0:00:02 > 0:00:05For centuries the thought that animals could talk,
0:00:05 > 0:00:06solve problems...
0:00:06 > 0:00:08Aw, she's got it.
0:00:08 > 0:00:12..even feel emotion, was the stuff of fiction.
0:00:12 > 0:00:15But all that's changing.
0:00:17 > 0:00:20I'm Liz Bonnin, a scientist who's been travelling the world,
0:00:20 > 0:00:23meeting the planet's smartest animals.
0:00:26 > 0:00:28From skateboarding dogs,
0:00:28 > 0:00:30to chimp geniuses.
0:00:30 > 0:00:32I've discovered cutting-edge research...
0:00:32 > 0:00:34This is ridiculous.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38..that reveals animals are much more intelligent than we think.
0:00:38 > 0:00:41But how smart are they?
0:00:42 > 0:00:45Prepare to be astonished...
0:00:45 > 0:00:46Ha-ha! Amazing.
0:00:46 > 0:00:48..entertained...
0:00:48 > 0:00:51He wants to chase and tickle with you now.
0:00:51 > 0:00:54I want to chase and tickle with you too.
0:00:55 > 0:00:57Did you see that?
0:00:57 > 0:00:59..and even outwitted...
0:00:59 > 0:01:01Ha ha!
0:01:01 > 0:01:04..by some of the world's greatest animal minds.
0:01:04 > 0:01:07'Einstein. We like Einstein. Einstein likes you too!'
0:01:23 > 0:01:26Wherever you live, whether it's the frozen Antarctic...
0:01:28 > 0:01:30..the baking desert...
0:01:31 > 0:01:34..or the deepest ocean,
0:01:34 > 0:01:37life can be a huge struggle.
0:01:41 > 0:01:45How do animals deal with the problems they face?
0:01:49 > 0:01:53Some have evolved extraordinary physical solutions,
0:01:53 > 0:01:55over millions of years.
0:02:02 > 0:02:06But others use their brains.
0:02:09 > 0:02:14In the last few years, scientists have made an incredible discovery.
0:02:14 > 0:02:18An animal that can beat us in an intelligence test.
0:02:20 > 0:02:23I didn't think it was possible.
0:02:23 > 0:02:29Until I came here. Home to some of the smartest animals in the world.
0:02:32 > 0:02:34But it's not the jungle...
0:02:35 > 0:02:36..it's Japan.
0:02:47 > 0:02:52Kyoto University is home to world-beating experts
0:02:52 > 0:02:54in numbers and memory.
0:02:58 > 0:03:01And I don't mean the scientists.
0:03:01 > 0:03:03I'm talking about the chimps.
0:03:05 > 0:03:09Among them could be the world's greatest animal mind.
0:03:12 > 0:03:13A chimp child genius.
0:03:16 > 0:03:17His name is Ayumu.
0:03:20 > 0:03:24He was born at the University, where he's studied ever since.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33In this test, he's already mastered the order of numbers.
0:03:33 > 0:03:35Not bad for a chimp.
0:03:36 > 0:03:40But I've heard he's capable of much more.
0:03:42 > 0:03:45At five years of age, Ayumu had already outclassed the very
0:03:45 > 0:03:49scientists who had set him his intelligence tasks.
0:03:49 > 0:03:50And now, apparently, at 11,
0:03:50 > 0:03:54he's performing feats of memory that humans simply find impossible.
0:03:56 > 0:04:00And here's the test at which he excels.
0:04:01 > 0:04:04You've got a few seconds to commit these numbers to
0:04:04 > 0:04:07memory before they're covered up.
0:04:10 > 0:04:13The challenge is to remember where those numbers are
0:04:13 > 0:04:15and then recall them in the right order.
0:04:17 > 0:04:18Are you ready?
0:04:23 > 0:04:26It's definitely not easy,
0:04:26 > 0:04:29but just watch Ayumu.
0:04:35 > 0:04:39He's memorising those numbers in less than half a second.
0:04:40 > 0:04:42That is really impressive.
0:04:52 > 0:04:57He is fast and there is no way he is doing this by accident.
0:04:57 > 0:04:59I mean to stumble across the right answer he'd have
0:04:59 > 0:05:02one in 362,000 chance of getting it right.
0:05:04 > 0:05:06It looks absolutely effortless.
0:05:14 > 0:05:17Ayumu's skills are special.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22But in the wild, animals are also proving
0:05:22 > 0:05:26they're much more intelligent than we ever thought.
0:05:30 > 0:05:34I've come to Alaska, to find one of the biggest brains on the planet.
0:05:49 > 0:05:52Any minute now they're going to hit the surface.
0:05:53 > 0:05:55Turn your head.
0:05:55 > 0:05:56Oh!
0:06:05 > 0:06:06Humpback whales.
0:06:09 > 0:06:12Here in Alaska, just a small group of them
0:06:12 > 0:06:16use their brains to catch fish in a way seen nowhere else on Earth.
0:06:22 > 0:06:26In just a few weeks, they'll set off on a 3,000-mile trip
0:06:26 > 0:06:28to their breeding grounds.
0:06:30 > 0:06:34But to survive the journey, every one of these 30-tonne mammals
0:06:34 > 0:06:37needs to catch around a million fish.
0:06:38 > 0:06:43And catching that much food, takes brains and teamwork.
0:06:45 > 0:06:48These guys could never catch so many fish on their own.
0:06:48 > 0:06:50They've got to work together.
0:06:51 > 0:06:56And to be able to work together, you've got to use your intelligence.
0:06:57 > 0:07:02But it's not just working as a team that makes these animals so special.
0:07:03 > 0:07:05Off they go.
0:07:05 > 0:07:06One by one.
0:07:08 > 0:07:12It's what they're all making when they're down there.
0:07:20 > 0:07:22Together they dive down.
0:07:25 > 0:07:28One whale circles the prey,
0:07:28 > 0:07:32letting out a chain of bubbles from its blowhole, in a wide arc.
0:07:34 > 0:07:36Another whale swims below the fish,
0:07:36 > 0:07:40frightening the prey upwards with a feeding call.
0:07:40 > 0:07:42With this circular wall of bubbles,
0:07:42 > 0:07:47the whales have essentially made a fishing net out of thin air.
0:08:04 > 0:08:05This right here...
0:08:08 > 0:08:13..is one of the most impressive tool-using social groups
0:08:13 > 0:08:15on the planet.
0:08:16 > 0:08:21Believe it or not, the bubble net is actually a very effective tool.
