0:00:00 > 0:00:00- 888
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- 888- - 888
0:00:03 > 0:00:05- In 43 AD...
0:00:05 > 0:00:08- ..a huge fleet set sail for Britain.
0:00:09 > 0:00:11- A fleet of Romans.
0:00:11 > 0:00:16- They captured southern Britain - despite fierce opposition...
0:00:16 > 0:00:18- ..from the Brythonic tribes.
0:00:20 > 0:00:24- Simply, the Romans - were stronger than the tribes...
0:00:24 > 0:00:28- ..but that didn't prevent them - facing a guerrilla war.
0:00:31 > 0:00:37- After 17 years of war, the Romans - controlled large parts of Britain.
0:00:37 > 0:00:41- However, the Britons weren't ready - to concede defeat just yet.
0:00:42 > 0:00:47- In north Wales, the legendary - leaders of Anglesey - the Druids...
0:00:47 > 0:00:51- ..led the battles - against the Romans.
0:00:51 > 0:00:53- On the other side of Britain...
0:00:53 > 0:00:59- ..a rebellion was led by a woman - called Boudica or Buddug.
0:01:00 > 0:01:05- Boudica's rebellion made life - very difficult for the Romans.
0:01:05 > 0:01:08- Three Roman cities - were burnt to the ground...
0:01:08 > 0:01:10- ..and thousands of people - were killed.
0:01:11 > 0:01:16- Between Boudica in the south-east - and the Druids in the north-west...
0:01:16 > 0:01:19- ..the Romans must have doubted - their ability...
0:01:20 > 0:01:22- ..to govern Wales - and southern Britain...
0:01:22 > 0:01:27- ..but within 15 years, the Romans - would govern quite comfortably.
0:01:29 > 0:01:31- I'm Rhun ap Iorwerth.
0:01:32 > 0:01:35- As a journalist - and political correspondent...
0:01:35 > 0:01:40- ..I've asked our modern day rulers - many times about their work.
0:01:40 > 0:01:44- On this journey, - our history is most important.
0:01:44 > 0:01:46- To understand our own lives...
0:01:46 > 0:01:50- ..we have to understand - the lives of our forefathers.
0:01:51 > 0:01:52- People who were trampled.
0:01:52 > 0:01:57- I'll be journeying back to the - first centuries of our history...
0:01:57 > 0:02:00- ..when our country - was governed by Rome.
0:02:00 > 0:02:03- I'll be visiting sites - in England and Wales.
0:02:03 > 0:02:05- Some are well-known...
0:02:05 > 0:02:09- ..while others are only known - to a handful of people.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13- Using the latest - graphic techniques...
0:02:13 > 0:02:17- ..I'm hoping to see the new Britain - the Romans built.
0:02:18 > 0:02:24- With the help of people who enjoy - recreating Roman battles...
0:02:24 > 0:02:29- ..we'll feel the excitement and - horror of their military strength.
0:02:31 > 0:02:35- By combining this with - the latest work of archaeologists...
0:02:35 > 0:02:37- ..and articles - written centuries ago...
0:02:38 > 0:02:42- ..I hope to show you the Romans - in a way you've never seen before.
0:02:43 > 0:02:47- This is a full account - of what happened before...
0:02:47 > 0:02:48- ..during...
0:02:49 > 0:02:52- ..and after the Roman invasion - of Britain.
0:03:00 > 0:03:04- Rebellion
0:03:04 > 0:03:10- When the Romans landed in Britain - in 43 AD...
0:03:10 > 0:03:13- ..they were hoping to gain control - of the country quickly.
0:03:17 > 0:03:23- The Romans didn't expect the British - to fight as fiercely as they did.
0:03:23 > 0:03:27- Governors of Britannia had to rush - from one end of the country...
0:03:28 > 0:03:31- ..to another - to try and win the battle.
0:03:34 > 0:03:37- Then, a new governor - reached Britain.
