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0:00:02 > 0:00:06- There was a revolution in Wales - in the 20th century.
0:00:07 > 0:00:11- In rural areas and large towns, - the lives of ordinary people...
0:00:11 > 0:00:17- ..were transformed by political, - economic and technological forces.
0:00:17 > 0:00:21- The old way of life came to an end - and a new one was born.
0:00:22 > 0:00:26- The BBC's reporters and film crews - witnessed it all.
0:00:26 > 0:00:31- The fruits of their labour - can be seen in film cans...
0:00:31 > 0:00:36- ..many of which haven't been opened - since the day they were broadcast.
0:00:36 > 0:00:40- I want to share some of these - lost treasures with you.
0:00:41 > 0:00:44- The films, the stories - and the characters...
0:00:44 > 0:00:48- ..which record our - nation's history.
0:00:57 > 0:01:03- The role of women changed - a great deal in the 20th century.
0:01:03 > 0:01:08- In the Victorian Age, they - mostly remained in the home ...
0:01:08 > 0:01:13- ..but during the two world wars, - with the men on the battlefield...
0:01:13 > 0:01:16- ..the women had to - take their place in the workplace.
0:01:17 > 0:01:20- Things were never the same again.
0:01:20 > 0:01:24- There was freedom - and new experiences to enjoy...
0:01:24 > 0:01:27- ..beyond the home, - as these three women who worked...
0:01:28 > 0:01:30- ..at the tin works in Kidwelly - explained.
0:01:31 > 0:01:34- The reporter wasn't quite sure - what to make of them.
0:01:35 > 0:01:39- Mrs Lloyd, - what was it like working here?
0:01:39 > 0:01:43- We were happy, - although we worked hard.
0:01:43 > 0:01:49- Sometimes I felt a little - depressed, but I always returned.
0:01:49 > 0:01:51- What did you do here?
0:01:51 > 0:01:55- A man's work - because the men had gone to war.
0:01:55 > 0:02:00- Heavy work. You must have - had incredible muscles!
0:02:01 > 0:02:02- We were happy.
0:02:03 > 0:02:05- We look just the same now!
0:02:05 > 0:02:07- No!
0:02:07 > 0:02:09- You look great now!
0:02:10 > 0:02:14- How did it feel working here - with the men?
0:02:14 > 0:02:16- What were their attitudes like?
0:02:16 > 0:02:19- Good. You knew everyone - and everyone knew you.
0:02:19 > 0:02:21- They were good to us, fair play.
0:02:22 > 0:02:25- Was it a good place - to find a husband?
0:02:25 > 0:02:29- Yes! I could have done worse! - I could have done far worse!
0:02:32 > 0:02:34- You obviously had a lot of fun.
0:02:34 > 0:02:37- We were happy here - although we worked hard.
0:02:41 > 0:02:46- Women had better opportunities than - ever to enjoy each other's company.
0:02:47 > 0:02:50- But this new life wasn't - without its problems...
0:02:51 > 0:02:56- ..especially when the man - was out of work.
0:02:58 > 0:03:02- Home comforts, familiar to everyone - on a frosty winter's morning...
0:03:02 > 0:03:07- ..but the home can still be a - burden under certain circumstances.
0:03:08 > 0:03:09- Eric Jones is unemployed.
0:03:10 > 0:03:14- All home comforts, including - a morning cuppa, cost money...
0:03:14 > 0:03:18- ..and so Mrs Jones - has to go out to work.
0:03:18 > 0:03:22- These facts have turned this house - upside down.
0:03:23 > 0:03:28- The wife is earning a living, - while the husband stays at home.
0:03:31 > 0:03:33- I'm off, Eric.
0:03:33 > 0:03:36- Alright. Good.
0:03:37 > 0:03:39- So-long. See you lunchtime.
0:03:44 > 0:03:46- How do you spend your day?
0:03:47 > 0:03:51- If my wife is working, - I'll tell her to leave it to me.
0:03:52 > 0:03:56- I'll clear the table, do the fire, - then I'll go shopping.
0:03:56 > 0:04:00- I'll ask her what she wants - for lunch. I'll prepare food.
0:04:01 > 0:04:04- She comes back at 1.00pm - and everything is ready for her.