0:08:23 > 0:08:27And it's only by using it that each of these humpback whales
0:08:27 > 0:08:30can catch almost half a tonne of fish every day.
0:08:35 > 0:08:38That's what happens when you put your mind to it.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51Scientists once believed that using tools set humans
0:08:51 > 0:08:53apart from other animals.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59But we're not as special as we thought.
0:09:17 > 0:09:22Chimps were first spotted using tools in the 1960s,
0:09:22 > 0:09:26but since then we've noticed animal tool-users all over the world.
0:09:28 > 0:09:31These boxer crabs pick up poisonous anemones,
0:09:31 > 0:09:35waving them to scare off attackers.
0:09:35 > 0:09:40Finches in the Galapagos use sticks to winkle grubs from rotting wood.
0:09:44 > 0:09:48And sea otters in America crack shells against stones
0:09:48 > 0:09:49on their stomachs.
0:09:51 > 0:09:55These animals are impressive but are they thinking things through,
0:09:55 > 0:09:57or is it just instinct?
0:09:57 > 0:10:00Can animals solve an unexpected problem
0:10:00 > 0:10:03they haven't had generations to perfect?
0:10:06 > 0:10:11To be able to do that, they'd need a blinding flash of inspiration...
0:10:13 > 0:10:15..a Eureka moment.
0:10:18 > 0:10:20These "Eureka" moments are incredibly important
0:10:20 > 0:10:23to the scientists who study intelligence
0:10:23 > 0:10:27because it shows that something much more complex is going on up here.
0:10:29 > 0:10:32Now, I'm here to show you an animal that, like us,
0:10:32 > 0:10:37might just be capable of these moments of true insight.
0:10:40 > 0:10:43This is Leipzig zoo in Germany.
0:10:43 > 0:10:46Scientists work closely with the apes here,
0:10:46 > 0:10:49and are setting some deceptively simple experiments,
0:10:49 > 0:10:54which prove that orang-utans can be as ingenious as humans.
0:10:57 > 0:11:03In this challenge, a tasty peanut is placed at the bottom of a tube.
0:11:03 > 0:11:05It's too far for fingers to reach,
0:11:05 > 0:11:08and the tube is bolted securely to the bars.
0:11:09 > 0:11:13They're just presented with a tube and a peanut.
0:11:13 > 0:11:17They need to use their intelligence to figure it out.
0:11:19 > 0:11:22To find out how humans approach the problem,
0:11:22 > 0:11:25we set up a similar experiment for the visitors at the zoo.
0:11:30 > 0:11:33There you go, free sweets up for grabs.
0:11:33 > 0:11:36All you've got to do is get them out of the tube.
0:11:37 > 0:11:40We placed everything needed within reach.
0:11:48 > 0:11:50But not one human,
0:11:50 > 0:11:53child or adult,
0:11:53 > 0:11:55had a Eureka moment.
0:12:01 > 0:12:05So what happened the first time this orang-utan, Dakana,
0:12:05 > 0:12:08and her baby, were given this challenge?
0:12:36 > 0:12:40In a moment of genius Dakana takes water from her drinking fountain
0:12:40 > 0:12:43and uses it, to float the peanut to within reach.
0:12:49 > 0:12:53One after another almost every orang-utan here
0:12:53 > 0:12:57was able to solve this problem by themselves.
0:12:58 > 0:13:00Result! She gets the peanut.
0:13:02 > 0:13:06Nobody's ever shown orang-utans how to do this.
0:13:06 > 0:13:09You know, if you raise the level of something using water,
0:13:09 > 0:13:13not even a solid tool, but a liquid tool, you can get your food reward.
0:13:13 > 0:13:16They figured this out by themselves.
0:13:17 > 0:13:18That's amazing.
0:13:20 > 0:13:24How do animals become so good at solving unexpected problems?
0:13:31 > 0:13:34It helps to be able to think into the future,
0:13:34 > 0:13:36and to plan ahead.
0:13:42 > 0:13:45And living in the grounds of a Hawaiian hotel
0:13:45 > 0:13:47is an animal that looks like he can.
0:13:50 > 0:13:54A night heron. The staff call him Hank.
0:13:55 > 0:13:57His home is an all-inclusive resort,
0:13:57 > 0:14:00where food is literally thrown at you.
0:14:10 > 0:14:13Hank often loses out to the larger swans.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18But when he finally grabs some food,
0:14:18 > 0:14:21he does something completely unexpected.
0:14:23 > 0:14:25He doesn't eat it.
0:14:26 > 0:14:29But instead, appears to have a plan.
0:14:37 > 0:14:39Hank takes the bread.
0:14:42 > 0:14:44He places it in the water...
0:14:47 > 0:14:49..and he waits.
0:14:52 > 0:14:54He could eat it at any time.
0:14:54 > 0:14:57But he holds out for more.
0:15:37 > 0:15:40Two fish, in a single mouthful.
0:15:40 > 0:15:43Planning ahead certainly pays off.
0:15:44 > 0:15:48And Hank has learned how valuable his bait is.
0:15:51 > 0:15:54There's no point wasting it on fish too big for him to eat.
0:15:56 > 0:15:59So, he takes it out of harm's way.
0:16:03 > 0:16:08There's increasing evidence that some animals can plan ahead,
0:16:08 > 0:16:12which makes them fantastic problem-solvers.
0:16:12 > 0:16:15But it takes time to build up the knowledge that you need,
0:16:15 > 0:16:20and a simple experiment can demonstrate how animals learn.
0:16:23 > 0:16:26Floating in this tube is a little red token.
0:16:26 > 0:16:28And the challenge is to get it out.
0:16:28 > 0:16:31Now, the tube is too narrow for your hand to fit in,
0:16:31 > 0:16:33but there are things that can help.
0:16:33 > 0:16:37Like these yellow balls, that are actually quite heavy,
0:16:37 > 0:16:41and these blue ones that are light as a feather.
0:16:41 > 0:16:44So, how will children cope with this test?
0:16:51 > 0:16:54This five year old throws everything in.
0:16:55 > 0:16:58She's been told she can use the balls and she does,
0:16:58 > 0:17:00all of them.
0:17:04 > 0:17:06But as they get older, kids experiment.
0:17:08 > 0:17:11This six-year-old tries a few of each
0:17:11 > 0:17:13before settling on the heavy ones.
0:17:16 > 0:17:20She notices that only those that sink raise the water level.
0:17:23 > 0:17:27And at seven, this child knows enough about floating
0:17:27 > 0:17:31and sinking to solve the problem in her head before she's even started.
