0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:02 > 0:00:06- A revolution took place - in 20th century Wales.
0:00:07 > 0:00:09- In the countryside - and the big towns...
0:00:10 > 0:00:13- ..the lives of thousands - of ordinary people...
0:00:14 > 0:00:19- ..were transformed by political, - economic and technological changes.
0:00:19 > 0:00:23- The old Welsh way of life ended - and a new one was born.
0:00:23 > 0:00:27- Witness to it all were the BBC's - reporters and film crews.
0:00:27 > 0:00:31- The fruits of their labours can be - seen in thousands of film cans.
0:00:31 > 0:00:35- Many haven't been opened since - the day they were broadcast.
0:00:37 > 0:00:40- I'm going to share some of the best - from this forgotten era.
0:00:41 > 0:00:44- The films, stories and characters - that, between them...
0:00:44 > 0:00:47- ..record our nation's history.
0:00:56 > 0:00:58- Since the beginning...
0:00:58 > 0:01:01- ..sharing experiences - through music and song...
0:01:01 > 0:01:04- ..has been one of our - strongest instincts.
0:01:04 > 0:01:08- Music is a way of coming together - to celebrate and aspire.
0:01:14 > 0:01:17- With the arrival of the - Industrial Revolution....
0:01:17 > 0:01:21- ..people came together - in a close community.
0:01:21 > 0:01:25- Wherever it happened, - be it Rhosllanerchrugog...
0:01:26 > 0:01:29- ..the areas of the slate quarries - or here in Cwmparc...
0:01:29 > 0:01:33- ..a strong, traditional - culture grew...
0:01:33 > 0:01:36- ..which put a lot of emphasis - on music.
0:01:36 > 0:01:38- # O to rest me
0:01:39 > 0:01:41- # O to rest me
0:01:41 > 0:01:43- # All my lifetime in His love
0:01:44 > 0:01:46- # All my lifetime
0:01:46 > 0:01:51- # All my lifetime in His love. #
0:01:51 > 0:01:55- It would be a waste of time - to look for Pendyrus on a map.
0:01:55 > 0:02:00- Pendyrus is the name of a choir - rather than a village or valley.
0:02:00 > 0:02:05- The 101 members come from - Ferndale and Tylorstown.
0:02:06 > 0:02:09- Choir practice takes place - on Wednesday evenings..
0:02:09 > 0:02:11- ..and after the Sunday service.
0:02:11 > 0:02:15- They have been the choir's - rehearsal evenings...
0:02:15 > 0:02:19- ..since they started 50 years ago - in the vestry of Ebenezer Chapel.
0:02:20 > 0:02:23- Arthur Duggan was chosen - as conductor...
0:02:23 > 0:02:26- ..in Gambarini's cafe in Porth.
0:02:27 > 0:02:31- Rhondda Fach was famous - for its male voice choirs.
0:02:31 > 0:02:34- The distinctive feature - was the self-respect...
0:02:34 > 0:02:38- ..of these unemployed men.
0:02:38 > 0:02:42- The drowned their worries - and poverty in a sea of song.
0:02:42 > 0:02:45- They were doing something creative.
0:02:45 > 0:02:48- They helped each other, - sharing their pennies...
0:02:48 > 0:02:53- ..and even sharing clothes to - attend a competition or concert.
0:02:53 > 0:02:56- They were ordinary men.
0:02:56 > 0:02:59- In their poverty and need, - they came together...
0:02:59 > 0:03:01- ..to create something - extraordinary.
0:03:05 > 0:03:09- This is the sort of rhythmic - pattern you must get used to...
0:03:09 > 0:03:12- ..in modern music. - Let's see if you can do this one.
0:03:12 > 0:03:15- Glyn Jones, Monmouthshire Choir's - musical director...
0:03:16 > 0:03:18- ..succeeded Arthur Duggan in 1960.
0:03:19 > 0:03:22- Here you have a little curved line - which is called what?
0:03:24 > 0:03:25- Tied note.
0:03:26 > 0:03:28- What's your definition - of Pendyrus Choir?
0:03:29 > 0:03:32- In the past, there was an emphasis - on the amateur.
0:03:32 > 0:03:35- Now, the singers - are still amateur...
0:03:35 > 0:03:41- ..but we're aiming towards - complete professionalism.
0:03:42 > 0:03:43- Three, four.
0:03:46 > 0:03:49- Yes, John Llewelyn, - getting excited again!