0:04:05 > 0:04:09- I wash the dishes, she goes back to - work, and I make food for my son.
0:04:09 > 0:04:15- In our society, that is what - you'd expect the wife to do.
0:04:15 > 0:04:21- Do you feel awkward about that? - Do you object to doing it?
0:04:21 > 0:04:26- I don't enjoy it, - but you have to try and help out.
0:04:27 > 0:04:32- It's not fair if she comes home - and there's no food or fire.
0:04:34 > 0:04:40- How has knowing you have to go - out to work affected you?
0:04:41 > 0:04:43- Oh.
0:04:43 > 0:04:45- Well, I have to do it.
0:04:46 > 0:04:48- You can't live on the dole.
0:04:48 > 0:04:54- Has anything changed as a result - of your husband being out of work?
0:04:54 > 0:04:55- Yes.
0:04:55 > 0:04:57- Is there tension?
0:04:57 > 0:04:59- Yes. Awful.
0:04:59 > 0:05:03- Can you explain how this works?
0:05:03 > 0:05:08- Well, you know, - Eric is in the house all the time.
0:05:09 > 0:05:11- He doesn't want to be there.
0:05:12 > 0:05:17- He will make me lunch. "Have food - straight, before it gets cold."
0:05:17 > 0:05:19- Things like that.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22- There is definitely tension.
0:05:23 > 0:05:27- It wasn't easy trying - to secure equality...
0:05:27 > 0:05:30- ..but it was an exciting time.
0:05:30 > 0:05:35- Despite its traditional nature, - establishing Merched Y Wawr...
0:05:36 > 0:05:42- ..in 1967 gave women in Wales - confidence and a new voice.
0:05:42 > 0:05:47- We have gathered here - from different parts of Wales...
0:05:47 > 0:05:52- ..and I'm sure we'd all like - to get to know each other...
0:05:52 > 0:05:57- ..as regional representatives - at our first council meeting.
0:06:00 > 0:06:04- This movement has grown - out of the Women's Institute.
0:06:04 > 0:06:06- It was formed after a branch...
0:06:07 > 0:06:11- ..was refused permission to keep - its minutes in Welsh.
0:06:11 > 0:06:13- There are now around 70 branches.
0:06:13 > 0:06:18- Leaders intend to ensure - the movement supports the language.
0:06:18 > 0:06:22- What will you be emphasising - this afternoon?
0:06:22 > 0:06:25- The idea that it has grown - so quickly.
0:06:26 > 0:06:30- We're pleased there are so many - young members...
0:06:30 > 0:06:32- ..and they have a voice.
0:06:32 > 0:06:35- What will happen here - this afternoon?
0:06:35 > 0:06:40- It is our first national festival. - It's an experiment.
0:06:40 > 0:06:45- As a young organisation, we are - doing things for the first time.
0:06:46 > 0:06:50- We are expecting members - from all parts of Wales.
0:06:50 > 0:06:52- We want to unite north and south.
0:06:53 > 0:06:58- We're not from the north or south. - We are all Welsh.
0:06:58 > 0:07:02- Merched Y Wawr gave women a chance - to socialise in Welsh...
0:07:02 > 0:07:06- ..share skills - and take part in new activities.
0:07:11 > 0:07:16- If you can, ride a bike round - the garden or the fields...
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- ..or somewhere where no-one - can see you...
0:07:19 > 0:07:22- ..if you're worried - about being laughed at!
0:07:23 > 0:07:25- Lean back slowly.
0:07:25 > 0:07:28- There you go, - lift your legs and knees..
0:07:28 > 0:07:31- ..and place your feet on the floor.
0:07:32 > 0:07:34- Lower your feet slowly.
0:07:34 > 0:07:37- Sit up. Roll yourselves back up.
0:07:37 > 0:07:39- Lie back.
0:07:39 > 0:07:43- Hands behind your head - and swing over!
0:07:43 > 0:07:47- Over you go! - And lower yourselves slowly.
0:07:48 > 0:07:53- Yes, keeping fit without breaking - into too much of a sweat!
0:07:54 > 0:07:58- But the women of Penygroes, - near Ammanford, had been taking...
0:07:58 > 0:08:02- ..it seriously - since the start of the '60s.