0:17:34 > 0:17:38These kids, with know-how, never make a wrong choice.
0:17:40 > 0:17:43But it's only through trial and error,
0:17:43 > 0:17:48that we get the knowledge we need to eventually solve new problems.
0:17:48 > 0:17:51And that comes with experience .
0:17:52 > 0:17:56To find out if other animals learn in the same way, I'm going to
0:17:56 > 0:17:59give the same experiment to a completely different species.
0:17:59 > 0:18:02An animal that belongs to a group of birds so smart,
0:18:02 > 0:18:05they've even been called "feathered apes".
0:18:08 > 0:18:11This is a jay.
0:18:11 > 0:18:15A member of the crow family studied here at Cambridge University.
0:18:18 > 0:18:21Like the children, it's worked out that dropping
0:18:21 > 0:18:24stones into the water can raise the level,
0:18:24 > 0:18:26so it can reach a tasty worm.
0:18:30 > 0:18:34But what happens when it's given the same experiment as the children?
0:18:36 > 0:18:40We know that stones will raise the water level,
0:18:40 > 0:18:42and floating cork won't.
0:18:42 > 0:18:43But does the jay?
0:18:45 > 0:18:48The jay starts with a sinking stone...
0:18:52 > 0:18:54..but then uses a cork.
0:18:58 > 0:19:00What happens next is crucial.
0:19:00 > 0:19:04Has the jay learned from its mistake?
0:19:10 > 0:19:11It has.
0:19:13 > 0:19:18After using one piece of useless cork it went on to use only stones.
0:19:23 > 0:19:27The jay solves the problem in the same way children do,
0:19:27 > 0:19:32by noticing what brings the food closer through trial and error.
0:19:36 > 0:19:39Studies show that these birds perform at the same level
0:19:39 > 0:19:42as a seven-year-old child.
0:19:42 > 0:19:43Got it!
0:19:44 > 0:19:48In the wild, it's experimenting like this which gives animals
0:19:48 > 0:19:50an opportunity to learn.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53But to learn a lot, animals need something else.
0:19:53 > 0:19:56The time to experiment.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06This is Venice Beach, Los Angeles.
0:20:08 > 0:20:10And this is Tillman.
0:20:12 > 0:20:15Tillman is an animal with every basic need catered for.
0:20:18 > 0:20:21Which means he has a lot of free time on his hands.
0:20:25 > 0:20:28Mix that with his puppy-like enthusiasm,
0:20:28 > 0:20:33and you have a powerful combination for learning.
0:20:37 > 0:20:40And that has resulted in a unique talent.
0:20:45 > 0:20:51It took us 200,000 years after the dawn of humanity
0:20:51 > 0:20:54before we realised wheels might be a good idea.
0:20:57 > 0:21:00Tillman's Eureka moment came in minutes.
0:21:10 > 0:21:14Tillman may look like a trained dog doing tricks,
0:21:14 > 0:21:16but he was never taught to do this.
0:21:22 > 0:21:25There's no treats involved, it's just a passion that he has.
0:21:25 > 0:21:28The faster he goes the happier he is.
0:21:30 > 0:21:35Tillman has used his free time to master something completely alien
0:21:35 > 0:21:37to the animal world,
0:21:37 > 0:21:41in the blink of an evolutionary eye.
0:21:41 > 0:21:45He invents new moves and he does things that blow my mind
0:21:45 > 0:21:48every time I take him out practising.
0:21:50 > 0:21:54The important point here is that what's true for Tillman,
0:21:54 > 0:21:56also applies to animals in the wild.
0:21:57 > 0:22:00Those that live long lives
0:22:00 > 0:22:03and take longer to grow up have more time to learn...
0:22:06 > 0:22:07..and get smarter.
0:22:08 > 0:22:13The people that think he's not intelligent are out of their mind.
0:22:13 > 0:22:15You can't be a stupid dog and figure that out.
0:22:18 > 0:22:21Having time on your hands to experiment gives animals
0:22:21 > 0:22:23an opportunity to learn.
0:22:23 > 0:22:27But it takes one more thing to turn experiences into knowledge.
0:22:27 > 0:22:31If you can't remember what you've done, you haven't learned a thing.
0:22:31 > 0:22:33Memory is key.
0:22:33 > 0:22:37And one animal can show us how important memory is.
0:22:42 > 0:22:46Nearly half a million pigeons served in our two world wars, carrying
0:22:46 > 0:22:50vital messages, when other forms of communication proved impossible.
0:22:50 > 0:22:53- ARCHIVE:- 'In a remarkably short time the bird returns with
0:22:53 > 0:22:55'its message to the home loft.'
0:22:55 > 0:22:58From deep behind enemy lines.
0:23:00 > 0:23:03From downed aircrews needing rescue.
0:23:03 > 0:23:06'..Real wings have come to the aid of mechanical ones.'
0:23:06 > 0:23:10Braving all weathers, and enemy fire, these birds struggled home.
0:23:13 > 0:23:16A carrier pigeon by the name of GI Joe saved
0:23:16 > 0:23:18units of the 56th London Division.
0:23:18 > 0:23:20They even earned medals for their bravery.
0:23:20 > 0:23:24And for all that, to some folk, he's still just a pigeon.
0:23:27 > 0:23:28They may be just pigeons,
0:23:28 > 0:23:31but their navigating skills saved thousands of lives.
0:23:33 > 0:23:37But no-one knew exactly how they did it.
0:23:38 > 0:23:4270 years on, science is still unravelling the mystery.
0:23:44 > 0:23:48These pigeons are preparing for the biggest mental challenge of their lives.
0:23:57 > 0:24:00Four months ago, they hadn't even hatched.
0:24:00 > 0:24:04But today, they're competitors in one of Britain's most prestigious
0:24:04 > 0:24:05pigeon races.
0:24:09 > 0:24:12They're released 200 miles from home,
0:24:12 > 0:24:15from a place they've never seen.
0:24:17 > 0:24:22But the best bird brain will find its way back in just a few hours.
0:24:24 > 0:24:29Winning its owner a £20,000 prize.
0:24:31 > 0:24:34Everyone seems to have a theory on how they do it.
0:24:34 > 0:24:37Some say related to the sun.
0:24:37 > 0:24:41Some sort of magnet in their heads, summat like that, is that it, or what? We don't know.
0:24:41 > 0:24:43I don't think anybody will ever know
0:24:43 > 0:24:46and that is the beauty of the sport, really.