0:03:50 > 0:03:52- Control yourself!
0:03:52 > 0:03:55- They must learn how to read music.
0:03:55 > 0:03:59- From the start, I went at it - to teach them to read music...
0:03:59 > 0:04:01- ..rather than the sol-fa.
0:04:01 > 0:04:05- But we still use the sol-fa - as a musical syllable.
0:04:06 > 0:04:08- # Quoniam
0:04:08 > 0:04:13- # Tu solus Sanctus
0:04:15 > 0:04:18- # Tu solus Dominus
0:04:19 > 0:04:23- # Tu solus Altissimus
0:04:23 > 0:04:26- # Jesu Christe
0:04:27 > 0:04:29- # Jesu
0:04:30 > 0:04:33- # Christe. #
0:04:37 > 0:04:39- The tonic sol-fa.
0:04:40 > 0:04:44- Since the 19th century, - this, not the old notation...
0:04:44 > 0:04:47- ..was the way generations - of Welsh people...
0:04:48 > 0:04:50- ..mastered the most difficult - choral pieces.
0:04:55 > 0:04:59- Anya will come to the front - to point out the Franconia melody.
0:04:59 > 0:05:02- You're to sing it in four voices.
0:05:02 > 0:05:04- Now, then, Anya.
0:05:05 > 0:05:08- # Doh... #
0:05:10 > 0:05:12- # Doh
0:05:12 > 0:05:14- # Ray, Me
0:05:14 > 0:05:16- # Fah, Soh
0:05:16 > 0:05:17- # Me
0:05:18 > 0:05:20- # Soh, Lah
0:05:20 > 0:05:22- # Soh, Lah, Me
0:05:23 > 0:05:24- # Ray
0:05:25 > 0:05:29- # Soh, Lah, Te
0:05:29 > 0:05:32- # Lah, Lah, Soh
0:05:32 > 0:05:34- # Soh, Lah
0:05:34 > 0:05:39- # Me, Ray, Ray, Doh. #
0:05:41 > 0:05:44- These are the four - most important notes.
0:05:44 > 0:05:47- Doh at the bottom. - The last, strong note.
0:05:47 > 0:05:49- # Doh, Doh, Te, Lah, Soh
0:05:50 > 0:05:51- # Doh, Ray, Me. #
0:05:51 > 0:05:53- And to end -
0:05:53 > 0:05:56- # Soh, Me, Doh, Ray, - Fah, Me, Ray, Doh. #
0:05:56 > 0:05:58- Soh is right in the middle.
0:05:58 > 0:06:01- The soldier. Excitable, - going into battle.
0:06:01 > 0:06:04- # Soh, soh, soh - Soh, Me, Doh, Ray
0:06:04 > 0:06:06- # Soh, soh, soh - Soh, Me, Doh, Ray. #
0:06:07 > 0:06:10- Between them is Me, the quiet note. - Peaceful.
0:06:10 > 0:06:12- # Me, Me, Me, - Fah, Fah
0:06:12 > 0:06:14- # Soh, Fah, Me, Ray, Me
0:06:15 > 0:06:18- # Fah, Soh, Doh, Fah, Me, - Ray, Doh. #
0:06:19 > 0:06:22- Doh at the top. This is a - policeman, and so is this one.
0:06:23 > 0:06:24- It has a stripe, a sergeant.
0:06:34 > 0:06:37- Although the choirs found it easier - reading sol-fa...
0:06:37 > 0:06:41- ..there were constant debates - between classical musicians...
0:06:41 > 0:06:45- ..which was the way forward - - Sol-fa or old notation?
0:06:45 > 0:06:47- With old notation, - you have an image.
0:06:48 > 0:06:51- After all, they were taught sol-fa - because old notation...
0:06:51 > 0:06:54- ..was so difficult - in the last century.
0:06:54 > 0:06:57- That's how sol-fa came into being.
0:06:57 > 0:07:01- Sol-fa was popular in Wales because - they were only singing hymns...
0:07:01 > 0:07:05- ..and they sang the Messiah - and Elijah once a year.
0:07:05 > 0:07:08- You can't take a year to learn - this stuff now.
0:07:08 > 0:07:11- One thing, John...
0:07:11 > 0:07:15- It's right to say you can see - the notes going up and down...
0:07:15 > 0:07:19- ..in the notation, but it isn't - always correct with the timing.
0:07:20 > 0:07:22- It's put down in a logical way.
0:07:22 > 0:07:25- But what I find with - the sol-fa lads is...
0:07:25 > 0:07:28- ..they're at their worst - when it comes to timing.
0:07:29 > 0:07:33- My experience is the best readers - of notation are the sol-fa readers.
0:07:33 > 0:07:34- You need them both.
0:07:34 > 0:07:36- You need them both.- - You need both.
0:07:42 > 0:07:44- As well as the choral tradition...
0:07:45 > 0:07:48- ..that thrived in populated - industrial areas...
0:07:48 > 0:07:51- ..there was also a strong - instrumental culture...
0:07:52 > 0:07:55- ..in areas such as - the Swansea Valley.
0:07:57 > 0:07:59- The band has forever been - in my blood.
0:08:00 > 0:08:04- When my band plays well, - a funny feeling comes over me.
0:08:04 > 0:08:07- It starts right at the base - of my spine...
0:08:07 > 0:08:12- ..and works its way up until the - hairs on my head stand on end.
0:08:12 > 0:08:15- That's when I know my band - is playing at its best.
0:08:28 > 0:08:32- There's been a brass band - in Ystalyfera for a century.
0:08:34 > 0:08:36- It used to be a temperance band.
0:08:36 > 0:08:39- Every member had - to be an abstainer.
0:08:39 > 0:08:41- It isn't like that these days.
0:08:41 > 0:08:45- But I make sure not one drop of - alcohol comes into the band room...
0:08:46 > 0:08:48- ..during practise.
0:08:48 > 0:08:52- My family has been connected with - the band since the start.
0:08:52 > 0:08:55- My grandfather was one - of the founders.
0:09:01 > 0:09:03- John Wyn, my only son...
0:09:03 > 0:09:07- ..is keeping the band tradition - going in the family.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11- When he was younger, - he was offered an opportunity...
0:09:11 > 0:09:14- ..to join a famous band in England.
0:09:14 > 0:09:18- I persuaded him to finish - his education first...
0:09:18 > 0:09:21- ..and I think he's better off - as a result.
0:09:29 > 0:09:31- You need to look over that.
0:09:31 > 0:09:34- You need to practice - one or two of them.
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- Your top note isn't as clear - as it should be.
0:09:37 > 0:09:41- Your top note isn't as good - as your Uncle Wil's.
0:09:41 > 0:09:45- When Uncle Wil played the euphonium - he had to go to the back room...
0:09:45 > 0:09:48- ..to practice because there wasn't - any room in here.
0:09:48 > 0:09:51- An oil lamp hung on the wall - in the back room.
0:09:51 > 0:09:56- Every time Wil hit the top note - the flame used to go out.
0:09:56 > 0:10:01- Wil used to get angry - but he had a great top note.
0:10:09 > 0:10:12- You had to polish your technique...
0:10:12 > 0:10:15- ..before you could perform - on a big stage...
0:10:15 > 0:10:17- ..such as Brangwyn Hall, Swansea.
0:10:25 > 0:10:28- Competing was just as important - as performing...
0:10:28 > 0:10:32- ..especially at one - annual seaside jamboree.
0:10:33 > 0:10:36- The annual Miners' Eisteddfod - is held here on the prom...
0:10:37 > 0:10:40- ..at Porthcawl Pavilion. - It's the 24th to be held here.
0:10:40 > 0:10:44- It's one of the most important - festivals in the miners' calendar.
0:10:48 > 0:10:52- The Pavilion is full to bursting - and I enjoyed an Eisteddfod...
0:10:53 > 0:10:54- ..of a high standard.
0:10:54 > 0:10:57- Some in the audience - were eating a picnic...
0:10:57 > 0:10:59- ..and were obviously there - for the day.
0:11:08 > 0:11:13- The judges were also kept busy and - during a break in the sunshine...
0:11:13 > 0:11:17- ..I had a chat with two of them, - Jacob Davies and Gwyn Jones.
0:11:17 > 0:11:21- What surprised me was that people - were queuing up outside at nine...
0:11:21 > 0:11:24- ..in the morning - ready for it to start at eleven.
0:11:24 > 0:11:27- They listened intently - - you could hear a pin drop...
0:11:28 > 0:11:29- ..when they were singing.
0:11:29 > 0:11:33- I hope the fact there were - so many children's choirs...