0:08:02 > 0:08:07- This class is showing how to - stay young and fit.
0:08:07 > 0:08:11- These women are stretching - their arms, legs and feet.
0:08:12 > 0:08:15- The average age of this class - is 45.
0:08:15 > 0:08:19- This class is called - Look Lively For The Hip Line.
0:08:19 > 0:08:21- Let's take a look.
0:08:22 > 0:08:25- Mrs Davies, - you have a good-looking class.
0:08:26 > 0:08:28- Yes, don't you think we look smart?
0:08:28 > 0:08:31- Yes. This is a popular class.
0:08:31 > 0:08:36- We have a waiting list and some - come from Gorslas, Penygroes...
0:08:36 > 0:08:39- ..Blaenau, Betws and Ammanford.
0:08:40 > 0:08:42- Why do people come?
0:08:42 > 0:08:47- I think one reason is to try - and lose weight and to stay young.
0:08:48 > 0:08:49- What are you doing next?
0:08:50 > 0:08:51- Pendulum rock.
0:08:51 > 0:08:55- Off you go. They tell me - this is good for the waistline.
0:08:55 > 0:08:59- 'Left, rock. Right, rock.
0:09:00 > 0:09:04- 'Left arm stretch. - Right arm stretch. Up and over.'
0:09:04 > 0:09:06- You feel it is doing you good?
0:09:07 > 0:09:08- Oh, yes!
0:09:08 > 0:09:11- I feel about ten years younger.
0:09:11 > 0:09:14- And you look it, if I may say so!
0:09:15 > 0:09:18- Mrs Jones and Mrs Phelps, - married women are enjoying this.
0:09:19 > 0:09:21- Yes, we really enjoy it.
0:09:22 > 0:09:25- What does your husband - say about this?
0:09:25 > 0:09:28- Oh, he's pleased - I have joined a class.
0:09:28 > 0:09:32- He was very keen for me - to join, actually.
0:09:32 > 0:09:34- Does he come along to watch you?
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- He brings me and picks me up.
0:09:40 > 0:09:43- Well, there we are.
0:09:43 > 0:09:47- Some cheeky local men - call this a keep fat class...
0:09:47 > 0:09:50- ..but I've never seen - a fitter class.
0:09:50 > 0:09:55- And if it's good for the women, - it's probably good for the men.
0:09:56 > 0:10:00- And why wouldn't married women - enjoy keeping fit?
0:10:01 > 0:10:04- That was the macho attitude - of the '60s.
0:10:07 > 0:10:13- The young people of Llanddewi Brefi - had a different style...
0:10:13 > 0:10:16- ..thanks to the '60s pop explosion.
0:10:17 > 0:10:21- Two groovy presenters, Mary - Middleton and Hywel Gwynfryn...
0:10:21 > 0:10:24- ..went along to find out more.
0:10:24 > 0:10:27- We are at the Hunt Ball - in Llanddewi Brefi.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32- The place is full of pretty girls - and Hywel is enjoying...
0:10:33 > 0:10:35- ..looking at these young girls - and...
0:10:36 > 0:10:39- And there are plenty of rich - farmers here for Mary.
0:10:40 > 0:10:44- Hopefully, we can give you - a taste of what's happening.
0:10:44 > 0:10:46- Anything else to add?
0:10:46 > 0:10:48- Anything else to add?- - No, I don't think so.
0:10:48 > 0:10:51- Right. Come on, then.
0:10:51 > 0:10:54- Off we go.
0:11:10 > 0:11:14- The boys are a bit slow, - aren't they?
0:11:14 > 0:11:17- No-one is dancing. - I think the boys are all shy.
0:11:18 > 0:11:19- Have you got your eye on anyone?
0:11:19 > 0:11:20- Have you got your eye on anyone?- - No, not yet!
0:11:21 > 0:11:25- Tell me about the boys round here? - What are they like to go out with?
0:11:26 > 0:11:28- I couldn't answer that.
0:11:28 > 0:11:31- Some are slow and some are fast.
0:11:31 > 0:11:33- What did you say?
0:11:33 > 0:11:37- Some of them are slow - and some of them are fast.
0:11:37 > 0:11:41- Yes, women's lives - were changing fast.