0:24:46 > 0:24:49I were nine-year-old when I had me first one, and I knows
0:24:49 > 0:24:51as much about them now as I did then.
0:24:51 > 0:24:55For a slightly more scientific explanation,
0:24:55 > 0:24:58we've enlisted the help of this man, Jeremy Davis.
0:25:00 > 0:25:03He raised every pigeon in the race, on behalf of the owners.
0:25:07 > 0:25:11Jeremy teamed up with scientists from Oxford University
0:25:11 > 0:25:14and began to train the newly-fledged chicks 12 weeks ago.
0:25:15 > 0:25:17And the researchers recorded
0:25:17 > 0:25:20the young pigeons' very first training flight.
0:25:20 > 0:25:25The tracker is getting a...getting the position once every second.
0:25:25 > 0:25:28It tells us exactly where the pigeons go on their entire flight home.
0:25:32 > 0:25:35It's the first time they've had to find their way home.
0:25:35 > 0:25:39But from here they can practically see where they live.
0:25:41 > 0:25:44It's a straight five miles that should take less than 10 minutes.
0:25:47 > 0:25:50So why, when they released one pigeon, did its route home
0:25:50 > 0:25:51look like this?
0:25:55 > 0:25:58It's clear it had no idea where it was going.
0:26:01 > 0:26:05It didn't fly five miles, it flew 40.
0:26:08 > 0:26:12What this proves is that navigation doesn't come naturally to pigeons.
0:26:12 > 0:26:14It's something they have to learn.
0:26:21 > 0:26:22And it's Jeremy's job to help.
0:26:23 > 0:26:25He can't fly the race for them,
0:26:25 > 0:26:28but he can give them the opportunities to learn.
0:26:32 > 0:26:35Over the next 12 weeks, he releases them further from home.
0:26:37 > 0:26:41And, like a proud father, waits for their return.
0:26:45 > 0:26:48But has all his efforts turned those hopeless new recruits
0:26:48 > 0:26:52into the navigating heroes that once saved lives?
0:26:52 > 0:26:56With just a few days to go before the big race,
0:26:56 > 0:26:59there's time for one last training flight.
0:26:59 > 0:27:03Our experts from Oxford return, to attach their GPS trackers.
0:27:07 > 0:27:10And Jeremy gives the birds a final once over.
0:27:12 > 0:27:13BEEPING
0:27:18 > 0:27:21Physically, they're perfect.
0:27:21 > 0:27:23But are they ready mentally?
0:27:27 > 0:27:30It's only when the data's downloaded that they'll know what,
0:27:30 > 0:27:33if anything, they've learnt.
0:27:36 > 0:27:41From their launch point, home is 30 miles due south.
0:27:43 > 0:27:46Jeremy's pigeons confidently head off...
0:27:47 > 0:27:49..in the wrong direction.
0:27:51 > 0:27:53But they know what they're doing.
0:27:56 > 0:27:58They fly to the nearest town.
0:28:00 > 0:28:02Follow a road and river to a roundabout.
0:28:04 > 0:28:08And over a campsite, whose rows of caravans are visible for miles.
0:28:10 > 0:28:14They've used their training flights to map the area
0:28:14 > 0:28:16and memorise it.
0:28:22 > 0:28:26And with that mental map they can follow these obvious landmarks
0:28:26 > 0:28:28all the way home.
0:28:30 > 0:28:35It's thanks to memory that these pigeons are ready for race day.
0:28:44 > 0:28:49When they're far from home, pigeons do have other tricks to help them.
0:28:49 > 0:28:53They use the sun, magnetic fields,
0:28:53 > 0:28:54and even smell.
0:28:56 > 0:29:00But in the crucial closing moments of a race, when accuracy is
0:29:00 > 0:29:05everything, memory helps a pigeon win a £20,000 prize.
0:29:06 > 0:29:08WHISTLES
0:29:11 > 0:29:14- And the winner is... - Gribbles Glen and Cooper.
0:29:14 > 0:29:16Can you believe that!
0:29:17 > 0:29:22Memory is what's turned the learning opportunities Jeremy gave
0:29:22 > 0:29:24the pigeons into real know-how.
0:29:31 > 0:29:33We've seen how animals can use tools.
0:29:39 > 0:29:44Solve problems with a flash of inspiration.
0:29:44 > 0:29:46And plan ahead.
0:29:49 > 0:29:52We've also seen how they learn, by having the time
0:29:52 > 0:29:54and enthusiasm to try things out.
0:29:56 > 0:30:02And how a great memory can turn all that experience into know-how.
0:30:02 > 0:30:06But you do need another ingredient to make you really smart,
0:30:06 > 0:30:09something that Einstein himself said was more important
0:30:09 > 0:30:12than knowledge, and that's imagination.
0:30:12 > 0:30:15By being creative, you can put everything that you've learnt
0:30:15 > 0:30:16into practice.
0:30:18 > 0:30:21Creativity is an important part of being human.
0:30:22 > 0:30:26But no-one believed it was a skill we shared with other animals.
0:30:31 > 0:30:35Until, we began to study dolphins.
0:30:39 > 0:30:44Dolphins here in Honduras have been taught signals for leaps,
0:30:44 > 0:30:47somersaults and other acrobatics.
0:31:05 > 0:31:07OK, here we go, ready...
0:31:07 > 0:31:09Go, go, go!
0:31:09 > 0:31:10Yes!
0:31:12 > 0:31:14Oh, that was a long one!
0:31:14 > 0:31:18These animals obviously understand what they're being asked to do,
0:31:18 > 0:31:23but how can we tell they're not just trained animals performing tricks?
0:31:24 > 0:31:27You can train an animal to do almost anything.
0:31:31 > 0:31:34But how do you test for something like creativity?
0:31:36 > 0:31:39Well, there's another sign these dolphins respond to,
0:31:39 > 0:31:42which refers to a much more complicated concept.
0:31:43 > 0:31:47The trainers could have picked any gesture to symbolise it.
0:31:49 > 0:31:52But they thought this was appropriate for what
0:31:52 > 0:31:54they hoped to reveal.
0:31:54 > 0:31:55I'm being deadly serious.
0:31:55 > 0:31:59This is a very special sign, because it means "create",
0:31:59 > 0:32:01and when the dolphins see it, they've got to
0:32:01 > 0:32:04use their imagination and come up with an original behaviour.
0:32:04 > 0:32:05OK, you guys ready?
0:32:10 > 0:32:12This signal was a scientific breakthrough.
0:32:14 > 0:32:18Because it allowed scientists to measure something animals
0:32:18 > 0:32:19weren't meant to have,
0:32:19 > 0:32:21creativity.
0:32:22 > 0:32:25Oh, Ronnie!
0:32:25 > 0:32:27'This is Ronnie.
0:32:27 > 0:32:31'When he sees this sign he has to dream up his own routine.'
0:32:31 > 0:32:33OK, here we go.
0:32:37 > 0:32:41'It could be something he's learned or something entirely new.
0:32:41 > 0:32:43'But crucially, he has to be creative,
0:32:43 > 0:32:47'and come up with something different every single time.'
0:32:48 > 0:32:52That's more like it, you're getting more creative.
0:32:53 > 0:32:55'But dolphins can do even more.'
0:33:00 > 0:33:03These two are part of a creative team.
0:33:03 > 0:33:04Now slow down.
0:33:05 > 0:33:06Head trainer Terri
0:33:06 > 0:33:09gives the command to get creative...together.
0:33:13 > 0:33:17Somehow, between them, they decide what they're going to do.
0:33:21 > 0:33:25And they stay synchronised.
0:33:25 > 0:33:27No-one knows how they do this.
0:33:27 > 0:33:30It's something they were never trained to do.
0:33:32 > 0:33:34WHISTLE
0:33:36 > 0:33:38Very good.
0:33:38 > 0:33:41In the wild, creativity is a talent that allows animals to
0:33:41 > 0:33:43put on much more than a good show.
0:33:49 > 0:33:53Once you've got the know-how, creativity is the extra ingredient
0:33:53 > 0:33:55you need to become a fantastic problem-solver.
0:33:59 > 0:34:02And floating just off the Canadian coast
0:34:02 > 0:34:04is an animal that can show us how.
0:34:06 > 0:34:08Here he is.
0:34:08 > 0:34:09Steve, a crab fisherman.
0:34:13 > 0:34:16The basics are simple.
0:34:16 > 0:34:17Put some bait in a pot.
0:34:17 > 0:34:20Let it sink.
0:34:20 > 0:34:21Sit back.
0:34:24 > 0:34:27And wait for crabs to wander in.
0:34:35 > 0:34:38Steve knows that most crustaceans lack common sense.
0:34:40 > 0:34:44Once inside the trap they can't get out.
0:34:45 > 0:34:47The exit is obvious enough to us,
0:34:47 > 0:34:52but some animals just aren't born with much in the way of brains.
0:34:52 > 0:34:56Which explains why the sea floor here looks like a crab graveyard.
0:35:03 > 0:35:07This cave is home to a much more creative crab fisherman than Steve.
0:35:14 > 0:35:17The animal living here shouldn't really be a problem.
0:35:17 > 0:35:20Its closest relatives are slugs, snails and clams.
0:35:22 > 0:35:24It's a giant Pacific octopus.
0:35:27 > 0:35:30An animal with one huge advantage.
0:35:31 > 0:35:32An enormous brain.
0:35:35 > 0:35:38In fact, two thirds of its brain cells, or neurons,
0:35:38 > 0:35:40extend into its tentacles.
0:35:51 > 0:35:54Plan A is to smother the prey.
0:36:03 > 0:36:05With the metal trap in the way, it's not too successful.
0:36:08 > 0:36:12But that huge brain helps the octopus to get creative
0:36:12 > 0:36:15and to think up a dramatically different strategy.
0:36:32 > 0:36:36Once inside, it's an easy meal.
0:36:40 > 0:36:42But it could be its last.
0:36:47 > 0:36:48Breaking in was easy.
0:36:51 > 0:36:54But the octopus can do something crabs find impossible.
0:37:13 > 0:37:16A sure sign that an octopus has struck.
0:37:16 > 0:37:18A trail of empty shells...
0:37:20 > 0:37:22..and a frustrated fisherman.
0:37:22 > 0:37:23What can I say?
0:37:25 > 0:37:27These creative, problem-solving skills
0:37:27 > 0:37:30set octopus apart from all other invertebrates.
0:37:32 > 0:37:35It's the reason they can take advantage of new opportunities,
0:37:35 > 0:37:38and the challenges that we create for them.
0:37:39 > 0:37:44And there's new evidence that the more challenges animals face,
0:37:44 > 0:37:46the more intelligent they become.
0:38:00 > 0:38:05Here in Nevada, one of America's most common birds is teaching us
0:38:05 > 0:38:08that the harder life is, the better it is for their brains.
0:38:08 > 0:38:10BIRDSONG
0:38:10 > 0:38:14This is it - the mountain chickadee.
0:38:20 > 0:38:23In the USA, you're never far from a chickadee.
0:38:27 > 0:38:29They look the same wherever you go.
0:38:29 > 0:38:32But when researchers studied chickadees across the States,
0:38:32 > 0:38:35they found that different habitats
0:38:35 > 0:38:38result in varying levels of intelligence.
0:38:38 > 0:38:44These harsh environments can in fact produce smarter chickadees.
0:38:47 > 0:38:51And this simple challenge can prove the point.
0:38:52 > 0:38:56Under every one of these glass discs is a tasty grub.
0:38:58 > 0:39:02You can see them, but you can only reach them by removing the glass.
0:39:03 > 0:39:08Competing, two identical-looking black-capped chickadees.
0:39:08 > 0:39:11They were raised together in captivity,
0:39:11 > 0:39:14but their families came from very different places.
0:39:16 > 0:39:21On the left, a contender from Kansas, the lap of chickadee luxury.
0:39:21 > 0:39:24A pleasant climate with plenty of food.
0:39:25 > 0:39:27On the right, a bird from the north.
0:39:30 > 0:39:32Battered by blizzards,
0:39:32 > 0:39:35his family suffered for generations in icy Alaska.
0:39:39 > 0:39:40The clock is ticking.
0:39:40 > 0:39:43Who will get the highest score?
0:39:51 > 0:39:55No contest. The southern softy doesn't even know where to start.
0:39:58 > 0:40:03But to the bird whose family faced the harsh environment of Alaska,
0:40:03 > 0:40:08working out how to remove a piece of glass presents no problem at all.
0:40:08 > 0:40:12It's a simple task completely beyond the southern bird.
0:40:14 > 0:40:18The birds have inherited these skills from their families.
0:40:18 > 0:40:19It's in their DNA.
0:40:19 > 0:40:22And chickadee brains are bigger and better because of
0:40:22 > 0:40:24the challenging environments they live in.
0:40:27 > 0:40:31This opens up an intriguing possibility.