0:11:33 > 0:11:37- ..will persuade north Wales choirs - to take part.
0:11:53 > 0:11:57- If music was central to the life - of those who toiled in the mines...
0:11:58 > 0:12:00- ..the quarries - and the steel works...
0:12:00 > 0:12:03- ..it was just as important - to those in rural areas.
0:12:04 > 0:12:06- In village halls - right across Wales...
0:12:06 > 0:12:10- ..a popular singing tradition - was about to undergo a revival...
0:12:10 > 0:12:13- ..in the modern age.
0:12:13 > 0:12:13- .
0:12:20 > 0:12:20- Subtitles
0:12:20 > 0:12:22- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:12:26 > 0:12:31- For centuries, folk singing was the - way people celebrated their lives -
0:12:31 > 0:12:33- the highs and lows.
0:12:34 > 0:12:37- This wasn't the respectable singing - of the chapel...
0:12:37 > 0:12:41- ..but the lively music of the pub - that illustrated everyday life.
0:12:41 > 0:12:44- # I've courted many women
0:12:44 > 0:12:47- # From Anglesey upwards
0:12:47 > 0:12:50- # Some were as fat as Aunt Sian
0:12:50 > 0:12:53- # While others - were as thin as rails
0:12:53 > 0:12:57- # But better than everyone - was Jinny Jones
0:12:57 > 0:13:01- # With a long swan-like neck
0:13:03 > 0:13:07- # Jinny wears rubber heels
0:13:07 > 0:13:09- # Under number 20 shoes
0:13:10 > 0:13:15- # And on her skin she puts on paint - to turn herself into a beauty
0:13:15 > 0:13:18- # But man never remembers this
0:13:19 > 0:13:23- # When he squeezes Jinny's waist. #
0:13:33 > 0:13:35- In Penybont Fawr, - Montgomeryshire...
0:13:35 > 0:13:39- ..lived a giant of - Welsh folk singing.
0:13:39 > 0:13:42- She was a unique harpist - and artist...
0:13:42 > 0:13:46- ..rooted firmly in Wales' - folk traditions.
0:13:46 > 0:13:49- An old house that shows - the centuries.
0:13:50 > 0:13:56- Inside and out, the furniture - breathes a time gone by.
0:13:58 > 0:14:01- Everything is in harmony - with its age.
0:14:01 > 0:14:04- But the most important thing - that lives here...
0:14:04 > 0:14:08- ..is Nansi Richards, - Telynores Maldwyn.
0:14:08 > 0:14:11- Tell me, how did you start - with the harp?
0:14:13 > 0:14:16- I heard the harpists of Llangynog - playing in the pub...
0:14:16 > 0:14:18- ..below us here.
0:14:18 > 0:14:22- I was in bed with my sister and I - heard them play a tune and dance.
0:14:23 > 0:14:25- Both of us danced on the bed...
0:14:26 > 0:14:28- ..until our bed was a mess.
0:14:28 > 0:14:31- What next, - after hearing the dancing...
0:14:31 > 0:14:34- ..how did you learn to play - the harp?
0:14:34 > 0:14:36- An old harpist from Llangynog, - Tom Lloyd...
0:14:37 > 0:14:41- ..the winner at the Chicago World - Fair started me off.
0:14:45 > 0:14:50- A decade later in an interview - with Nansi Powys...
0:14:50 > 0:14:55- ..Nansi Richards elaborated on her - apprenticeship under Tom Lloyd.
0:14:58 > 0:15:00- Tell me, were you taught - in the pub?
0:15:00 > 0:15:03- In a pub when I was ten years old, - when I was in school.
0:15:04 > 0:15:07- I used to go to the pub and - the harp would be in the parlour.
0:15:08 > 0:15:12- Mam was a deacon in chapel and she - wasn't happy I was going to a pub.
0:15:13 > 0:15:17- The harp was in the parlour of the - pub and the harpist lodged there.
0:15:17 > 0:15:20- He'd teach me in the parlour.
0:15:20 > 0:15:24- The pub's customers used to - congregate around the harp.
0:15:24 > 0:15:27- They'd carry glasses of beer - in their hands...
0:15:27 > 0:15:30- ..into the parlour - and stand next to the harp.
0:15:30 > 0:15:34- Singing and dancing. They'd learn - to dance and sing verses.
0:15:34 > 0:15:36- The landlady would complain.
0:15:36 > 0:15:39- "I don't sell any beer - when they come here...
0:15:39 > 0:15:42- ..and the harp's in the parlour."
0:15:49 > 0:15:53- Thanks to musicians like Nansi, - the respectable chapel-goers...
0:15:54 > 0:15:56- ..failed to stop the music - of the tavern.
0:15:56 > 0:16:00- Popular music went from - strength to strength...
0:16:00 > 0:16:02- ..and in a new direction.
0:16:07 > 0:16:11- A recording session at the - Dryw studios in Swansea.
0:16:11 > 0:16:15- Dryw is the only Welsh recording - company that owns its own studio.
0:16:15 > 0:16:20- The song is "Lan a Lawr" and the - singer is Meic Stevens from Solva.
0:16:20 > 0:16:24- # Up and down
0:16:25 > 0:16:30- # In the sky and on the ground
0:16:31 > 0:16:37- # I search for the mysterious sun
0:16:40 > 0:16:44- # The golden sunshine
0:16:44 > 0:16:47- # The horizon's water
0:16:47 > 0:16:51- # Up and down, up and down. #
0:16:53 > 0:16:58- Welsh recordings have developed - enormously in the last three years.
0:16:58 > 0:17:03- I think the competition between - the companies is very healthy.
0:17:03 > 0:17:07- Dafydd Iwan, the most successful - Welsh language soloist...
0:17:07 > 0:17:10- ..since the days of David Lloyd.
0:17:14 > 0:17:17- Even protesting is a business - these days.
0:17:18 > 0:17:19- Before producing a record...
0:17:20 > 0:17:23- ..details need to be ironed out - with the recording company.
0:17:23 > 0:17:28- In this case it's Mrs John Edwards - and Noel Kendrick from Teldisc.
0:17:28 > 0:17:31- The timing on that one is fine, - Dafydd.
0:17:31 > 0:17:33- And that will be on one side?
0:17:33 > 0:17:37- And we've decided to have - Y Dyn Pwysig on the B Side.
0:17:37 > 0:17:39- Y Dyn Pwysig?
0:17:39 > 0:17:41- I think both go together well.
0:17:41 > 0:17:45- They're both very similar - when it comes to the nuance.
0:17:46 > 0:17:47- I agree.
0:17:47 > 0:17:51- The name of one company has - appeared top of the Welsh charts...
0:17:51 > 0:17:54- ..more often than any other - - Cambrian.
0:17:54 > 0:17:57- It was established less - than 18 months ago...
0:17:57 > 0:17:59- ..by Mr Josiah Jones and his wife.
0:17:59 > 0:18:03- One of Cambrian's stars, Mary - Hopkin, has made her mark...
0:18:03 > 0:18:07- ..outside Wales but she still - makes Welsh records for Cambrian.
0:18:07 > 0:18:11- Although Mary has been top of the - British charts for over a month...
0:18:11 > 0:18:14- ..and number four - in the American charts...
0:18:14 > 0:18:19- ..she's been replaced at the top of - the Welsh charts by Tony and Aloma.
0:18:20 > 0:18:22- # It's hard not to lose your head
0:18:22 > 0:18:25- # With Pat, Janet, Elsie and Glen
0:18:29 > 0:18:31- # A word of advice for the boys
0:18:32 > 0:18:35- # Elsie and Glen have husbands
0:18:35 > 0:18:38- # And Pat's just got engaged
0:18:38 > 0:18:41- # And is faithful to him... #
0:18:42 > 0:18:44- I feel that...
0:18:44 > 0:18:48- ..in Wales at the moment - only one programme a week...
0:18:48 > 0:18:52- ..plays any of the Welsh records.
0:18:52 > 0:18:55- I'd like to see...
0:18:56 > 0:19:00- ..a sort of Welsh Top of the Pops - being shown in Wales every week.
0:19:02 > 0:19:06- Within a year, Dennis Rees' - dream came true.
0:19:06 > 0:19:11- Disc a Dawn gave Welsh artists - a stage every week.
0:19:16 > 0:19:20- The Welsh pop scene flourished - during the '70s...
0:19:20 > 0:19:24- ..thanks mainly to a new - enterprising record label.
0:19:28 > 0:19:32- To the sound of Llandwrog's church - bells on the coast of Arfon...
0:19:32 > 0:19:35- ..you will find the Welsh - Tin Pan Alley.
0:19:35 > 0:19:39- Sain have adapted the old - buildings at Gwernafalau Farm...
0:19:39 > 0:19:41- ..to create a small miracle.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44- Huw Jones and Dafydd Iwan, - who run the company...
0:19:44 > 0:19:48- ..have been talking about this - dream for two or three years.
0:19:48 > 0:19:52- But the first musician recorded - here last week - Morus Elfryn.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57- # Hey, Mrs Jones, I love you
0:19:57 > 0:19:59- # Will you give me your love?
0:19:59 > 0:20:02- # Hey, Mrs Jones, I love you.. #
0:20:02 > 0:20:06- This is a start that has made - an impression on people...
0:20:07 > 0:20:09- ..in the Welsh pop world, anyway.
0:20:09 > 0:20:11- Do you see it developing?
0:20:11 > 0:20:16- I think the studio and the company - will develop with the pop scene.
0:20:16 > 0:20:18- I think they go hand in hand.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- A lot of people are saying - the Welsh pop world is dead...
0:20:22 > 0:20:26- ..and nothing new is produced, - but I'm confident...
0:20:26 > 0:20:29- ..there is some excellent material - in Wales.
0:20:30 > 0:20:34- Once people see we have the - facilities, they'll write songs.
0:20:34 > 0:20:37- If we can have some radio - and TV programmes...
0:20:38 > 0:20:41- ..to publicise the stuff - we can recreate the pop world.
0:20:46 > 0:20:49- One group from the Sain stable - were determined...
0:20:50 > 0:20:53- ..to create noise - and excitement.
0:20:53 > 0:20:56- They dragged sedate Welsh music - into the '70s.
0:20:59 > 0:21:02- # Waking in the morning, - everyone doing their best
0:21:05 > 0:21:08- # Going back to sleep... #
0:21:11 > 0:21:14- The purpose of it all - was to start a group...
0:21:15 > 0:21:18- ..that would go around the villages - instead of English groups.
0:21:19 > 0:21:23- It wasn't that negative. - We wanted to do it.
0:21:23 > 0:21:26- Yes. But that was one reason.
0:21:26 > 0:21:31- That we went and sang at dances - rather than at Noson Lawen.
0:21:31 > 0:21:35- What we've done is expanded - the horizon...
0:21:35 > 0:21:39- Well, expanded our audience - to appeal to young people.
0:21:39 > 0:21:40- The teeny boppers.
0:21:41 > 0:21:44- They weren't interested - in Welsh pop before us.
0:21:44 > 0:21:48- All you had was Meic Stevens.
0:21:48 > 0:21:51- Welsh pop music used to be - middle class music, almost.
0:21:51 > 0:21:55- And the boys all wore suits - and things like that.
0:21:55 > 0:21:59- # Baby, baby, - can I be your friend? #
0:22:00 > 0:22:02- That is the big thing.
0:22:03 > 0:22:05- They're starting a movement - for the youth...
0:22:06 > 0:22:10- ..rather than the respectable - when it comes to music.
0:22:10 > 0:22:13- # Bap-bap, shoo-be, doo-wap... #
0:22:13 > 0:22:17- They were the first rock group, - the first electric group...
0:22:18 > 0:22:21- ..and it was about time - we had a group like that.
0:22:25 > 0:22:29- The greatest contribution they have - made is to show it's possible...
0:22:29 > 0:22:32- ..to sing those kinds of songs - in Welsh...
0:22:32 > 0:22:34- ..without changing the language.
0:22:38 > 0:22:42- # We can make love all over - the house, you and me. #
0:22:49 > 0:22:52- CROWD: More! More! More!
0:22:56 > 0:22:59- There's no doubt about it, - that pop revolution was needed.
0:23:00 > 0:23:03- But there are other things - we have seen which show...
0:23:03 > 0:23:07- ..how things have changed and - weakened when it comes to...
0:23:07 > 0:23:10- ..the language, tradition - and society itself.
0:23:10 > 0:23:12- But whatever anyone says...
0:23:12 > 0:23:15- ..Wales remains the land of song.
0:23:22 > 0:23:24- # I'm going back to - Blaenau Ffestiniog
0:23:24 > 0:23:28- # I'm catching the first train - out of town
0:23:29 > 0:23:32- # I'm going back to - Blaenau Ffestiniog
0:23:32 > 0:23:36- # Because it is my heaven. #
0:23:37 > 0:23:39- S4C subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:23:39 > 0:23:39- .