0:00:38 > 0:00:44There's an insect in this garden that all gardeners loathe -
0:00:44 > 0:00:46aphids.
0:00:46 > 0:00:48They've made enemies of gardeners,
0:00:48 > 0:00:51but in the undergrowth they have friends -
0:00:51 > 0:00:52ants.
0:00:57 > 0:01:01Ants herd aphids to the best possible feeding places,
0:01:01 > 0:01:06just as human shepherds will herd their sheep to the best pastures.
0:01:06 > 0:01:10And just as shepherds protect their flocks against wolves,
0:01:10 > 0:01:14so ants protect the aphids against their insect enemies.
0:01:16 > 0:01:19Ladybirds are among the most dangerous.
0:01:19 > 0:01:23They, after all, eat aphids, so the ants must get rid of them.
0:01:23 > 0:01:25That's not easy -
0:01:25 > 0:01:29it's quite hard to get a grip on the polished shell of a ladybird.
0:01:34 > 0:01:37But eventually, success.
0:01:37 > 0:01:41Aphids excrete a liquid that ants relish, honeydew.
0:01:41 > 0:01:44That's why ants protect them.
0:01:44 > 0:01:47Such close relationships are frequent among insects,
0:01:47 > 0:01:50perhaps because they've had so long to develop them.
0:01:50 > 0:01:52They appeared on land, after all,
0:01:52 > 0:01:56about a hundred million years before any backboned animal.
0:01:56 > 0:01:58And they can also evolve much faster,
0:01:58 > 0:02:02because they can produce several generations within a single year.
0:02:02 > 0:02:05So perhaps it's not surprising that they have developed
0:02:05 > 0:02:11relationships between one another of a complexity that blows the mind.
0:02:22 > 0:02:26These associations extend not only to other insects, but to plants.
0:02:26 > 0:02:29They were established at a very early period.
0:02:29 > 0:02:31Plants are the basis of all life,
0:02:31 > 0:02:36only they can combine minerals in the ground with gases from the air
0:02:36 > 0:02:38and produce something worth eating.
0:02:38 > 0:02:41Insects, however, not only eat them,
0:02:41 > 0:02:46they also exploit them in much more devious ways.
0:02:54 > 0:03:00Tropical rainforests are famous for being thick, tangled masses of vegetation,
0:03:00 > 0:03:06but in this one in Peru there are mysterious clearings,
0:03:06 > 0:03:11where only one, or at the most, two kinds of trees will grow.
0:03:11 > 0:03:16The local people call such places as this "devil's gardens"
0:03:16 > 0:03:20and believe that spirits kill other kinds of trees.
0:03:20 > 0:03:23And the real killers of those trees?
0:03:23 > 0:03:26Well, they've only just been discovered.
0:03:27 > 0:03:30The leaves of the surviving trees
0:03:30 > 0:03:35all have these swellings on their stems,
0:03:35 > 0:03:41and going in and out are armies of tiny, tiny ants.
0:03:41 > 0:03:43The swellings are their homes,
0:03:43 > 0:03:47specially developed for them by the tree,
0:03:47 > 0:03:51and in them, safe from predators, the ants keep their eggs and larvae.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55They even keep domestic livestock - white scale insects,
0:03:55 > 0:03:59which, like aphids, supply the ants with drinks of honeydew.
0:04:01 > 0:04:05Producing this accommodation also benefits the tree,
0:04:05 > 0:04:09for the ants provide their landlord with a valuable service -
0:04:09 > 0:04:11they guard it against its enemies.
0:04:15 > 0:04:19All kinds of insects will eat a plant's leaves given the chance...
0:04:20 > 0:04:24..but they don't get a chance, not on this tree.
0:04:27 > 0:04:30So the caterpillar goes elsewhere.
0:04:33 > 0:04:36This is a more formidable leaf muncher,
0:04:36 > 0:04:38a kind of giant grasshopper,
0:04:38 > 0:04:41several thousand times bigger than any individual ant.
0:04:44 > 0:04:46That's not so easy to shift.
0:04:51 > 0:04:53But it does have a weak spot.
0:04:53 > 0:04:56If you can say that any insect has a heel,
0:04:56 > 0:04:59then this one has an Achilles heel.
0:05:04 > 0:05:07And the ants seem to know it.
0:05:15 > 0:05:17Enough is enough.
0:05:19 > 0:05:23The ants not only repel their host's animal enemies,
0:05:23 > 0:05:29they also, perhaps more remarkably, keep competing plants at bay.
0:05:30 > 0:05:33A squad of them leaves the barracks
0:05:33 > 0:05:37and sets out on one of their regular patrols of the neighbourhood.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44They've found a newly sprouted sapling.
0:05:44 > 0:05:47Perhaps it's grown from one of their landlord's seeds,
0:05:47 > 0:05:50in which case, all well and good,
0:05:50 > 0:05:53but this one hasn't - it's an intruder.
0:05:54 > 0:05:57They go into action biting its stems.
0:06:02 > 0:06:05Reinforcements arrive.
0:06:05 > 0:06:08Hundreds of tiny jaws cut into its stems.
0:06:08 > 0:06:11The sapling begins to wilt.
0:06:25 > 0:06:29But bites alone are not enough for the ants to achieve their ends.
0:06:29 > 0:06:33They lift their abdomens and inject formic acid
0:06:33 > 0:06:35into the crippled plant's wounds.
0:06:40 > 0:06:44The poison spreads through the plant's tissues,
0:06:44 > 0:06:45hastening its death.
0:06:50 > 0:06:53And within a few days of being comprehensively stung,
0:06:53 > 0:06:56all these plants are dead,
0:06:56 > 0:07:02and the ants, or the devils, have extended their garden still further.
0:07:04 > 0:07:12But the benefit of this drastic gardening is not restricted to the plants, the ants also profit.
0:07:12 > 0:07:18They have ensured that their plant landlord can extend its territory without competition.
0:07:18 > 0:07:21And that provides them with more homes,
0:07:21 > 0:07:23so they, too, can increase their numbers.
0:07:33 > 0:07:38It's one thing to provide food and shelter in return for protection,
0:07:38 > 0:07:42but it's quite another thing to be compelled to provide a home
0:07:42 > 0:07:44where before there was none.
0:07:44 > 0:07:49But some insects have the ability to force a plant to do just that.
0:07:49 > 0:07:55They're called gall-makers, and this oak tree is infested with them.
