0:00:05 > 0:00:07Packing a stirring array of kit
0:00:07 > 0:00:11and reflecting the impact that war has had an ordinary people
0:00:11 > 0:00:13over the last hundred years,
0:00:13 > 0:00:16this is the Imperial War Museum, London,
0:00:16 > 0:00:18and tonight, it's host to the Quizeum.
0:00:30 > 0:00:34Welcome to a hall of war wonders here in Lambeth.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38We're sitting in what used to be the central portion
0:00:38 > 0:00:42of the Bethlehem Hospital, "Bedlam" as it was known,
0:00:42 > 0:00:46before the Imperial War Museum took up residence here in 1936.
0:00:46 > 0:00:49I'll be asking questions about everything in the collection here.
0:00:49 > 0:00:53What it means, where it comes from, who made it and what it does,
0:00:53 > 0:00:57in four rounds over the next 30 minutes. Phew.
0:00:57 > 0:00:59"Bedlam", of course, has entered the language
0:00:59 > 0:01:02to mean "uproar and confusion", and I don't know how much of that
0:01:02 > 0:01:05we'll be seeing tonight, but that rather depends on our teams.
0:01:05 > 0:01:08Let's meet them. On my right, our veteran Danish...
0:01:08 > 0:01:11Oberstleutnant, Lars Tharp.
0:01:11 > 0:01:13That was Danish. Was that good Danish?
0:01:13 > 0:01:15- That was the wrong side of the border.- No!
0:01:15 > 0:01:18Oh, I'm sorry about that. How would it be pronounced in Danish, then?
0:01:18 > 0:01:20Oberstlojtnant.
0:01:20 > 0:01:22That sounds exactly what I said, wasn't it?
0:01:22 > 0:01:24Well, anyway, I understand the distinction there.
0:01:24 > 0:01:26His ally in the coming engagement,
0:01:26 > 0:01:28modern era historian and senior lecturer
0:01:28 > 0:01:32in Armed Forces and War Studies at Wolverhampton, Dr Spencer Jones,
0:01:32 > 0:01:36and it sounds like he brought the heavy artillery to this battle, Lars.
0:01:36 > 0:01:38Facing these two is a well-equipped platoon, though.
0:01:38 > 0:01:41Familiar Quizeum attraction from the Ministry of Information
0:01:41 > 0:01:45Professor Kate Williams, joined by our very special guest tonight.
0:01:45 > 0:01:48She's reported from the front line across the world,
0:01:48 > 0:01:49including the first Gulf War,
0:01:49 > 0:01:54conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.
0:01:54 > 0:01:58And now, I'm sure she'll file on this epic set-to. She's Kate Adie.
0:01:58 > 0:02:03Hello, Kate. Kate, tell me, do you have the souvenirs of war fronts?
0:02:03 > 0:02:06- I've got some in my toe. I have shrapnel.- Do you?
0:02:06 > 0:02:11Does that mean when you go through airport security, you set things off?
0:02:11 > 0:02:14No, I think the toe declared neutrality a long time ago.
0:02:16 > 0:02:18So, prepare to be moved, impressed and puzzled
0:02:18 > 0:02:21as we explore the museum in this, our first round.
0:02:21 > 0:02:25Now, your open question is open to all
0:02:25 > 0:02:27and a correct answer is worth one point
0:02:27 > 0:02:31and you get first go at a slightly more complex second question,
0:02:31 > 0:02:35which is worth a slightly more complex two points.
0:02:35 > 0:02:37So, fingers on the buzzers, please.
0:02:37 > 0:02:41This is one of the machines that won World War II,
0:02:41 > 0:02:45with hundreds of them taking part in the biggest tank battle...
0:02:45 > 0:02:46BUZZER
0:02:46 > 0:02:49Is it the Battle of Kursk of 1943?
0:02:49 > 0:02:55Spencer, it is indeed the Battle of Kursk in 1943.
0:02:55 > 0:02:59So, here is your specialist question, your two-point question.
0:02:59 > 0:03:02Have a look at this maquette.
0:03:02 > 0:03:04All right, for two points tell me,
0:03:04 > 0:03:08why has some small corner of North London
0:03:08 > 0:03:15and a salad bowl proved almost as enduring as this memorial?
0:03:15 > 0:03:17Well, first of all, there are no words on the back of this
0:03:17 > 0:03:21but I can see there are some formative words on the front.
0:03:21 > 0:03:22It says on the front,
0:03:22 > 0:03:26"WIPERS. To Paul, from Peter (C Sergeant Jagger)."
0:03:26 > 0:03:32Colour Sergeant. Wipers is Ypres, the Battle of Ypres.
0:03:32 > 0:03:34Peter? Is that the name of the sculptor?
0:03:34 > 0:03:37- It could be a Jagger memorial. - It's not Colour Sergeant Jagger.
0:03:37 > 0:03:42- It is Charles Sergeant Jagger.- Ah!
0:03:42 > 0:03:45OK, so you were right there, but that's not what I'm looking for.
0:03:45 > 0:03:47- Let me read it to you again.- OK.
0:03:47 > 0:03:53There is a small corner of North London here and a salad bowl,
0:03:53 > 0:03:57and they're both proving as enduring as this memorial.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00Can you see the corner of North London and the salad bowl?
0:04:00 > 0:04:03Oh, at the front they seems to be a pickle helm,
0:04:03 > 0:04:08a German soldier's helmet, famous for its pickle. Is that...?
0:04:08 > 0:04:11But not the salad. And you're in the right direction
0:04:11 > 0:04:13- but that isn't the salad bowl.- OK.
0:04:13 > 0:04:16That isn't the salad bowl, so what is the salad bowl?
0:04:16 > 0:04:17Is it his...?
0:04:17 > 0:04:19It's his own helmet.
0:04:19 > 0:04:23Yes. I've helped you a lot there, haven't I?
0:04:23 > 0:04:26I don't feel I've been totally fair!
0:04:26 > 0:04:30So, you have identified the salad bowl. Now what is that salad bowl?
0:04:30 > 0:04:35It's the 1916 issue steel helmet to protect the head from shrapnel,
0:04:35 > 0:04:37which replaced the flat caps that were issued before that.
0:04:37 > 0:04:39Why did they have to have that?
0:04:39 > 0:04:42Because they were taking an enormous number of head injuries
0:04:42 > 0:04:44from shrapnel which would burst and rain bullets on you.
0:04:44 > 0:04:47- They introduced steel helmets to protect you. - Do you know the name of it?
0:04:47 > 0:04:49- It was the Brodie helmet. - The Brodie helmet.
0:04:49 > 0:04:53Of course that's right, but you still haven't explained why it's enduring.
0:04:53 > 0:04:55- Um...- It's enduring of course because...
0:04:55 > 0:04:57- We've used it ever since. - It's used today.
0:04:57 > 0:04:59..we've used it today. Well done, Kate!
0:04:59 > 0:05:04I think it's fair that I now pass it over to the two Kates to work out
0:05:04 > 0:05:08what is the bit of North London in this statue.
0:05:08 > 0:05:11Oh, Lee-Enfield, as in Enfield, the rifle?
0:05:11 > 0:05:12A Lee-Enfield rifle.
0:05:12 > 0:05:15So, can you explain to me a little bit about it?
0:05:15 > 0:05:19Standard issue and lasted for decades,
0:05:19 > 0:05:22is the most, I think, notable thing about it.
0:05:22 > 0:05:25I think that's absolutely true. There it is.
0:05:25 > 0:05:28It was called a Lee-Enfield because Lee had invented the bolt
0:05:28 > 0:05:29and Enfield was where it was made.
0:05:29 > 0:05:31And the Brodie helmet,
0:05:31 > 0:05:35as you know, was still used right the way through two World Wars,
0:05:35 > 0:05:37but it was called, "the salad bowl"
0:05:37 > 0:05:40or the "Salatschussel" by the Germans.
0:05:40 > 0:05:44They did a lot of work there with a lot of prompting
0:05:44 > 0:05:47but I think you took the points there for both of those
0:05:47 > 0:05:50with the Lee-Enfield and the enduring nature of the helmets.
0:05:50 > 0:05:53- I'm going to give you two points on this side.- Thank you, Griff.
0:05:53 > 0:05:56Continuing our advance through this extraordinary collection,
0:05:56 > 0:06:00in the basement you may bump into this.
0:06:00 > 0:06:03But who was the owner of this...? BUZZER
0:06:03 > 0:06:04Kate?
0:06:04 > 0:06:07I think that was owned by Kaiser Wilhelm.
0:06:07 > 0:06:12It was owned by Kaiser Wilhelm II.
0:06:12 > 0:06:16The shortened left sleeve is a clue to the owner's identity.
0:06:16 > 0:06:19Kaiser Wilhelm had a withered left arm
0:06:19 > 0:06:23and the coat was a gift from his cousin, Tsar Nicholas II.
0:06:23 > 0:06:25Two points to the two Kates
0:06:25 > 0:06:30if you can tell me why this German cross
0:06:30 > 0:06:32made the British cross.
0:06:32 > 0:06:34Oh, I think I might know...
0:06:34 > 0:06:38This is an imitation of the German Cross, made by the British
0:06:38 > 0:06:42to mock what they saw as German cowardly activities.
0:06:42 > 0:06:44And you can see Scarborough here and Hartlepool.
0:06:44 > 0:06:46Those are the two places that were bombed.
0:06:46 > 0:06:49They were actually shelled from two German battleships.
0:06:49 > 0:06:55The first one hit Hartlepool on 16 December at just after eight o'clock
0:06:55 > 0:06:58and the other one was at 8.10 on Scarborough,
0:06:58 > 0:07:01and there were huge numbers of casualties,
0:07:01 > 0:07:02including women and children.
0:07:02 > 0:07:06You're absolutely correct. You get the full two points there.
0:07:06 > 0:07:09The German fleet arrived off the east Yorkshire coast
0:07:09 > 0:07:13just before Christmas 1914 and fired over 1,000 shells
0:07:13 > 0:07:15at Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby.
0:07:15 > 0:07:18This cross memorialised these atrocities
0:07:18 > 0:07:23and generated a popular frenzy for war amongst the British population.
0:07:23 > 0:07:25So, you get the full two points there.
0:07:25 > 0:07:27Fingers on the buzzers for your next opener.
0:07:27 > 0:07:31This is a V-2 rocket. So, how did the British Government explain
0:07:31 > 0:07:35the explosions when the first V-2s hit London?
0:07:35 > 0:07:37BUZZER
0:07:37 > 0:07:38A gas leak.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41I think I can give you that, yes.
0:07:41 > 0:07:45They blamed faulty gas mains for explosions going off.
0:07:45 > 0:07:48Here's your specialist question, worth another two points.
0:07:48 > 0:07:53How did this object affect sound levels in London?
0:07:53 > 0:07:56Is this a sound ranging device?
0:07:56 > 0:07:59One that's used... You would rig up the microphones
0:07:59 > 0:08:01and you'd listen in on the microphones,
0:08:01 > 0:08:03and you could hear artillery or incoming aircraft
0:08:03 > 0:08:05from a long distance away.
0:08:05 > 0:08:08But, of course, if you've got lots of background noise, you would not
0:08:08 > 0:08:12be able to pick up the incoming so it reduced sound levels in London.
0:08:12 > 0:08:16OK, that is not the full answer to how this object
0:08:16 > 0:08:19was in fact used, so I'm going to pass it over
0:08:19 > 0:08:22because Kate W, Professor Kate of the two Kates
0:08:22 > 0:08:24is now going to tell us, I think, and give us another opinion.
0:08:24 > 0:08:26Let's have it.
0:08:26 > 0:08:29Well, I think this is a geophone that was used on the fronts,
0:08:29 > 0:08:33and it was used to listen out for any kind of mining activity
0:08:33 > 0:08:36that was going on, and I think the connection in London is
0:08:36 > 0:08:38that lots of the trenches were given names,
0:08:38 > 0:08:40like Leicester Square and Oxford Street.
0:08:40 > 0:08:43All right. You've certainly got the first part of that question
0:08:43 > 0:08:46but how did it affect sound levels in London, is the question.
0:08:46 > 0:08:50It was a device which was used in the process...
0:08:50 > 0:08:52Tell us a little bit about tunnelling, Spencer.
0:08:52 > 0:08:54Well, tunnelling is as old as war itself
0:08:54 > 0:08:55but in the First World War, people began
0:08:55 > 0:08:58tunnelling under one another's trenches,
0:08:58 > 0:09:00planting very large explosives underneath
0:09:00 > 0:09:02and then detonating them at inopportune moments.
0:09:02 > 0:09:04But of course, when YOU start digging a tunnel,
0:09:04 > 0:09:06the enemy will dig a tunnel towards you,
0:09:06 > 0:09:08so it was a very lethal war underneath the trenches.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11Yes, the geophone was there in order to tell you
0:09:11 > 0:09:15whether there was somebody coming towards you, underneath you or they'd stopped
0:09:15 > 0:09:17and you thought there would be a sudden explosion.
0:09:17 > 0:09:19We still haven't got the London connection.
0:09:19 > 0:09:21That would be because you could hear
0:09:21 > 0:09:26the great detonations in London from northern France.
0:09:26 > 0:09:29Well done, and you get the extra point there.
0:09:29 > 0:09:31You got both points there, Kates,
0:09:31 > 0:09:34because it's a listening device which was used in tunnels
0:09:34 > 0:09:37dug to lay explosives under enemy positions
0:09:37 > 0:09:42and the biggest bang happened at the Battle of Messines in 1917.
0:09:42 > 0:09:46It killed as many as 10,000 German soldiers in one blast,
0:09:46 > 0:09:50and was loud enough to be clearly heard in London.
0:09:50 > 0:09:55It remained the largest man-made explosion until the atomic bomb.
0:09:55 > 0:09:57Absolutely terrifying.
0:09:57 > 0:10:03Fingers on your nuclear buttons here for another opener.
0:10:03 > 0:10:05This is the wreckage of a midget submarine,
0:10:05 > 0:10:09which was used to attack the German battleship Tirpitz in World War II.
0:10:09 > 0:10:13In which year did the submarine attack take place?
0:10:13 > 0:10:16- BUZZER - '43.
0:10:16 > 0:10:19- '43, correct.- Oh!
0:10:19 > 0:10:22- So, you win your specialist question again.- Ah!
0:10:22 > 0:10:24Let's see how you get on this time.
0:10:24 > 0:10:28What is special about this and why?
0:10:28 > 0:10:33It's an aerial view of an underground headquarters.
0:10:33 > 0:10:36- No, it's got bay windows, hasn't it?- Yes.
0:10:36 > 0:10:39Is it somewhere like Bletchley, do you suppose?
0:10:39 > 0:10:42But the Germans never found Bletchley Park, so it wouldn't be Bletchley.
0:10:42 > 0:10:44No, it won't be Bletchley cos it's got the wrong shape.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48- We should be whispering all of this cos we're giving them all the information.- We should!
0:10:48 > 0:10:51- No, you don't have to whisper! We're fascinated.- Yeah.
0:10:51 > 0:10:53Your logic so far has established bay windows.
0:10:53 > 0:10:57You've established that it's made of cardboard, which is quite useful
0:10:57 > 0:10:59and you've established it's probably not in Germany.
0:10:59 > 0:11:02Anything else I've missed? THEY LAUGH
0:11:02 > 0:11:04- Well, do you want any more?- I do.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06I'm going to ask you to listen to the question one more time
0:11:06 > 0:11:08- before I hand it over.- OK.
0:11:08 > 0:11:12What's special about this and why?
0:11:14 > 0:11:20Ah. It's a model for training a special branch of...
0:11:20 > 0:11:21your attack force.
0:11:21 > 0:11:24You're sort of fishing around so much in the right area...
0:11:24 > 0:11:26Well, in that case, it's over to them.
0:11:26 > 0:11:31..but I'm dying to hear whether this side recognises what it is.
0:11:31 > 0:11:32- Um...- Um...
0:11:37 > 0:11:39So, what's special about this?
0:11:39 > 0:11:43OK, I'm going to open it up again to whoever can come in first
0:11:43 > 0:11:45- because this is so interesting.- OK.
0:11:45 > 0:11:50The special in this is the Special Air Service.
0:11:50 > 0:11:52- BUZZER - The Iranian Embassy.
0:11:52 > 0:11:53- The Iranian Embassy.- Oh!
0:11:53 > 0:11:56I've only got one point to give you
0:11:56 > 0:12:00- but this is the model that was used! - Oh, well done, Spencer.
0:12:00 > 0:12:03- It didn't look like that from the outside.- Oh, I see.
0:12:03 > 0:12:05That's exactly what it is.
0:12:05 > 0:12:08It looks so peculiar looked at from this angle
0:12:08 > 0:12:13but the SAS stormed the Iranian Embassy at 7:23 on 5 May 1980.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17The BBC's duty reporter that night
0:12:17 > 0:12:20was of course Kate Adie.
0:12:20 > 0:12:23The BBC had to leave coverage of the World Snooker Final
0:12:23 > 0:12:26to go to a live broadcast of the 17-minute-long raid,
0:12:26 > 0:12:31what they called at the time, "A change to the advertised programme."
0:12:31 > 0:12:34So, Kate, you've never seen that model before?
0:12:34 > 0:12:36No, I haven't. I've seen videos,
0:12:36 > 0:12:41which were taken inside and I've talked to people about the plans.
0:12:41 > 0:12:45- I've never seen that. Didn't connect it at all.- And you were outside?
0:12:45 > 0:12:48Yes, I know, but it was the six days of the siege
0:12:48 > 0:12:51and it was finally broken on the bank holiday Monday, in the evening,
0:12:51 > 0:12:56and then suddenly these black-clad figures with a huge explosion
0:12:56 > 0:12:57came down the front of the building
0:12:57 > 0:13:02and it went live on television with no script.
0:13:02 > 0:13:05That brings us to the end of this round,
0:13:05 > 0:13:09and I see that Lars and Spencer,
0:13:09 > 0:13:14very good buzzing there, got four points.
0:13:14 > 0:13:18- But the two Kates are ahead with seven.- Ah.
0:13:18 > 0:13:20So, on we go,
0:13:20 > 0:13:24because our next round is called The Question of Attribution,
0:13:24 > 0:13:27and as usual, each team is given an obscure object from the collection.
0:13:27 > 0:13:30Both members will offer their explanation of what it is
0:13:30 > 0:13:32but only one is telling the truth.
0:13:32 > 0:13:37Which is that? It's an exercise in counterintelligence.
0:13:37 > 0:13:39Three points to be gained here.
0:13:39 > 0:13:43So, two Kates, your object is coming
0:13:43 > 0:13:47and let's have it put in front of Lars and Spencer.
0:13:52 > 0:13:55Right. Now, two Kates, who wants to start?
0:13:55 > 0:14:00- You start.- Well, it was a very well-known phrase in World War II
0:14:00 > 0:14:05that "loose lips sink ships," but there were other regulations
0:14:05 > 0:14:07brought in as well, particularly for the sailors.
0:14:07 > 0:14:11Commanding officers were told by the Royal Navy
0:14:11 > 0:14:15that there was a limit to what sailors could bring aboard.
0:14:15 > 0:14:20There were extraordinary boxes also sent out to show people
0:14:20 > 0:14:25and remind them exactly what might not be carried on board a ship.
0:14:25 > 0:14:28It might be something dangerous or useful to the enemy
0:14:28 > 0:14:31so here was this box full of stuff
0:14:31 > 0:14:33because war was a dangerous business
0:14:33 > 0:14:36and unwanted cargo couldn't be carried
0:14:36 > 0:14:41because you wanted your ship packed with food and ammunition only.
0:14:41 > 0:14:46So, Kate, Professor Kate, what is your theory of what this is?
0:14:46 > 0:14:49It is an Admiralty object.
0:14:49 > 0:14:52It is tied to the contraband items,
0:14:52 > 0:14:55but this is actually something that was kept at ports,
0:14:55 > 0:14:57where you could check ships for what they had
0:14:57 > 0:15:00and what they were looking for particularly is contraband items
0:15:00 > 0:15:04like chemicals, phosphate, things that you could make bombs out of.
0:15:04 > 0:15:09So, this is to check in World War II what ships have got on them.
0:15:09 > 0:15:13One was to prevent sailors bringing contraband aboard,
0:15:13 > 0:15:15and the other was to stop enemy ships
0:15:15 > 0:15:17taking contraband through the blockade.
0:15:17 > 0:15:18What do you think, Spencer?
0:15:18 > 0:15:20Well, my inclination from what I know of soldiers,
0:15:20 > 0:15:23and indeed sailors, is that there are far worse things they can bring
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- into barracks, or indeed aboard ships, than beeswax or cotton.- Yeah.
0:15:27 > 0:15:29I particularly noticed that tobacco is here
0:15:29 > 0:15:32and attempting to prevent armed services personnel having tobacco
0:15:32 > 0:15:36in the Second World War would be a deeply losing battle, I think.
0:15:36 > 0:15:38I don't really go for the first one.
0:15:38 > 0:15:40- I think the prof has got it right.- I think so too.
0:15:40 > 0:15:43So, Kate W, are you telling the truth?
0:15:43 > 0:15:45I am telling the truth.
0:15:45 > 0:15:48This is used at ports to check what the ships have got on them,
0:15:48 > 0:15:51to check the neutral ships are carrying with them.
0:15:51 > 0:15:54They are indeed samples of consumables and British
0:15:54 > 0:15:55from World War II.
0:15:55 > 0:15:58They were used to identify contraband on neutral ships
0:15:58 > 0:16:01during the Royal Navy's blockade of Germany,
0:16:01 > 0:16:04and included beeswax and dried intestines.
0:16:04 > 0:16:06I don't know how much of a threat
0:16:06 > 0:16:09the exploding beeswax intestine bomb was.
0:16:09 > 0:16:13You've got three points there for correctly identifying that,
0:16:13 > 0:16:16but let's go over to the other side, and the other object,
0:16:16 > 0:16:18and see how we get on.
0:16:22 > 0:16:25Here, then. So, who's going to start?
0:16:25 > 0:16:27- Shall I?- Why not, Lars? Be my guest.
0:16:27 > 0:16:29You've heard of Doctor Who's sonic screwdriver.
0:16:29 > 0:16:31Well, this is a time pencil.
0:16:31 > 0:16:36One of the plans of the Americans was to drop a whole bunch
0:16:36 > 0:16:42of bats into Japan with incendiary devices strapped to their backs,
0:16:42 > 0:16:45but they would need a delaying item, a fuse.
0:16:45 > 0:16:50The time pencil goes, off their little package of napalm explodes.
0:16:50 > 0:16:52It's a bat bomb?
0:16:52 > 0:16:54It's not a bat bomb but it could have been used
0:16:54 > 0:16:57because, in fact, they never actually used the bat bomb,
0:16:57 > 0:17:00but it WAS on the plans and they would have had to have used
0:17:00 > 0:17:01one of these time pencils.
0:17:01 > 0:17:03Let me just get this correct.
0:17:03 > 0:17:05It's the device that could have been used,
0:17:05 > 0:17:08had a bat bomb been a feasible idea.
0:17:08 > 0:17:12OK, Spencer, I'm going over to you for your suggestion.
0:17:12 > 0:17:15Well, continuing the aviary theme from bat bombs,
0:17:15 > 0:17:18you'll have heard of canaries in cages in mines
0:17:18 > 0:17:20to give an indication the oxygen levels were falling,
0:17:20 > 0:17:22and give a chance for the miners to escape.
0:17:22 > 0:17:26In the Second World War, the British developed a much more portable gas detecting device.
0:17:26 > 0:17:29What you're looking at is a British gas pencil,
0:17:29 > 0:17:31or indeed a pair of British gas pencils.
0:17:31 > 0:17:32The end will be removed,
0:17:32 > 0:17:35a strip would be exposed which would then,
0:17:35 > 0:17:38when it was in contact with the gas or the poison,
0:17:38 > 0:17:41change colour to indicate the type that was being deployed.
0:17:41 > 0:17:42OK, there we are.
0:17:42 > 0:17:48One is a time exploding pencil and the other is a detecting pencil.
0:17:48 > 0:17:53Which of these two accounts do you feel is the right one?
0:17:53 > 0:17:55I don't buy the bat stuff.
0:17:55 > 0:17:59I think it's delightful, the thought of a quietly roosting
0:17:59 > 0:18:00little bat with no idea.
0:18:00 > 0:18:05I rather prefer the gas idea but it...
0:18:05 > 0:18:07I'm going to have to hurry you, I'm afraid.
0:18:07 > 0:18:10I'm going to go with Kate's instinct cos I always mess up this round.
0:18:10 > 0:18:13We suspect it is a gas detector of sorts.
0:18:13 > 0:18:15OK. Spencer, were you telling the truth there?
0:18:15 > 0:18:17I'm afraid I was telling absolute lies.
0:18:17 > 0:18:20- It is not a gas pencil. - It's not a gas pencil.
0:18:20 > 0:18:22- Oh, those poor bats. - It's a bat bomb.
0:18:22 > 0:18:27Yes, they are actually straightforward delay fuses
0:18:27 > 0:18:29used to detonate explosives.
0:18:29 > 0:18:34They're called time pencils and the scores now stand like this...
0:18:34 > 0:18:36Kate and Kate, you remain at seven points
0:18:36 > 0:18:40but Lars and Spencer managed to pick up six points on that game.
0:18:40 > 0:18:43They've rushed into the lead with ten.
0:18:43 > 0:18:48But we still have to go through two more rounds,
0:18:48 > 0:18:51and we reach the moment where I'm taking the teams on a guided tour.
0:18:51 > 0:18:55The two Kates, these are your marching orders.
0:18:55 > 0:18:58'I've got four questions for you, which are going to take us
0:18:58 > 0:19:01'to a connection between two objects.'
0:19:04 > 0:19:08Now, here is one of your objects.
0:19:08 > 0:19:09Have a good look at it
0:19:09 > 0:19:15because there are clues to the first question in it.
0:19:15 > 0:19:20I've got four questions which are attempting to establish
0:19:20 > 0:19:24a connection with this object here.
0:19:24 > 0:19:29So, why is this machine called Mother?
0:19:29 > 0:19:30It sounds as if it's the first...
0:19:30 > 0:19:34A habit developed quite often in the Army for a piece of equipment,
0:19:34 > 0:19:36if it came first, you gave it a name.
0:19:36 > 0:19:41In tanks later it was Little Willie who then was followed by Mother.
0:19:41 > 0:19:46I wonder if it was the first and possibly one of the larger pieces
0:19:46 > 0:19:49that came onto the actual battlefield.
0:19:49 > 0:19:51Yes, I think this is a howitzer gun,
0:19:51 > 0:19:54which was introduced in 1914 to the Western Front,
0:19:54 > 0:19:57and the idea is that you bomb the trenches from here,
0:19:57 > 0:20:00- so a huge piece of equipment. - Indeed. This was a prototype
0:20:00 > 0:20:03in 1914, so you get your point there.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06Why did this gun here
0:20:06 > 0:20:10have 450 children by the end of the war?
0:20:11 > 0:20:16Is it because there were 450 guns very like it by the end of the war?
0:20:16 > 0:20:18Yes, but why?
0:20:18 > 0:20:20Because they were a necessity
0:20:20 > 0:20:22because of the kind of war being fought,
0:20:22 > 0:20:26a static war, where nobody had assumed that everything would be
0:20:26 > 0:20:30so lodged in these terrible networks of trenches
0:20:30 > 0:20:32and you needed something to go beyond them,
0:20:32 > 0:20:34over into the trenches of the enemy.
0:20:34 > 0:20:37And what was the big achievement of the howitzer then?
0:20:37 > 0:20:40What's very significant is you can see it comes down and up,
0:20:40 > 0:20:42so if you're sending the shell,
0:20:42 > 0:20:44it goes up into the sky, all the way over,
0:20:44 > 0:20:46and then into the trench,
0:20:46 > 0:20:49so it basically lands into the trench on to the enemy
0:20:49 > 0:20:51- and that's why it has a devastating effect.- Absolutely.
0:20:51 > 0:20:55You get one point there. So, let's look at the object here.
0:20:55 > 0:21:00Why do you suppose 20,000 of these needed to be issued to French troops
0:21:00 > 0:21:03in 1915, Kate A?
0:21:03 > 0:21:04Is it a bayonet?
0:21:04 > 0:21:07No, it doesn't fit on the top.
0:21:07 > 0:21:11I think these were possibly hand-to-hand combat knives
0:21:11 > 0:21:13because I know there was a great need for them
0:21:13 > 0:21:16because in the end, when you had bombed a trench,
0:21:16 > 0:21:18you also needed to go in and kill any soldiers
0:21:18 > 0:21:21who were still there and with that, you use a knife like this.
0:21:21 > 0:21:23OK, good. You get your point because, in fact,
0:21:23 > 0:21:26these are simple butcher's knives
0:21:26 > 0:21:29and the French Army didn't have enough of them,
0:21:29 > 0:21:33so they actually got cutlers out of the front line to go back
0:21:33 > 0:21:36to their workshops to make more knives,
0:21:36 > 0:21:39and that was because this was suddenly a war
0:21:39 > 0:21:40of hand-to-hand fighting.
0:21:40 > 0:21:45So, finally, what do these two weapons share?
0:21:45 > 0:21:47What connects them?
0:21:47 > 0:21:49This is trench warfare.
0:21:49 > 0:21:55This is a war fought with no moving cavalry and great advances.
0:21:55 > 0:21:57They're stuck in the mud.
0:21:57 > 0:21:59So these are what they needed for trench warfare.
0:21:59 > 0:22:00You needed big guns like this.
0:22:00 > 0:22:02You needed hand-to-hand combat like this.
0:22:02 > 0:22:05This is the new, brutal way of trench warfare.
0:22:05 > 0:22:09Indeed. Well done. Four points complete there.
0:22:09 > 0:22:10Let's see how the others get on.
0:22:14 > 0:22:17'And the challenge is the same for Lars and Spencer.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20'Four questions to make a connection worth one point each.'
0:22:26 > 0:22:31OK, so here are your two objects.
0:22:31 > 0:22:32Four questions to connect them.
0:22:33 > 0:22:35So, your first question...
0:22:35 > 0:22:39How did this come to be painted and by whom?
0:22:39 > 0:22:44I think this is, surprisingly, by John Singer Sargent,
0:22:44 > 0:22:46the great socialite painter,
0:22:46 > 0:22:49and here he is out in the field of battle doing something
0:22:49 > 0:22:51that you really wouldn't expect to come from him.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54What's the name of the picture, then?
0:22:54 > 0:22:55Oh.
0:22:55 > 0:22:58- Gassed, I think.- Is it Gassed or is it...? It's not The Road To...?
0:22:58 > 0:23:01No, you're completely right. It's Gassed.
0:23:01 > 0:23:03So you get one point for that.
0:23:03 > 0:23:05And your second question...
0:23:05 > 0:23:10How effective was mustard gas as a weapon on the Western Front?
0:23:10 > 0:23:12Well, gas as a whole was not that effective
0:23:12 > 0:23:14by the time mustard gas was introduced,
0:23:14 > 0:23:17but what mustard gas did that was different to earlier gases,
0:23:17 > 0:23:19was it would burn your exposed skin,
0:23:19 > 0:23:22so it was a new horror, in that sense.
0:23:22 > 0:23:24Right, I'll certainly give you a point for that
0:23:24 > 0:23:28because, in fact, mustard gas, after all our horror about it,
0:23:28 > 0:23:31it didn't kill as effectively as howitzers or shrapnel.
0:23:31 > 0:23:34It was a thing which disabled more than it killed.
0:23:34 > 0:23:39What was the impact politically of the message contained
0:23:39 > 0:23:41in this picture?
0:23:41 > 0:23:44From my point of view, I would expect
0:23:44 > 0:23:49that when this came back to England, people would go,
0:23:49 > 0:23:52"Oh, dear. Is that what it's really like?"
0:23:52 > 0:23:56because this is not, in my view, a heroic picture.
0:23:56 > 0:23:58It's a tragic picture.
0:23:58 > 0:24:02And what about the world in general? How did that react politically?
0:24:02 > 0:24:05Well, they were horrified by the use of poison gas in general
0:24:05 > 0:24:07and mustard gas in particular.
0:24:07 > 0:24:10It seemed to be a new industrialised form of murder.
0:24:10 > 0:24:12There was something uniquely horrible about it.
0:24:12 > 0:24:14So, what was the result?
0:24:14 > 0:24:18The result was, in 1925, mustard gas and other forms of chemicals,
0:24:18 > 0:24:21which had already been banned by the Hague Conventions,
0:24:21 > 0:24:23were outlawed completely by the Geneva Conventions.
0:24:23 > 0:24:25OK, well done. You get a point there,
0:24:25 > 0:24:28but how does the story therefore that we see in the picture
0:24:28 > 0:24:31relate to these boots here?
0:24:31 > 0:24:34Well, these boots look to me like a pair of trench waders,
0:24:34 > 0:24:37and I wonder if the connection is that mustard gas
0:24:37 > 0:24:39would sink into water and into the soil
0:24:39 > 0:24:42and so you would need to wear these to protect your feet
0:24:42 > 0:24:45from the lingering corrosive effects of mustard gas.
0:24:45 > 0:24:47That sounds like a good connection to me.
0:24:47 > 0:24:49OK, that's your answer.
0:24:49 > 0:24:50I'm afraid you're completely wrong there.
0:24:50 > 0:24:53In fact, these date from the 1990s
0:24:53 > 0:24:58and they were discovered during the first Iraq War.
0:24:58 > 0:25:02So, it's likely that they were used by Iraqi troops
0:25:02 > 0:25:07during the Iranian-Iraq conflict, in which Saddam Hussein
0:25:07 > 0:25:10did employ mustard gas against his enemies.
0:25:10 > 0:25:15So, I'm going to give you three points for that.
0:25:15 > 0:25:17OK, I think that's fair enough.
0:25:17 > 0:25:21We'd better get back to the desk now and see how these scores add up.
0:25:25 > 0:25:27OK, well, at the end of...
0:25:27 > 0:25:29Well, I have to say, that was a really interesting walkabout
0:25:29 > 0:25:34because you scored three points, rather winningly, over Gassed,
0:25:34 > 0:25:37but Kate and Kate scored four points
0:25:37 > 0:25:40when they were confronted with a howitzer.
0:25:40 > 0:25:43So, we now have totals of...
0:25:43 > 0:25:45Lars and Spencer are there with 13.
0:25:45 > 0:25:49The two Kates are coming up wildly behind with 11,
0:25:49 > 0:25:51and it's all still to play for,
0:25:51 > 0:25:53so fingers on the buzzers for our final quickfire round,
0:25:53 > 0:25:54if we can call it that here.
0:25:54 > 0:25:56First correct answer gets a point.
0:25:56 > 0:25:58Have a look at this picture of the Kaiser.
0:25:58 > 0:26:00What is the scrap of paper referred to in...?
0:26:00 > 0:26:02BUZZER
0:26:02 > 0:26:05This is the 1839 treaty to protect Belgian neutrality.
0:26:05 > 0:26:06And why is it a scrap of paper?
0:26:06 > 0:26:09That's what it was dismissed as by the Germans when they invaded Belgium.
0:26:09 > 0:26:13Right. I'll give you that point. Here's a camera made to record what potential event?
0:26:13 > 0:26:14BUZZER
0:26:14 > 0:26:16- A nuclear bomb.- A bomb.
0:26:16 > 0:26:18A nuclear attack on Britain. Correct.
0:26:18 > 0:26:21This is a picture by Ethel Gabain,
0:26:21 > 0:26:23but what are these women from Islington doing?
0:26:23 > 0:26:25- BUZZER - Are they railway-ing?
0:26:25 > 0:26:27- No.- Sorry!- I'll have to pass it to the other side.
0:26:27 > 0:26:30We think they're Land Army girls making sandbags.
0:26:30 > 0:26:33They're not Land Army girls. They're wearing Islington Council uniform
0:26:33 > 0:26:35- but they are filling sandbags. - Oh, I'm sorry.
0:26:35 > 0:26:37This British dress was designed using which principle?
0:26:37 > 0:26:40- BUZZER Kate?- This is standard dress.
0:26:40 > 0:26:42Not standard.
0:26:42 > 0:26:44- There's another word for it. - Rational dress!
0:26:44 > 0:26:47Not rational dress. I'm going to have to ask you to hand it over
0:26:47 > 0:26:49- to the other side.- Utility.
0:26:49 > 0:26:51Utility. I'm afraid the other side get it.
0:26:51 > 0:26:53What was this used for? BUZZER
0:26:53 > 0:26:55This is a diving bell to repair...
0:26:55 > 0:26:57- No.- It is a bomb shelter.
0:26:57 > 0:27:00- It's a bomb shelter.- The whole family can get in.- It's a warden's shelter.
0:27:00 > 0:27:02OK, this picture shows a desolate landscape
0:27:02 > 0:27:05produced by the fighting in...? BUZZER
0:27:05 > 0:27:06You were first, Lars.
0:27:06 > 0:27:07- This is Nash.- Which Nash?
0:27:07 > 0:27:09Paul Nash.
0:27:09 > 0:27:11OK, you get it. Who wore this headdress?
0:27:11 > 0:27:13- BUZZER - Lawrence of Arabia.
0:27:13 > 0:27:15- Not Lawrence of Arabia.- No! - Omar Sharif.
0:27:15 > 0:27:16Not Omar Sharif, no.
0:27:16 > 0:27:20In fact, it's a member of the Long Range Desert Group in World War II.
0:27:20 > 0:27:21THEY LAUGH
0:27:21 > 0:27:24Why did this boat never see water? BUZZER
0:27:24 > 0:27:26It's for going across ice, not water.
0:27:26 > 0:27:28Indeed, it's a snow boat and it was used by the Nazis
0:27:28 > 0:27:29on the Eastern Front.
0:27:29 > 0:27:34This engine powered Hurricanes, Spitfires, Lancasters during World War II. What was it called?
0:27:34 > 0:27:35- BUZZER - Merlin Rolls-Royce.
0:27:35 > 0:27:36It's called a Merlin.
0:27:36 > 0:27:40This was used for target practice in World War II Britain. What is it?
0:27:40 > 0:27:41BUZZER Kate?
0:27:41 > 0:27:42A Nazi mouse.
0:27:42 > 0:27:44- Not a Nazi mouse.- A squander bug.
0:27:44 > 0:27:47- A squander bug!- Wow!- Well done, Kate. - Very good.
0:27:47 > 0:27:48ALL-CLEAR SIREN BLARES
0:27:48 > 0:27:50Well, that's it, I'm afraid. That's it.
0:27:50 > 0:27:53The sound of the all clear means it's time for our teams
0:27:53 > 0:27:57to cease hostilities. So, who is going to emerge victorious
0:27:57 > 0:28:01as the buzzers fall silent after a very close contest?
0:28:01 > 0:28:05And I can tell you that Kate and Kate
0:28:05 > 0:28:09did masterfully well with 14 points,
0:28:09 > 0:28:12but you were pipped at the last minute, as it were,
0:28:12 > 0:28:17by Lars and Spencer, who got 19 points,
0:28:17 > 0:28:19so many congratulations.
0:28:19 > 0:28:20A 21-gun salute for them.
0:28:20 > 0:28:2321 days spud-bashing for our losers.
0:28:23 > 0:28:26We must leave the Imperial War Museum now.
0:28:26 > 0:28:29In 1940, after Dunkirk, the country was so short of weapons
0:28:29 > 0:28:32that 18 of the museum's artillery pieces
0:28:32 > 0:28:34were brushed down and put back to work,
0:28:34 > 0:28:37and now we must do the same with our contestants.
0:28:37 > 0:28:39THEY LAUGH Goodnight.