0:11:41 > 0:11:45- New doors were opening - for the girls of the early '70s.
0:11:46 > 0:11:48- The sexual revolution had begun...
0:11:48 > 0:11:52- ..but what would that mean - for girls in Wales?
0:11:52 > 0:11:53- .
0:11:59 > 0:11:59- Subtitles
0:11:59 > 0:12:01- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:12:03 > 0:12:07- After the Second World War, - there was economic growth...
0:12:07 > 0:12:11- ..and a chance for women to - insist on equality and a voice.
0:12:11 > 0:12:15- Expressing themselves with - newfound confidence was the aim.
0:12:16 > 0:12:19- And the fashion revolution - was one way of doing so.
0:12:30 > 0:12:34- You can go out in this - and wear it on the street.
0:12:38 > 0:12:40- This is a long frock.
0:12:40 > 0:12:42- It's a cloth dress.
0:12:42 > 0:12:44- It has a floral pattern.
0:12:48 > 0:12:52- Hywel Jones, how is your designing - going in Pwllheli?
0:12:52 > 0:12:56- Excellent. People are showing an - interest in all kinds of fabrics.
0:12:56 > 0:13:00- I expect them to take an interest - in Welsh fabrics after tonight.
0:13:02 > 0:13:06- The woman has to wear it - above the knee or below.
0:13:06 > 0:13:09- You can't wear it halfway.
0:13:10 > 0:13:15- Legs are interesting, especially - in October when it's chilly...
0:13:16 > 0:13:18- ..and they turn blue.
0:13:18 > 0:13:22- There we go again, women's legs. - Any excuse to show them!
0:13:24 > 0:13:27- New technology provided - means of producing...
0:13:28 > 0:13:31- ..fashionable clothes - women could afford.
0:13:36 > 0:13:39- Miles upon miles of material - being cut...
0:13:39 > 0:13:43- ..to make bras, roll-ons - and panty girdles.
0:13:43 > 0:13:45- This underwear is for women...
0:13:45 > 0:13:49- ..so it's natural that women - are employed in this factory.
0:13:49 > 0:13:51- This factory is in Merthyr.
0:13:51 > 0:13:54- There are others in Pontardawe - and Ebbw Vale.
0:13:55 > 0:13:58- To quote the minister - this morning...
0:13:58 > 0:14:02- ..factories like these give women - of all shapes a good grounding...
0:14:02 > 0:14:06- ..and also maintain, among - other things, the economy.
0:14:07 > 0:14:11- Germaine Greer and her supporters' - campaign to get rid of the bra...
0:14:11 > 0:14:14- ..hasn't had an effect - on this factory yet.
0:14:14 > 0:14:20- You could almost say that bras - are being worn more than ever.
0:14:22 > 0:14:26- After officially opening - the factory, Mr Gibson-Watt...
0:14:26 > 0:14:29- ..had to choose Miss Bra '71.
0:14:29 > 0:14:33- We won't tell you who won. - You can choose for yourself.
0:14:40 > 0:14:42- The technology might be modern...
0:14:43 > 0:14:47- ..but the attitude towards women - was still prehistoric...
0:14:48 > 0:14:49- ..during the '70s.
0:14:49 > 0:14:54- Women in Wales were still being - judged on their looks and shape.
0:15:00 > 0:15:04- Margaret, how did you start - in this beauty queens business?
0:15:05 > 0:15:08- Well, I was 16 years old.
0:15:09 > 0:15:13- There was a competition in - Llangefni, Chamber of Trade Queen.
0:15:13 > 0:15:17- My friends were taking part - and they persuaded me to take part.
0:15:18 > 0:15:20- It was a lot of fun and I won that.
0:15:20 > 0:15:24- The prize was a week in Belgium, - all expenses paid.
0:15:25 > 0:15:29- I was in a dress so it wasn't - as bad as being in...
0:15:29 > 0:15:31- ..a bathing costume.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34- Did you have to compete - in a bathing costume?
0:15:34 > 0:15:36- Yes. Miss Llangefni.
0:15:36 > 0:15:40- I was a little bit worried because - it was in a bathing costume...
0:15:40 > 0:15:43- ..but I came third.
0:15:43 > 0:15:46- Then I went to Colwyn Bay - and came first.
0:15:46 > 0:15:49- You were used to being in - a bathing costume by then?
0:15:49 > 0:15:51- I did get used to it.
0:15:52 > 0:15:55- And you went to America - to represent Wales.
0:15:55 > 0:15:56- Yes.
0:15:56 > 0:15:58- What was that?
0:15:58 > 0:15:59- What was that?- - Star of the World.
0:15:59 > 0:16:01- A talent competition.
0:16:01 > 0:16:03- A talent competition.- - What sort of talent?
0:16:03 > 0:16:06- Singing, dancing - - all kinds of things.
0:16:06 > 0:16:09- Did you know that before going?
0:16:09 > 0:16:12- No. I had a week to learn a song.
0:16:12 > 0:16:15- Of course, I had no chance.
0:16:15 > 0:16:17- I can't sing.
0:16:17 > 0:16:20- Were the girls catty?
0:16:20 > 0:16:22- No.
0:16:22 > 0:16:26- Erm, one girl I came across...
0:16:26 > 0:16:29- ..she was Miss France.
0:16:29 > 0:16:33- Oh, she and her mother were - shouting at the judges...
0:16:33 > 0:16:36- ..saying she should've come first.
0:16:36 > 0:16:38- It was laughable.
0:16:38 > 0:16:40- It was worse than the Eisteddfod!
0:16:43 > 0:16:46- There were still prejudices...
0:16:46 > 0:16:50- ..against women - and their role in society.
0:16:52 > 0:16:54- What makes a good barmaid?
0:16:54 > 0:16:57- Someone with a nice smile - behind the bar...
0:16:57 > 0:17:01- ..who is always ready to serve you.
0:17:01 > 0:17:05- The important thing is to mind - the bar and not talk too much.
0:17:05 > 0:17:08- A woman who looks - but never listens.
0:17:08 > 0:17:10- And someone friendly.
0:17:10 > 0:17:14- What shape should she be? - Fat? Slim?
0:17:14 > 0:17:15- Medium.
0:17:16 > 0:17:19- Oh... slim.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23- Erm... I like a big girl, myself.
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- Shape? Liz is a lovely shape, - that's all I can say.
0:17:31 > 0:17:35- Well, everyone's praising you. - What makes a good barmaid?
0:17:35 > 0:17:38- Being able to talk to anyone. - We're all the same.
0:17:38 > 0:17:41- People are out to enjoy themselves.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44- You need to be able - to talk to people.
0:17:44 > 0:17:47- Is it important to listen?
0:17:47 > 0:17:51- Erm, listen when they want you - to listen.
0:17:51 > 0:17:55- There's a lot of things - you shouldn't listen to.
0:17:56 > 0:17:59- Prejudice was alive and well - in Wales.
0:17:59 > 0:18:03- It was alright for men to pay - to look at naked women...
0:18:03 > 0:18:06- ..in magazines like Playboy - and Mayfair...
0:18:06 > 0:18:10- ..but no woman should want - to appear in them.
0:18:11 > 0:18:15- Sheila, how did these photographs - end up in the magazine?
0:18:15 > 0:18:19- I wrote to the Mayfair magazine - in London...
0:18:19 > 0:18:23- ..and the editor told me that I...
0:18:23 > 0:18:25- ..was...
0:18:25 > 0:18:27- ..suitable to be photographed...
0:18:27 > 0:18:30- ..for the magazine.
0:18:30 > 0:18:33- A photographer came down - from Yorkshire...
0:18:33 > 0:18:36- ..to Llanfihangel in Pencader.
0:18:36 > 0:18:39- But since the magazine - was published...
0:18:39 > 0:18:41- ..there has been a fierce reaction.
0:18:41 > 0:18:43- Yes.
0:18:43 > 0:18:45- I was prepared for - people talking...
0:18:45 > 0:18:48- ..but I wasn't prepared for..
0:18:48 > 0:18:52- ..people coming to write abuse - on the walls of the house.
0:18:52 > 0:18:54- That's going too far.
0:18:54 > 0:18:56- They've told me to move away.
0:18:57 > 0:19:00- They think they can frighten me - but I'm not scared.
0:19:00 > 0:19:02- I'm going to carry on.
0:19:03 > 0:19:06- Society, - including television reporters...
0:19:06 > 0:19:11- ..were ready to judge women and - put one or two in their place.
0:19:11 > 0:19:15- But fair play to a women's darts - team in Aberystwyth...
0:19:15 > 0:19:19- ..they were more than ready - to fire answers back.
0:19:19 > 0:19:23- Darts has become big business.
0:19:23 > 0:19:28- One told me that we use 700 small - muscles when throwing a dart...
0:19:29 > 0:19:31- ..and that men are the best.
0:19:32 > 0:19:35- Well, not many of the women agree, - of course.
0:19:35 > 0:19:38- You seem like a sporty woman.
0:19:38 > 0:19:43- I wouldn't say that these darts - weigh too much.
0:19:43 > 0:19:48- Why don't you think women - are as good as men?
0:19:49 > 0:19:52- It's the men who think - we're not as good.
0:19:53 > 0:19:55- Why do you think...?
0:19:55 > 0:19:57- Why do you think...?- - Women are as good as men.
0:20:00 > 0:20:03- Do you have a specific technique?
0:20:03 > 0:20:07- No, I just look at the board - and hope to get them in!
0:20:08 > 0:20:12- They tell me you play better - when you're drunk.
0:20:12 > 0:20:13- Much better.
0:20:13 > 0:20:15- When you're shaking?
0:20:15 > 0:20:17- You have more confidence.
0:20:26 > 0:20:28- Despite the prejudice...
0:20:28 > 0:20:31- ..the workplace opened its doors - to more women...
0:20:31 > 0:20:36- ..and there were new and exciting - opportunities in Wales and beyond.
0:20:37 > 0:20:40- I'm hoping to see places - I've never seen before.
0:20:41 > 0:20:46- But women were making their mark - in male strongholds as well.
0:20:46 > 0:20:48- Barclays Bank in Llanwrtyd.
0:20:48 > 0:20:53- Behind the counter and the glass - is Miss Beryl Hughes.
0:20:53 > 0:20:56- But she's not your average clerk.
0:20:56 > 0:20:59- She's been the bank manager here - for two years.
0:21:00 > 0:21:03- Discussing loans and investments - is as natural to her...
0:21:03 > 0:21:06- ..as the men who held the position - in the past.
0:21:06 > 0:21:11- Why do you think women haven't - been allowed to manage banks?
0:21:11 > 0:21:14- You're the only one in Wales.
0:21:14 > 0:21:17- I'm the only sub-branch manager, - here in Llanwrtyd.
0:21:17 > 0:21:22- The fact is, they look at women - and think they'll take the job...
0:21:22 > 0:21:24- ..and then leave to get married.
0:21:24 > 0:21:28- As a result, they don't want - to give them a full-time job.
0:21:28 > 0:21:31- You have to be committed - to the job.
0:21:32 > 0:21:37- But bank managers usually have to - move around to get on in the world.
0:21:37 > 0:21:39- That's difficult for a woman...
0:21:39 > 0:21:42- ..having to take her husband - with her.
0:21:42 > 0:21:44- Exactly.
0:21:44 > 0:21:46- It is difficult for the woman...
0:21:46 > 0:21:50- ..because it often depends on - the husband and he has a job.
0:21:50 > 0:21:55- But if we talk about a single - woman, she could do that.
0:21:55 > 0:21:59- She has nothing to stop her.
0:21:59 > 0:22:02- It depends on the person.
0:22:02 > 0:22:06- And as I mentioned earlier, - I think the question is...
0:22:06 > 0:22:09- ..why aren't women - getting these jobs?
0:22:09 > 0:22:12- Because they think - we're going to get married.
0:22:12 > 0:22:16- Yes, things have changed, - thank goodness.
0:22:16 > 0:22:21- It hasn't been an easy journey - and there's a long way to go...
0:22:21 > 0:22:25- ..but all credit to women - over the decades...
0:22:25 > 0:22:28- ..for challenging prejudice, - opening doors...
0:22:28 > 0:22:32- ..and demanding that equality - is not a privilege but a right.
0:22:52 > 0:22:55- S4C subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:22:55 > 0:22:55- .