0:07:55 > 0:07:59This odd wrinkled object at the base of an acorn
0:07:59 > 0:08:02is known as a knopper gall.
0:08:02 > 0:08:07Inside, there's the tiny grub of a minute wasp.
0:08:07 > 0:08:11To understand how it got there, we have to go back to last spring.
0:08:17 > 0:08:21This tiny insect, scarcely bigger than a mosquito,
0:08:21 > 0:08:24is one of these gall wasps.
0:08:24 > 0:08:27There are lots of them flying around the oak flowers.
0:08:31 > 0:08:34Most of the flowers by now have been pollinated
0:08:34 > 0:08:36and are about to develop into acorns.
0:08:36 > 0:08:39The gall wasps, too, have mated,
0:08:39 > 0:08:42and this female is looking for a place to lay her eggs.
0:08:45 > 0:08:49She thrusts her ovipositor into the base of the fertilised flower
0:08:49 > 0:08:50and injects an egg.
0:08:52 > 0:08:57And that triggers a profound genetic change in the growing oak bud.
0:08:59 > 0:09:01It develops not into an acorn,
0:09:01 > 0:09:04but into something very different - a gall.
0:09:06 > 0:09:11Within, the tiny larva, whose secretions have caused the change,
0:09:11 > 0:09:14feeds on the oak tree's tissues.
0:09:14 > 0:09:19As summer proceeds, the galls become increasingly hard and woody.
0:09:27 > 0:09:31Autumn comes, and the oak tree starts to shed its leaves.
0:09:31 > 0:09:33It's shutting down for the winter.
0:09:33 > 0:09:37And with its leaves go both acorns and galls.
0:09:55 > 0:09:59Plant and insect life is suspended.
0:10:02 > 0:10:06But unseen changes are nevertheless taking place.
0:10:08 > 0:10:10Spring comes at last.
0:10:18 > 0:10:21Inside the gall, something starts moving.
0:10:23 > 0:10:27The larva has turned into an adult wasp.
0:10:32 > 0:10:36It has spent nine months within the oak tree's tissues.
0:10:36 > 0:10:39It has only a few weeks of its life left.
0:10:45 > 0:10:51Now, as an adult, it must look for another oak to inject with eggs.
0:10:59 > 0:11:03A single oak tree may be afflicted by 70 different kinds of gall,
0:11:03 > 0:11:06each produced by a different species of wasp,
0:11:06 > 0:11:09and each with its own particular contorted shape.
0:11:14 > 0:11:17These hard shells may seem to be effective defences
0:11:17 > 0:11:21for the little grub inside them, but not necessarily so.
0:11:24 > 0:11:26This is another kind of gall wasp,
0:11:26 > 0:11:30and she's not a genetic engineer, she is a burglar.
0:11:30 > 0:11:34Behind her, she trails her equipment for breaking and entering, a drill.
0:11:34 > 0:11:40She carefully selects a site for her operations and takes aim.
0:11:43 > 0:11:48She flicks away the drill's sheath and starts work.
0:11:48 > 0:11:52Her aim has to be very accurate if she is to strike her target -
0:11:52 > 0:11:54the larva at the gall's centre.
0:11:56 > 0:12:00The tip of her drill has a sharp cutting edge of metallic zinc,
0:12:00 > 0:12:03which pierces the gall tissues with ease.
0:12:04 > 0:12:07When she detects that she's reached the central chamber,
0:12:07 > 0:12:10a microscopic egg travels down the centre of the drill
0:12:10 > 0:12:12and into the larva.
0:12:15 > 0:12:17The operation is over.
0:12:17 > 0:12:20Her offspring will now hatch in the gall's centre,
0:12:20 > 0:12:22consume the flesh of the resident larva
0:12:22 > 0:12:24and take over the gall.
0:12:30 > 0:12:32Galls are worldwide.
0:12:32 > 0:12:35California, for example, has other species of oak tree
0:12:35 > 0:12:37and other kinds of gall.
0:12:39 > 0:12:44These particular ones are relatively tiny, the size of peppercorns.
0:12:44 > 0:12:47You would hardly notice them except for one thing.
0:12:47 > 0:12:49They jump.
0:12:49 > 0:12:51And not only do they jump,
0:12:51 > 0:12:55they jump for three days.
0:12:55 > 0:12:58The tiny larvae within flick themselves about
0:12:58 > 0:13:00inside their minute chambers.
0:13:00 > 0:13:03Why they should do so is not clear.
0:13:03 > 0:13:07Perhaps it's a way of moving their homes into cracks and crevices,
0:13:07 > 0:13:10where they're out of the reach of predators and parasites
0:13:10 > 0:13:13and shaded from the hot Californian sun.
0:13:14 > 0:13:19Another gall in Hungary protects itself in a more complex fashion.
0:13:19 > 0:13:23It recruits insect guardians.
0:13:23 > 0:13:26This gall is producing nectar.
0:13:29 > 0:13:31It's sweet.
0:13:31 > 0:13:35And it's producing it, not for the benefit of the oak tree,
0:13:35 > 0:13:40but for the benefit of the tiny grub that lies within the gall,
0:13:40 > 0:13:43because the nectar attracts ants
0:13:43 > 0:13:49and ants serve as defenders against any other intruders.
0:13:49 > 0:13:51And if you want to see how valuable they are,
0:13:51 > 0:13:52let me remove some.
0:13:57 > 0:14:02Within a few minutes, a different kind of gall wasp appears.
0:14:02 > 0:14:04It's another of those burglars,
0:14:04 > 0:14:08looking for an existing gall into which it can inject its egg.
0:14:09 > 0:14:14But the ants have now returned, and they attack the intruder.
0:14:19 > 0:14:20Away it goes.
0:14:21 > 0:14:25The ants, having driven off the wasp,
0:14:25 > 0:14:27take their reward of nectar.
0:14:29 > 0:14:34In the normal course of events, oak trees don't produce nectar,
0:14:34 > 0:14:36but many plants certainly do.
0:14:36 > 0:14:38It's a way of attracting insects
0:14:38 > 0:14:41that will transport their pollen from one plant to another.
0:14:41 > 0:14:44And the colourful flowers are advertisements,
0:14:44 > 0:14:47proclaiming that nectar is there for the taking.
0:14:52 > 0:14:54But the plants must also ensure
0:14:54 > 0:14:58that visiting insects collect the pollen as well as nectar,
0:14:58 > 0:15:02and that leads to all kinds of complexities.
0:15:06 > 0:15:07Like many plants,
0:15:07 > 0:15:12the pyramidal orchid has a way of ensuring that they do.
0:15:12 > 0:15:15A burnet moth probes into the orchid's nectar store,
0:15:15 > 0:15:17and as it does so,
0:15:17 > 0:15:22a horseshoe-shaped mass of pollen clips onto its long proboscis.
0:15:24 > 0:15:28Inconvenient it may be, but the moth can't shift it.
0:15:32 > 0:15:34Away it goes to another flower,
0:15:34 > 0:15:37taking the pollen with it,
0:15:37 > 0:15:40and this time as it probes for a drink,
0:15:40 > 0:15:45a speck of pollen is transferred to the female part of the flower.
0:15:46 > 0:15:48The job is done.
0:15:51 > 0:15:56The traffic of insect pollinators to and from flowers is so heavy,
0:15:56 > 0:15:58and in particular so predictable,
0:15:58 > 0:16:00that it's not surprising
0:16:00 > 0:16:04that some invertebrates have learned to exploit it.
0:16:04 > 0:16:07A white crab spider sits almost invisible
0:16:07 > 0:16:10on a white flower, waiting in ambush.
0:16:11 > 0:16:14And it catches a bee.
0:16:18 > 0:16:21The spider is clearly taking advantage
0:16:21 > 0:16:23of the flower's advertising.
0:16:23 > 0:16:27It looks superbly camouflaged to our eyes,
0:16:27 > 0:16:29but insect eyes are different to ours
0:16:29 > 0:16:32and see parts of the light spectrum invisible to us.
0:16:32 > 0:16:35Under ultraviolet light,
0:16:35 > 0:16:37we can get a better idea of how they see things.
0:16:37 > 0:16:39And most surprisingly,
0:16:39 > 0:16:43the spider looks more obvious to them than it does to us.
0:16:43 > 0:16:45Why should that be?
0:16:45 > 0:16:49Perhaps it's because ultraviolet markings on some flowers
0:16:49 > 0:16:52serve to guide insects to nectar,
0:16:52 > 0:16:56so maybe the spider's colour is a positive attraction for bees.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03Certainly, honeybees seem more likely to visit flowers
0:17:03 > 0:17:06with crab spiders on them than those without,
0:17:06 > 0:17:08often with fatal consequences.
0:17:15 > 0:17:18The relationships between the animals that live in the undergrowth
0:17:18 > 0:17:21are full of such deceits and impostures.
0:17:21 > 0:17:24Here in Australia, there's an intriguing example
0:17:24 > 0:17:26that has only just been discovered.
0:17:28 > 0:17:34This is a feather-legged bug.
0:17:36 > 0:17:40It too manages to persuade prey to come close,
0:17:40 > 0:17:44but its invitations are aimed, not at bees, but ants.
0:17:44 > 0:17:49And what the ants get is a very nasty surprise.
0:17:51 > 0:17:53Like all members of the bug family,
0:17:53 > 0:17:56this one has a long tube for a mouth.
0:17:56 > 0:18:00Most stick it into plants to suck sap.
0:18:00 > 0:18:04Using it to eat an ant is more difficult.
0:18:04 > 0:18:08The bug starts by waving to passing ants.
0:18:08 > 0:18:11The feathery flanges on its legs are so large,
0:18:11 > 0:18:13they can be seen from quite a distance.
0:18:19 > 0:18:22The ants are visibly intrigued,
0:18:22 > 0:18:25but they're not yet close enough for the bug to attack,
0:18:25 > 0:18:29so it reinforces its gestures by producing a chemical perfume
0:18:29 > 0:18:32that the ants find irresistible.
0:18:32 > 0:18:34They come closer still.
0:18:37 > 0:18:39They climb all over the bug,
0:18:39 > 0:18:43trying to find the source of this strange, compulsive smell,
0:18:43 > 0:18:45and the bug does nothing to stop them.
0:18:57 > 0:19:00Where does that smell come from?
0:19:00 > 0:19:02Is it on the bug's legs?
0:19:13 > 0:19:15The bug now answers the ants' questions.
0:19:15 > 0:19:20It lifts itself up and reveals a gland on its underside -
0:19:20 > 0:19:23that's what's producing the smell.
0:19:25 > 0:19:29The ant presses its head against the bug's chest
0:19:29 > 0:19:31to actually taste the gland.
0:19:31 > 0:19:35It's the perfect position for its own execution.
0:19:37 > 0:19:40The bug stabs its mouth into the back of the ant's head.
0:19:46 > 0:19:51So a tube can be used to suck nourishment from an insect,
0:19:51 > 0:19:52as well as from a plant.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57This is the rogue of the bug family, a killer.
0:20:02 > 0:20:08Ants are among the most numerous, widespread and frequently exploited members of the undergrowth.
0:20:09 > 0:20:14These in Australia collect seeds and store them underground.
0:20:14 > 0:20:17Plants encourage them to do so,
0:20:17 > 0:20:20by adding a tasty capsule to their seeds.
0:20:20 > 0:20:25That may seem odd, but these ants don't eat all the seeds they store.
0:20:25 > 0:20:29In fact, seeds are more likely to germinate below ground than above.
0:20:29 > 0:20:34But not everything on this forest floor is what it seems.
0:20:35 > 0:20:39When it comes to putting your eggs in a suitable place,
0:20:39 > 0:20:45some insects persuade other insects to do the job for them.
0:20:45 > 0:20:48This little object looks like a seed,
0:20:48 > 0:20:51and certainly, it's fallen from above
0:20:51 > 0:20:54and that ant seems to think it's worth eating.
0:20:54 > 0:20:57But actually, it hasn't come from a plant.
0:20:57 > 0:20:59It's come from another insect.
0:21:01 > 0:21:03And this is it.
0:21:03 > 0:21:05It's rather difficult to see,
0:21:05 > 0:21:09because it looks exactly like a dried leaf,
0:21:09 > 0:21:11but it's a stick insect.
0:21:11 > 0:21:12There's its head,
0:21:12 > 0:21:18antennae and that's the tip of its abdomen.
0:21:18 > 0:21:19As an adult like this,
0:21:19 > 0:21:23it spends all its time up in the trees eating leaves.
0:21:23 > 0:21:27And when the time comes to lay, and this one is doing so,
0:21:27 > 0:21:31all she does is simply flick away the egg
0:21:31 > 0:21:33and let it fall to the ground.
0:21:33 > 0:21:36But that's not quite as risky as you might think.
0:21:39 > 0:21:44Wherever you are, you can be pretty sure that some ants will turn up,
0:21:44 > 0:21:46looking for food,
0:21:46 > 0:21:49and that is exactly what the stick insect's eggs look like,
0:21:49 > 0:21:53a nutritious seed, complete with that fatty capsule at the tip.
0:21:55 > 0:21:58So the ants start to haul them away.
0:22:15 > 0:22:19Although the ants eat a great number of the seeds they store,
0:22:19 > 0:22:22stick insect eggs don't seem to be quite as tempting.
0:22:22 > 0:22:25At any rate, the ants after all their labour,
0:22:25 > 0:22:29usually leave the stick insect eggs untouched.
0:22:32 > 0:22:35While the seasons pass, the eggs lie underground,
0:22:35 > 0:22:39hidden from birds and any other predators that might eat them.
0:22:39 > 0:22:43They may remain there safe for up to three years,
0:22:43 > 0:22:46but eventually they hatch.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54It's only at this early stage of its life
0:22:54 > 0:22:57that a stick insect actually runs.
0:22:59 > 0:23:03The youngsters positively scamper up into the tree branches.
0:23:09 > 0:23:12There they will take up their adult life of leisure -
0:23:12 > 0:23:16well camouflaged, stolidly chewing leaves.
0:23:17 > 0:23:21Giving your offspring a good start in life can take a lot of effort,
0:23:21 > 0:23:25so some insects have evolved highly complex strategies
0:23:25 > 0:23:29to induce other species to become nursemaids on their behalf.
0:23:32 > 0:23:38This Californian desert hardly seems the best place to find nursemaids,
0:23:38 > 0:23:42but blister beetles have an amazing way of discovering them.
0:23:45 > 0:23:48It starts, simply enough, with the female beetle.
0:23:48 > 0:23:52She has dug a hole and is now laying her eggs in it.
0:23:56 > 0:24:00That done, she abandons them.
0:24:02 > 0:24:05A few centimetres below the surface of the sand,
0:24:05 > 0:24:06conditions are good for eggs.
0:24:06 > 0:24:10Not too cold, neither too hot, even in the heat of the day.
0:24:13 > 0:24:16Six weeks later, they hatch.
0:24:17 > 0:24:20But these sands are very barren and scorching hot.
0:24:20 > 0:24:23Somehow the tiny larvae have got to find food,
0:24:23 > 0:24:25and they won't find it here.
0:24:29 > 0:24:33Their survival depends on teamwork.
0:24:36 > 0:24:39Together, as a closely co-ordinated group,
0:24:39 > 0:24:43they climb up a stem of withered grass.
0:24:53 > 0:24:56When they get to the top, there's nowhere else to go.
0:24:56 > 0:25:01They look dangerously exposed to the sun and to other predators,
0:25:01 > 0:25:05but there they stay in a tight squirming mass.
0:25:08 > 0:25:11For those that can get there, the top of this stem
0:25:11 > 0:25:15has become a stage for a remarkable piece of deception.
0:25:15 > 0:25:21What these larvae want is a lift, a ride, and they want it so badly
0:25:21 > 0:25:24that sometimes they'll even try and get it from a human finger.
0:25:26 > 0:25:29But what they're really searching for is not a human finger.
0:25:29 > 0:25:32They're searching for another insect.
0:25:34 > 0:25:37Here it comes, a female digger bee,
0:25:37 > 0:25:41leaving a tunnel that she's just dug for her own young.
0:25:42 > 0:25:44She's off to gather pollen.
0:25:50 > 0:25:53She packs it into baskets on her back legs,
0:25:53 > 0:25:55and takes it back to her burrow.
0:25:57 > 0:26:02It'll provide valuable food for her young when they eventually hatch.
0:26:06 > 0:26:08And here comes a male.
0:26:08 > 0:26:12He's on the lookout for a female.
0:26:15 > 0:26:19To him, the cluster not only looks like a female,
0:26:19 > 0:26:22it smells like a female.
0:26:22 > 0:26:24For the beetle larvae are producing a perfume,
0:26:24 > 0:26:28a pheromone that is exactly like that emitted by a female bee.
0:26:29 > 0:26:31He alights in order to mate,
0:26:31 > 0:26:36and in seconds is covered by the larvae that swarm all over him.
0:26:38 > 0:26:40At first he seems stunned by the shock
0:26:40 > 0:26:42of his sudden increase in weight.
0:26:44 > 0:26:46But then he's off again.
0:26:48 > 0:26:49And now his luck improves.
0:26:49 > 0:26:52This really is a female.
0:26:54 > 0:26:58And while he mates, his passengers jump ship.
0:27:16 > 0:27:21Now they're all onboard a female bee.
0:27:27 > 0:27:30She, having mated, goes back to her nest to lay,
0:27:30 > 0:27:33taking the larvae with her.
0:27:36 > 0:27:41At last, the young beetle larvae have reached safety, and food -
0:27:41 > 0:27:44the store of pollen that the female digger bee worked so hard
0:27:44 > 0:27:47to collect for her own young.
0:27:47 > 0:27:51So they hop off, and tuck in.
0:27:56 > 0:27:58Not only do they consume the pollen.
0:27:58 > 0:28:03When that runs out, they will eat the young bee larvae too.
0:28:05 > 0:28:08Blister beetles are not alone in using couriers
0:28:08 > 0:28:11to take their offspring to food.
0:28:11 > 0:28:14The young of this botfly, here in Brazil,
0:28:14 > 0:28:17feed on the blood and tissues of living cows.
0:28:17 > 0:28:20But how is a female to get them there?
0:28:20 > 0:28:25She's a big insect, so big that cows would notice if she landed on them
0:28:25 > 0:28:28and would probably flick her off.
0:28:28 > 0:28:31She needs a lightweight courier -
0:28:32 > 0:28:34a housefly, a fraction of her weight -
0:28:34 > 0:28:36that will do nicely.
0:28:37 > 0:28:40She drops down to stalk it.
0:28:46 > 0:28:48She's got it.
0:28:48 > 0:28:52She manipulates the housefly into the right position.
0:28:52 > 0:28:58And now, one by one, she glues her eggs onto the housefly's abdomen.
0:29:01 > 0:29:03Within a few seconds,
0:29:03 > 0:29:08the housefly has been coated by about 30 cream-coloured eggs.
0:29:10 > 0:29:14The botfly releases its hapless messenger.
0:29:15 > 0:29:19The housefly seems well aware that it's carrying an extra load,
0:29:19 > 0:29:21but it can't get rid of it.
0:29:30 > 0:29:33So it goes back to its normal business,
0:29:33 > 0:29:37which includes visiting cows to drink their sweat.
0:29:40 > 0:29:45A small fly, unlike the lumbering botfly, is no real irritation,
0:29:45 > 0:29:47and is able to feed largely unhindered.
0:29:52 > 0:29:57The fly mops up the sweat with its pad-shaped mouth parts.
0:29:57 > 0:29:59But as it feeds,
0:29:59 > 0:30:03so the warmth of the cow's body causes the botfly's eggs to hatch.
0:30:09 > 0:30:13The larvae are armed with tiny hooks
0:30:13 > 0:30:17which help them to get a grip on a cow's skin and bore into it.
0:30:23 > 0:30:28So in a few minutes, a cow can acquire a dozen botfly larvae
0:30:28 > 0:30:31feeding away beneath its skin.
0:30:31 > 0:30:34Licking won't get rid of them now.
0:30:36 > 0:30:39A couple of months later, the full-grown larvae emerge
0:30:39 > 0:30:41and drop to the ground.
0:30:42 > 0:30:48There they will burrow into the soil, pupate and turn into adults.
0:30:51 > 0:30:54All kinds of creatures, great and small,
0:30:54 > 0:30:57are exploited by insect parents in this kind of way.
0:30:57 > 0:31:03This is Costa Rica, and here lives a species of orchard spider.
0:31:03 > 0:31:06They construct horizontal orb webs,
0:31:06 > 0:31:08as lovely as those made by any spider.
0:31:11 > 0:31:14But one individual has a hanger-on.
0:31:14 > 0:31:18An anonymous-looking grub is clinging to her abdomen.
0:31:24 > 0:31:27She seems little affected by having a passenger,
0:31:27 > 0:31:33and every day, as usual, she builds a new and perfect web.
0:31:34 > 0:31:37She is just as efficient a hunter as ever,
0:31:37 > 0:31:41but every catch she makes, she shares in effect,
0:31:41 > 0:31:45with her passenger, for the grub is sucking her juices.
0:31:58 > 0:32:02Her passenger stays with her for some two weeks,
0:32:02 > 0:32:06slowly growing in size, at her expense.
0:32:07 > 0:32:11And still, daily, she constructs a new web.
0:32:12 > 0:32:16Then one evening, when, as usual, she starts to spin,
0:32:16 > 0:32:20something seems to have gone dramatically wrong.
0:32:25 > 0:32:29She seems incapable of making her normal beautiful orb.
0:32:29 > 0:32:34What she produces has no shape, no radiating spokes, no sticky spiral.
0:32:34 > 0:32:37It's just an untidy tangle.
0:32:37 > 0:32:40The grub is responsible.
0:32:40 > 0:32:42It has injected her with a hormone
0:32:42 > 0:32:45that has spread to her brain and deranged her.
0:32:49 > 0:32:51She has only an hour or so to live.
0:32:51 > 0:32:55This is her last act.
0:32:55 > 0:32:57Small claspers inflate on the grub's back.
0:32:57 > 0:33:00With these, it grasps the wreckage of the web
0:33:00 > 0:33:04so that it will not fall as the dying spider loses her grip.
0:33:08 > 0:33:12It sucks the remaining fluid from the spider's body.
0:33:16 > 0:33:20Slowly, the liquid is withdrawn.
0:33:23 > 0:33:26Even the spider's legs are emptied,
0:33:26 > 0:33:30until the corpse is no more than a husk.
0:33:33 > 0:33:35The grub has no further use for it.
0:33:38 > 0:33:42And now the grub, clinging to the spider's last tangled web,
0:33:42 > 0:33:44starts to spin for itself.
0:33:51 > 0:33:55It needs a shelter in which to reorganise its body -
0:33:55 > 0:33:57a cocoon.
0:34:00 > 0:34:05Inside the lacy walls, its body is breaking down,
0:34:05 > 0:34:09for it has to be reassembled in a very different form.
0:34:14 > 0:34:20At last, the killer is about to reveal its true identity.
0:34:31 > 0:34:33It's a wasp.
0:34:33 > 0:34:36Now it must fly off to find a mate,
0:34:36 > 0:34:41so that another wasp egg may be attached to another orchard spider.
0:34:49 > 0:34:56The opportunity to find creatures to parasitise in the undergrowth seem almost endless,
0:34:56 > 0:34:59and yet surprisingly, there are some parasitic wasps
0:34:59 > 0:35:04that find their victims in water, in lakes and ponds like this one.
0:35:04 > 0:35:09They're extremely small, about a quarter of a millimetre long,
0:35:09 > 0:35:12in fact one of the smallest of all insects.
0:35:12 > 0:35:14And I've got some in this test-tube.
0:35:14 > 0:35:17To give you an idea of just how small they are,
0:35:17 > 0:35:22I'll drop this pin in alongside them to give a sense of scale.
0:35:24 > 0:35:28Yet these tiny specks have eyes, legs, feelers
0:35:28 > 0:35:30just like any other insect.
0:35:38 > 0:35:41They're known as fairy wasps,
0:35:41 > 0:35:45and spend nearly all their lives underwater.
0:35:45 > 0:35:46They make a tiny water-flea,
0:35:46 > 0:35:51itself only the size of a grain of sand, look like a giant.
0:35:51 > 0:35:53They're so minute,
0:35:53 > 0:35:57they can lay their eggs inside the eggs of other insects,
0:35:57 > 0:36:00and they choose those laid by water beetles.
0:36:03 > 0:36:08Water beetles lay their eggs inside plant stems.
0:36:08 > 0:36:12A female fairy wasp, having located one,
0:36:12 > 0:36:16uses its microscopically thin ovipositor
0:36:16 > 0:36:18to inject up to 100 or so eggs
0:36:18 > 0:36:21into just one of the beetle's.
0:36:28 > 0:36:31And here, they hatch.
0:36:34 > 0:36:37The young wasps feed and grow,
0:36:37 > 0:36:41consuming the water beetle's undeveloped young.
0:36:44 > 0:36:47Not only that, they mate here.
0:36:56 > 0:37:01Then, at last, they leave the shell of the beetle's egg.
0:37:11 > 0:37:13The females must now lay,
0:37:13 > 0:37:17and some will be able to do so in other ponds,
0:37:17 > 0:37:20because, in spite of everything, they still have wings.
0:37:23 > 0:37:28Other bigger parasitic wasps have totally lost their wings.
0:37:28 > 0:37:30You can find them on many a British heath.
0:37:32 > 0:37:35This one, Methocha, looks rather like an ant,
0:37:35 > 0:37:39and insects that live by hunting ants easily mistake it for one.
0:37:40 > 0:37:43The tiger beetle is a very active ant-hunter.
0:37:43 > 0:37:46It chases them and runs them down.
0:37:55 > 0:37:58And very successful it is.
0:38:00 > 0:38:03Earlier in its life, of course, as a larva,
0:38:03 > 0:38:06a tiger beetle can't run around.
0:38:06 > 0:38:10Instead, the larva catches ants by waiting in ambush.
0:38:11 > 0:38:16It plugs the entrance to its burrow with its armoured plate-like head.
0:38:16 > 0:38:20If an ant touches that, it's as good as dead.
0:38:31 > 0:38:33It works every time.
0:38:44 > 0:38:48Methocha, however, is a more awkward customer.
0:38:55 > 0:38:59The beetle larva is waiting with jaws agape.
0:39:06 > 0:39:08But Methocha is more agile than the usual ant,
0:39:08 > 0:39:12and it manages to slip out between the beetle larva's jaws.
0:39:16 > 0:39:20It grabs the larva's soft body, and pulls.
0:39:25 > 0:39:28And now it stings it.
0:39:30 > 0:39:33Methocha climbs out of the tunnel,
0:39:33 > 0:39:35waiting for the poison to take effect.
0:39:41 > 0:39:45The sting has only paralysed the larva,
0:39:45 > 0:39:49and the wasp drags the helpless creature farther down its burrow.
0:39:51 > 0:39:54Now she lays her egg onto it.
0:40:01 > 0:40:05To prevent anything interfering with her grub while it stays underground,
0:40:05 > 0:40:10feeding on the paralysed beetle larva, she blocks up the entrance.
0:40:26 > 0:40:32This is the longest and most laborious part of her motherly duties.
0:40:32 > 0:40:34But now, without any more work from her,
0:40:34 > 0:40:39her young will have all the food it needs to develop into an adult.
0:40:44 > 0:40:49Underground nests are certainly among the best protected of all insect nurseries,
0:40:49 > 0:40:53and indeed, they're very difficult for parasites to break into.
0:40:55 > 0:41:01Ants defend their colonies against intruders with great ferocity.
0:41:01 > 0:41:06Yet here in this meadow in central Europe, there are ants' nests,
0:41:06 > 0:41:11where intruders live undetected, and there's one right here.
0:41:19 > 0:41:25This is the caterpillar of the blue butterfly,
0:41:25 > 0:41:30and it's lived in this nest undetected and protected by the ants
0:41:30 > 0:41:34and fed by them for the last two years.
0:41:34 > 0:41:38Indeed, it's been so thoroughly accepted by the ants
0:41:38 > 0:41:41that they will try and rescue it
0:41:41 > 0:41:44in preference to the young of their own queen,
0:41:44 > 0:41:47as in fact, they're doing right now.
0:41:51 > 0:41:56How do these caterpillars get into the ants' nest in the first place?
0:42:02 > 0:42:08Alcon blue butterflies begin their courtship in June and July.
0:42:08 > 0:42:11They're surely one of the loveliest sights of a European summer,
0:42:11 > 0:42:15as they flutter and flirt among the flowers of the meadow.
0:42:25 > 0:42:28Male and female meet, and join.
0:42:33 > 0:42:35Once they have mated,
0:42:35 > 0:42:39the female Alcon blue must find a gentian plant.
0:42:47 > 0:42:49Here, she lays her eggs.
0:43:02 > 0:43:05The caterpillars, when they hatch,
0:43:05 > 0:43:08stay feeding on the gentian for a couple of weeks.
0:43:09 > 0:43:12But eventually, they fall to the ground.
0:43:14 > 0:43:17There are ants everywhere in a meadow like this,
0:43:17 > 0:43:19and they soon find it.
0:43:21 > 0:43:24It smells just like one of their own larvae,
0:43:24 > 0:43:28and they start to haul it back to where one of their larvae should be,
0:43:28 > 0:43:30in their nest.
0:43:31 > 0:43:34Other foragers from the same nest have found another.
0:43:37 > 0:43:39During the next few weeks,
0:43:39 > 0:43:42as many as half a dozen may be taken back to the nest.
0:43:47 > 0:43:51Here they're hauled down to the nursery chambers
0:43:51 > 0:43:54and put with the ants' other eggs and larvae.
0:43:56 > 0:43:59And because the caterpillars continue to produce a pheromone
0:43:59 > 0:44:03exactly like that produced by the young ants themselves,
0:44:03 > 0:44:05they're treated as if they were young ants,
0:44:05 > 0:44:08even though they're bigger and a different colour.
0:44:10 > 0:44:14The caterpillars mimic the sound the ants make when they beg for food,
0:44:14 > 0:44:18so the workers dutifully feed and clean them.
0:44:24 > 0:44:30You might think that this caterpillar has protected itself very well by deceiving these ants,
0:44:30 > 0:44:34but life in the undergrowth is full of surprises.
0:44:37 > 0:44:39An ichneumon wasp.
0:44:39 > 0:44:44Like the blue butterfly, it wants to get its young into an ants' nest.
0:44:44 > 0:44:49But not merely as lodgers. It has a more sinister intention.
0:44:50 > 0:44:53Somehow or other, in a meadow full of ants' nests,
0:44:53 > 0:44:56it can detect which one harbours a butterfly caterpillar,
0:44:56 > 0:44:59and this, it decides, is one of those.
0:45:01 > 0:45:04Once inside, the ants start to attack it, as you might expect.
0:45:04 > 0:45:09But then, the ants' behaviour changes. There's pandemonium.
0:45:09 > 0:45:13The wasp has released a pheromone that makes the ants attack one another.
0:45:21 > 0:45:24With the defenders fighting among themselves,
0:45:24 > 0:45:28the wasp is able to go deeper into the nest.
0:45:29 > 0:45:32It's reached the nursery, and here lie the caterpillars.
0:45:32 > 0:45:34Now they are defenceless.
0:45:40 > 0:45:45The wasp sets about injecting each of them with an egg.
0:45:48 > 0:45:51A few ants do their best to prevent this,
0:45:51 > 0:45:53but there is no real opposition.
0:46:02 > 0:46:05While most of the ants continue to fight among themselves,
0:46:05 > 0:46:08the wasp finds a second caterpillar.
0:46:11 > 0:46:13Another egg is laid.
0:46:24 > 0:46:26The wasp leaves.
0:46:29 > 0:46:34With the wasp gone, the ant colony slowly returns to normal.
0:46:34 > 0:46:38The caterpillars are still there, alive and apparently well,
0:46:38 > 0:46:41and the ants continue to care for them.
0:46:41 > 0:46:43Once the caterpillars are fully grown,
0:46:43 > 0:46:46each starts to construct the chrysalis,
0:46:46 > 0:46:49which all butterflies need as a protection,
0:46:49 > 0:46:52while they turn themselves into adults.
0:46:54 > 0:46:58Each chrysalis is cleaned and protected by the ants,
0:46:58 > 0:47:00as if it were one of their own pupae.
0:47:04 > 0:47:06One begins to hatch.
0:47:18 > 0:47:19Out of it comes...
0:47:19 > 0:47:22yes, a blue butterfly.
0:47:26 > 0:47:29It leaves its foster home.
0:47:31 > 0:47:35Out in the open, its limp wings can expand.
0:47:37 > 0:47:43And now it's ready to flutter and flirt, just as its parents did.
0:47:44 > 0:47:48And the ants are still bewitched by the traces of pheromone
0:47:48 > 0:47:53clinging to the empty shell the butterfly leaves behind.
0:47:53 > 0:47:57But there are still others in the nest as yet unhatched.
0:48:04 > 0:48:07And out of this one comes...
0:48:07 > 0:48:08not a butterfly,
0:48:08 > 0:48:10but a wasp.
0:48:19 > 0:48:24Hard-wired into the microscopic brain of this ordinary-looking insect
0:48:24 > 0:48:28are a whole series of skills, sensitivities and reactions
0:48:28 > 0:48:30that will enable it, in its turn,
0:48:30 > 0:48:34to give its own offspring a special start in life.
0:48:34 > 0:48:38It can detect what the ants themselves find undetectable.
0:48:38 > 0:48:42It can tell the difference between an ant larva
0:48:42 > 0:48:45and the larva of the butterfly, the caterpillar.
0:48:45 > 0:48:48In a meadow of a hundred ants' nests,
0:48:48 > 0:48:53it can even detect the one nest that has the caterpillar in it.
0:48:53 > 0:48:57How it does that, we have no idea.
0:48:57 > 0:49:00So it seems that among the animals of the undergrowth,
0:49:00 > 0:49:03there are many mutually beneficial partnerships,
0:49:03 > 0:49:08but exploitation and deception can work just as well.
0:49:20 > 0:49:21Quiet, please.
0:49:21 > 0:49:24Sound, Steve. GT11, take one.
0:49:27 > 0:49:32They defend themselves with stings and very, very powerful stings,
0:49:32 > 0:49:35which is why I have to wear a bee suit.
0:49:36 > 0:49:38Because if one bee attacks you...
0:49:40 > 0:49:42..within seconds there will be hundreds,
0:49:42 > 0:49:45indeed probably thousands of them all around you
0:49:45 > 0:49:48launching a mass attack and stinging you.
0:49:51 > 0:49:54From giant bees to marauding ant armies,
0:49:54 > 0:49:57and termites in their fortress homes,
0:49:57 > 0:49:59in next week's episode of Life In The Undergrowth,
0:49:59 > 0:50:03we enter the world of the social insects.
0:50:04 > 0:50:09But understanding what's going on in these super societies,
0:50:09 > 0:50:13let alone filming them, wasn't ever going to be easy.
0:50:16 > 0:50:20These are Giant Asiatic Honey Bees.
0:50:20 > 0:50:22In their colonies of tens of thousands,
0:50:22 > 0:50:26they're said to be the most dangerous animals in the Malaysian Jungle.
0:50:26 > 0:50:32What's more, they live in the tops of very tall trees.
0:50:32 > 0:50:36And I am about to pay them a visit.
0:50:36 > 0:50:40But first, with such a potentially dangerous subject,
0:50:40 > 0:50:44is a thorough safety briefing from our expert, Niko Koeniger.
0:50:44 > 0:50:46He has studied bees for over 15 years.
0:50:46 > 0:50:48No, really.
0:50:48 > 0:50:50Believe me, the bees are coming,
0:50:50 > 0:50:53and if you are not protected, it's horrible.
0:50:53 > 0:50:58We would all wear bee suits, but that's not a protection in itself,
0:50:58 > 0:51:01as cameraman Gavin Thursden explains.
0:51:01 > 0:51:03Niko was telling us when he was up in a tree on ropes,
0:51:03 > 0:51:07resting against a branch, and the little branch broke,
0:51:07 > 0:51:11so he swung straight into one of those nests, and he got attacked.
0:51:11 > 0:51:15By the time he got down, he'd been stung 200 times
0:51:15 > 0:51:17through his bee suit and clothing.
0:51:17 > 0:51:22But that's where James Aldred comes in. He's the rigging expert
0:51:22 > 0:51:25and in charge of getting me up and down the tree.
0:51:25 > 0:51:26In the event of an attack,
0:51:26 > 0:51:29the bee suit will give me enough protection,
0:51:29 > 0:51:33so long as his system of ropes and pulleys gets me down to safety fast.
0:51:33 > 0:51:36Are you sure you still want to go through with it?
0:51:36 > 0:51:38I thought somebody ought to ask!
0:51:38 > 0:51:42The best precaution is in properly understanding the bees,
0:51:42 > 0:51:46and that's where Niko comes into his own.
0:51:46 > 0:51:48He's the first to go up.
0:51:50 > 0:51:53He visits the bees every day for his research,
0:51:53 > 0:51:55and they've become accustomed to ropes and bee suits,
0:51:55 > 0:51:58so he's confident that they won't be scared of me.
0:52:02 > 0:52:05However, for Gavin to get into a position to film,
0:52:05 > 0:52:07we had to bring in a crane.
0:52:07 > 0:52:10That's something the bees have not seen before.
0:52:10 > 0:52:13So it's important to bring it in slowly,
0:52:13 > 0:52:17whilst Niko watches the bees for any signs of agitation.
0:52:19 > 0:52:21He knows from experience that when they're calm,
0:52:21 > 0:52:24there's a regular traffic to and from the comb,
0:52:24 > 0:52:26but when nervous, this stops,
0:52:26 > 0:52:29and then they start dropping off the bottom of the comb
0:52:29 > 0:52:31in the prelude to an attack.
0:52:38 > 0:52:41From his position right beneath the comb,
0:52:41 > 0:52:43Niko is perfectly placed to watch the bees
0:52:43 > 0:52:47and give the call to get everyone down before things get serious.
0:52:47 > 0:52:51I'm in position, bees are OK.
0:52:51 > 0:52:55Now all is set for my encounter with the bees.
0:52:59 > 0:53:04Meanwhile, in Southern Africa, we had a rather different challenge.
0:53:04 > 0:53:08These termite mounds may look like insect skyscrapers,
0:53:08 > 0:53:09but they're more than that.
0:53:10 > 0:53:13They are sophisticated air conditioning systems
0:53:13 > 0:53:19that somehow cool the colony, which is buried deep beneath the ground.
0:53:19 > 0:53:23For Life In The Undergrowth, we wanted to show how they work.
0:53:23 > 0:53:25OK, counting down, guys.
0:53:25 > 0:53:28Luckily for us, one man is trying to find out.
0:53:28 > 0:53:30..Two, one...go!
0:53:30 > 0:53:33By filling one with plaster.
0:53:33 > 0:53:36Six tonnes of it.
0:53:36 > 0:53:38One minute!
0:53:38 > 0:53:43Engineer Rupert Soar hopes that by completely filling a discarded mound
0:53:43 > 0:53:47with plaster of Paris, he can reveal its inner structure.
0:53:47 > 0:53:48Four minutes.
0:53:48 > 0:53:53It all needs to be timed with military precision, before the plaster sets.
0:53:53 > 0:53:55That's it, just coming up to nine minutes now.
0:53:55 > 0:53:59Another couple of minutes, and that'll pretty much be set.
0:53:59 > 0:54:03A quick incision, the outer casing comes off,
0:54:03 > 0:54:08and he can blast away the mound's sun-baked mud with an industrial hose.
0:54:08 > 0:54:11..Start to see some structure coming through now.
0:54:16 > 0:54:20This extraordinary structure is what's left,
0:54:20 > 0:54:24a plaster mould of the air spaces inside the mound.
0:54:25 > 0:54:29When you can see what the inside of a termite mound looks like,
0:54:29 > 0:54:33you can start to understand how it works.
0:54:33 > 0:54:36Back in England, Mick Connaire, from our graphic design team,
0:54:36 > 0:54:42meets Rupert to hear his theory on how the air moves around inside this structure.
0:54:42 > 0:54:45This could be a chimney that's not just open to the outside.
0:54:45 > 0:54:48If there's enough air blowing through the top...
0:54:48 > 0:54:50The air's drawn across the top...?
0:54:50 > 0:54:55Now his challenge is to make a working mound not out of mud,
0:54:55 > 0:54:56but in a computer.
0:55:04 > 0:55:08Mick pieces it together, and for the first time ever,
0:55:08 > 0:55:12we can start to see the termite air conditioning system in action.
0:55:14 > 0:55:19Hot, stale air from the colony below rises up through a central chimney.
0:55:19 > 0:55:24The wind then penetrates the mound and pumps that hot air out
0:55:24 > 0:55:28through the labyrinth of tubes, keeping the termites fresh and cool.
0:55:33 > 0:55:36With this graphic, we can show what a remarkable construction this is,
0:55:36 > 0:55:39especially considering it's made by termites
0:55:39 > 0:55:42out of nothing but spit and mud.
0:55:46 > 0:55:51In the rainforest, it's time for me to meet the bees.
0:55:51 > 0:55:55In the old days, I used to do this the hard way.
0:55:55 > 0:55:59Luckily for me, James has come up with an ingenious
0:55:59 > 0:56:01and less energetic solution.
0:56:01 > 0:56:02OK.
0:56:11 > 0:56:13A jungle elevator.
0:56:20 > 0:56:23- Guten Morgen, Herr Professor. - Good morning, Dave.
0:56:23 > 0:56:26Little bit more. Whoa.
0:56:30 > 0:56:35With Niko at hand and James below, I'm confident,
0:56:35 > 0:56:38but I have to say, it's an eerie feeling dangling up here
0:56:38 > 0:56:44on a thin rope, an arm's length from tens of thousands of giant bees.
0:56:44 > 0:56:49For the colony, though, a mass attack is actually very costly.
0:56:49 > 0:56:52If a bee stings you, it dies.
0:56:52 > 0:56:54So they have evolved a quite remarkable behaviour
0:56:54 > 0:56:57to warn off predators first.
0:56:57 > 0:56:59And that's what I really wanted to show,
0:56:59 > 0:57:04without distressing the bees, without getting stung.
0:57:04 > 0:57:07OK, we'll do the first one.
0:57:08 > 0:57:10Camera speed.
0:57:10 > 0:57:13I've got a reproduction of a hornet,
0:57:13 > 0:57:16which is one of the main enemies of bees.
0:57:16 > 0:57:18I'll see if I can get them to do it.
0:57:18 > 0:57:20Just watch. There.
0:57:21 > 0:57:23See, there's a moving wave,
0:57:23 > 0:57:26which passes over the surface of the colony,
0:57:26 > 0:57:30and that not only produces an impressive pattern,
0:57:30 > 0:57:34but it also makes it very difficult for any aggressor
0:57:34 > 0:57:38to actually land on that moving carpet of wings.
0:57:42 > 0:57:44I thought that was OK.
0:57:44 > 0:57:46Beautiful.
0:57:46 > 0:57:51- OK, David, if you could keep an eye on your safety, please.- I will.
0:57:51 > 0:57:56And that was it. Thanks to Niko and the bees, we got this shot.
0:57:56 > 0:57:59My encounter with the bees was over.
0:57:59 > 0:58:01What a relief!
0:58:01 > 0:58:03It was a bit of a doddle, really.
0:58:14 > 0:58:18Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd