Mon, 19 Mar 2018

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0:00:06 > 0:00:09- Will Brexit destroy - the organic sector?

0:00:10 > 0:00:15- I trust this sector - more than the conventional sector.

0:00:15 > 0:00:18- Also on the programme, - a bad year for sheep farmers...

0:00:19 > 0:00:22- ..as fluke spreads - through their flocks.

0:00:22 > 0:00:25- Once a sheep gets fluke, - there's no recovery.

0:00:26 > 0:00:28- Work experience for two students.

0:00:29 > 0:00:34- Huw and Wil have benefited - from an exciting opportunity...

0:00:35 > 0:00:38- ..with a Swedish company.

0:00:43 > 0:00:49- It's been exceptionally wet since - last summer and generally mild.

0:00:49 > 0:00:56- Perfect conditions for the mud - snail, the key host for liver fluke.

0:00:56 > 0:00:59- The end result - is infection in sheep.

0:01:01 > 0:01:04- Liver fluke in sheep - is an increasing problem.

0:01:05 > 0:01:09- Scientific models suggest - that Wales is a region...

0:01:09 > 0:01:14- ..with one of the highest risks in - the European Union for liver fluke.

0:01:14 > 0:01:16- One Welsh abattoir has noted...

0:01:16 > 0:01:21- ..that the number of infected sheep - has risen almost 3% since last year.

0:01:22 > 0:01:24- There's no simple answer - to the problem.

0:01:25 > 0:01:30- Many flocks have developed - resistance to fluke treatments.

0:01:30 > 0:01:34- Vet Dafydd Jones visits farms - to give advice on this matter.

0:01:35 > 0:01:38- He works at the Ystwyth Vet Practice - in Aberystwyth.

0:01:39 > 0:01:41- It affects sheep in one of two ways.

0:01:43 > 0:01:48- The most severe form which causes - fatalities happens in the autumn.

0:01:48 > 0:01:50- You'll find dead sheep - on the farm...

0:01:51 > 0:01:54- ..because of the effect the fluke - has on the liver.

0:01:54 > 0:01:59- What can also happen, - which is a more long-term problem...

0:01:59 > 0:02:01- ..is sheep losing form.

0:02:02 > 0:02:06- That tends to happen over - the winter months and into spring.

0:02:06 > 0:02:11- Has this year been challenging - in terms of liver fluke?

0:02:11 > 0:02:15- We're aware of some heavy losses - as a result of fluke.

0:02:15 > 0:02:20- The losses are continuing now. - If we've looked for it, it's there.

0:02:20 > 0:02:22- That's becoming a lot more common.

0:02:23 > 0:02:26- This is the worst year - I can remember.

0:02:28 > 0:02:32- Hefin Hughes, Tynohir, - Derwenlas, near Aberystwyth...

0:02:32 > 0:02:37- ..has had to change his farming - methods because of this parasite.

0:02:37 > 0:02:40- We've had to treat sheep - for fluke every year...

0:02:40 > 0:02:42- ..but we've kept on top of it.

0:02:42 > 0:02:46- Three years ago, we felt - the losses were mounting up.

0:02:48 > 0:02:50- The scanning percentage - was falling...

0:02:51 > 0:02:53- ..and the condition - of the sheep was falling.

0:02:54 > 0:02:57- We felt that we were dosing - for fluke more often...

0:02:57 > 0:03:02- ..over the last year and two years, - especially after the wet winters.

0:03:03 > 0:03:07- Was this a problem - on a particular part of land...

0:03:07 > 0:03:11- ..or just a general problem - on the low lying areas?

0:03:11 > 0:03:14- We had problem on some rented land.

0:03:14 > 0:03:19- Crossbred sheep were grazing there - and they had the fluke problem.

0:03:19 > 0:03:25- It was at its worst - in November, December and January.

0:03:25 > 0:03:29- That's one of the reasons - we built this tunnel...

0:03:29 > 0:03:32- ..to store the crossbred sheep.

0:03:32 > 0:03:38- We wanted to get them off the land - at the time of year fluke hit them.

0:03:38 > 0:03:43- The sheep we were losing - were the sheep carrying twins...

0:03:43 > 0:03:45- ..and under most stress.

0:03:45 > 0:03:49- The losses were getting worse - every year.

0:03:49 > 0:03:53- We've stopped renting - that piece of land now.

0:03:54 > 0:03:57- The losses had become too much.

0:03:57 > 0:03:59- We were losing sheep...

0:04:00 > 0:04:06- ..but we were also losing sheep - who were carrying twins.

0:04:16 > 0:04:20- Is there something farmers can do - to target infected land?

0:04:21 > 0:04:24- Yes, and that's always - been discussed.

0:04:24 > 0:04:27- It's easier said than done sometimes - with that.

0:04:28 > 0:04:32- It makes sense to try - and avoid land with the most risk...

0:04:32 > 0:04:34- ..wetlands and bog land.

0:04:34 > 0:04:39- If it's possible not to graze - sheep there in the autumn...

0:04:39 > 0:04:43- ..that will help, - but it's not always possible.

0:04:43 > 0:04:46- The choices for treatment.

0:04:46 > 0:04:50- Do we have to be careful - what products we use?

0:04:51 > 0:04:52- Yes and no.

0:04:52 > 0:04:57- The main treatment, triclabendazole, - is found in different products.

0:04:57 > 0:05:00- That's one of the old doses, - it's been on the market for years.

0:05:01 > 0:05:04- Unfortunately, it's become - less effective than it was...

0:05:05 > 0:05:09- ..to the extent that on some farms, - it doesn't work at all.

0:05:10 > 0:05:13- The problem is that's the only one - that kills the small fluke...

0:05:13 > 0:05:16- ..during the autumn and that's - the fluke that causes fatalities.

0:05:17 > 0:05:22- To treat the older fluke in spring, - there are half a dozen treatments.

0:05:22 > 0:05:28- By checking which treatments - farmers have used over the years...

0:05:28 > 0:05:32- ..you can use different treatments - to make sure they're effective.

0:05:33 > 0:05:37- The problem we're seeing right now - is the triclabendazole...

0:05:37 > 0:05:41- ..and we're seeing cases where - it hasn't worked during the autumn.

0:05:41 > 0:05:45- You can use it at the right time - and only when you need to use it.

0:05:45 > 0:05:48- Once it stops working, - it stops working.

0:05:52 > 0:05:57- With all these challenges facing - him, how will Hefin arm himself...

0:05:57 > 0:06:01- ..to reduce the risk of liver fluke - in his flock?

0:06:01 > 0:06:07- We've had some medical advice - but every farm is different.

0:06:08 > 0:06:12- At the end of the day, - you have to do what suits your farm.

0:06:13 > 0:06:17- We felt that we were dosing - more often...

0:06:17 > 0:06:21- ..and we'd changed - from one dose to a dose...

0:06:21 > 0:06:25- ..that only treated - the adult stage of the fluke...

0:06:25 > 0:06:29- ..and because it only treated - the adult stage...

0:06:29 > 0:06:31- ..we were dosing more often.

0:06:31 > 0:06:34- We felt that if something - wasn't done...

0:06:34 > 0:06:39- ..we were dosing so often, we'd - create problems for ourselves...

0:06:39 > 0:06:40- ..in the long term.

0:06:41 > 0:06:44- With any other illness, - sheep tend to recover.

0:06:44 > 0:06:49- With sheep scab, - sheep will get over it.

0:06:49 > 0:06:52- Once a sheep has fluke, - it never recovers.

0:06:52 > 0:06:56- I can imagine that it causes a lot - of stress on top of everything else.

0:06:56 > 0:06:58- It's added pressure for farmers.

0:06:59 > 0:07:02- There's nothing worse than - looking after the sheep all year...

0:07:02 > 0:07:06- ..you've given them a ram and you've - looked after them all winter...

0:07:07 > 0:07:11- ..and when you're about a month - to six weeks before lambing...

0:07:12 > 0:07:15- ..you start to lose lambs - because of the fluke.

0:07:15 > 0:07:20- You've looked after them all year - and then the fluke hits them.

0:07:20 > 0:07:21- It's heart-breaking.

0:07:29 > 0:07:33- The agricultural market - has been very unsettled recently.

0:07:33 > 0:07:37- It's been a different story - for the organic sector.

0:07:37 > 0:07:41- It's developed and grown - and for the sixth successive year...

0:07:42 > 0:07:44- ..there's been an increase in sales.

0:07:47 > 0:07:53- The organic market is worth 2.2bn - a year to the United Kingdom.

0:07:53 > 0:07:58- The number of organic farms in Wales - has remained settled for years.

0:07:58 > 0:08:02- There are just over 500 of them - at the moment.

0:08:03 > 0:08:09- Dafydd Owen is an organic farmer - and secretary of the Organic Forum.

0:08:10 > 0:08:12- What we've seen - over the last 3-4 years...

0:08:13 > 0:08:16- ..is the value - of the British organic market...

0:08:16 > 0:08:19- ..returning to the level - it was at in 2008.

0:08:20 > 0:08:22- That's interesting for two reasons.

0:08:22 > 0:08:28- If you look at the organic market - in the context of ethical food...

0:08:28 > 0:08:32- ..such as Fair Trade - or RSPCA Freedom Foods...

0:08:33 > 0:08:37- ..the ethical food market - as a whole has continued to grow.

0:08:37 > 0:08:41- It shows that customers - are happy to pay for something...

0:08:41 > 0:08:43- ..beyond the food itself.

0:08:43 > 0:08:49- Something else that's interesting is - events in other parts of the world.

0:08:50 > 0:08:53- The British market - grew 6-7% last year...

0:08:53 > 0:08:57- ..but in Europe, - it's growing twice as fast.

0:08:57 > 0:09:02- In America it's 10% and in China, - it's half as much again.

0:09:02 > 0:09:06- What do you think is the reason - behind this growth?

0:09:06 > 0:09:09- We've had numerous food scares - to focus our minds.

0:09:10 > 0:09:14- Attention is being given to how food - is produced and its traceability.

0:09:15 > 0:09:19- The link between food and health - is more important to people.

0:09:20 > 0:09:25- This is behind the rise - in the market as a whole.

0:09:26 > 0:09:29- Great news for the organic sector.

0:09:30 > 0:09:34- The produce is selling well - but is this reflected...

0:09:34 > 0:09:37- ..in the farmer's pocket?

0:09:37 > 0:09:41- I produce organic lamb myself - and I do get a premium.

0:09:42 > 0:09:44- If I could produce - the lamb earlier...

0:09:44 > 0:09:47- ..I could fetch another 25p/kilo.

0:09:48 > 0:09:51- There have been benefits - in the milk sector...

0:09:51 > 0:09:55- ..but the milk sector as a whole has - struggled over the past two years.

0:09:55 > 0:09:59- What's helped organic producers...

0:09:59 > 0:10:05- ..is the commitment from customers - to organic food and produce.

0:10:05 > 0:10:09- For that reason, milk prices - for farmers have been stable.

0:10:12 > 0:10:14- Dai Miles from Haverfordwest...

0:10:14 > 0:10:18- ..is an organic farmer and director - of Calon Wen dairy company.

0:10:19 > 0:10:22- We've been very fortunate.

0:10:22 > 0:10:25- There's less volatility - in the organic sector.

0:10:26 > 0:10:30- The price has dropped a little - like everything else in the market.

0:10:30 > 0:10:32- The key is supply and demand.

0:10:32 > 0:10:38- When I started, the price was - about 28p. It went down to 23/24p.

0:10:38 > 0:10:41- It's back up today to 38-40p.

0:10:42 > 0:10:45- That makes business easier, - you can plan better.

0:10:46 > 0:10:50- Our costs are different, - our stocking rate is different.

0:10:50 > 0:10:55- It's not always great but we're - fortunate in the organic sector...

0:10:55 > 0:10:58- ..that supply and demand - is a lot more even...

0:10:58 > 0:11:01- ..than it is - in the conventional sector.

0:11:02 > 0:11:07- The organic market dipped - between 2006 and 2008.

0:11:08 > 0:11:12- Since then, we've regained - the ground we lost...

0:11:12 > 0:11:16- ..and it's still growing.

0:11:16 > 0:11:22- As a business, Calon Wen has seen - an increase of 18% in our produce...

0:11:22 > 0:11:24- ..on the branded side.

0:11:26 > 0:11:31- Gerald Miles grows vegetables - and keeps cattle, sheep and pigs.

0:11:31 > 0:11:34- In St David's - he has set up a community...

0:11:35 > 0:11:37- ..for local organic farmers.

0:11:37 > 0:11:41- We have five acres - and two polytunnels.

0:11:42 > 0:11:46- We have 60 families on board.

0:11:46 > 0:11:49- They receive vegetables every week.

0:11:49 > 0:11:54- People buying from us do so because - they are concerned about health...

0:11:54 > 0:11:56- ..and what creates good health.

0:11:57 > 0:12:01- More research - is published every year...

0:12:01 > 0:12:05- ..about the effects of chemicals - in our food.

0:12:06 > 0:12:10- One thing I want to create - on this farm...

0:12:11 > 0:12:16- ..is CSA out of the beef cattle - we rear here.

0:12:17 > 0:12:21- I've seen it done in France.

0:12:21 > 0:12:27- The families - buy the calves together.

0:12:27 > 0:12:33- They help by paying the - maintenance costs of the animal...

0:12:33 > 0:12:35- ..until it's served on a plate.

0:12:36 > 0:12:38- Then they share the meat afterwards.

0:12:40 > 0:12:44- The French respect their food - a lot more.

0:12:46 > 0:12:50- We need to bring respect - back to farming...

0:12:51 > 0:12:53- ..and bring respect back to food.

0:12:53 > 0:12:55- Now is the time.

0:12:58 > 0:13:03- That's the success of the organic - sector but what of the future...

0:13:03 > 0:13:05- ..and the Brexit effect?

0:13:05 > 0:13:10- This, and two students learning - about farming methods in Europe...

0:13:10 > 0:13:12- ..coming up after the break.

0:13:15 > 0:13:16- .

0:13:20 > 0:13:20- Subtitles

0:13:20 > 0:13:22- Subtitles- - Subtitles

0:13:27 > 0:13:31- In Part 1, we heard about the growth - of the organic sector in Wales.

0:13:31 > 0:13:34- It's worth 2.2bn - to the British economy.

0:13:34 > 0:13:38- In European countries, - the sector is even larger.

0:13:38 > 0:13:41- It's worth 33.5bn Euros.

0:13:41 > 0:13:45- With a year left before we leave - the European Union...

0:13:45 > 0:13:48- ..how do farmers feel - about the future?

0:13:48 > 0:13:50- Can they see opportunities?

0:13:50 > 0:13:53- Here's dairy farmer Dai Miles.

0:13:54 > 0:13:58- How do you foresee the organic - sector working after Brexit?

0:13:59 > 0:14:02- I don't have a crystal ball, - I don't know the answer.

0:14:02 > 0:14:04- I don't think anyone knows.

0:14:04 > 0:14:07- From what I can see - and what I read...

0:14:08 > 0:14:13- ..the dairy sector as a whole - will come out of this the best.

0:14:15 > 0:14:18- Dafydd Owen is more cautious.

0:14:18 > 0:14:22- Looking forward, what are - your concerns for the sector?

0:14:22 > 0:14:25- There are two elements, - one is the market.

0:14:25 > 0:14:29- I think we have to work on the basis - that agreement will be made...

0:14:29 > 0:14:32- ..and we'll continue - to trade with Europe.

0:14:32 > 0:14:34- The other element is support.

0:14:35 > 0:14:38- If there's no support - or a rise in the market price...

0:14:38 > 0:14:42- ..I'll have to think hard - about what I'll do in 2020.

0:14:42 > 0:14:47- I'll remain organic for at least - a year in 2020 to see what happens.

0:14:47 > 0:14:52- After that, - we'll need to see some light.

0:14:54 > 0:14:58- Gerald Miles, an organic farmer - for the past 20 years...

0:14:58 > 0:15:00- ..has a very different vision.

0:15:01 > 0:15:05- I trust this sector more than - the conventional sector.

0:15:05 > 0:15:13- The conventional sector - is increasingly standing still.

0:15:13 > 0:15:16- It's killing itself.

0:15:16 > 0:15:20- It's producing far too much - for the market...

0:15:20 > 0:15:24- ..and supermarkets have a free rein - to do as they wish.

0:15:24 > 0:15:29- On the other hand, organic farming - won't progress in the same way.

0:15:31 > 0:15:33- It's going to progress differently.

0:15:33 > 0:15:37- Smaller farms will appear, - younger farmers will appear.

0:15:38 > 0:15:45- That will create more of a local - market and that's the way forward.

0:15:47 > 0:15:53- The organic sector will be reliant - on the country's economy.

0:15:56 > 0:15:58- They'll hope for a strong economy.

0:15:59 > 0:16:01- We don't import - much organic produce.

0:16:02 > 0:16:03- I'm confident.

0:16:04 > 0:16:08- I'm going to continue and grow.

0:16:13 > 0:16:19- Many Welsh agriculture students are - on work experience across Britain.

0:16:19 > 0:16:24- Two from Glynllifon have ventured - a little further.

0:16:24 > 0:16:27- They've gone all the way to Sweden.

0:16:30 > 0:16:34- Huw Owen and Wil Ifan Parry - are the two lucky students.

0:16:34 > 0:16:38- They'll spend a month - on dairy farms in Sweden.

0:16:38 > 0:16:42- Sweden is one - of the Scandinavian countries...

0:16:42 > 0:16:45- ..that joined the European Union - in 1995...

0:16:45 > 0:16:49- ..even though it's not part - of the European currency system.

0:16:49 > 0:16:53- In terms of agriculture, - forestry claims 69% of the land.

0:16:53 > 0:16:57- Crop growing and cattle - are also important.

0:16:57 > 0:17:01- Similar to Wales, - there are many family farms.

0:17:01 > 0:17:05- The number of farms is falling - but the size of farms is increasing.

0:17:05 > 0:17:09- The dairy industry has shrunk - over the last decade...

0:17:09 > 0:17:12- ..and there are concerns - about its future.

0:17:12 > 0:17:15- In terms of the economy, - milking remains important.

0:17:17 > 0:17:23- Huw is 18 years old and lives on Is - Helen farm near Caernarfon Castle.

0:17:24 > 0:17:28- Tell me more about Is Helen farm, - Huw.

0:17:28 > 0:17:29- 140 acres.

0:17:30 > 0:17:33- We have a herd of 30 suckler cows.

0:17:33 > 0:17:38- Half of them calve in the spring - and the other half in the autumn.

0:17:38 > 0:17:44- We sell about a thousand bales - for horses throughout the year.

0:17:44 > 0:17:47- We also run a caravan park here.

0:17:48 > 0:17:51- Ten miles away, - Pengelli Isaf dairy farm...

0:17:52 > 0:17:55- ..is home to Huw's friend - and the second lucky student...

0:17:55 > 0:17:57- ..Wil Ifan Parry.

0:17:57 > 0:18:00- Tell me more about Pengelli Isaf, - Wil.

0:18:01 > 0:18:07- We're predominantly a dairy farm but - we also have sheep and beef cattle.

0:18:08 > 0:18:10- A little of everything.

0:18:10 > 0:18:16- What's your role on the farm - when you're not in college?

0:18:17 > 0:18:23- I milk throughout the year. - I help out with the calving.

0:18:23 > 0:18:27- At this time of year, - I'm lambing too.

0:18:27 > 0:18:32- This is the first link between - the college and the Swedish farms.

0:18:32 > 0:18:36- Nia Lloyd Davies from Glynllifon - tells me more.

0:18:36 > 0:18:43- The college farm has worked closely - with Viking Genetics UK.

0:18:44 > 0:18:46- It's an international company.

0:18:46 > 0:18:53- That's where the link with - two dairy farms in Sweden started.

0:18:53 > 0:18:58- It will be a great experience for - the brave souls heading to Sweden.

0:18:58 > 0:19:04- Huw and Wil have benefited - from an exciting opportunity.

0:19:05 > 0:19:09- We dearly hope we can continue - this working relationship...

0:19:09 > 0:19:14- ..with the company - and with the farms in Sweden.

0:19:15 > 0:19:19- This is an unique opportunity - for any young farmer.

0:19:19 > 0:19:21- How were they chosen - in the first place?

0:19:22 > 0:19:26- We had interviews with Rhodri, - the farm manager.

0:19:27 > 0:19:32- He chose the best students - and I'm fortunate to be one of them.

0:19:33 > 0:19:35- You're experienced with cattle.

0:19:35 > 0:19:39- Do you have any experience - of the dairy sector?

0:19:39 > 0:19:43- A little. - I work on a dairy farm up the road.

0:19:43 > 0:19:45- That's a good experience.

0:19:45 > 0:19:49- I hope to be able - to extend that experience.

0:19:50 > 0:19:53- It's a busy time in Pengelli Isaf.

0:19:53 > 0:19:57- What can Wil Ifan expect - out in Sweden?

0:19:57 > 0:20:00- Do you know what to expect - out there?

0:20:00 > 0:20:03- I think most of the work - will involve milking.

0:20:04 > 0:20:07- 270 dairy cattle.

0:20:11 > 0:20:13- 250 sheep.

0:20:14 > 0:20:19- What do Wil Ifan's parents think - about this opportunity?

0:20:19 > 0:20:23- It gives us a sense of pride - to see him going.

0:20:24 > 0:20:27- I never took the opportunity - to gain this experience.

0:20:27 > 0:20:31- It might have been a lack - of confidence on my part.

0:20:31 > 0:20:34- He has enough confidence - to give it a go.

0:20:34 > 0:20:37- Young people look - at these opportunities differently.

0:20:37 > 0:20:43- The horizons are getting further - away and it's easier to go.

0:20:44 > 0:20:49- They see things on Facebook - and they see these opportunities...

0:20:49 > 0:20:51- ..beyond the farm.

0:20:51 > 0:20:54- They're making the most of it.

0:20:55 > 0:20:59- A time will come when they'll face - the pressures of life.

0:21:00 > 0:21:03- What do you hope he gets - from this opportunity?

0:21:03 > 0:21:08- I hope he'll see some new ideas - and different methods of farming.

0:21:09 > 0:21:13- We might be too narrow-minded - sometimes...

0:21:13 > 0:21:15- ..and not open to new ideas.

0:21:15 > 0:21:20- We don't really know what kind - of a place Sweden is for farming.

0:21:20 > 0:21:23- Is it hot or cold? - What is the land like?

0:21:23 > 0:21:29- Are the cattle in or out? It'll be - interesting when he comes home.

0:21:29 > 0:21:30- Looking forward to it?

0:21:30 > 0:21:32- Looking forward to it?- - Oh, yes, looking forward to it.

0:21:32 > 0:21:34- Then I can get him home to work!

0:21:35 > 0:21:38- He'll have some new gear - when he comes home.

0:21:39 > 0:21:43- Tudur, Wil Ifan's father, - can see the benefits.

0:21:43 > 0:21:45- How will the boys benefit?

0:21:45 > 0:21:50- It's an excellent opportunity - for students to build confidence...

0:21:50 > 0:21:54- ..and put the knowledge they gain - to work back here...

0:21:55 > 0:21:58- ..and use it practically - in the world of work.

0:21:58 > 0:22:01- It's also a chance for them - to grow up.

0:22:06 > 0:22:09- You've already been - on work experience.

0:22:09 > 0:22:12- Did that change you as a student?

0:22:13 > 0:22:19- Yes, I went to Glan Conwy last year, - to a dairy farm with 500 cattle.

0:22:21 > 0:22:24- It was a huge change - compared to here.

0:22:24 > 0:22:30- The scale of the stock, and - everything else, was much greater.

0:22:30 > 0:22:32- I had to live with different people.

0:22:33 > 0:22:36- What do you hope to gain - from this Swedish trip?

0:22:37 > 0:22:39- Do you have any targets in mind?

0:22:39 > 0:22:45- I want to see if there are things - we can do better here.

0:22:45 > 0:22:48- Do they do something differently - over there?

0:22:50 > 0:22:52- I want to see how they work.

0:22:53 > 0:22:54- You want to gain experience.

0:22:54 > 0:22:56- You want to gain experience.- - I want to see everything.

0:22:56 > 0:22:58- Wil Ifan is looking to the future.

0:22:59 > 0:23:02- What are the possible challenges - they face?

0:23:03 > 0:23:08- They have 350 dairy cattle there - and 700 animals in all.

0:23:10 > 0:23:13- It'll be a great experience - to see how they do it.

0:23:13 > 0:23:17- You'll be a changed man - when you come home.

0:23:17 > 0:23:19- We'll see.

0:23:25 > 0:23:29- Good luck to the boys on their month - of work experience in Sweden.

0:23:29 > 0:23:32- That's all for this programme.

0:23:32 > 0:23:35- Thanks for your company. - Goodbye to you all.

0:23:51 > 0:23:53- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

0:23:53 > 0:23:54- .