0:40:31 > 0:40:34If your environment can make you smarter,
0:40:34 > 0:40:38animals may have the potential for even greater intelligence,
0:40:38 > 0:40:40given the right circumstances.
0:40:40 > 0:40:46We educate our children. What would we discover if we educated animals?
0:40:49 > 0:40:51"MASTERMIND" THEME MUSIC
0:40:54 > 0:40:55APPLAUSE
0:40:55 > 0:40:58And our next contender, please.
0:41:04 > 0:41:09Goldie, the goldfish, you have one minute on animal intelligence, starting...now.
0:41:09 > 0:41:12Which animal has the largest brain of any animal, living or extinct?
0:41:15 > 0:41:16Sperm whale, correct.
0:41:16 > 0:41:20Which of these flags represents the country of Ivan Pavlov, whose
0:41:20 > 0:41:22research into the gastric function of dogs
0:41:22 > 0:41:25led him to develop the concept of the conditioned reflex?
0:41:27 > 0:41:30Yes, that is the modern Russian flag.
0:41:30 > 0:41:34Observations made by Charles Darwin onboard HMS Beagle helped formulate...
0:41:34 > 0:41:35BUZZER
0:41:35 > 0:41:39I've started so I'll finish. Darwin's place onboard was questioned by the captain,
0:41:39 > 0:41:43who was troubled by which part of Darwin's body?
0:41:43 > 0:41:44Any ideas?
0:41:46 > 0:41:49Correct, it was Darwin's nose, the shape of which
0:41:49 > 0:41:53he believed indicated "a lack of energy and determination".
0:41:53 > 0:41:54APPLAUSE
0:41:57 > 0:41:59So is Goldie really a mastermind?
0:41:59 > 0:42:00Well, no.
0:42:00 > 0:42:04We taught him to follow the food in this feeding wand.
0:42:07 > 0:42:09There you go. But teaching him
0:42:09 > 0:42:12has revealed something more about his mind.
0:42:12 > 0:42:15People think goldfish have only got a three-second memory,
0:42:15 > 0:42:18but even learning this simple association proves that it's
0:42:18 > 0:42:21got to be longer than that.
0:42:21 > 0:42:23So what else can we learn about animals in this way?
0:42:23 > 0:42:26You can train them to do just about anything,
0:42:26 > 0:42:29but can it reveal more about their intelligence?
0:42:34 > 0:42:38What hidden abilities could we uncover if we educated animals?
0:42:42 > 0:42:47We've seen how they use their brains to solve problems in the wild,
0:42:47 > 0:42:49but are they capable of more?
0:42:50 > 0:42:54Here in Santa Cruz, California, one animal is surprising scientists
0:42:54 > 0:42:58by mastering skills you'd expect to find only in human children.
0:43:00 > 0:43:02You see who's here?
0:43:02 > 0:43:06This is Ronan - a sea lion pup who's about to play a game.
0:43:08 > 0:43:10She'll be shown two pictures.
0:43:10 > 0:43:13Choosing the correct one wins her a fish.
0:43:13 > 0:43:16But at this stage, she doesn't know the rules.
0:43:17 > 0:43:18OK, here we go.
0:43:19 > 0:43:22She's gone for the truck.
0:43:22 > 0:43:24'Right first time, but what's the rule?
0:43:24 > 0:43:28'Go for the truck, or the picture that's always on the left?'
0:43:28 > 0:43:30This is where it gets interesting.
0:43:30 > 0:43:32'She needs to use trial and error
0:43:32 > 0:43:34'and memory to work out a winning strategy.'
0:43:34 > 0:43:37Ronan's not happy.
0:43:37 > 0:43:41How are you supposed to know the rules of the game if nobody tells you the rules to start with?
0:43:41 > 0:43:44This is what Ronan's battling with here.
0:43:44 > 0:43:46She has to figure out the rules by herself.
0:43:46 > 0:43:49I think it was supposed to be stick with the truck.
0:43:49 > 0:43:51You can do it Ronan, come on.
0:43:54 > 0:43:56OK, OK.
0:44:01 > 0:44:03Yes, good girl!
0:44:06 > 0:44:08Come on.
0:44:09 > 0:44:11Oh, she's go it. She's got it.
0:44:14 > 0:44:17'Ronan's using her intelligence to solve child-like puzzles
0:44:17 > 0:44:20'she'd never encounter in the wild.'
0:44:23 > 0:44:27And another sea lion here is using the same skills to master
0:44:27 > 0:44:29something far more advanced.
0:44:29 > 0:44:32Basic numbers and the entire alphabet.
0:44:35 > 0:44:37This is Rio.
0:44:37 > 0:44:40She's been surprising scientists for 17 years.
0:44:40 > 0:44:42Rio!
0:44:44 > 0:44:48And a simple game can put her knowledge to the test.
0:44:51 > 0:44:53This is her task.
0:44:54 > 0:44:58A central door slides up, revealing a symbol.
0:45:01 > 0:45:04Rio has to decide whether it's a number or a letter.
0:45:09 > 0:45:12Seconds later, two new symbols are revealed.
0:45:12 > 0:45:15Which one matches the centre one?
0:45:18 > 0:45:20Rio has to run through every symbol
0:45:20 > 0:45:23she's learned through trial and error,
0:45:23 > 0:45:25to find a mental match.
0:45:27 > 0:45:28Can she do it?
0:45:33 > 0:45:34Of course she can.
0:45:40 > 0:45:44This looks easy to us, but remember, Rio is a sea lion.
0:45:48 > 0:45:51This is much more advanced than Ronan's task,
0:45:51 > 0:45:55because the right answer isn't a particular symbol,
0:45:55 > 0:45:58it could be any one of 26 letters or 10 numbers.
0:46:07 > 0:46:10What I found most fascinating about all of this is how much Rio
0:46:10 > 0:46:12had to learn to even get to this stage.
0:46:12 > 0:46:17She had to learn all these arbitrary symbols, which belonged in certain groups.
0:46:17 > 0:46:21Letters together, numbers together, things that we take for granted.
0:46:21 > 0:46:25She has to call upon all the things she's learned before,
0:46:25 > 0:46:29and then recombine that learning in a novel task.
0:46:29 > 0:46:31She has to think about it.
0:46:32 > 0:46:36It was only by educating Rio that scientists revealed
0:46:36 > 0:46:38she was more than a trained animal performing tricks.
0:46:38 > 0:46:41Here was a sea lion that could do something that would tax
0:46:41 > 0:46:44a four-year-old child.
0:46:44 > 0:46:48Given enough time, what else could animals learn?
0:46:54 > 0:46:58Irene Pepperberg is a scientist who spent 25 years teaching
0:46:58 > 0:47:00just one animal.
0:47:02 > 0:47:05Well, thank you so much for having me here
0:47:05 > 0:47:08and thank you for being here to support the foundation.
0:47:08 > 0:47:12She's revealed that animals can learn more than letters and numbers.
0:47:12 > 0:47:15And are capable of many skills we see in human children.
0:47:19 > 0:47:21To prove an idea this big,
0:47:21 > 0:47:24Irene collaborated with another highly-respected mind.
0:47:27 > 0:47:32It was after about that sort of 25-year mark in a sense that he
0:47:32 > 0:47:34had really begun to put everything together.
0:47:34 > 0:47:36And then he died.
0:47:39 > 0:47:43His death was a loss to science, and made headlines around the world.
0:47:44 > 0:47:48Three articles in the New York Times,
0:47:48 > 0:47:51an obituary in the Economist.
0:47:51 > 0:47:55This is, this is not something small.
0:47:55 > 0:47:58There's no doubt that her research partner was special.
0:47:58 > 0:48:00But he was also a parrot.
0:48:00 > 0:48:02Alex.
0:48:04 > 0:48:06It's hard to find out what animals know.
0:48:06 > 0:48:09But because Irene taught Alex to talk, she could ask him.
0:48:09 > 0:48:11What matter?
0:48:11 > 0:48:12Paper.
0:48:12 > 0:48:14- Paper, good boy, that's right. - Want a nut.
0:48:14 > 0:48:18Alex was a parrot capable of much more than parroting.
0:48:18 > 0:48:21- Wool.- Wool. Very good boy.
0:48:21 > 0:48:25Alex changed the way we think about animal intelligence,
0:48:25 > 0:48:31but it was only through teaching him that Irene could reveal exactly what he was capable of.
0:48:33 > 0:48:36'I've come here to meet Irene's latest pupil,
0:48:36 > 0:48:38'and Alex's protege, Griffin.'
0:48:38 > 0:48:39Hello, Griffin.
0:48:39 > 0:48:40Good parrot.
0:48:40 > 0:48:45'And I want to find out how Irene teaches him, and what he knows.'
0:48:45 > 0:48:46So it's, listen.
0:48:46 > 0:48:47SHE SNAPS HER FINGERS
0:48:49 > 0:48:50How many?
0:48:50 > 0:48:52Five!
0:48:52 > 0:48:53Five. That's right, you get a five.
0:48:53 > 0:48:57'Irene teaches parrots, in the same way you'd teach toddlers.'
0:48:57 > 0:48:58Five.
0:48:58 > 0:49:00- Yes, five!- Five.
0:49:00 > 0:49:04'Repeat everything, with a ridiculous amount of enthusiasm. But it works.'
0:49:06 > 0:49:07Most of the time.
0:49:08 > 0:49:11'It was time to find out what Griffin knew.'
0:49:14 > 0:49:16He can identify objects.
0:49:16 > 0:49:17- What matter?- Rock, rock.
0:49:17 > 0:49:20Rock, that's right. Good boy.
0:49:22 > 0:49:23'What they're made of.'
0:49:23 > 0:49:25Wool, wool.
0:49:25 > 0:49:27Good birdie.
0:49:27 > 0:49:29- 'Their shape.'- Griffin, what shape?
0:49:29 > 0:49:31- Corner, corner, corner. - That's right.
0:49:32 > 0:49:34'And their colour.'
0:49:34 > 0:49:35Yellow.
0:49:35 > 0:49:36Yes, what colour, Griffin?
0:49:36 > 0:49:38- Green.- Yes!
0:49:38 > 0:49:40- Orange.- Yes.
0:49:40 > 0:49:41'He knows his numbers.'
0:49:41 > 0:49:42How many?
0:49:42 > 0:49:44One.
0:49:45 > 0:49:46Awesome.
0:49:47 > 0:49:50He might tell you what sound this is. Ask him what sound.
0:49:50 > 0:49:52Really?
0:49:52 > 0:49:54'He's also learning to identify letters.'
0:49:54 > 0:49:58What sound, Griffin? What sound?
0:49:58 > 0:49:59'And to sound them out.'
0:49:59 > 0:50:01'Ssss.'
0:50:01 > 0:50:03- That's right.- Nut.
0:50:03 > 0:50:06Yes, you can have another nut, OK.
0:50:06 > 0:50:11'A good education brings out the best in both people and parrots.'
0:50:11 > 0:50:14Teaching animals to communicate with us can tell us
0:50:14 > 0:50:18so much about the inner workings of their minds.
0:50:18 > 0:50:21And it's very clear that these animals can think for themselves.
0:50:21 > 0:50:24But we would never have known that had it not
0:50:24 > 0:50:29been for the dedication of Irene and how she taught these parrots.
0:50:30 > 0:50:34Griffin has learned a lot, but Alex really excelled.
0:50:34 > 0:50:36And what's this?
0:50:36 > 0:50:37Key.
0:50:37 > 0:50:39- Key is right. Say better.- Key.
0:50:39 > 0:50:40Good parrot.
0:50:40 > 0:50:43He could do everything Griffin does, and much more.
0:50:44 > 0:50:47He didn't just describe objects,
0:50:47 > 0:50:50but he understood concepts like same and different.
0:50:51 > 0:50:53Tell me what's different?
0:50:53 > 0:50:54Colour.
0:50:54 > 0:50:56Good parrot. You're right.
0:50:56 > 0:50:58Different colour.
0:50:58 > 0:51:02All right now, look, tell me, what colour bigger? What colour bigger?
0:51:02 > 0:51:03Green.
0:51:03 > 0:51:04Green. Good boy.
0:51:04 > 0:51:06Tell me how many yellow wool?
0:51:06 > 0:51:11And he had to study very hard, so he could answer more complex questions.
0:51:11 > 0:51:13Try again.
0:51:13 > 0:51:14Two.
0:51:14 > 0:51:18Two yellow wool. Very good. Now how many green block?
0:51:18 > 0:51:22Very good telling me the yellow wool. Now how many green block?
0:51:22 > 0:51:24- Four.- Good boy!
0:51:25 > 0:51:27This was no trick.
0:51:27 > 0:51:30Alex was a bird that could use human language
0:51:30 > 0:51:34o answer questions that would stump a pre-school child.
0:51:37 > 0:51:39But what's the limit?
0:51:39 > 0:51:44Could an animal ever beat a human adult in an intelligence test?
0:51:48 > 0:51:52This notion might seem impossible, but in the last 50 years,
0:51:52 > 0:51:57we've discovered a lot of impossible things going on in animal minds.
0:51:59 > 0:52:04They use tools, solve problems with a flash of inspiration,
0:52:04 > 0:52:06and they plan ahead.
0:52:08 > 0:52:09They learn like us
0:52:09 > 0:52:14by finding the time and enthusiasm to discover how the world works.
0:52:15 > 0:52:20And by having an incredible memory to turn those experiences
0:52:20 > 0:52:21into knowledge.
0:52:23 > 0:52:25They can even get creative
0:52:25 > 0:52:29and learn things we teach our own children.
0:52:30 > 0:52:33But beating us in an intelligence test?
0:52:33 > 0:52:37I didn't think that was possible. Until I came to Japan.
0:52:43 > 0:52:46At the start of the programme we met a very special chimp
0:52:46 > 0:52:48called Ayumu.
0:52:48 > 0:52:53He can remember the position of nine numbers in less than half a second.
0:52:56 > 0:52:58But how did he get to be so smart?
0:53:02 > 0:53:05Ayumu comes from a long line of intelligent apes.
0:53:05 > 0:53:07HE MAKES CHIMP NOISES
0:53:08 > 0:53:10And has a fantastic teacher.
0:53:13 > 0:53:17Professor Matsuzawa has worked with Ai, Ayumu's mother,
0:53:17 > 0:53:19for over 30 years.
0:53:25 > 0:53:29Together they started this ground-breaking research.
0:53:32 > 0:53:36The professor has taught mother and son the Japanese symbols
0:53:36 > 0:53:41for colour, and the very beginnings of basic maths.
0:53:42 > 0:53:47But it's Ai's son Ayumu, that's turned out to be the real genius,
0:53:47 > 0:53:51especially when it comes to numbers and memory.
0:53:52 > 0:53:54But could he beat an adult human?
0:53:55 > 0:53:58I've never been one to turn down a challenge so,
0:53:58 > 0:54:01I'm going to try the very same intelligence test.
0:54:01 > 0:54:03I'm going head-to-head with Ayumu.
0:54:07 > 0:54:09Human mind against chimp mind.
0:54:09 > 0:54:11How hard could it be?
0:54:11 > 0:54:16All I've got now once I press that little circle is 0.43 of a second
0:54:16 > 0:54:22to remember where exactly the numbers are before they disappear behind squares.
0:54:22 > 0:54:24Yeah...this should be interesting.
0:54:26 > 0:54:30Think about nothing, relax, don't focus.
0:54:40 > 0:54:45These numbers are being displayed for less than half a second.
0:54:45 > 0:54:49That's barely enough time for my eyes to scan the screen.
0:54:49 > 0:54:50BUZZER
0:54:53 > 0:54:54BUZZER
0:54:56 > 0:54:58Remembering five numbers was hard enough,
0:54:58 > 0:55:00but this is entry-level stuff.
0:55:00 > 0:55:02BUZZER
0:55:02 > 0:55:05OK, so now for an even more interesting experience.
0:55:05 > 0:55:08I'm going to try and do exactly the same thing,
0:55:08 > 0:55:11but there won't be five numbers, but nine numbers.
0:55:15 > 0:55:20Almost twice the numbers to remember in the same amount of time.
0:55:21 > 0:55:23In ten attempts I got one right.
0:55:28 > 0:55:29It was all or nothing.
0:55:29 > 0:55:33I asked the Professor to test me to Ayumu's level.
0:55:33 > 0:55:35What was this chimp genius meant to be capable of?
0:55:35 > 0:55:38Right, then, as if that wasn't difficult enough
0:55:38 > 0:55:42I am now going to attempt what no other human has attempted before.
0:55:42 > 0:55:43The same test,
0:55:43 > 0:55:47except that the numbers only flash up for 0.06 of a second.
0:55:47 > 0:55:5060 milliseconds.
0:55:50 > 0:55:54The entire reputation of the human race rests on my shoulders
0:55:54 > 0:55:55right now.
0:55:55 > 0:55:56Here goes.
0:56:02 > 0:56:03You've got to be kidding.
0:56:06 > 0:56:07BUZZER
0:56:07 > 0:56:10This is unbelievable. They flash up
0:56:10 > 0:56:12for such a short amount of time
0:56:12 > 0:56:15I can't even register one single number.
0:56:17 > 0:56:18This is bonkers.
0:56:20 > 0:56:22No idea.
0:56:23 > 0:56:25It was time to meet the master.
0:56:35 > 0:56:39Was he really capable of a mental feat that humans find impossible?
0:56:49 > 0:56:5160 milliseconds.
0:56:51 > 0:56:54That's not even the blink of an eye.
0:56:54 > 0:56:55But Ayumu takes it all in.
0:57:05 > 0:57:09When this skill was first discovered some scientists said that it was down to practice.
0:57:09 > 0:57:13But that theory has been completely blown out of the water,
0:57:13 > 0:57:18when you consider how short a time those numbers are flashed up for.
0:57:18 > 0:57:21It's impossible to do it, never mind get better at it with practice,
0:57:21 > 0:57:26which just goes to show how special this skill is in Ayumu.
0:57:28 > 0:57:29Now that is incredible.
0:57:31 > 0:57:34Take a bow, Ayumu. You are a true animal Einstein.
0:57:39 > 0:57:42We've met some incredible animal minds.
0:57:43 > 0:57:44But all that's child's play,
0:57:44 > 0:57:48compared to one huge challenge that remains.
0:57:48 > 0:57:52Learning how to deal with every other animal on the planet.
0:57:55 > 0:57:56Next time,
0:57:56 > 0:57:59we'll discover why it takes brains to thrive in the social world.
0:58:01 > 0:58:04Can animals deceive others? Do they have feelings?
0:58:04 > 0:58:05And is it possible for us
0:58:05 > 0:58:08to have an actual conversation with another species?
0:58:08 > 0:58:11He wants to chase and tickle with you now.
0:58:12 > 0:58:15I want to chase and tickle with you too!
0:58:16 > 0:58:19Next time, we meet meerkat teachers in scorpion school.
0:58:21 > 0:58:25Spend time with emotional ocean giants.
0:58:25 > 0:58:27And challenge Chaser.
0:58:27 > 0:58:29Einstein.
0:58:29 > 0:58:31A dog that knows over a thousand words.
0:58:52 > 0:58:54Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd