08 > 0:34:13(and I just heard a bunch of moving in the bushes right behind.)
0:34:17 > 0:34:18(And now I don't know what to do.)
0:34:21 > 0:34:27(I'd like to pull out of here to somewhere where I can watch it
0:34:27 > 0:34:31(but be far enough away that they won't kind of know I'm here.)
0:34:40 > 0:34:43Isaac finds a vantage point to keep watch.
0:34:52 > 0:34:56(The meadow's all patted down, it's got bones around.
0:34:56 > 0:34:59(It looks to me like an area where pups have been playing,
0:34:59 > 0:35:02(so I'm going to sit here.)
0:35:04 > 0:35:09The existence of pups would be fantastic news.
0:35:09 > 0:35:12But there's still one thing that could halt wolf recovery
0:35:12 > 0:35:14in its tracks.
0:35:14 > 0:35:18The rendezvous site is just a few miles from farmland...
0:35:22 > 0:35:25..and the neighbours may not be friendly.
0:35:31 > 0:35:34When you're on the leading edge of colonisation,
0:35:34 > 0:35:38when you're new to a human-dominated landscape,
0:35:38 > 0:35:40you're going to run up against human attitudes
0:35:40 > 0:35:42that are not hospitable to your existence.
0:35:45 > 0:35:48I think there's great wolf habitat in Washington.
0:35:48 > 0:35:51Will the humans allow them to occupy and live in that habitat?
0:35:51 > 0:35:53That's the open question.
0:35:56 > 0:36:01Their return is one of the most contentious issues in rural America.
0:36:03 > 0:36:06Nowhere more so than in Idaho.
0:36:09 > 0:36:13In the mid 1990s, 35 wolves were reintroduced here
0:36:13 > 0:36:15in a controversial experiment.
0:36:16 > 0:36:21With legal protection, they thrived.
0:36:21 > 0:36:23But maybe no longer.
0:36:23 > 0:36:26There's a new proposal in place to hunt wolves in Idaho once again.
0:36:26 > 0:36:30The plan comes after President Obama's administration
0:36:30 > 0:36:33lifted the ban on wolf hunting in both Idaho and Montana...
0:36:34 > 0:36:38The change in the law means that wolves living here in Idaho
0:36:38 > 0:36:40can now be shot legally.
0:36:42 > 0:36:45Jasmine's crossed the state boundary to meet a local hunter,
0:36:45 > 0:36:49one of thousands who bought a license this year to kill wolves.
0:36:51 > 0:36:55I think understanding people is really the key to understanding
0:36:55 > 0:36:58how wolves are going to return to this landscape
0:36:58 > 0:37:00and stay on this landscape.
0:37:08 > 0:37:11Gordon's flying back from Canada.
0:37:13 > 0:37:16He also knows the most urgent problem for the wolves
0:37:16 > 0:37:19trickling down into the United States
0:37:19 > 0:37:22is that many people don't want them back.
0:37:24 > 0:37:28He's arranged to meet the leader of the Idaho Anti-Wolf Coalition.
0:37:30 > 0:37:33I've come here to look for a guy called Ron Gillett
0:37:33 > 0:37:36who is a self-confessed wolf hater.
0:37:36 > 0:37:38I've been told I'll find him at the rodeo.
0:37:38 > 0:37:40I'm not quite sure what he's going to make of me
0:37:40 > 0:37:43because I am a self-confessed wolf lover.
0:37:44 > 0:37:47This is cowboy country.
0:37:47 > 0:37:51Traditions and attitudes haven't changed much in a century.
0:38:00 > 0:38:05Ron Gillette and his followers fear wolves will eat their cows
0:38:05 > 0:38:07and destroy their way of life.
0:38:07 > 0:38:10Cattle ranching has been a big thing
0:38:10 > 0:38:12in this part of North America for 100 years.
0:38:12 > 0:38:15Through the entire region, not just here in Pendleton
0:38:15 > 0:38:19but the surrounding region - Idaho, Washington -
0:38:19 > 0:38:22this is all cattle country.
0:38:22 > 0:38:24Are people's livelihoods being affected by the return
0:38:24 > 0:38:26of these wolves?
0:38:26 > 0:38:29The livestock owners are losing their livestock.
0:38:29 > 0:38:34Horse people are losing their horses, we're all being affected.
0:38:34 > 0:38:38It is the most vicious, cruel predator in North America.
0:38:38 > 0:38:43It will actually take its prey down alive
0:38:43 > 0:38:46and suck the blood as the blood pumps out.
0:38:46 > 0:38:49You're not talking about control, you're talking about wiping them out?
0:38:49 > 0:38:51Get rid of them.
0:38:51 > 0:38:55The facts are in, the experiment is over, it is failed.
0:38:55 > 0:38:57Get 'em out, get rid of 'em.
0:38:57 > 0:39:00He says that that his livelihood and his life
0:39:00 > 0:39:05has been negatively affected by these wolves coming back,
0:39:05 > 0:39:09but, you know, he's not talking about controlling wolves,
0:39:09 > 0:39:14he is talking about extermination, about eradication.
0:39:14 > 0:39:16You know, I thought we'd been through that 100 years ago,
0:39:16 > 0:39:19we wiped the wolves out and we're giving them a chance to come back,
0:39:19 > 0:39:23but things haven't changed enough for some people to allow that.
0:39:25 > 0:39:30Wolves DO kill livestock. It tends to be uncommon to rare,
0:39:30 > 0:39:34but it does happen, and those wolves will always be dealt with.
0:39:37 > 0:39:40Wolves are eliminated so the ranches could be put there,
0:39:40 > 0:39:43but now that they're there we are respecting the rights
0:39:43 > 0:39:46and private property of the ranchers.
0:39:46 > 0:39:50Wolves kill livestock, they're dead, that's the story.
0:39:50 > 0:39:55Much more complicated is the story of wolves killing elk, deer,
0:39:55 > 0:39:56huntable wildlife.
0:39:57 > 0:40:02To get to the bottom of that story, Jasmine has driven to Idaho.
0:40:02 > 0:40:07She has arrived at the home of deer- and elk-hunter Milton Turley.
0:40:10 > 0:40:11Good you must be Milton.
0:40:11 > 0:40:13I am Milt Turley. Nice to meet you.
0:40:13 > 0:40:15Nice to meet you, I'm Jasmine.
0:40:15 > 0:40:18Jasmine wants to understand why Milton feels his lifestyle
0:40:18 > 0:40:21is threatened by wolves.
0:40:21 > 0:40:24She's decided to join him on a wolf hunt.
0:40:24 > 0:40:28I wanna get a wolf this morning. Let's go hunting.
0:40:51 > 0:40:53This is an AR-15.
0:40:54 > 0:40:58It's a semi-automatic, it's an assault weapon.
0:40:58 > 0:41:01You couldn't find a better thing to hunt a wolf with, though.
0:41:01 > 0:41:04It's a small calibre, and I've got 30 rounds.
0:41:04 > 0:41:07Not that I'm going to use that,
0:41:07 > 0:41:10but I'm not going to be shooting more than once or twice at him.
0:41:15 > 0:41:18Jasmine has spent her life protecting wolves.
0:41:20 > 0:41:25Now she may be about to see one shot - legally - in front of her.
0:41:41 > 0:41:44Back in Washington, Isaac still has his sights trained
0:41:44 > 0:41:47on what he thinks is the wolf pack's rendezvous site.
0:41:48 > 0:41:53But he's seen nothing all day. Time to try something new.
0:42:02 > 0:42:04IMITATES WOLF CRY
0:42:12 > 0:42:15IMITATES WOLF CRY
0:42:23 > 0:42:26WOLF HOWLS
0:42:29 > 0:42:32It sounds like the howl of a lone adult wolf.
0:42:40 > 0:42:43IMITATES WOLF CRY
0:42:56 > 0:42:59WOLF HOWLS
0:43:00 > 0:43:02(That's a pup.)
0:43:06 > 0:43:08WOLF HOWLS
0:43:11 > 0:43:13ANOTHER WOLF HOWLS
0:43:13 > 0:43:15(Two pups.)
0:43:16 > 0:43:19MORE WOLVES HOWL
0:43:34 > 0:43:37(There's a bunch of wolves in there.)
0:43:45 > 0:43:48(They're really, really close.)
0:44:01 > 0:44:06It is indeed a new pack.
0:44:06 > 0:44:11Now, Isaac must wait to find out how many pups there are.
0:44:16 > 0:44:20In Idaho, Jasmine is heading towards the meadow
0:44:20 > 0:44:24where Milton hopes to find and shoot a wolf.
0:44:25 > 0:44:28It's really hard for me to think about the idea
0:44:28 > 0:44:32of killing such a beautiful and intelligent animal,
0:44:32 > 0:44:35but I'm here to learn and be open-minded,
0:44:35 > 0:44:37but I have to say it's really hard.
0:44:43 > 0:44:45As long as you don't make any fast movements,
0:44:45 > 0:44:49generally speaking, wolves won't spook.
0:44:49 > 0:44:52If you start jumping around, they're going to run.
0:44:54 > 0:44:58Milton is going to try and lure a wolf out into the meadow
0:44:58 > 0:44:59using an old hunter's trick.
0:45:00 > 0:45:05This is what they call a wounded rabbit call. It squeals.
0:45:08 > 0:45:11MAKES RABBIT CALL
0:45:16 > 0:45:19Just seen something move already.
0:45:19 > 0:45:22Stay down, I just saw it move across that open spot, right there.
0:45:22 > 0:45:26Stay down, stay down. I don't know what it is.
0:45:26 > 0:45:30I seen it move so there is something definitely down there.
0:45:35 > 0:45:39It's a wolf!
0:45:39 > 0:45:43No it's a deer, it's a deer.
0:45:43 > 0:45:45Oh, yeah, I see, OK.
0:45:45 > 0:45:47There's another one behind him too,
0:45:47 > 0:45:50behind her and I'm going to have to tell you
0:45:50 > 0:45:53that's probably the first deer I've seen this summer here too.
0:45:53 > 0:45:57You got to come out with me more often.
0:45:58 > 0:46:01When the wolf started showing up, the elk started disappearing.
0:46:01 > 0:46:03Now, the only change...
0:46:03 > 0:46:09Habitat doesn't change that quick, the only change is the wolf.
0:46:09 > 0:46:12Are they declining or are they just harder to find?
0:46:12 > 0:46:15If you knew the hunters that I knew that hunt that,
0:46:15 > 0:46:17they're hard-nosed hunters.
0:46:17 > 0:46:22If they can't find 'em, they're not there, period.
0:46:24 > 0:46:26Elk and deer-hunting
0:46:26 > 0:46:30is a multimillion-dollar industry in Idaho.
0:46:30 > 0:46:35If wolves are decimating game herds, whole communities could suffer.
0:46:38 > 0:46:41MAKES HUNTING CALL
0:46:46 > 0:46:51You hunt wolves so the deer and elk populations don't decline,
0:46:51 > 0:46:53is that the reason why?
0:46:53 > 0:46:57Well, right now, I think the elk are taking a hell of a hit
0:46:57 > 0:47:02and it's impacting my life, it's impacting my grandkid's life
0:47:02 > 0:47:07and everybody I know that hangs around me, are impacted by this wolf.
0:47:07 > 0:47:11Do you feel that there's a role for an apex predator in the ecosystem?
0:47:11 > 0:47:13Yeah, as long as they're kept in check a little bit.
0:47:13 > 0:47:15Anything has to be kept in check.
0:47:15 > 0:47:17- That's our job as people? - What's that?
0:47:17 > 0:47:20That's our job as people?
0:47:20 > 0:47:23Oh...
0:47:23 > 0:47:24yeah.
0:47:24 > 0:47:27Every time I hear a wolf it just sends chill down my back.
0:47:27 > 0:47:30It just says that nature is a little sick because
0:47:30 > 0:47:35one of the creatures is literally devouring the other set of creatures.
0:47:35 > 0:47:39There's got to be some middle ground here that we can have
0:47:39 > 0:47:42so many wolves and still have the herds of elk
0:47:42 > 0:47:46maintain a lively number of animals.
0:47:46 > 0:47:48I could live with that.
0:47:48 > 0:47:49Yeah, I would agree with that, too,
0:47:49 > 0:47:53but you know as well as I do there are radicals on both sides.
0:47:53 > 0:47:55That is certainly true.
0:47:55 > 0:47:57Some of my colleagues, when I told them
0:47:57 > 0:48:00you were one of the people that was going to come, said,
0:48:00 > 0:48:04"She is a radical environmentalist, what do you want to talk to her for?"
0:48:04 > 0:48:06What do you think after meeting me?
0:48:06 > 0:48:08Well, I mean we're getting along all right now
0:48:08 > 0:48:12- and I'm not going to beat up on you or shoot you but...- That's good.
0:48:12 > 0:48:15- So let's take a walk, shall we? - OK, let's do it.
0:48:19 > 0:48:21Milton and Jasmine see a middle ground
0:48:21 > 0:48:26where people and wolves can share the remaining wild spaces.
0:48:31 > 0:48:35But many in the west see the wolf as just a wanton killer.
0:48:37 > 0:48:41Some scientists believe differently.
0:48:42 > 0:48:46Wolves are a very, very effective killer.
0:48:46 > 0:48:51However, people overestimate that fact.
0:48:51 > 0:48:56Wolves, most of the time, are very unsuccessful with their hunts.
0:48:56 > 0:49:00In fact, the prey have evolved mechanisms
0:49:00 > 0:49:04to evade and escape wolves for millions of years.
0:49:04 > 0:49:09What we refer to it as is an evolutionary arms race.
0:49:09 > 0:49:13You've got the wolf and the prey so close to each other's abilities
0:49:13 > 0:49:17of wolf killing, of prey getting away.
0:49:17 > 0:49:20The edge between who's got the advantage
0:49:20 > 0:49:25is so fine that, really, wolves being this indiscriminate,
0:49:25 > 0:49:30wanton killer, wiping out herds of animals, is incorrect
0:49:30 > 0:49:34because healthy animals generally rebuff wolf attacks.
0:49:42 > 0:49:45Wolves target weak animals because they are easy prey.
0:49:47 > 0:49:50With a top predator back on the landscape
0:49:50 > 0:49:53herds may become stronger and healthier in the long run.
0:49:55 > 0:49:58Anti-wolf people get wound up about it because it's values,
0:49:58 > 0:50:00your view of nature. And it's simple,
0:50:00 > 0:50:03"Who's dominant here, who is the top predator?"
0:50:03 > 0:50:08And people, for the most part, want to be that top predator.
0:50:08 > 0:50:12We need this group in the middle that's willing to compromise
0:50:12 > 0:50:15on having wolves some places and not others,
0:50:15 > 0:50:19and that's going to be a much more fruitful path
0:50:19 > 0:50:22to solving our wolf issues.
0:50:27 > 0:50:32In Washington, Isaac's been camping out for several days...
0:50:33 > 0:50:35..but still had no view of the pack.
0:50:38 > 0:50:42In full camouflage, he is returning to the meadow
0:50:42 > 0:50:45where he heard the wolves howling.
0:51:22 > 0:51:23(That's a pup.
0:51:23 > 0:51:25(The pups are definitely here.)
0:51:28 > 0:51:30(That's awesome.)
0:51:31 > 0:51:35(Beautiful, couldn't ask for anything any better.
0:51:35 > 0:51:37(Wow.
0:51:37 > 0:51:40(It's really brown, a lot browner than I expected,
0:51:40 > 0:51:44(brown and dark black, but just beautiful.)
0:52:03 > 0:52:06(I kind of thought maybe they'd moved on,
0:52:06 > 0:52:08(but they haven't, they're in here.
0:52:08 > 0:52:10(They're just hunkering down and being really quiet.)
0:52:15 > 0:52:16(Another one.)
0:52:24 > 0:52:25(Two pups.)
0:52:27 > 0:52:30(That's really, really great news.)
0:52:42 > 0:52:44(Three.)
0:52:44 > 0:52:47WOLF HOWLS
0:52:51 > 0:52:53(One's over to the right, howling.)
0:52:55 > 0:52:59(It doesn't sound like there's any adults here right now,
0:52:59 > 0:53:02(and it really sounds to me like there's four pups.)
0:53:05 > 0:53:07WOLF HOWLS
0:53:08 > 0:53:10(I can't believe I'm this close.)
0:53:13 > 0:53:16(I think what's so exciting about this,
0:53:16 > 0:53:20(is not really seeing these wolves right in front of me
0:53:20 > 0:53:22(but realising what they represent.)
0:53:24 > 0:53:27(We're watching wolves return to Washington
0:53:27 > 0:53:29(right in front of our eyes.
0:53:29 > 0:53:33(The fact that this pack is this far south along the Cascades,
0:53:33 > 0:53:36(the fact that they're succeeding,
0:53:36 > 0:53:39(that they have pups and multiple adults,
0:53:39 > 0:53:42(that it's a full-fledged healthy pack.)
0:53:44 > 0:53:48(It goes to show that wolves are going to make it here no problem.)
0:53:50 > 0:53:54(The only question is, are we going to let them?)
0:54:11 > 0:54:13Jasmine's waited 20 years
0:54:13 > 0:54:16to see wolves return to the Cascade Mountains.
0:54:16 > 0:54:19Isaac's told her he's found the female,
0:54:19 > 0:54:22but he's kept the discovery of four pups as a surprise.
0:54:22 > 0:54:26So, I'm back down in the deep forest of the Cascade Mountains
0:54:26 > 0:54:29and I've come to find Isaac who's been camping out,
0:54:29 > 0:54:31and I'm really hoping he's had success,
0:54:31 > 0:54:33because success in this case
0:54:33 > 0:54:36means recovery of wolves to these mountains.
0:54:36 > 0:54:38Aha! There's Isaac's truck.
0:54:43 > 0:54:46- Well, hello.- Jasmine.
0:54:46 > 0:54:48Isaac.
0:54:48 > 0:54:50How are you doing? Good to see you.
0:54:50 > 0:54:52I'm doing good. You look like a man of the mountains.
0:54:55 > 0:54:56Want to come take a look at the footage?
0:54:56 > 0:54:59- I'd love to. - All right, let's have a look.
0:55:05 > 0:55:07That is amazing.
0:55:07 > 0:55:10WOLF HOWLS
0:55:10 > 0:55:13Oh, that just goes right to my heart.
0:55:13 > 0:55:19Oh, he's quite the singer.
0:55:19 > 0:55:22WOLF HOWLS
0:55:22 > 0:55:25That is the sound I want to hear in these hills.
0:55:26 > 0:55:29Oh, wow.
0:55:29 > 0:55:30WOLF HOWLS
0:55:32 > 0:55:35I can't believe what I'm seeing.
0:55:41 > 0:55:45Don't get into trouble
0:55:45 > 0:55:47and you'll be all right.
0:55:55 > 0:55:57I never thought in the 20 years
0:55:57 > 0:56:00that I've been looking for wolves in these mountains
0:56:00 > 0:56:02that I would see this.
0:56:02 > 0:56:04Thank you, thank you so much.
0:56:04 > 0:56:08Isaac, you're the man, I'm so thrilled.
0:56:09 > 0:56:13We've got pups, we've got pups! Nice, good job.
0:56:13 > 0:56:16That's huge, I mean, that's going to change
0:56:16 > 0:56:19the course of wildlife in this whole area.
0:56:20 > 0:56:24The pups are around six months old.
0:56:24 > 0:56:28When they're two, some will head off on their own to find a mate
0:56:28 > 0:56:30and a new territory.
0:56:30 > 0:56:33These wolves, the lookout pack legacy,
0:56:33 > 0:56:36are proving they're smart.
0:56:36 > 0:56:39They're learning how to survive in spite of people.
0:56:43 > 0:56:46Gordon has come to meet wolf expert Doug Smith.
0:56:46 > 0:56:50Doug thinks the wolf packs in the western United States
0:56:50 > 0:56:52are revealing something new.
0:56:52 > 0:56:55What's happened lately has revised some of our thinking
0:56:55 > 0:56:59about what wolves are capable of doing.
0:56:59 > 0:57:02A few years ago, we thought the wolves were only a wilderness species,
0:57:02 > 0:57:06they had to have wild country, pristine habitat in which to live.
0:57:06 > 0:57:09But here they're pushing out into this landscape
0:57:09 > 0:57:12that, to me, doesn't look that wild.
0:57:12 > 0:57:14200 years from now, what do you think we're going to see
0:57:14 > 0:57:16across the wilderness states?
0:57:16 > 0:57:18200 years from now,
0:57:18 > 0:57:22I would like to see one vast connection of wolves
0:57:22 > 0:57:26where they used to be in Canada all the way through these western states
0:57:26 > 0:57:29and back into Mexico.
0:57:29 > 0:57:31This doesn't mean there'd be wolves everywhere,
0:57:31 > 0:57:34people don't need to be fearful that their way of life
0:57:34 > 0:57:36is going to be taken out because of wolves.
0:57:36 > 0:57:39We're talking about modest numbers of wolves
0:57:39 > 0:57:43in habitats where they can be with low conflict to humans.
0:57:46 > 0:57:49Doug's vision may not be that far away.
0:57:51 > 0:57:55Wolves continue to strengthen their foothold in Washington.
0:58:07 > 0:58:13Five packs are now confirmed living in the state.
0:58:13 > 0:58:17The front line continues to push further down the west coast.
0:58:17 > 0:58:20And a wolf has now reached northern California.
0:58:21 > 0:58:24The return of the wolf continues.
0:58:33 > 0:58:36Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd