0:00:05 > 0:00:08Highlighting the skill, the ingenuity and the invention
0:00:08 > 0:00:10that created the Industrial Revolution
0:00:10 > 0:00:13and fired up the white heat of technical innovation
0:00:13 > 0:00:15across the north of England,
0:00:15 > 0:00:19this is the Museum of Science and Industry
0:00:19 > 0:00:20in Manchester.
0:00:20 > 0:00:22And today, it's host to The Quizeum.
0:00:34 > 0:00:37Welcome and this is an utter treat
0:00:37 > 0:00:40because we are sitting here in the Textiles Gallery
0:00:40 > 0:00:45amongst some hugely inspiring scientific and industrial clutter.
0:00:45 > 0:00:48We've got four rounds to ask questions about the contents,
0:00:48 > 0:00:50ranging from machines to models,
0:00:50 > 0:00:53from tools to madcap devices.
0:00:53 > 0:00:56And gagging to get amongst them
0:00:56 > 0:01:00and show us how they work are our two teams.
0:01:00 > 0:01:05On my right, from that other great industrial town - Oxford -
0:01:05 > 0:01:09art historian Dr Nina Ramirez.
0:01:09 > 0:01:10Joining her, we welcome back
0:01:10 > 0:01:13Professor of the Public Understanding of Science,
0:01:13 > 0:01:16also from Oxford, Marcus du Sautoy.
0:01:16 > 0:01:20But ranged against that august university,
0:01:20 > 0:01:23we have our opposing elements led by Professor Kate Williams
0:01:23 > 0:01:26and her partner today, physicist, writer
0:01:26 > 0:01:29and presenter Dr Helen Czerski.
0:01:29 > 0:01:33So, Nina, how are you feeling about the coming battle today?
0:01:33 > 0:01:36Pretty nervous about the idea of an art historian
0:01:36 > 0:01:38pitting her wits against all of science and industry.
0:01:38 > 0:01:40LAUGHTER You have Marcus here!
0:01:40 > 0:01:43I'm the Professor for the Public Understanding of Science,
0:01:43 > 0:01:45- so I know the whole of science. - The whole of science!
0:01:45 > 0:01:48- So, the pressure is on me. Don't worry.- Good, good.
0:01:48 > 0:01:50Helen, what I love about this place and is interesting about it
0:01:50 > 0:01:53is we have science and industry.
0:01:53 > 0:01:54Which comes first?
0:01:54 > 0:01:57You know, is it the industry that says, "We need science to help us?"
0:01:57 > 0:01:59Or is it science going, "We've got this idea,
0:01:59 > 0:02:01- "how can you make a use of it?" - It's a little bit of both.
0:02:01 > 0:02:03That's the best thing about all this is that you...
0:02:03 > 0:02:06Some of it is accidental and people just found the thing
0:02:06 > 0:02:08and some of it is people really, really wanting something
0:02:08 > 0:02:11and trying hard until they've made it. So, we are in both.
0:02:11 > 0:02:14I like the idea that as you go around, you think,
0:02:14 > 0:02:18"Gracious, what a lot of mental effort went into some..."
0:02:18 > 0:02:20I mean industry... No, seriously.
0:02:20 > 0:02:24Industrial terms, we don't quite realise until you get amongst
0:02:24 > 0:02:28these things how complicated they were to think up and then to make.
0:02:28 > 0:02:31Anyway, we are going on into our first round.
0:02:31 > 0:02:33I'm going to ask an open question worth one point.
0:02:33 > 0:02:36The first right answer gets a more intriguing question
0:02:36 > 0:02:39worth a more intriguing two points.
0:02:39 > 0:02:43So, off we go into the museum to encounter this here.
0:02:43 > 0:02:48So, which manufacturer produced this vehicle in Hulme, Manchester?
0:02:48 > 0:02:50BELL RINGS
0:02:50 > 0:02:52- It's Rolls-Royce.- Ford. - It's Rolls-Royce.
0:02:52 > 0:02:56Kate and Helen, point to you. You get the specialist question.
0:02:56 > 0:02:58Have a look at this coming in now.
0:02:59 > 0:03:02So, your question here is -
0:03:02 > 0:03:08why was driving this chisel into this 10,000-volt cable no accident?
0:03:09 > 0:03:13- LAUGHS:- Sounds like a dangerous thing to do if it was an electrical cable.
0:03:13 > 0:03:15But it was no accident, so it must have created...
0:03:15 > 0:03:17It must have been...
0:03:17 > 0:03:21It has something to do with creating a piston or a car or engine.
0:03:21 > 0:03:24Would it send a telegraph signal? No. I don't know.
0:03:24 > 0:03:27- So, should we guess something? - Go on.- Go on, you guess.
0:03:27 > 0:03:30- HELEN LAUGHS - Is it a telegram or creating an engine?
0:03:30 > 0:03:32- It's more likely to be a telegram. - OK, telegram.
0:03:32 > 0:03:34We are going for telegram.
0:03:34 > 0:03:37So, it made a message which it sent to somebody in the form of
0:03:37 > 0:03:39- a sort of telegram - "Listen to this."- Yeah.- Yes.
0:03:39 > 0:03:42That's not correct. I'm going to pass it over here.
0:03:42 > 0:03:44There is a chisel
0:03:44 > 0:03:49and next to the chisel is a very large,
0:03:49 > 0:03:52tough-looking electrical cable.
0:03:52 > 0:03:55Now, listen carefully to the question.
0:03:55 > 0:04:03Why was driving this chisel into this 10,000-volt cable no accident?
0:04:04 > 0:04:07- So it's done on purpose. - Was it creating a spark?
0:04:07 > 0:04:09Is it an early form of spark plug?
0:04:09 > 0:04:12It wasn't an early form of spark plug. No!
0:04:12 > 0:04:13It's no accident,
0:04:13 > 0:04:18so it was...it was done on purpose to break the flow,
0:04:18 > 0:04:22the electrical current, presumably for safety reasons, but I don't...
0:04:22 > 0:04:25When you mean for safety reasons, how do you mean?
0:04:25 > 0:04:27Cos you're very close to it now.
0:04:28 > 0:04:30- HE SCOFFS - Um...
0:04:32 > 0:04:34- You've certainly got one point.- OK. - Yes.
0:04:34 > 0:04:39- Safety reasons, so maybe the current was too great.- Almost there.
0:04:39 > 0:04:45It was driven in to break the current for safety purposes...
0:04:45 > 0:04:48- Yes!- ..but it wasn't because there was an accident about to happen
0:04:48 > 0:04:50if it didn't happen.
0:04:50 > 0:04:51But slightly the opposite.
0:04:51 > 0:04:53- It was a demonstration.- Oh!
0:04:53 > 0:04:57It was a safety test made in 1889.
0:04:57 > 0:05:00On the new power line from Deptford to London,
0:05:00 > 0:05:04this very chisel was driven into this very cable,
0:05:04 > 0:05:07which was very live with 10,000 volts.
0:05:07 > 0:05:09It activated the main fuse and cut off the supply,
0:05:09 > 0:05:12so the system was shown to be safe.
0:05:12 > 0:05:16The engineer in charge was Sebastian Ferranti from Liverpool.
0:05:16 > 0:05:20And he was just 23 at the time.
0:05:20 > 0:05:23He was the original bright spark.
0:05:23 > 0:05:26And luckily, he didn't have to spend half an hour in the cupboard
0:05:26 > 0:05:29under the stairs trying to work out which fuse had gone.
0:05:29 > 0:05:30LAUGHTER
0:05:30 > 0:05:34- I think safely and fairly I can give you one point for that.- Well done.
0:05:34 > 0:05:37I can't give you both points cos we missed the essential idea
0:05:37 > 0:05:39that it was a demonstration.
0:05:39 > 0:05:41Now, have a look at this.
0:05:41 > 0:05:43Built into the fabric of the museum,
0:05:43 > 0:05:45this is the oldest surviving passenger railway station
0:05:45 > 0:05:48in the world. But what was the name of the locomotive
0:05:48 > 0:05:50that won the competition...? BELL RINGS
0:05:50 > 0:05:52- Rocket.- Planet.- The Rocket... - Shh!- No, no!
0:05:52 > 0:05:55- Rocket! Rocket.- OK, she said it first. Sorry.
0:05:55 > 0:05:57Marcus! Yes, you are correct, Nina.
0:05:57 > 0:06:00So, just by the skin of your teeth you managed to get in
0:06:00 > 0:06:04before Marcus came in with an inoperative name.
0:06:04 > 0:06:07OK, yes, George and Robert Stephenson's Rocket,
0:06:07 > 0:06:09the only locomotive to complete the trials
0:06:09 > 0:06:12winning first prize of £500.
0:06:12 > 0:06:14So, let's have a look at this.
0:06:14 > 0:06:16This is a clock.
0:06:16 > 0:06:18It's your two-pointer.
0:06:18 > 0:06:22Installed in a mill in 1810.
0:06:22 > 0:06:27But how did this clock two-time the workers?
0:06:27 > 0:06:29Two-time the workers.
0:06:29 > 0:06:32Yeah, I think...I think I've... I think it's something to do with
0:06:32 > 0:06:34the water that was running... It's a mill, isn't it?
0:06:34 > 0:06:37- It's in a mill, is that right? - It is in a mill, yes.
0:06:37 > 0:06:40And I think it was something to do with if there wasn't...
0:06:40 > 0:06:42If the water wasn't flowing fast enough,
0:06:42 > 0:06:45then the machinery wouldn't work fast enough,
0:06:45 > 0:06:47so the workers had to make up the time.
0:06:47 > 0:06:50So, although they were looking at the clock above to say,
0:06:50 > 0:06:52"Oh, I'm clocking off in five minutes."
0:06:52 > 0:06:55In fact, they were having time added on for extra
0:06:55 > 0:06:57work that they had to do at the end of the day. Is that right?
0:06:57 > 0:07:00If that's not right, it deserves to be
0:07:00 > 0:07:01cos it's such a brilliant answer.
0:07:01 > 0:07:05- That's two points. You're completely right.- Yay!- That's fantastic!
0:07:05 > 0:07:08Perhaps if it had really flooded and production time was flying by,
0:07:08 > 0:07:10maybe everybody got the afternoon off.
0:07:10 > 0:07:13- LAUGHS:- No.
0:07:13 > 0:07:15No, I don't think so either.
0:07:15 > 0:07:19Anyway, that's two points to you. Fingers back on your buzzers.
0:07:19 > 0:07:20This is another opener, so for one point.
0:07:20 > 0:07:24This triplane was the basis of the first company exclusively set up
0:07:24 > 0:07:27to produce aeroplanes in Britain. What was it called?
0:07:28 > 0:07:30BELL RINGS
0:07:30 > 0:07:31Arvos, is it?
0:07:31 > 0:07:34That's the... One of them, yeah. Go for that.
0:07:34 > 0:07:35What's your answer?
0:07:35 > 0:07:37- Arvos.- Arvos?- Arvos.
0:07:37 > 0:07:42No, it's not Arvos. I'm going to pass it over here.
0:07:42 > 0:07:43- Av...- Arvo?
0:07:43 > 0:07:45- It's Avro. ALL:- Avro!
0:07:45 > 0:07:47So, neither of you got the special question.
0:07:47 > 0:07:54So, which bomber made by Avro first saw active service in 1942?
0:07:54 > 0:07:56- BELL RINGS - Lancaster.
0:07:56 > 0:07:59The Lancaster, the Avro Lancaster.
0:07:59 > 0:08:02So, you get a two-point special question.
0:08:04 > 0:08:06So, Nina and Marcus...
0:08:06 > 0:08:07Oh!
0:08:07 > 0:08:08Have a look at this.
0:08:10 > 0:08:12Here is your question.
0:08:12 > 0:08:16How did a brewer bring up a hot issue with this?
0:08:17 > 0:08:21Right. How did a brewer bring up a hot issue?
0:08:21 > 0:08:24- OK, so this is Joule.- Ah!
0:08:24 > 0:08:27Joule was a brewer and measured energy.
0:08:27 > 0:08:30- You are on exactly the right track. - He used precision instruments.
0:08:30 > 0:08:33- You've got your point for Joule. He was a brewer.- Yeah.
0:08:33 > 0:08:37So, the other part of the question, had a hot issue with this piece.
0:08:37 > 0:08:39Oh, I know! No, it's about agitation.
0:08:39 > 0:08:42So, this is agitating thing...is to show that heat is actually movement.
0:08:42 > 0:08:45- That's it! Movement.- And so by moving the thing, it heated up.
0:08:45 > 0:08:50So, this is actually moving the molecules inside the liquid
0:08:50 > 0:08:52and by showing that that was heating up,
0:08:52 > 0:08:54he demonstrated that kinetic energy, movement
0:08:54 > 0:08:57being put into this thing translated into heat.
0:08:57 > 0:09:01That sounds good enough for me. I'm going to give you the two points.
0:09:01 > 0:09:05It was only a few years later the first law of thermodynamics
0:09:05 > 0:09:08effectively was promulgated, as it were.
0:09:08 > 0:09:10Although he had already said
0:09:10 > 0:09:15that what his experiments were proving was that it was not possible
0:09:15 > 0:09:18- to dissipate energy. - But this is really important
0:09:18 > 0:09:21because it changed what people thought about energy.
0:09:21 > 0:09:24It was still argued about, but he showed the nature of energy
0:09:24 > 0:09:27for the first time. That was what was important about this apparatus.
0:09:27 > 0:09:30My favourite story about him is that he was
0:09:30 > 0:09:33so fascinated by heat that when he went on honeymoon
0:09:33 > 0:09:35to the waterfalls in Switzerland,
0:09:35 > 0:09:38decided he had to go and measure the heat of the waterfall
0:09:38 > 0:09:40- while on honeymoon. - Romantic(!)
0:09:40 > 0:09:42- HELEN:- Dedication to the cause, I think you'd agree.
0:09:42 > 0:09:45So, fingers on your buzzers, another opener worth one point.
0:09:45 > 0:09:47Have a look at this.
0:09:47 > 0:09:50This lifting machine was powered by a horse walking in a circle,
0:09:50 > 0:09:51but in the late 18th century,
0:09:51 > 0:09:55who developed the concept of horsepower as a unit of measurement?
0:09:55 > 0:10:00- BELL RINGS - Well, I think with Newcomen's...
0:10:00 > 0:10:03engine, that was about replicating the energy of a horse
0:10:03 > 0:10:07by up to six to ten, so I'd make a guess it's him,
0:10:07 > 0:10:08but I'm probably wrong.
0:10:08 > 0:10:11Newcomen. No, I'm afraid not. Do you want to pick this up?
0:10:11 > 0:10:14- Is it Watt?- It was Watt. Yes!
0:10:14 > 0:10:17Congratulations. Well done.
0:10:17 > 0:10:20That's one point, but also the specialist question.
0:10:20 > 0:10:25So, can you tell me why might a real one of these
0:10:25 > 0:10:28be unwelcome here in two ways?
0:10:32 > 0:10:37Well, it's got pipes running through it, which are closed at this end.
0:10:38 > 0:10:40So, it could be for heating or cooling.
0:10:40 > 0:10:43Is it something to do with the cotton and the fact that
0:10:43 > 0:10:47if it was too...humid... If it wasn't humid enough, cotton...
0:10:47 > 0:10:50- You needed a humid environment... - If it hasn't got the right
0:10:50 > 0:10:51conditions... Yes.
0:10:51 > 0:10:56As we are in the cotton mill producing area,
0:10:56 > 0:10:59too much heat would mean that the cotton wasn't properly produced
0:10:59 > 0:11:03cos it would get greasy and the machines would fail.
0:11:03 > 0:11:04No.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06No, I'm afraid, but I'm going to hand it over
0:11:06 > 0:11:08because you haven't got close with that.
0:11:08 > 0:11:11Would you like to guess what this object is?
0:11:11 > 0:11:13I think it's from a nuclear power station.
0:11:13 > 0:11:16I think it might be a nuclear fuel rod or something.
0:11:16 > 0:11:17- I think you might be right.- Yes.
0:11:17 > 0:11:19And I'm going to give you the point,
0:11:19 > 0:11:23but why but why would it be doubly unwelcome here?
0:11:23 > 0:11:25- In Manchester?- In Manchester?
0:11:25 > 0:11:27I don't know. I was going to say a coal using area,
0:11:27 > 0:11:30but no, I don't know. Why would nuclear power be unwelcome?
0:11:30 > 0:11:33The council here declared this a nuclear-free zone.
0:11:33 > 0:11:39You get the extra point. That's exactly what they did in 1980.
0:11:39 > 0:11:40This is a dummy.
0:11:40 > 0:11:45It's an advanced gas-cooled reactor fuel element from around 1975.
0:11:45 > 0:11:50At least I was told it was a dummy. LAUGHTER
0:11:50 > 0:11:53A real fuel rod would also be unwelcome here in Manchester
0:11:53 > 0:11:58because in 1980, the city council declared it a nuclear-free zone.
0:11:58 > 0:12:01Though these days, they also advertise it as the birthplace
0:12:01 > 0:12:04- of nuclear physics...- Exactly! - LAUGHTER
0:12:04 > 0:12:07..where Ernest Rutherford first split the atom.
0:12:07 > 0:12:11That's called having your yellow cake and eating it.
0:12:11 > 0:12:14LAUGHTER So, at the end of the round,
0:12:14 > 0:12:16it's time to look at the scores.
0:12:16 > 0:12:18And Helen and Kate, I thought you...
0:12:18 > 0:12:21You appeared to know everything there...
0:12:21 > 0:12:24- But...- ..but you only scored two points.
0:12:24 > 0:12:27- Can do better.- Nina and Marcus, who claimed ignorance
0:12:27 > 0:12:31- of all things scientific, have scored nine points!- Nine!
0:12:31 > 0:12:34But it can all change as we move into the next round.
0:12:34 > 0:12:36We are going to bring an object to the table,
0:12:36 > 0:12:38both members of one team will give an account of it,
0:12:38 > 0:12:40but only one of those is actually true
0:12:40 > 0:12:41and the other team has to guess which
0:12:41 > 0:12:44and will earn three points for doing so.
0:12:44 > 0:12:47It is time for a Question Of Attribution.
0:12:47 > 0:12:49So, Nina and Marcus, you go first.
0:12:52 > 0:12:57What does this purport to be
0:12:57 > 0:12:58and who is going to start?
0:12:58 > 0:13:02I'm going to tell you all about this contraption.
0:13:02 > 0:13:05It's, in fact, a canary resuscitator.
0:13:05 > 0:13:07So, you might know that down the mines,
0:13:07 > 0:13:09people had to take canaries down
0:13:09 > 0:13:14to check that the carbon monoxide level wasn't getting too high.
0:13:14 > 0:13:17But of course, people got a bit upset at these canaries all dying.
0:13:17 > 0:13:20So, this was when they spotted the canary keeling over,
0:13:20 > 0:13:22they would take the canary out, pop it in here,
0:13:22 > 0:13:26shoot it with a load of oxygen and resuscitate the canary.
0:13:26 > 0:13:28- Nina, you have a different story. - I do.
0:13:28 > 0:13:32OK, so, this was used for understanding
0:13:32 > 0:13:35the levels of nitrogen balance
0:13:35 > 0:13:37with the Haber-Bosch process
0:13:37 > 0:13:39to make chemical fertilisers.
0:13:39 > 0:13:41You'd put nitrogen into the gas...
0:13:41 > 0:13:44or levels of nitrogen in the gas and check the levels of nitrogen
0:13:44 > 0:13:48that would be then absorbed by the plants.
0:13:48 > 0:13:50THEY LAUGH
0:13:50 > 0:13:55So, it's either a sort of plant reviver
0:13:55 > 0:13:59or a canary's iron lung.
0:13:59 > 0:14:03I have to say that the canary is very funny,
0:14:03 > 0:14:06- but I don't believe at all.- Oh!
0:14:06 > 0:14:08The Haber-Bosch process was very important for producing
0:14:08 > 0:14:10fertiliser and I could well believe that this...
0:14:10 > 0:14:12- Could this work for that? - ..is some gas apparatus.
0:14:12 > 0:14:15- I don't think they cared about the canary.- I don't think they cared
0:14:15 > 0:14:18- about the canary either. - Yes, I think they just thought,
0:14:18 > 0:14:20"Well that's the science. He's a sacrifice to science."
0:14:20 > 0:14:23I think that no-one would have bothered to take one down...
0:14:23 > 0:14:25- It's got a perch.- Yeah, and they even put a perch in there.
0:14:25 > 0:14:30- You know, a little mirror for it to play with.- Yeah!- Something to eat.
0:14:30 > 0:14:32So, Helen and Kate, what is your decision?
0:14:32 > 0:14:34I think it's the Haber-Bosch process
0:14:34 > 0:14:36and something to do with measuring ammonia.
0:14:36 > 0:14:39So, Nina, is it for measuring ammonia?
0:14:39 > 0:14:42- I was lying!- It's for canaries!- Oh!
0:14:43 > 0:14:47What an amazing object to be able to bring to the table -
0:14:47 > 0:14:49a canary resuscitator.
0:14:49 > 0:14:54Kate and Helen, we can go on now to your object and see
0:14:54 > 0:14:56if you can similarly bamboozle this lot over here.
0:14:56 > 0:14:57(Haber-Bosch - inspired.)
0:14:59 > 0:15:03- So, off you go. Who is going to start?- I'm going to start.- Kate.
0:15:03 > 0:15:07This is from about 1920
0:15:07 > 0:15:11and this is a cork maker,
0:15:11 > 0:15:13particularly for Vimto,
0:15:13 > 0:15:17which, as we all know, was created in Manchester.
0:15:17 > 0:15:18And it was very popular
0:15:18 > 0:15:20because in the First World War,
0:15:20 > 0:15:23drink, Lloyd George said, was our greatest enemy
0:15:23 > 0:15:25along with the Austrians and Germans
0:15:25 > 0:15:27and he tried to stop us all drinking.
0:15:27 > 0:15:31But also there was an upsurge of soft drinks like Vimto
0:15:31 > 0:15:34and this is the way you make a cork for your Vimto
0:15:34 > 0:15:36or for similar drinks.
0:15:36 > 0:15:40You put some cork in at the top and you squash it
0:15:40 > 0:15:42and a lovely cork comes out of the end.
0:15:42 > 0:15:45OK, we are going to go onto another version
0:15:45 > 0:15:47of what this might be from Helen. Helen, what is this now?
0:15:47 > 0:15:49It's no such thing. It's much older than that.
0:15:49 > 0:15:52It's from about 1850 and there's lots of canals around here.
0:15:52 > 0:15:56And this is actually one of a pair of devices that were owned by
0:15:56 > 0:16:00the lock keepers and various other people who were managing the canal.
0:16:00 > 0:16:04So, when you stretch rope, if it gets wet, it stretches more.
0:16:04 > 0:16:07And what you would do is get your rope wet
0:16:07 > 0:16:09and you would stretch it between those two things.
0:16:09 > 0:16:11You would wrap it around and pull the lever down
0:16:11 > 0:16:15and then you have a very tight, well-stretched rope.
0:16:15 > 0:16:18So, this is kept around in order to help with boat maintenance.
0:16:18 > 0:16:23So, it's a bit of a stretch
0:16:23 > 0:16:25or a total corker.
0:16:25 > 0:16:27You have to make your choice, I'm afraid.
0:16:29 > 0:16:32I like the rope because something thick here would be pushed through,
0:16:32 > 0:16:34as you see it's getting narrower as it goes through.
0:16:34 > 0:16:37- So, it would be pushed out. So, my feeling...- Yeah, I like it.
0:16:37 > 0:16:40- I think it looks a little older. I think it looks...- '50. 1850.
0:16:40 > 0:16:42More 19th-century.
0:16:42 > 0:16:45To me, it makes sense that this would do what Helen was describing
0:16:45 > 0:16:46purely because, as you say,
0:16:46 > 0:16:49it does seem to be like you could pull a rope through there.
0:16:49 > 0:16:51- But both good.- OK, so what are you going for?- Ropes.
0:16:51 > 0:16:54We're going for the ropes. Rope stretcher. Helen, is that true?
0:16:54 > 0:16:57- I was not telling the truth.- Yay! - APPLAUSE
0:16:57 > 0:17:00- Well done. That was really convincing.- Amazing.
0:17:00 > 0:17:02It is, in fact, a cork presser.
0:17:02 > 0:17:04It made corks for Vimto bottles in Manchester.
0:17:04 > 0:17:07Well, there we are. You two, you were fooled as well, I'm afraid.
0:17:07 > 0:17:09So, you didn't get any points either.
0:17:09 > 0:17:12Which means that at the end of that round of
0:17:12 > 0:17:15HUGELY entertaining fantasy,
0:17:15 > 0:17:18we've ended up with Nina and Marcus still with nine points
0:17:18 > 0:17:20and Helen and Kate still with two points.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23So, it is time to go exploring.
0:17:23 > 0:17:27I'm taking each team on a guided tour of this museum
0:17:27 > 0:17:30and putting their clogs on first are Nina and Marcus.
0:17:30 > 0:17:34The team will look at two objects, they'll have three questions
0:17:34 > 0:17:38worth one point each in order to make a connection between them.
0:17:38 > 0:17:42Here are the two objects and I have three questions beginning with this.
0:17:42 > 0:17:43Now, this is a Jacquard loom,
0:17:43 > 0:17:46I know you are hoping to tell me it's a Jacquard loom,
0:17:46 > 0:17:52but why might it not be correct to call it a Jacquard loom?
0:17:52 > 0:17:54It looks like a Jacquard loom. I mean, the thing...
0:17:54 > 0:17:57The only...about the only thing I know about a Jacquard loom
0:17:57 > 0:17:59is that these cards go around and it tells
0:17:59 > 0:18:02the loom, the various parts, what do,
0:18:02 > 0:18:04but how is it not a Jacquard loom?
0:18:04 > 0:18:06You've got the threads coming through
0:18:06 > 0:18:09- and the...whatever the thing is called here...- Shuttle.
0:18:09 > 0:18:13Shuttle! Very good. I can't see a shuttle, though.
0:18:13 > 0:18:19There are pins coming through which see whether there is a hole or not.
0:18:19 > 0:18:20Well, I suppose...
0:18:20 > 0:18:23I mean, the way it works is it reads the punch holes at the top here,
0:18:23 > 0:18:25so you've got a kind of reader
0:18:25 > 0:18:27and that was Jacquard's great breakthrough.
0:18:27 > 0:18:29So, maybe the loom isn't Jacquard's,
0:18:29 > 0:18:32it's the reader that's Jacquard's.
0:18:32 > 0:18:35So, in fact, the loom... You know you can just put it on top of any
0:18:35 > 0:18:37- old loom.- You are quite correct. Well done.
0:18:37 > 0:18:39I'm going to give you a point for that.
0:18:39 > 0:18:41Do you know any more about Jacquard?
0:18:41 > 0:18:43Well, no. Presumably, he is French.
0:18:43 > 0:18:46French. I'm not going to give you a point for that,
0:18:46 > 0:18:49- but that's quite a good guess. - Early 19th century.
0:18:49 > 0:18:54Well, in fact, late 18th century on into the very early 19 century.
0:18:54 > 0:18:57So, let's move on to the other object here.
0:18:57 > 0:19:04Marcus, why were 550 of these needed to make a little one?
0:19:04 > 0:19:08Well, I think this is possibly part of one of the very first
0:19:08 > 0:19:11computers that were developed here in Manchester.
0:19:11 > 0:19:14And the special thing about this computer was that it
0:19:14 > 0:19:18stored things in memory as it was processing.
0:19:18 > 0:19:20I think maybe these valves are
0:19:20 > 0:19:22- what were being used to do the processing.- OK, so these...
0:19:22 > 0:19:24And the "little one" is
0:19:24 > 0:19:26because the first computer was called Baby, isn't it?
0:19:26 > 0:19:30It was called Baby. And these were the valves.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34And they had 550 of these valves.
0:19:34 > 0:19:36Have you any idea why it was called Baby?
0:19:37 > 0:19:39- No.- Probably because it was ginormous.- Yeah!
0:19:39 > 0:19:43It wasn't just irony. They had had a much, much bigger one.
0:19:43 > 0:19:45Oh, right, so this was the baby.
0:19:45 > 0:19:47And when they made this machine,
0:19:47 > 0:19:50they called it the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine
0:19:50 > 0:19:53and they nicknamed it Baby.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57But even at that size, it weighed an Imperial ton.
0:19:57 > 0:19:58Not really a baby, then.
0:20:00 > 0:20:04Hence my ironic question. So, that's it. I will give you a point for that.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06- So, your final question...- Big baby.
0:20:06 > 0:20:09How are these two objects connected?
0:20:09 > 0:20:11And you are almost there, I know.
0:20:11 > 0:20:13It's to do with storage of data and information,
0:20:13 > 0:20:15- repeating cycles of... - Not quite storage.
0:20:15 > 0:20:17It's more about the programming.
0:20:17 > 0:20:19So, we are going to say the Jacquard loom in some sense was
0:20:19 > 0:20:21the inspiration for the first program
0:20:21 > 0:20:25and here we see the computer, which was running prograes to do
0:20:25 > 0:20:26calculations about numbers.
0:20:26 > 0:20:29Essentially, in June 1948 here in Manchester,
0:20:29 > 0:20:33they made the first programmable computer.
0:20:33 > 0:20:37Baby had all the elements of a modern computer
0:20:37 > 0:20:40except the capacity to leave it on a train.
0:20:40 > 0:20:42And you got your three points,
0:20:42 > 0:20:44so it's time to go and see how the others get on.
0:20:46 > 0:20:48The task is the same -
0:20:48 > 0:20:51to connect two objects by way of three questions.
0:20:55 > 0:20:59Right. Now, here are our two precious...three objects, in fact.
0:20:59 > 0:21:01Although, this is one and this the other.
0:21:01 > 0:21:03So, Kate, here is your first question.
0:21:03 > 0:21:05What discovery came from this sticky tape and this rock?
0:21:05 > 0:21:07Erm...
0:21:08 > 0:21:11Erm, sort of plastic?
0:21:11 > 0:21:14- Not plastic, no.- Oh.
0:21:14 > 0:21:16Helen, save us.
0:21:16 > 0:21:20- Is a graphene?- Oh.- It is graphene, yes. Explain a bit more.
0:21:20 > 0:21:23Graphene is very, very thin sheets of carbon,
0:21:23 > 0:21:26so it's one-atom thick, carbon atoms, arranged in a lattice
0:21:26 > 0:21:29and it's basically the thinnest material you can make.
0:21:29 > 0:21:32And the reason I think it is related to the sticky tape is that
0:21:32 > 0:21:34if you stick sticky tape on something made of lots of carbon
0:21:34 > 0:21:38and peel it back, you bring back these very thin sheets.
0:21:38 > 0:21:39But it's this fantastic material.
0:21:39 > 0:21:41It conducts electricity very well.
0:21:41 > 0:21:43It's very, very strong and then it turns out,
0:21:43 > 0:21:44it's not just flat sheets.
0:21:44 > 0:21:47You get little tubes and balls and all these funny shapes.
0:21:47 > 0:21:49And carbon was doing all this thing and, like, one of the most common
0:21:49 > 0:21:52atoms in the world and it's doing all this cool stuff
0:21:52 > 0:21:53we didn't know about.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56Because it's so thin we think it's really going to be
0:21:56 > 0:21:59transformative in the sense that it is this amazing conductor.
0:21:59 > 0:22:01So, it's going to be really good in computer chips
0:22:01 > 0:22:03and also in materials.
0:22:03 > 0:22:05So, a lot of people really think this is the future.
0:22:05 > 0:22:06Well, there we are.
0:22:06 > 0:22:09It's all coming from that little rock and that bit of sticky tape.
0:22:09 > 0:22:11And I'll give you one point for that.
0:22:11 > 0:22:13Here's your second question, then.
0:22:13 > 0:22:19Why do you think people born to the purple were drawn to this bottle?
0:22:19 > 0:22:24Oh. So, purple might be to do with dyes, aniline dyes.
0:22:24 > 0:22:26I do know that mauve was the first aniline dye,
0:22:26 > 0:22:27the first synthetic dye
0:22:27 > 0:22:30because before that all pigments had come from nature.
0:22:30 > 0:22:32You had to go to a plant or a rock or something that already had
0:22:32 > 0:22:35that colour in it and then someone worked out how to make mauve
0:22:35 > 0:22:37and it became fantastically popular.
0:22:37 > 0:22:39So, I think it might be something to do with that.
0:22:39 > 0:22:41If you were born to the purple,
0:22:41 > 0:22:43what does that mean, "born to the purple"?
0:22:43 > 0:22:46I think "born to the purple" relates to the fact that royals always
0:22:46 > 0:22:49wore purple, that it was always seen as a royal colour,
0:22:49 > 0:22:52an imperial colour because it was so incredibly expensive.
0:22:52 > 0:22:57But this was also then taken up by royalty, mauve was.
0:22:57 > 0:22:59Queen Victoria was very fond of mauve
0:22:59 > 0:23:01and it also became a Victorian mourning colour.
0:23:01 > 0:23:04You would have to wear a mauve dress between your movement
0:23:04 > 0:23:06from black to normal clothes again.
0:23:06 > 0:23:08And so, that's why mauve was a bestseller for the Victorians
0:23:08 > 0:23:12because they loved death and they loved mourning.
0:23:12 > 0:23:15Quite right. Queen Victoria took up mauve, in particular.
0:23:15 > 0:23:20The first real synthetic chemical dye
0:23:20 > 0:23:24as created by William Henry Perkin in 1856.
0:23:24 > 0:23:27- So, you've got two of your three points.- Two points.
0:23:27 > 0:23:30For your third point,
0:23:30 > 0:23:34what is the connection between the bottle and what's in it
0:23:34 > 0:23:37and the sticky tape and the rock?
0:23:37 > 0:23:40Is it something to do with organic chemistry? Cos they are both...
0:23:40 > 0:23:42You know, this has a base made of carbon atoms
0:23:42 > 0:23:44and that's made of carbon.
0:23:44 > 0:23:46It's not to do with organic chemistry.
0:23:46 > 0:23:50I guess it's...they're both experiments or...
0:23:50 > 0:23:51Is it...? I know! Is it happenstance?
0:23:51 > 0:23:55Is it the fact that both of these were discovered by accident?
0:23:57 > 0:23:59- Possibly.- That's a very good guess
0:23:59 > 0:24:03- and it means that I do indeed have to give it to you because...- Hooray!
0:24:03 > 0:24:07- It wasn't a guess, though. - Was it not? You worked it out.
0:24:07 > 0:24:10But the whole point about graphene was it was discovered
0:24:10 > 0:24:13and won a Nobel Prize for its discoverers
0:24:13 > 0:24:17because they cleaned rocks of graphite with sticky tape.
0:24:17 > 0:24:20And professors Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
0:24:20 > 0:24:25of Manchester University looked at the residues of the tape
0:24:25 > 0:24:29until they realised they could make a material which was one-atom thick.
0:24:29 > 0:24:32Mauve was discovered by William Perkin,
0:24:32 > 0:24:36who was, in fact, looking for a synthetic quinine
0:24:36 > 0:24:40when he discovered that he'd made something extremely purple,
0:24:40 > 0:24:42which had the two very important qualities -
0:24:42 > 0:24:46it didn't wash out and it didn't fade in sunlight.
0:24:46 > 0:24:48- So, both of these were... - Wow! Fascinating.
0:24:48 > 0:24:52..experiments which effectively looking for something else
0:24:52 > 0:24:57and by accident turned into amazing inventions.
0:24:57 > 0:24:59- And I'll give you three points... - Hooray!
0:24:59 > 0:25:05..and we should now go back to the desk to compare results.
0:25:09 > 0:25:14Well, you both got exactly the same score of three,
0:25:14 > 0:25:17which means that Helen and Kate have come up to five
0:25:17 > 0:25:20and Nina and Marcus are ahead with 12 still.
0:25:20 > 0:25:23OK, but the gap between you is quite small
0:25:23 > 0:25:25and might very well change in this final round
0:25:25 > 0:25:29as we look for quickfire answers from this extraordinary collection.
0:25:29 > 0:25:31So, stand by your digitally controlled,
0:25:31 > 0:25:33finger-activated noise generators
0:25:33 > 0:25:35and the first in, gets the point.
0:25:35 > 0:25:37Have a look at this. This is Lucky Jim the cat.
0:25:37 > 0:25:40He accompanied Alcock and Brown in 1919.
0:25:40 > 0:25:42What were they doing? BELL DINGS
0:25:42 > 0:25:44Crossing the Atlantic in a plane.
0:25:44 > 0:25:46Nonstop. I'll give you that.
0:25:46 > 0:25:48OK. This is the earliest known photographic
0:25:48 > 0:25:51representation of Manchester dating from 1842.
0:25:51 > 0:25:54What was the method used to create it?
0:25:54 > 0:25:55- BELL DINGS - Is it daguerreotype?
0:25:55 > 0:25:58- It's a daguerreotype.- Woo! - You get the point.
0:25:58 > 0:26:01This vehicle went on sale in 1985. Who invented it?
0:26:01 > 0:26:03- BELL DINGS - Clive Sinclair.
0:26:03 > 0:26:04Clive Sinclair.
0:26:04 > 0:26:07Issued by the London, Midland and Scotland Railway Company,
0:26:07 > 0:26:11why did people get this medal just for doing their job in 1926?
0:26:11 > 0:26:13BELL DINGS
0:26:13 > 0:26:15Is it because they were breaking the general strike?
0:26:15 > 0:26:18They were doing their job by staying at work during the general strike.
0:26:18 > 0:26:21These are part of John Dalton's atomic model from 1808.
0:26:21 > 0:26:24What did he propose distinguished one element from another?
0:26:24 > 0:26:27- BELL DINGS You were first, Helen.- Its mass.
0:26:27 > 0:26:28Its mass, its weight, yes.
0:26:28 > 0:26:32So, which event in Manchester in 1819 does this jug commemorate?
0:26:32 > 0:26:35- BELL DINGS - Um...um...
0:26:35 > 0:26:38- The...- Now, I'm going to have to... You didn't come straight in.
0:26:38 > 0:26:40- BOTH:- Peterloo massacre. - Peterloo massacre.
0:26:40 > 0:26:42So, you came in there, Kate and Helen.
0:26:42 > 0:26:45It was a peaceful public meeting that was broken up violently
0:26:45 > 0:26:48by the local yeomanry. Have a look at these pants.
0:26:48 > 0:26:51What innovative process created them? BELL DINGS
0:26:51 > 0:26:52Are they made from artificial fibres?
0:26:52 > 0:26:54They are made from artificial fibres,
0:26:54 > 0:26:56but that's not the process that created them.
0:26:56 > 0:26:57Are they waterproof?
0:26:57 > 0:27:00- No, they are 3-D printed pants. - Really!
0:27:00 > 0:27:05This is Arkwright's spinning frame, but what was used to power it?
0:27:05 > 0:27:06BELL DINGS With you, Nina.
0:27:06 > 0:27:08- BOTH:- Water.
0:27:08 > 0:27:09Yes, it's a water frame.
0:27:09 > 0:27:11Here is a model of a cart. What was it used for?
0:27:13 > 0:27:15BELL DINGS With you, Helen.
0:27:15 > 0:27:16That was a luncheon cart.
0:27:16 > 0:27:18No, not luncheon.
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- It's sewage.- It's sewage. Right, sir. Yes, it was sent to...
0:27:21 > 0:27:24- The other end!- So... LAUGHTER
0:27:24 > 0:27:28Here's a box of electrical adapters, but which country was it made for?
0:27:28 > 0:27:30- BELL DINGS - It was made actually for here,
0:27:30 > 0:27:34- wasn't it?- It was indeed. It was made for Britain in the 1940s.
0:27:34 > 0:27:37This was found in millions of British homes for decades, but where exactly?
0:27:37 > 0:27:39- BELL DINGS - Is it a light bulb?
0:27:39 > 0:27:41It's not light bulb, no.
0:27:41 > 0:27:43- Is it a TV?- Like a CRT. - Is that your answer? Quickly.
0:27:43 > 0:27:45- I don't know. Helen knows best. - Quick!
0:27:45 > 0:27:46- Is it the TV?- Yes.
0:27:46 > 0:27:48It's the TV, yes.
0:27:48 > 0:27:49I don't know why I was waiting for so long.
0:27:49 > 0:27:52I heard it, but you have to commit, you have to commit!
0:27:52 > 0:27:54FACTORY WHISTLE BLOWS Oh, that's it.
0:27:54 > 0:27:57The factory whistle has sounded, so we are out of here.
0:27:57 > 0:27:58But before we go,
0:27:58 > 0:28:02we need to have a look at our teams' levels of productivity.
0:28:02 > 0:28:05Well, Helen and Kate, you made a brave effort to catch up there.
0:28:05 > 0:28:07And you've come up to 11 points,
0:28:07 > 0:28:11but you haven't quite caught up with Nina and Marcus who got 16.
0:28:11 > 0:28:14THEY CHEER
0:28:14 > 0:28:16And we must say goodbye now
0:28:16 > 0:28:19from the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.
0:28:19 > 0:28:22This magnificent and extensive museum represents a real
0:28:22 > 0:28:25insight into the relationship between science and industry.
0:28:25 > 0:28:29And not only that, it provides quite a decent walk.
0:28:29 > 0:28:33Now, sadly, we must down tools and from all of us here, goodnight.