0:00:05 > 0:00:08The foremost collection of arms and armour,
0:00:08 > 0:00:11guns and helmets in Britain -
0:00:11 > 0:00:15and all the legends and stories that accompany them -
0:00:15 > 0:00:17are here at the Royal Armouries in Leeds.
0:00:17 > 0:00:20And today, it's host to The Quizeum.
0:00:31 > 0:00:35Welcome to a veritable palace of arms and armour here,
0:00:35 > 0:00:38in the Leeds Dock in West Yorkshire.
0:00:38 > 0:00:40We are in the War gallery
0:00:40 > 0:00:42in a building that was specially designed
0:00:42 > 0:00:44for the Royal Armouries in 1996,
0:00:44 > 0:00:47but the collection itself dates back centuries
0:00:47 > 0:00:50and constitutes one of the oldest museums in the world.
0:00:50 > 0:00:54It holds over 70,000 pieces of artillery armoury and weaponry.
0:00:54 > 0:00:56And in four rounds over the next 30 minutes,
0:00:56 > 0:01:00I'll be asking questions about what they are, how you use them
0:01:00 > 0:01:03and what sort of damage they're capable of doing.
0:01:03 > 0:01:08And not flinching from that challenge are our two teams.
0:01:08 > 0:01:10Tonight, to my left,
0:01:10 > 0:01:13regular panellist and historian Professor Kate Williams,
0:01:13 > 0:01:18joined this week by traveller and fearless adventurer
0:01:18 > 0:01:19Benedict Allen.
0:01:19 > 0:01:22Did you get attacked by...
0:01:22 > 0:01:24- By a polar bear. - ..by a polar bear on the way here?
0:01:24 > 0:01:27No. The deadliest thing of all, my little son.
0:01:27 > 0:01:30Five-year-old Freddie, he charged his superbike into my bike and...
0:01:30 > 0:01:32- OK. - ..snapped my thumb.
0:01:32 > 0:01:35So, that is a definition of irony
0:01:35 > 0:01:38in that very arm that we see there.
0:01:38 > 0:01:41Having gone all over the world and faced fearsome tribes,
0:01:41 > 0:01:43it was a five-year-old who did for him in the end.
0:01:43 > 0:01:47On my right, historian art expert Dr Nina Ramirez,
0:01:47 > 0:01:51and alongside Nina is the former head of English Heritage,
0:01:51 > 0:01:53historian, archaeologist, curator, writer, broadcaster,
0:01:53 > 0:01:59museum director, heritage crusader and today member of a Quizeum team...
0:01:59 > 0:02:02- The most important. - ..Dr Simon Thurley.
0:02:02 > 0:02:05Well, any weapons, Simon, of your own?
0:02:05 > 0:02:08Yeah, I do have a few weapons on the wall at home, yes.
0:02:08 > 0:02:09OK. As many of us do, I'm sure.
0:02:09 > 0:02:11Yes.
0:02:11 > 0:02:15OK, it's time to take up positions for our own tourney, or hastilude -
0:02:15 > 0:02:17a mock battle in which nobody gets hurt,
0:02:17 > 0:02:20but everybody gets aggressively competitive.
0:02:20 > 0:02:23- Wow!- That is accurate!
0:02:23 > 0:02:25That's answer the one-point open question
0:02:25 > 0:02:27to get hold of a two-point special question.
0:02:27 > 0:02:28Fingers on the buzzers.
0:02:28 > 0:02:30Why did this armour protect
0:02:30 > 0:02:32the wrong part of the elephant? BUZZER
0:02:32 > 0:02:35It doesn't properly protect their eyes and head.
0:02:35 > 0:02:37Normally when you kill an elephant, you go up under it.
0:02:37 > 0:02:39No. That's not the answer, I'm afraid.
0:02:39 > 0:02:41Could you finish the question?
0:02:41 > 0:02:43We'd like to have the whole question.
0:02:43 > 0:02:46Why did this armour protect the wrong part of the elephant
0:02:46 > 0:02:48when it met cannon fire?
0:02:48 > 0:02:49Ah!
0:02:49 > 0:02:53Because presumably it got its legs,
0:02:53 > 0:02:57which were hit by shrapnel causing it to fall over.
0:02:57 > 0:03:00No. No, I'm afraid not. That is not the answer.
0:03:00 > 0:03:03When they took elephants into battle against British guns,
0:03:03 > 0:03:05- it was the noise of the cannon fire...- Ah!- It scared them.
0:03:05 > 0:03:08..that stampeded the elephants, and they should've covered the ears.
0:03:08 > 0:03:10So, we're sticking with the elephant armour.
0:03:10 > 0:03:12What empire is
0:03:12 > 0:03:14this elephant armour associated with? BUZZER
0:03:14 > 0:03:17- Kate.- The Mughal Empire. - The Mughal Empire.
0:03:17 > 0:03:19So, here is your two-point question.
0:03:19 > 0:03:21Let's look at this object, and you may discuss.
0:03:25 > 0:03:31How did this helmet pass from fact to fiction and back to fact again?
0:03:31 > 0:03:35So, it would be a factual... something real,
0:03:35 > 0:03:38and then it was talked about or written about
0:03:38 > 0:03:40as something very scary.
0:03:40 > 0:03:41And then it's become so scary
0:03:41 > 0:03:43that people actually start wearing it
0:03:43 > 0:03:46- because it intimidates people so much.- Yes.
0:03:46 > 0:03:47Does that make sense?
0:03:47 > 0:03:49- That does make sense, but I'm not... - Where are they from?
0:03:49 > 0:03:52It has got a little bit written on the side here,
0:03:52 > 0:03:53and I'm not sure whether you can see that.
0:03:53 > 0:03:54Oh, sorry. Oh, careful.
0:03:56 > 0:03:59- So, it's...- Oh, I see it has.
0:03:59 > 0:04:01It's Persian. Is it Persian?
0:04:08 > 0:04:10So...
0:04:10 > 0:04:14Kate, do you want to give me an answer?
0:04:14 > 0:04:16Modern.
0:04:16 > 0:04:18Connected to the Farsi Empire,
0:04:18 > 0:04:21and it was seen as something very scary,
0:04:21 > 0:04:26and then people stopped wearing it because it went out of fashion.
0:04:26 > 0:04:28Then it went into the myth, so they wore it again because
0:04:28 > 0:04:31- it was so intimidating. - No, I'm afraid that's not accurate.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33I'm going to pass it over here and see...
0:04:33 > 0:04:35Well, as soon as it came out,
0:04:35 > 0:04:38I whispered to Simon, "That's very Darth Vader,"
0:04:38 > 0:04:41- and it looks very Star Wars-y, doesn't it?- Ah!
0:04:41 > 0:04:45It's inspiration for the helmets in Star Wars.
0:04:45 > 0:04:48They came here to do their research...
0:04:48 > 0:04:49Right?
0:04:49 > 0:04:51..because they wanted to get some historical basis to it,
0:04:51 > 0:04:56and as you can see, it is the model for Darth Vader.
0:04:56 > 0:04:58- OK, I can give you one point for that.- Oh.
0:04:58 > 0:05:01- But what do you mean?- Because it's not the model for Darth Vader,
0:05:01 > 0:05:06because the helmet was in fact used by Uday Hussein's men.
0:05:06 > 0:05:07Ah!
0:05:07 > 0:05:09Uday, the son of Saddam Hussein,
0:05:09 > 0:05:12was influenced by his love of Star Wars...
0:05:12 > 0:05:14- It's the other way around.- Oh!
0:05:14 > 0:05:16- ..to give his men... - Other way around.
0:05:16 > 0:05:18- ..Darth Vader helmets.- Oh, wow.
0:05:18 > 0:05:23And his men wore these actual helmets in battle, but alas,
0:05:23 > 0:05:25they were made from fibreglass
0:05:25 > 0:05:29and therefore had no protective qualities at all.
0:05:29 > 0:05:31The Darth Vader helmet had itself
0:05:31 > 0:05:34been inspired by the samurai helmet, or kabuto,
0:05:34 > 0:05:38with a dash of the German Stahlhelm thrown into the mix.
0:05:38 > 0:05:41So, as you can see, it passed from fact to fiction
0:05:41 > 0:05:45and then back to fact again.
0:05:45 > 0:05:47OK, have a look at this.
0:05:47 > 0:05:50Another opener worth one point.
0:05:50 > 0:05:51How might this have saved
0:05:51 > 0:05:5317 million lives?
0:05:53 > 0:05:57- BUZZER AND BELL RINGS - It is a bulletproof vest.
0:05:57 > 0:05:58It's a bulletproof vest,
0:05:58 > 0:06:00but how might it have saved 17 million lives?
0:06:00 > 0:06:04If it was invented earlier, then men during, say,
0:06:04 > 0:06:07the First World War would've been saved.
0:06:07 > 0:06:09That's not in fact the answer.
0:06:09 > 0:06:11You're right about the First World War,
0:06:11 > 0:06:13but would you like to come in here? I'll read the question again.
0:06:13 > 0:06:18How might this have saved 17 million lives?
0:06:18 > 0:06:23If the fabric from which it was made had been invented before.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26- No.- Kevlar. - It was invented at the time.
0:06:26 > 0:06:28It's a silk bulletproof vest,
0:06:28 > 0:06:34similar to one owned but not worn by Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
0:06:34 > 0:06:38His murder in June 1914 sparked the First World War.
0:06:38 > 0:06:40So, we're sticking with this vest for one point.
0:06:40 > 0:06:42Fingers on the buzzers.
0:06:42 > 0:06:44What was the name of the Bosnian Serb who assassinated...
0:06:44 > 0:06:46BUZZER Franz Ferdinand?
0:06:46 > 0:06:48Gavrilo Princip.
0:06:48 > 0:06:50- Yes, correct. So, well done. - Well, if I didn't get that...
0:06:50 > 0:06:53You get your second specialist question,
0:06:53 > 0:06:55which is worth two points.
0:06:55 > 0:06:57Here's another object coming in for you to have a look at.
0:06:59 > 0:07:05And can you tell me how might this have saved you from a Thug?
0:07:06 > 0:07:08- A Thug?- From a Thug.
0:07:08 > 0:07:10- It's an Indian word, isn't it? - Yeah, a Thuggee.
0:07:10 > 0:07:12- Are we talking about Thuggee? - Is it some kind of gun?
0:07:12 > 0:07:14So, this is...
0:07:14 > 0:07:17- What about if you wore this as a defence...- Like a belt.
0:07:17 > 0:07:18Looks like a projectile
0:07:18 > 0:07:20- might come out of your stomach... - HE IMITATES GUNSHOT
0:07:20 > 0:07:23- OK.- Get your Thuggee in the tummy. - HE LAUGHS
0:07:23 > 0:07:26Is that possible? So, it's an instrument of defence.
0:07:26 > 0:07:27You wear it around your stomach.
0:07:27 > 0:07:31It fires a projectile, because that looks like a flintlock.
0:07:31 > 0:07:35OK. It is a defence against Thuggees, who were?
0:07:36 > 0:07:40Northern India sort of assassins.
0:07:40 > 0:07:42- A sect of...of killers...- Yeah.
0:07:42 > 0:07:46..who effectively befriended travellers and then killed them
0:07:46 > 0:07:48- to steal from them.- Yeah.
0:07:48 > 0:07:51But you've got it facing in the wrong direction.
0:07:51 > 0:07:54So, it's...to defend you being stabbed in the back,
0:07:54 > 0:07:55so you fire from behind.
0:07:55 > 0:07:58Exactly. I've helped you, but nonetheless,
0:07:58 > 0:08:00I'm going to give you the two points for that,
0:08:00 > 0:08:02because you got the majority of it.
0:08:02 > 0:08:04In fact, the point was that a Thuggee garrotted you,
0:08:04 > 0:08:08and so you had this behind you, or not this,
0:08:08 > 0:08:12because the truth is that this handiwork was created
0:08:12 > 0:08:15in response to a panic that swept through Europe
0:08:15 > 0:08:18about garrotting in the 19th century,
0:08:18 > 0:08:23the result of publicity about the activities of Thuggees in India.
0:08:23 > 0:08:24This gun went round your waist
0:08:24 > 0:08:27and enabled you to shoot anyone creeping up behind you.
0:08:27 > 0:08:30Although, obviously, it could prove disastrous if you were in a queue
0:08:30 > 0:08:32at the post office at the time. THEY LAUGH
0:08:32 > 0:08:36OK. Let's go on to another opener question.
0:08:36 > 0:08:39This is a Maxim gun.
0:08:39 > 0:08:41In 1898, who wrote,
0:08:41 > 0:08:45"Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun,
0:08:45 > 0:08:46"and they have not"?
0:08:46 > 0:08:48BUZZER AND BELL RINGS Kate.
0:08:48 > 0:08:50- Queen Victoria. - Not Queen Victoria, no.
0:08:50 > 0:08:52- Kitchener.- Not Kitchener.
0:08:52 > 0:08:56In fact, it was Hilaire Belloc writing in The Modern Traveller.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59- And you knew that, Benedict, but Kate popped in...- Sorry!
0:08:59 > 0:09:01..with Queen Victoria, who apparently...
0:09:01 > 0:09:04- I didn't know she had an interest.. - She loves Maxim guns.
0:09:04 > 0:09:07..in composing light verse.
0:09:07 > 0:09:09So, sticking with this object,
0:09:09 > 0:09:14how does a true machinegun use the principle of recoil?
0:09:14 > 0:09:16BELL RINGS
0:09:16 > 0:09:20It reloads the cartridge.
0:09:20 > 0:09:23The motion backwards propels the next one forward.
0:09:23 > 0:09:24Yes, so it acts like a machine...
0:09:24 > 0:09:28You only have to pull the trigger and then the recoil is reloading
0:09:28 > 0:09:30and firing the gun.
0:09:30 > 0:09:32So, you get a special question.
0:09:32 > 0:09:35Have a look at this. All right.
0:09:35 > 0:09:40Around 1580, why is this breastplate
0:09:40 > 0:09:44demonstrating its own redundancy?
0:09:44 > 0:09:46Oh, yeah. Well, you can see, can't you...
0:09:46 > 0:09:48- Mm.- ..what the answer is?
0:09:48 > 0:09:50- There is a bullet... - Shot.- Yeah, shot.
0:09:50 > 0:09:52..that's going into it.
0:09:52 > 0:09:55There's one there that didn't get through.
0:09:55 > 0:09:58I'm not sure that one went through either, actually.
0:09:58 > 0:10:00But I think... Is it because...?
0:10:00 > 0:10:03So, plate armour was brought in particularly to help
0:10:03 > 0:10:06- with arrow shots. - Hence the ridge here.
0:10:06 > 0:10:07- Bends it off, yeah.- Bends it off.
0:10:07 > 0:10:10Whereas what I think we've got here are probably shots
0:10:10 > 0:10:12- from our very early firearms.- Yeah.
0:10:12 > 0:10:15And the plate armour is no good against it.
0:10:15 > 0:10:16That's right.
0:10:16 > 0:10:20That actual plate armour, that breastplate,
0:10:20 > 0:10:22was a demonstration model.
0:10:22 > 0:10:24Aha.
0:10:24 > 0:10:26Were they firing different types of firearm at it?
0:10:26 > 0:10:28Either they were doing that...
0:10:28 > 0:10:30I think you're close enough, I can give you the two points.
0:10:30 > 0:10:32In fact, the manufacturer of this breastplate,
0:10:32 > 0:10:35before they sold it, would've fired something at it
0:10:35 > 0:10:38to prove that it would keep bullets out,
0:10:38 > 0:10:41and then they would've been bought and people would say, "Great,"
0:10:41 > 0:10:44- and then along came something... - So not having this one.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48So they don't know whether it was tested to destruction...
0:10:48 > 0:10:49Ah.
0:10:49 > 0:10:53..or that somebody actually took it away and then found out
0:10:53 > 0:10:58the hard way that it really wasn't as good as was claimed.
0:10:58 > 0:11:00Fingers on the buzzers for another opener.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03Why might the wearer of this hat make you duck?
0:11:03 > 0:11:06BELL RINGS AND BUZZER
0:11:06 > 0:11:08- I think you are first on this side. - Yes!- Yes, Nina?
0:11:08 > 0:11:13It's a quoit turban, and it was used by Sikh warriors.
0:11:13 > 0:11:16And they could pull out all sorts of crazy things like swords
0:11:16 > 0:11:20and neck wires and brilliant tricks
0:11:20 > 0:11:21that they hid in the turban.
0:11:21 > 0:11:25Yes. It's a Akali Sikh turban,
0:11:25 > 0:11:28and it was loaded with throwing devices
0:11:28 > 0:11:30and murderous frisbees...
0:11:30 > 0:11:31- Yes!- ..of one kind or another.
0:11:31 > 0:11:35So, a final two-pointer in this round goes to you.
0:11:35 > 0:11:40So, your question is, how might this device
0:11:40 > 0:11:45still get in the works today?
0:11:45 > 0:11:48- The works?- Hmm.- Well, what is it?
0:11:48 > 0:11:51- Well, it's a tool that does two things.- OK.
0:11:51 > 0:11:55It's got a screwdriver at that end and it's got a sort of socket
0:11:55 > 0:11:57into which you put a nut at that end.
0:11:57 > 0:11:59There are two things that you could wind up.
0:11:59 > 0:12:02One is a crossbow, and I think that's too small for a crossbow.
0:12:02 > 0:12:05- Mm.- But the other thing is a pistol.
0:12:05 > 0:12:10It is indeed. It's a device for winding up a wheel-lock pistol.
0:12:10 > 0:12:11That's one point.
0:12:11 > 0:12:15So, how might this device still get in the works today?
0:12:15 > 0:12:17Still get in the works today?
0:12:17 > 0:12:19Well, is it universal, the sockets?
0:12:19 > 0:12:21You could use it for bleeding your radiator.
0:12:21 > 0:12:26No. I'm looking for a more subtle and cleverer idea than that.
0:12:26 > 0:12:28There was a problem with those pistols
0:12:28 > 0:12:30because they had a lot of tension in them,
0:12:30 > 0:12:33therefore you were quite worried when you pointed at someone
0:12:33 > 0:12:36if it had been wound up long before, that it was going to go off or not.
0:12:36 > 0:12:37No, that's not right.
0:12:37 > 0:12:40- Do you want to have a go?- It is true, though.- It's a very good...
0:12:40 > 0:12:42You've obviously pointed a wheel-lock pistol
0:12:42 > 0:12:44at a few people in your time. THEY LAUGH
0:12:44 > 0:12:46So, how might this still get in the works?
0:12:46 > 0:12:48In the works today.
0:12:48 > 0:12:51As in factory works?
0:12:51 > 0:12:53Yeah, put a spanner in the works.
0:12:53 > 0:12:56- Cause a problem. - It's a sort of early spanner?
0:12:56 > 0:12:58- I don't know. - Early spanner?- An early spanner.
0:12:58 > 0:13:00I'm going to give you a point for that
0:13:00 > 0:13:02- because that is exactly the point. - Oh!
0:13:02 > 0:13:05The German word to span,
0:13:05 > 0:13:08which means to tighten things,
0:13:08 > 0:13:11was used about guns, about these,
0:13:11 > 0:13:14and hints the origins of our word, a spanner.
0:13:14 > 0:13:16And at the end of that fascinating round,
0:13:16 > 0:13:18I think it's time to have a look at the scores.
0:13:18 > 0:13:24So, Simon and Nina, you're doing very with six.
0:13:24 > 0:13:26And, Kate and Benedict,
0:13:26 > 0:13:29you're just trailing by one, with five.
0:13:29 > 0:13:32In the next round, we're going to bring two objects
0:13:32 > 0:13:35from the museum collection to the table, one for each team.
0:13:35 > 0:13:37Two stories, though, to tell you what they are,
0:13:37 > 0:13:39but only one of them is true
0:13:39 > 0:13:42and the other team has to decide which.
0:13:42 > 0:13:45There are three points to be gained if they are right.
0:13:45 > 0:13:48It's all a question of attribution.
0:13:48 > 0:13:51Nina and Simon, you go first.
0:13:52 > 0:13:56So, what the hell is this, Nina?
0:13:56 > 0:13:58- SHE LAUGHS - What the hell is it?
0:13:58 > 0:14:02OK, this is a tsukubo.
0:14:02 > 0:14:06It's Japanese. 19th century.
0:14:06 > 0:14:09Whereas in Britain, you traditionally think of police,
0:14:09 > 0:14:12law enforcement involving a sort of wooden baton,
0:14:12 > 0:14:16this was what the Japanese used to grab people.
0:14:16 > 0:14:17Well, it's a man catcher,
0:14:17 > 0:14:19so it would've been on a long stick,
0:14:19 > 0:14:22and as and when something bad happened,
0:14:22 > 0:14:25you could grab the pole, the tsukubo,
0:14:25 > 0:14:30and you could pull your criminal off their feet.
0:14:30 > 0:14:31- Right.- Thank you!
0:14:31 > 0:14:34So, Simon, you have a different theory of what this is.
0:14:34 > 0:14:36Well, that's a nice thought.
0:14:36 > 0:14:39I mean, you're right in that it is actually Oriental.
0:14:39 > 0:14:40It's actually Chinese.
0:14:40 > 0:14:45And of course, the Chinese army was based initially on chariots.
0:14:45 > 0:14:50Fixed onto their axle hubs, they had these things.
0:14:50 > 0:14:52So, their horses would not run at these chariots
0:14:52 > 0:14:56because they had these great spindling spikes
0:14:56 > 0:14:57coming out of their wheels.
0:14:57 > 0:15:02OK, so, is it a Chinese war wheel hub
0:15:02 > 0:15:07or a Japanese man grabber?
0:15:07 > 0:15:09Yeah, I've seen a few man grabbers in my time.
0:15:09 > 0:15:12This doesn't look like a man grabber, does it, to you?
0:15:12 > 0:15:14If you're going to grab someone...
0:15:14 > 0:15:15It would be longer.
0:15:15 > 0:15:17..you'd have a proper grabber. You'd have a loop.
0:15:17 > 0:15:20This wouldn't really grab you, would it, Benedict?
0:15:20 > 0:15:22- It wouldn't grab me. - No, bicycles get him.
0:15:22 > 0:15:24- THEY BOTH LAUGH - It would grab that bit of you.
0:15:24 > 0:15:26I'm going to have to ask you to make a decision.
0:15:26 > 0:15:28Man grabber or wheel hub?
0:15:28 > 0:15:29I'd say the wheel hub.
0:15:29 > 0:15:31Like Boadicea, but more Oriental.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34So, Simon, is it the wheel hub?
0:15:34 > 0:15:36- No.- He was lying!
0:15:36 > 0:15:38She was...!
0:15:38 > 0:15:40It is a man grabber!
0:15:40 > 0:15:41- No.- It's a man grabber.
0:15:41 > 0:15:43- Yes.- It is a man grabber.
0:15:43 > 0:15:47It is in fact a tsukubo, or a sleeve entangler.
0:15:47 > 0:15:50It was used by the police in Edo,
0:15:50 > 0:15:55and it was used specifically to catch criminals who had a lot of clothes on
0:15:55 > 0:15:58and then you could get it entangled in their clothes and pull them down.
0:15:58 > 0:16:02So, we must now move on to the other object
0:16:02 > 0:16:04and see what stories we get about that.
0:16:05 > 0:16:07Right.
0:16:07 > 0:16:11Kate and Benedict, can you tell us what this horrible thing is?
0:16:11 > 0:16:17This is 18th-century, from Mysore, and it is called a bagh nakh.
0:16:17 > 0:16:19Say I was really angry with Benedict
0:16:19 > 0:16:21for having gotten no points and I just wanted to get him back,
0:16:21 > 0:16:25what I would do is I would capture him outside the armouries
0:16:25 > 0:16:28and I would get him with the bagh nakh.
0:16:28 > 0:16:30And the purpose of the bagh nakh
0:16:30 > 0:16:34is to make it look as if Benedict had died of tiger attack
0:16:34 > 0:16:36and no-one would think it was me,
0:16:36 > 0:16:37and it fits very well in a turban too.
0:16:37 > 0:16:40OK. Benedict, you have another theory.
0:16:40 > 0:16:45No, actually. This is a Persian instrument of torture.
0:16:45 > 0:16:4715th century.
0:16:47 > 0:16:52It's called a fatetan in Persian, or Farsi.
0:16:52 > 0:16:54If you're being tortured, if you're in a cell,
0:16:54 > 0:16:57you're waiting for your fate and someone suddenly produced this,
0:16:57 > 0:16:59you'd know what was going to happen,
0:16:59 > 0:17:02which was you were going to be left with horrible, very visual scars.
0:17:02 > 0:17:04You're going to be slashed,
0:17:04 > 0:17:07and there's a sort of knife attachment and that was...
0:17:07 > 0:17:09Nasty things were going to be written in your face and so on.
0:17:09 > 0:17:11Permanent scars.
0:17:11 > 0:17:12All right.
0:17:12 > 0:17:17Is it a Persian torture instrument
0:17:17 > 0:17:22or an Indian tiger simulator?
0:17:22 > 0:17:25My first instinct was, "Yes, yes, it's got to be Persian,
0:17:25 > 0:17:28"it's got to be something very, you know, more ancient,"
0:17:28 > 0:17:32but actually, I'm not averse to this idea of it being
0:17:32 > 0:17:35an 18th-century mock-up for tiger attacks.
0:17:35 > 0:17:38But how many claws does a tiger have? Does it have four?
0:17:38 > 0:17:39Yeah, cos they're like cats, aren't they?
0:17:39 > 0:17:42They've got the little stumpy thumb one back there.
0:17:42 > 0:17:44I mean, I'm actually not convinced about the torture instrument,
0:17:44 > 0:17:46and why have something so elaborate?
0:17:46 > 0:17:49- I'm with the tiger thing. - Shall we take a risk?
0:17:49 > 0:17:51Kate, is it a fake tiger claw?
0:17:51 > 0:17:54- It is a fake tiger claw.- Hey!
0:17:54 > 0:17:56It is a way of killing your enemy
0:17:56 > 0:17:59and everyone thought they were killed by a tiger.
0:17:59 > 0:18:00The bagh nakh.
0:18:00 > 0:18:03It literally means the tiger's claw in Hindi.
0:18:03 > 0:18:05It's a deadly weapon, and despite appearances,
0:18:05 > 0:18:09not something that Nicky Clarke might wield in one of his salons.
0:18:09 > 0:18:11- It does look like a hair grip. - It does.
0:18:11 > 0:18:14- Pretty good.- Afterwards, we'll have a little demonstration,
0:18:14 > 0:18:15see if we can get it to work.
0:18:15 > 0:18:18In the meantime, we better carry on with the rest of the show.
0:18:18 > 0:18:20But if you want to watch that at any point,
0:18:20 > 0:18:24then do join the Quizeum Extra,
0:18:24 > 0:18:28which will show these various weapons being put to use.
0:18:28 > 0:18:31But at the end of the round, we can now attribute scores,
0:18:31 > 0:18:32and they stand as follows.
0:18:32 > 0:18:34Kate and Benedict, you didn't make any points,
0:18:34 > 0:18:36so you stay at five.
0:18:36 > 0:18:39But the team on this side have gone up from six to nine.
0:18:39 > 0:18:40So it's nine versus five.
0:18:40 > 0:18:43It's time to go on a guided tour with each of our teams.
0:18:43 > 0:18:46Nina and Simon, you're first up.
0:18:46 > 0:18:47We're going to look at two objects.
0:18:47 > 0:18:51Three questions and three points available to make one connection.
0:18:51 > 0:18:55Let's start by having a close look
0:18:55 > 0:18:59at these two artefacts here.
0:18:59 > 0:19:02OK, Nina, so your first question is -
0:19:02 > 0:19:05why was this armour made to impress
0:19:05 > 0:19:08but ultimately failed to do so?
0:19:08 > 0:19:12OK, I do know. I do know now. OK, so, I think...
0:19:12 > 0:19:14Is this the armour that was made for Henry VIII
0:19:14 > 0:19:15on the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
0:19:15 > 0:19:17- No? Am I wrong? - There's a big clue...
0:19:17 > 0:19:20- OK, help me out. - ..which is this thing here,
0:19:20 > 0:19:23- which is a ragged staff. - Oh, yes! OK.
0:19:23 > 0:19:26And that there is the bear with the ragged staff,
0:19:26 > 0:19:29so that is the armour of the Earl of Leicester...
0:19:29 > 0:19:30Leicester.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34..who was the person who was in love with Queen Elizabeth I.
0:19:34 > 0:19:38- Yes.- And he didn't get his oats.
0:19:38 > 0:19:41Well, he might have done, but he didn't get the ring on his finger.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44So, that's really good. So, this armour was made
0:19:44 > 0:19:49in the early 1570s for an event that happened in 1575 in Kenilworth.
0:19:49 > 0:19:52Do you know of that event?
0:19:52 > 0:19:54Basically, she went on a Royal Progress.
0:19:54 > 0:19:57- She arrives in Kenilworth and he gives her...- Tries to impress her.
0:19:57 > 0:20:01..an entire week of tournaments and festivities and all the rest.
0:20:01 > 0:20:04But, Simon, that's absolutely brilliant. OK.
0:20:04 > 0:20:06Well done, cos that was it. Thank you.
0:20:06 > 0:20:09Let's move on to the helmet, which is an extremely famous helmet,
0:20:09 > 0:20:11as we all know,
0:20:11 > 0:20:15but why did Henry's fool
0:20:15 > 0:20:18fool Max's helmet?
0:20:18 > 0:20:20So, this is actually known as Max.
0:20:20 > 0:20:25It was made for Henry VIII as a young man by Maximilian,
0:20:25 > 0:20:28who was the Holy Roman Emperor. Am I right here?
0:20:28 > 0:20:33And originally, I don't think it had the horns,
0:20:33 > 0:20:36and they were possibly added later
0:20:36 > 0:20:38to bring a foolishness to the helmet.
0:20:38 > 0:20:40You've got all the elements of Max
0:20:40 > 0:20:42and the fact that it was made as a gift,
0:20:42 > 0:20:46but what is the association with Henry's fool?
0:20:46 > 0:20:47Simon, can you fill us in there?
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- With Henry's fool?- Yes.
0:20:50 > 0:20:52Erm, I'm not sure I can.
0:20:52 > 0:20:54This is one of these terrible moments when you ought to know.
0:20:54 > 0:20:57Is it that the fool wore it in an entertainment
0:20:57 > 0:21:00and that's when the horns were added?
0:21:00 > 0:21:03Well, now, do you know what the name of the fool...?
0:21:03 > 0:21:05- Well, his fool was...- Will...
0:21:05 > 0:21:07- ..Will Sommers.- ..Sommers. - Will Sommers.
0:21:07 > 0:21:10- Now, You were so close, I'm going to give you this point.- Yay!
0:21:10 > 0:21:14Because in fact, for a long time, right through the 17th century,
0:21:14 > 0:21:19it was assumed that this was Will Sommers' armour
0:21:19 > 0:21:20because it appeared to be so foolish,
0:21:20 > 0:21:23so that leads us to our third question.
0:21:23 > 0:21:24- Right, we're braced.- Excellent.
0:21:24 > 0:21:28What is the connection forged here
0:21:28 > 0:21:30between the helmet
0:21:30 > 0:21:33and this suit of armour?
0:21:33 > 0:21:34Forged is the key, isn't it?
0:21:34 > 0:21:37This is presumably from Germany
0:21:37 > 0:21:39because it was a gift from Maximilian.
0:21:39 > 0:21:41And this is made in England.
0:21:41 > 0:21:44- In Greenwich. - One of the Greenwich armours, yeah.
0:21:44 > 0:21:48And in Greenwich, wasn't it that the Greenwich Armouries
0:21:48 > 0:21:50were brought in from Germany cos there wasn't enough
0:21:50 > 0:21:52decent armouries in England, is that right?
0:21:52 > 0:21:54There weren't any. Yeah.
0:21:54 > 0:21:57So, this one is a gift made in Germany.
0:21:57 > 0:22:00Which inspired Henry VIII
0:22:00 > 0:22:04- to have German armour made in England!- In England.
0:22:04 > 0:22:06And that is the connection.
0:22:06 > 0:22:08Effectively, it was this helmet,
0:22:08 > 0:22:11or the suit of armour that this helmet belonged to,
0:22:11 > 0:22:16that inspired Henry to have his very own armoury in Greenwich
0:22:16 > 0:22:20and resulted in suits of armour like this.
0:22:20 > 0:22:23- Just looking through, I think I'll have a give you three points.- Yeah!
0:22:23 > 0:22:26That's perfectly fair and reasonable.
0:22:26 > 0:22:29Good. Well, I'll have to go and see how the others get on.
0:22:29 > 0:22:30It's the same principle.
0:22:30 > 0:22:33Three questions and three points to play for.
0:22:34 > 0:22:35So...
0:22:38 > 0:22:39Here we go. Two objects.
0:22:39 > 0:22:43Now, your first question is about this one.
0:22:43 > 0:22:44Yes.
0:22:44 > 0:22:49How did this gun help deliver more than shot?
0:22:49 > 0:22:52- Kate. - How does it deliver more than shots?
0:22:52 > 0:22:54Well, it's obviously a very modern-ish gun,
0:22:54 > 0:22:56by the standards of what they've got in here.
0:22:56 > 0:23:00Is it a flintlock gun?
0:23:00 > 0:23:01- Yes. - The new flintlock gun?
0:23:01 > 0:23:05Well, that was an innovation. It was very popular in 18th century.
0:23:05 > 0:23:06Mm, but this one dates from the 1840s.
0:23:06 > 0:23:09Ah, so it's a Victorian flintlock gun.
0:23:09 > 0:23:11So, Benedict, what sort of gun is it?
0:23:11 > 0:23:12Well, it's a blunderbuss.
0:23:12 > 0:23:15You can see the widened barrel, so the shot would be dispersed,
0:23:15 > 0:23:18- which was good for a close target or a crowd, say.- All right.
0:23:18 > 0:23:21I'm going to read the question again, because that's very important.
0:23:21 > 0:23:22The wording is important.
0:23:22 > 0:23:26How did this gun help DELIVER more than shot?
0:23:26 > 0:23:28- Deliver.- Deliver.
0:23:28 > 0:23:32Well, either it's delivering the mail, which I don't think,
0:23:32 > 0:23:34or it's stand and deliver like a highwayman.
0:23:34 > 0:23:37Well, actually, it's to do with both.
0:23:37 > 0:23:38I can't...
0:23:38 > 0:23:40I don't know how...
0:23:40 > 0:23:42A mail-delivering highwayman?
0:23:42 > 0:23:43- Hmm.- No.
0:23:43 > 0:23:46- What, a highwayman delivering the mail?- I'm just joking.
0:23:46 > 0:23:48- I'm just desperate. - Very generous, kind-hearted.- No.
0:23:48 > 0:23:52I see you're certainly along the right lines here, finally.
0:23:52 > 0:23:54So, maybe not a highwayman.
0:23:54 > 0:23:57Yes. So, we've got a different type of delivery.
0:23:57 > 0:23:59- No. I'm going to stop you because... - Babies?
0:23:59 > 0:24:01..you haven't offered an answer between the two of you.
0:24:01 > 0:24:03But you are on the cusp of it.
0:24:03 > 0:24:07The real answer is because this was a gun which was issued
0:24:07 > 0:24:09to a postman on a mail coach.
0:24:09 > 0:24:10Oh!
0:24:10 > 0:24:13So, this was why it helped deliver the mail,
0:24:13 > 0:24:17but your second question is why was the owner of this rattle
0:24:17 > 0:24:21at a disadvantage compared to the coachman?
0:24:21 > 0:24:22Oof.
0:24:22 > 0:24:25So, this is a rattle that you'd use to make noise,
0:24:25 > 0:24:28so this is what you'd use to scare off criminals
0:24:28 > 0:24:31- coming towards you. - But why would you need...
0:24:31 > 0:24:35Why might you use it? Who might use it to make a noise?
0:24:35 > 0:24:36- Police, I think. Police.- Police.
0:24:36 > 0:24:38I think it was an early deterrent or early alert.
0:24:38 > 0:24:40- It's like an early whistle.- Exactly.
0:24:40 > 0:24:41So, it is a police rattle,
0:24:41 > 0:24:45and why was the policeman at a disadvantage from the mailman?
0:24:45 > 0:24:47Because the mailman had a gun and you're going to be more afraid
0:24:47 > 0:24:49of a man with a gun than with a rattle.
0:24:49 > 0:24:51Why didn't the policeman have a gun?
0:24:51 > 0:24:53Because policemen have never been armed in this country,
0:24:53 > 0:24:56and that's part of their founding principles.
0:24:56 > 0:24:57I'll give you a point for that.
0:24:57 > 0:25:00So, your third question.
0:25:00 > 0:25:03Which distinct sound
0:25:03 > 0:25:08made both of these objects obsolete?
0:25:08 > 0:25:10That is the whistle.
0:25:10 > 0:25:11The police whistle. Yes.
0:25:11 > 0:25:15So, what you're saying is that the whistle supplanted the rattle.
0:25:15 > 0:25:17What whistle then made this redundant?
0:25:19 > 0:25:21Well, we could no longer have an armed coach.
0:25:21 > 0:25:23Why did we not need armed coaches any more?
0:25:23 > 0:25:26Because we had the train,
0:25:26 > 0:25:28and the train, the man on a train, uses a whistle,
0:25:28 > 0:25:30so he put all the mail in the train...
0:25:30 > 0:25:33Not only just the man on the train use a whistle, the train itself...
0:25:33 > 0:25:36- Has a whistle.- ..has a whistle, does it not?- It does.- It does.
0:25:36 > 0:25:39Anyway, I'm going to give you two out of your three there,
0:25:39 > 0:25:42because I think I had to give you a little bit of help and assistance.
0:25:42 > 0:25:45But we'll go back, see how the others got on.
0:25:49 > 0:25:53So, it's time to say that, Kate and Benedict,
0:25:53 > 0:25:56you only got two points, which brings you up to seven.
0:25:56 > 0:26:00But Simon and Nina, they got all their three points,
0:26:00 > 0:26:03so they're ahead with 12.
0:26:03 > 0:26:05But everything is still up for grabs
0:26:05 > 0:26:08because we're entering our final quick-fire round.
0:26:08 > 0:26:10More items from the collection,
0:26:10 > 0:26:12but only one go at getting the right answer.
0:26:12 > 0:26:13So, have a look at this.
0:26:13 > 0:26:18What process of heating and cooling gives steel swords their strength?
0:26:18 > 0:26:20- BELL RINGS Heating and cooling.- Tempering.
0:26:20 > 0:26:21- Tempering, correct.- Well done.
0:26:21 > 0:26:24Against what sort of enemy would you use this?
0:26:24 > 0:26:26BELL RINGS
0:26:26 > 0:26:29- A vampire.- A vampire, correct.- Oh!
0:26:29 > 0:26:32This horse armour is engraved with pomegranates. Which Queen of...
0:26:32 > 0:26:34BUZZER AND BELL RINGS You were first, Kate.
0:26:34 > 0:26:35- Catherine of Aragon. - Catherine of Aragon.
0:26:35 > 0:26:37On a canon like this,
0:26:37 > 0:26:39which part is the trunnion? BELL RINGS
0:26:39 > 0:26:43The little round bits that stick out the side.
0:26:43 > 0:26:45The side, that hold it up, yes indeed.
0:26:45 > 0:26:48This Baby Browning pistol owes its decoration
0:26:48 > 0:26:50to which artistic movement? BUZZER
0:26:50 > 0:26:52- Art Deco.- Art Deco, correct.
0:26:52 > 0:26:54Which profession used
0:26:54 > 0:26:56this etched blade? BELL RINGS
0:26:56 > 0:26:59- Assassin.- Not assassin.
0:26:59 > 0:27:02- Is it executioner?- Executioner, yes.
0:27:02 > 0:27:03This is a cranequin.
0:27:03 > 0:27:06What was it used for? BELL RINGS AND BUZZER
0:27:06 > 0:27:09- Simon.- It was used for winding up a crossbow.
0:27:09 > 0:27:10Quite right.
0:27:10 > 0:27:13Which part of a samurai warrior
0:27:13 > 0:27:15was believed to be contained in his sword?
0:27:15 > 0:27:17BUZZER AND BELL RINGS
0:27:17 > 0:27:18His stomach.
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- His stomach? No, not his stomach. - His spirit.
0:27:21 > 0:27:23His spirit, his soul, yes. Correct.
0:27:23 > 0:27:25What might you hunt with this? BELL RINGS
0:27:25 > 0:27:27- Eels.- Eels. Correct.
0:27:27 > 0:27:30What would you fire from this gun? BELL RINGS
0:27:30 > 0:27:33A very large ball.
0:27:33 > 0:27:35A large ball, no.
0:27:35 > 0:27:36- A flare.- Not a flare.
0:27:36 > 0:27:38- A grenade, in fact.- No!
0:27:38 > 0:27:40Yes.
0:27:40 > 0:27:43What name is given to this gold decoration?
0:27:43 > 0:27:44BUZZER AND BELL RINGS Kate.
0:27:44 > 0:27:48- It's a Damascene decoration. - Damascene, yes.
0:27:48 > 0:27:49This partisan was created
0:27:49 > 0:27:52for which monarch? BELL RINGS AND BUZZER
0:27:52 > 0:27:54- Louis XIV.- Louis XIV, Simon.
0:27:54 > 0:27:55The Sun King, yes. TRUMPET
0:27:55 > 0:27:58And I'm afraid that is all we have time for.
0:27:58 > 0:27:59My God. I'm sweating.
0:27:59 > 0:28:03We have to dismount and lay down our weapons, please,
0:28:03 > 0:28:07because it's the end of that very close competition.
0:28:07 > 0:28:12Hard-fought and extremely difficult for me to sit here and watch
0:28:12 > 0:28:14because I was frightened for both of you.
0:28:14 > 0:28:16THEY LAUGH
0:28:16 > 0:28:18Here are the final scores.
0:28:18 > 0:28:21Kate and Benedict, you have 11 points.
0:28:21 > 0:28:25But Simon and Nina, with a last spurt there, you've got 19 points,
0:28:25 > 0:28:29so you take away this a victory here,
0:28:29 > 0:28:33in a place of tourneys and battles.
0:28:33 > 0:28:35And we live to fight another day,
0:28:35 > 0:28:39which is more than you can say for anyone on the receiving end
0:28:39 > 0:28:42of most of the weapons here in Leeds Dock.
0:28:42 > 0:28:43Thank you, and goodnight.