0:03:37 > 0:03:41- He was the fifth man - to rule Britannia for Rome.
0:03:41 > 0:03:44- His name was Suetonius Paulinus.
0:03:44 > 0:03:47- He faced many problems - on his arrival.
0:03:49 > 0:03:53- By 60 AD, the Roman order - in Britain was under pressure.
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- They were trying to control - southern Britain...
0:03:57 > 0:04:01- ..but there were rebellions - in many parts of the country.
0:04:01 > 0:04:06- Suetonius Paulinus had reached the - westernmost part of the empire...
0:04:06 > 0:04:08- ..over on the banks of the Menai.
0:04:09 > 0:04:13- His aim was to tame Anglesey, - stronghold of the Druids...
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- ..a real thorn - in the Romans' side...
0:04:16 > 0:04:18- ..and a haven for enemies - of the empire.
0:04:19 > 0:04:24- It is thought that the Druids' - headquarters was on Anglesey.
0:04:26 > 0:04:33- The Druids were seen as the - backbone, or the spin doctors...
0:04:33 > 0:04:35- ..of the Roman rebellion.
0:04:36 > 0:04:40- It was the main Druids' school - in western Britain.
0:04:40 > 0:04:44- It was a centre - for the intelligentsia.
0:04:47 > 0:04:52- There is no written evidence - about the Druids' customs...
0:04:54 > 0:04:56- ..but information can be found...
0:04:57 > 0:05:01- ..at an important archaeological - site on Anglesey - Llyn Cerrig Bach.
0:05:04 > 0:05:07- It's in the National Museum now.
0:05:07 > 0:05:11- Plaques - all kinds of things people - had thrown into the holy lake.
0:05:12 > 0:05:16- It suggests that there was - a ceremonial centre on Anglesey...
0:05:16 > 0:05:18- ..and it would be reasonable - to surmise...
0:05:19 > 0:05:21- ..that the Druids were involved.
0:05:21 > 0:05:26- Tacitus chronicles Paulinus's - journey to the banks of the Menai.
0:05:26 > 0:05:32- He looks across the Menai - and sees these naked barbarians.
0:05:36 > 0:05:40- The Romans feared the Druids.
0:05:41 > 0:05:45- They described them - in very hostile terms.
0:05:45 > 0:05:49- A priest which frightened them.
0:05:49 > 0:05:53- The women who participated - in the ceremonies.
0:05:53 > 0:05:56- This was something - the Romans despised.
0:05:56 > 0:06:01- There were terrifying rituals - where they sacrificed people.
0:06:04 > 0:06:08- Roman historian Tacitus - gives us a colourful description...
0:06:08 > 0:06:14- ..of the experience - of facing such a terrifying enemy.
0:06:14 > 0:06:18- Forget about the men for a moment - - I know women from Anglesey.
0:06:18 > 0:06:23- Women would stand on the riverbank - waving their arms, screaming...
0:06:23 > 0:06:25- ..and creating otherworldly noises.
0:06:26 > 0:06:29- "..novitate, aspectus - perculere militem."
0:06:30 > 0:06:33- Seeing such an incredible sight - for the first time...
0:06:34 > 0:06:37- ..struck fear into the hearts - of the Roman soldiers.
0:06:38 > 0:06:42- Suetonius Paulinus - was ready for the challenge...
0:06:43 > 0:06:46- ..and he sent his best soldiers - across the Menai.
0:06:47 > 0:06:51- The Romans had battalions - of incredibly skilled soldiers.
0:06:52 > 0:06:57- They were used to swimming - in their armoury with their horses.
0:06:57 > 0:07:00- They crossed the Menai and attacked.
0:07:00 > 0:07:05- The Roman discipline - and training shone through...
0:07:05 > 0:07:09- ..and they managed to overcome - the threat posed by the Druids.
0:07:11 > 0:07:13- They evidently succeeded.
0:07:13 > 0:07:17- There is a vivid description - of the way...
0:07:18 > 0:07:23- ..the Druids and the British - soldiers were forced to flee.
0:07:24 > 0:07:30- They broke down the defences and - set fire to the religious centres.
0:07:36 > 0:07:41- Tacitus claims that Paulinus - defeated the Druids...
0:07:41 > 0:07:43- ..in one bloody battle.
0:07:43 > 0:07:46- He then destroyed - their sacrificial stones.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- It's possible that this account - is no more than Roman PR.
0:07:51 > 0:07:56- Modern day scholars believe that - Paulinus was drawn in to fight...
0:07:56 > 0:08:00- ..a series of small skirmishes - as local tribes defended forts...
0:08:00 > 0:08:03- ..such as this one in Din Llugwy.
0:08:03 > 0:08:05- One thing is known for certain.
0:08:05 > 0:08:08- Paulinus's presence on Anglesey...
0:08:08 > 0:08:12- ..had disastrous consequences - for the Romans in eastern Britain.
0:08:14 > 0:08:18- The Romans had five legions - in Britain at the time.
0:08:18 > 0:08:20- Paulinus had taken two to Anglesey.
0:08:21 > 0:08:24- When trouble surfaced - in eastern England...
0:08:25 > 0:08:28- ..the Romans were unable - to respond effectively.
0:08:30 > 0:08:35- The trouble began in an area - we know today as Norfolk.
0:08:35 > 0:08:40- This part of the island was home to - a Brythonic tribe called the Iceni.
0:08:40 > 0:08:44- The Iceni were a tribe - with an independent spirit...
0:08:44 > 0:08:47- ..but they hadn't always - opposed the Romans.
0:08:47 > 0:08:50- When the Romans - first reached Britain...
0:08:51 > 0:08:56- ..many Brythonic tribes surrendered - to the Roman government...
0:08:56 > 0:08:59- ..as long as the Romans showed - the same respect in return.
0:08:59 > 0:09:04- The Iceni's leader, Prasutagus, - was the head of one of these tribes.
0:09:07 > 0:09:10- In truth, - the Romans found it difficult...
0:09:10 > 0:09:13- ..to respect these barbarians.
0:09:18 > 0:09:24- Time after time, Roman officers - showed great contempt...
0:09:24 > 0:09:26- ..which angered the Iceni.
0:09:31 > 0:09:33- The Romans had dealt comfortably...
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- ..with the Iceni's - first rebellion in 47 AD...
0:09:37 > 0:09:40- ..four years - after arriving in Britain...
0:09:41 > 0:09:44- ..but there was always tension - between the two parties.
0:09:44 > 0:09:47- Any evidence of further contempt - from the Romans...
0:09:47 > 0:09:49- ..would infuriate the Iceni.
0:09:49 > 0:09:51- That's exactly what happened - in 60 AD.
0:09:54 > 0:09:57- The history of the Iceni's - great rebellion...
0:09:57 > 0:10:03- ..starts when Prasutagus, - Boudica's husband, became ill.
0:10:04 > 0:10:06- He knew he was about to die.
0:10:06 > 0:10:12- He wrote a new will - to safeguard his kingdom and family.
0:10:14 > 0:10:19- The will split his land - and property in two.
0:10:19 > 0:10:22- Instead of leaving it all - to his family...
0:10:22 > 0:10:25- ..his wife, Boudica, - and his two daughters...
0:10:26 > 0:10:31- ..he left half to them and the other - half to the Roman Emperor - Nero.
0:10:33 > 0:10:35- Prasutagus wanted to prevent - the Romans...
0:10:36 > 0:10:39- ..stealing all the Iceni's lands - after his death.
0:10:40 > 0:10:45- His actions had serious implications - for his tribe and his family.
0:10:46 > 0:10:46- .
0:10:51 > 0:10:51- 888
0:10:51 > 0:10:53- 888- - 888
0:10:54 > 0:10:58- Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, - was dead.
0:10:58 > 0:11:03- He'd left half his belongings - to his family and half to Nero...
0:11:03 > 0:11:05- ..the Roman Emperor.
0:11:05 > 0:11:09- He wanted to safeguard - his tribe from the Romans.
0:11:09 > 0:11:13- Soon after, it became evident - that his plan would never work.
0:11:13 > 0:11:17- Prasutagus's dream of creating - a bond with the Roman Emperor...
0:11:17 > 0:11:19- ..was a very foolish dream.
0:11:20 > 0:11:24- The Emperor had no intention - to honour this agreement...
0:11:24 > 0:11:28- ..and share the inheritance - with Boudica and her daughters.
0:11:29 > 0:11:33- Women weren't allowed to rule - according to the Romans.
0:11:35 > 0:11:37- As the Iceni grieved - for Prasutagus...
0:11:38 > 0:11:40- ..Roman soldiers visited his home.
0:11:40 > 0:11:45- What happened next has horrified - everyone who has heard the story...
0:11:46 > 0:11:48- ..including Roman historian Tacitus.
0:11:49 > 0:11:53- Tacitus claims that the - Roman soldiers committed an act...
0:11:53 > 0:11:57- ..that would have been seen - as a horrific crime...
0:11:57 > 0:12:00- ..by every society across history.
0:12:00 > 0:12:05- To show their contempt for the Iceni - and in a totally unprovoked act...
0:12:05 > 0:12:10- ..the Roman soldiers whipped Boudica - and raped her daughters.
0:12:11 > 0:12:14- They threw the girls - out of their home...
0:12:15 > 0:12:18- ..and allowed Roman soldiers - to steal the tribe's belongings...
0:12:19 > 0:12:21- ..an act which left the tribe - extremely poor.
0:12:23 > 0:12:28- The Romans must have been confident - they could transgress...
0:12:28 > 0:12:33- ..without any repercussions but - this was a mistake on their behalf.
0:12:34 > 0:12:38- Under the leadership of Boudica, - the Iceni sought revenge...
0:12:38 > 0:12:41- ..on those who had insulted them.
0:12:42 > 0:12:48- Initially, the Britons gained some - success. They were led by Boudica.
0:12:49 > 0:12:55- The Romans were surprised that - the Britons had accepted a woman...
0:12:55 > 0:12:57- ..as their leader.
0:12:58 > 0:13:00- Yes, Boudica was a woman...
0:13:01 > 0:13:05- ..but she was as resolute - as any man who had led an army.
0:13:05 > 0:13:07- Along with the Trinovantes...
0:13:07 > 0:13:11- ..a tribe which had also suffered - at the hands of the Romans...
0:13:11 > 0:13:15- ..a bloody - and destructive campaign began.
0:13:15 > 0:13:17- Soon, three cities were destroyed.
0:13:18 > 0:13:22- The first to feel their wrath - was Camulodunum...
0:13:22 > 0:13:25- ..or Colchester as it's known today.
0:13:25 > 0:13:30- Boudica's attack on that city - was incredibly fierce.
0:13:30 > 0:13:34- It was an indication - of what lay ahead.
0:13:36 > 0:13:41- Camulodunum was the capital - of the Trinovantes until 43 AD...
0:13:42 > 0:13:44- ..when it was captured - by the Romans.
0:13:44 > 0:13:49- The Trinovantes - had wanted revenge for some time.
0:13:49 > 0:13:55- When the Iceni's rebellion began, - they were more than happy to join...
0:13:55 > 0:13:57- ..with Boudica's army.
0:14:01 > 0:14:05- The tribes dined together - to celebrate their new alliance.
0:14:06 > 0:14:10- They discussed which Roman centres - they should attack.
0:14:10 > 0:14:13- Camulodunum was at the top - of their list.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18- The choice was significant.
0:14:19 > 0:14:21- The Trinovantes were bitter - about what had happened...
0:14:22 > 0:14:25- ..to their former capital city.
0:14:26 > 0:14:30- What the Romans did at Colchester - was to create a colonia.
0:14:30 > 0:14:34- A colonia, which is where - we get our word colony from...
0:14:34 > 0:14:37- ..meant something very specific - in Roman history.
0:14:38 > 0:14:43- A colonia was a settlement - of retired legionary veterans.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46- And the colonia at Colchester...
0:14:46 > 0:14:52- ..was a city of some 4,000 - retired Roman legionaries.
0:14:52 > 0:14:54- In the centre of the new city...
0:14:54 > 0:14:59- ..one building infuriated the tribe - that had once lived here.
0:14:59 > 0:15:03- It came as no surprise - that the Trinovantes...
0:15:03 > 0:15:05- ..wanted to attack Camulodunum.
0:15:05 > 0:15:12- The Romans has stolen their land - but more importantly...
0:15:12 > 0:15:15- ..they built a temple - for Claudius in the city centre.
0:15:16 > 0:15:19- A real slap in the face - for the Trinovantes.
0:15:20 > 0:15:23- For the natives, - this was an insult...
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- ..since the Romans - had built on holy land...
0:15:27 > 0:15:32- ..which had belonged - to the tribe for many years.
0:15:33 > 0:15:38- By now, Boudica had the support - of 10,000 soldiers.
0:15:38 > 0:15:42- Only 200 Roman soldiers - were posted at Camulodunum.
0:15:43 > 0:15:45- Boudica was in a strong position.
0:15:46 > 0:15:49- Normally, with a colonia, the - Romans would have provided it...
0:15:49 > 0:15:53- ..with a stone wall - or an earth rampart and a ditch.
0:15:53 > 0:15:57- But Colchester - was completely undefended.
0:15:57 > 0:16:02- Boudica had secret sympathizers - inside the town...
0:16:02 > 0:16:04- ..members of the local population...
0:16:05 > 0:16:08- ..who did everything they could - to impede the Romans.
0:16:08 > 0:16:11- And the town, frankly, - didn't stand a chance.
0:16:13 > 0:16:18- Normally, the Roman garrison - could have asked...
0:16:18 > 0:16:25- ..Suetonius Paulinus for help - but he was busy elsewhere.
0:16:27 > 0:16:31- Paulinus was hundreds of miles away, - here on Anglesey.
0:16:31 > 0:16:35- Boudica knew he couldn't rush back - to save his people.
0:16:35 > 0:16:40- She took her time to organize every - element of the attack carefully.
0:16:40 > 0:16:43- She didn't have to attack - until she was ready...
0:16:44 > 0:16:46- ..but no-one - would have to wait long.
0:16:49 > 0:16:53- Boudica's attack on Camulodunum - was fierce.
0:16:53 > 0:16:56- She captured the city - within a few hours.
0:16:58 > 0:17:01- Most of the colonialists - were killed.
0:17:01 > 0:17:05- The others rushed to - the safest building in the city...
0:17:05 > 0:17:07- ..Claudius's temple.
0:17:16 > 0:17:20- The castle that can be seen - in the centre of Colchester today...
0:17:20 > 0:17:25- ..is on the exact spot - where Claudius's temple once stood.
0:17:25 > 0:17:28- Behind the walls - you'll find a number of chambers...
0:17:28 > 0:17:32- ..which still hold - a strange, eerie quality today.
0:17:32 > 0:17:36- In these cells, the Romans - made their final stand...
0:17:36 > 0:17:39- ..before they were all killed.
0:17:40 > 0:17:45- After capturing the city, - Boudica's army set it alight.
0:17:45 > 0:17:49- We don't have to accept - the historians' words for this...
0:17:50 > 0:17:52- ..the evidence - is clear to this day...
0:17:53 > 0:17:56- ..as archaeologist - Paul Sealey now explains.
0:17:56 > 0:18:00- This is a slice through - the history of Roman Colchester.
0:18:01 > 0:18:06- Just down here, you can make out - gravel which is a Roman road.
0:18:06 > 0:18:11- More interestingly, up above it, - you've got bright red daub.
0:18:11 > 0:18:14- Because Colchester - was burnt to the ground...
0:18:14 > 0:18:18- ..this daub was turned - into something very like pottery...
0:18:19 > 0:18:21- ..and therefore, it has survived.
0:18:21 > 0:18:24- What you've got - is tangible proof...
0:18:24 > 0:18:28- ..that Colchester was burnt - to the ground by Boudica in AD 60.
0:18:28 > 0:18:30- The evidence is in front of us.
0:18:30 > 0:18:33- With the taste of victory - still fresh...
0:18:33 > 0:18:37- ..the Iceni rebels, - along with other tribes...
0:18:37 > 0:18:41- ..were already searching - for fresh Roman blood.
0:18:41 > 0:18:45- Of course, with Suetonius Paulinus - and most of his army...
0:18:45 > 0:18:47- ..hundreds of miles away...
0:18:47 > 0:18:51- ..it was impossible - for the Romans to fight back.
0:18:52 > 0:18:56- Back then, you couldn't phone - someone to tell them to come over.
0:18:56 > 0:19:01- It was a matter of days before - a messenger arrived on Anglesey...
0:19:02 > 0:19:06- ..to request an army - to overcome Boudica's rebellion.
0:19:11 > 0:19:14- In the weeks - after capturing Camulodunum...
0:19:14 > 0:19:19- ..Boudica's army moved south, - destroying Roman towns on their way.
0:19:22 > 0:19:26- After destroying Verulamium, - modern day St Albans...
0:19:26 > 0:19:30- ..Boudica reached a town - on the banks of the Thames.
0:19:30 > 0:19:32- Londinium - London.
0:19:32 > 0:19:37- Londinium was an important trade - centre but it was only a small town.
0:19:37 > 0:19:40- Boudica was determined. - She wanted revenge.
0:19:41 > 0:19:43- She wanted to erase London - from the map.
0:19:44 > 0:19:47- It's surprising - that Suetonius Paulinus...
0:19:47 > 0:19:50- ..allowed such a thing to happen.
0:19:50 > 0:19:54- As soon as he heard about - the rebellion in Camulodunum...
0:19:54 > 0:19:57- ..Paulinus rushed back - to the city...
0:19:57 > 0:20:01- ..correctly assuming that Boudica - was heading for Londinium.
0:20:02 > 0:20:04- He arrived before Boudica.
0:20:04 > 0:20:07- Unfortunately, he arrived - before most of his army.
0:20:08 > 0:20:10- They were still travelling - from Anglesey.
0:20:11 > 0:20:16- He soon realized he had insufficient - manpower to overcome Boudica's army.
0:20:16 > 0:20:20- Wisely, but disastrously - for the city's inhabitants...
0:20:20 > 0:20:23- ..he retreated and left Londinium - and its population...
0:20:24 > 0:20:25- ..to face their fate.
0:20:26 > 0:20:26- .
0:20:32 > 0:20:32- 888
0:20:32 > 0:20:34- 888- - 888
0:20:36 > 0:20:40- The Roman order in Britain - was under intense pressure.
0:20:40 > 0:20:44- Suetonius Paulinus could do nothing - to prevent Boudica...
0:20:44 > 0:20:48- ..setting Londinium alight - as he travelled north.
0:20:49 > 0:20:52- Paulinus fled when Boudica - attacked Londinium.
0:20:53 > 0:20:55- He gathered his soldiers together...
0:20:56 > 0:20:58- ..about 10,000 men.
0:20:58 > 0:21:01- He had the opportunity - to choose his land.
0:21:01 > 0:21:04- The land he chose - would have surprised Buddug...
0:21:04 > 0:21:07- ..had she spoken to any strategist.
0:21:07 > 0:21:13- He decided to place his soldiers - with their backs to a thick forest.
0:21:14 > 0:21:16- This would prevent their escape.
0:21:16 > 0:21:19- Paulinus had 10,000 soldiers - - a great army.
0:21:19 > 0:21:23- Boudica had over 200,000 men.
0:21:24 > 0:21:28- If you could have placed a bet - on the outcome...
0:21:28 > 0:21:32- ..with so many natives - and their chariots of war...
0:21:32 > 0:21:34- ..and Boudica...
0:21:35 > 0:21:37- ..heading up her army...
0:21:38 > 0:21:41- ..you would have backed - the natives.
0:21:41 > 0:21:45- But the Romans favoured battles - on open land.
0:21:46 > 0:21:48- Boudica had greater manpower...
0:21:48 > 0:21:51- ..but the Roman army - were better prepared.
0:21:51 > 0:21:55- They attacked together. - It was an efficient army.
0:21:56 > 0:22:01- One factor that guaranteed victory - for the Romans...
0:22:01 > 0:22:06- ..was that Boudica's army - was very disorganized.
0:22:06 > 0:22:10- It was a huge army - with mixed abilities.
0:22:10 > 0:22:17- It included the wives and children - of the armed soldiers.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20- There were too many people - in the same place.
0:22:21 > 0:22:25- The Romans were in a strong tactical - position with natural defences.
0:22:26 > 0:22:28- When the Britons rushed forward...
0:22:28 > 0:22:32- ..the Romans attacked - in their normal manner...
0:22:32 > 0:22:38- ..and their armoury was far superior - to the armoury of the Britons.
0:22:38 > 0:22:42- The Romans don't move, - don't flinch, don't bat an eyelid.
0:22:42 > 0:22:47- They wait until the Britons - are just within javelin range...
0:22:48 > 0:22:52- ..and discharge - a volley of javelins.
0:22:53 > 0:22:56- Those Britons who aren't - wounded or killed outright...
0:22:57 > 0:23:00- ..find they've got a javelin - stuck in their shield.
0:23:01 > 0:23:05- The shield is useless, - so they throw the shield down.
0:23:05 > 0:23:07- And while all this is going on...
0:23:07 > 0:23:12- ..the Britons are tripping over - casualties and goodness knows what.
0:23:13 > 0:23:18- Paulinus attacked them - in a rather barbaric way.
0:23:20 > 0:23:25- Since the Brythonic soldiers, - men and women it seems...
0:23:25 > 0:23:27- ..were at the front of the attack...
0:23:28 > 0:23:32- ..they were followed into battle - by chariots.
0:23:33 > 0:23:38- When Paulinus attacked, - the Britons were trapped...
0:23:39 > 0:23:43- ..by their chariots, - their children and their slaves.
0:23:43 > 0:23:47- They were trapped - and they were killed.
0:23:50 > 0:23:56- According to Tacitus, around 80,000 - Britons were killed in the massacre.
0:23:56 > 0:24:00- It was the end of the rebellion - and Boudica's campaign.
0:24:00 > 0:24:05- Although she wasn't killed - in battle, she died soon after.
0:24:11 > 0:24:14- According to the history books...
0:24:14 > 0:24:20- ..it appears that Boudica - committed suicide after the battle.
0:24:20 > 0:24:25- According to one tale, - she poisoned herself.
0:24:25 > 0:24:29- There is no certainty - to this story...
0:24:29 > 0:24:33- ..but that is the accepted - version of events...
0:24:33 > 0:24:37- ..given by Latin historian Tacitus.
0:24:38 > 0:24:44- Yes, Boudica had died but - the legacy of her brave campaign...
0:24:44 > 0:24:47- ..against the Roman Empire lived on.
0:24:47 > 0:24:52- Across the river from the Palace - of Westminster in London...
0:24:52 > 0:24:55- ..one of the strongholds - of the Roman Empire...
0:24:56 > 0:24:59- ..a statue was erected - during the Victoria Age.
0:24:59 > 0:25:02- Boudica was now a legendary figure.
0:25:02 > 0:25:04- She also became a Welsh heroine.
0:25:04 > 0:25:09- If you visit the gallery of - immortals in Cardiff's City Hall...
0:25:09 > 0:25:12- ..the only woman you'll see - is Boudica.
0:25:12 > 0:25:16- They felt they had to have - one woman so they chose Boudica.
0:25:17 > 0:25:19- There's a lot of nonsense - behind that.
0:25:20 > 0:25:23- Wales's greatest heroine - is a woman from Norfolk.
0:25:25 > 0:25:29- Boudica's story has become - a romantic legend over the years...
0:25:29 > 0:25:32- ..but there was no happy ending - for her followers.
0:25:33 > 0:25:37- We know that the period - following her death...
0:25:37 > 0:25:40- ..was rather barren for Britons.
0:25:40 > 0:25:44- Paulinus was determined - to exact his revenge on the Iceni...
0:25:44 > 0:25:47- ..for massacring so many Romans.
0:25:47 > 0:25:51- With his army, he travelled - across southern Britain...
0:25:51 > 0:25:54- ..killing his enemies mercilessly.
0:25:54 > 0:25:57- Suetonius was a hard - and unforgiving man.
0:25:57 > 0:26:01- He was not disposed to show - any mercy or clemency...
0:26:01 > 0:26:03- ..towards the Britons whatsoever.
0:26:04 > 0:26:08- After the battle, - Paulinus gathered together...
0:26:08 > 0:26:11- ..all the Roman forces in Britain...
0:26:11 > 0:26:16- ..and they descended on Essex - and East Anglia en masse.
0:26:16 > 0:26:18- They proceeded - to strike terror and fear...
0:26:19 > 0:26:22- ..into the hearts of those Britons - who remained there.
0:26:24 > 0:26:29- Paulinus's policy - was not only cruel and spiteful...
0:26:30 > 0:26:32- ..it was also insane.
0:26:32 > 0:26:37- The Romans came to the island - to utilize its natural resources.
0:26:37 > 0:26:42- With Paulinus - on a mission of revenge...
0:26:42 > 0:26:44- ..that process had stopped.
0:26:44 > 0:26:48- The country's government - needed to be re-established.
0:26:48 > 0:26:51- Paulinus was not the right man - for the job.
0:26:54 > 0:27:00- After Paulinus's time, Rome sent - talented governors to Britannia.
0:27:00 > 0:27:05- These were men who understood - the need to build an empire...
0:27:05 > 0:27:08- ..using their brains as well - as their brawn.
0:27:08 > 0:27:12- One of the most prominent - was Julius Agricola...
0:27:12 > 0:27:15- ..who arrived 20 years - after Paulinus's time.
0:27:16 > 0:27:19- We know a lot - about Agricola's work...
0:27:19 > 0:27:23- ..because Latin historian Tacitus - was related to him.
0:27:23 > 0:27:27- Agricola was Tacitus's - father-in-law.
0:27:27 > 0:27:30- He had a lot of respect for him.
0:27:30 > 0:27:34- By praising the new governor...
0:27:35 > 0:27:40- ..Tacitus showed Agricola - to be the embodiment...
0:27:42 > 0:27:45- ..of the Roman Empire's ideals.
0:27:46 > 0:27:49- Rather than attacking the natives...
0:27:50 > 0:27:54- ..Agricola tried to form - an amicable bond...
0:27:55 > 0:27:58- ..with those who wanted - to co-operate with Rome.
0:27:58 > 0:28:02- If the natives refused - to co-operate with his terms...
0:28:02 > 0:28:04- ..it was a different story.
0:28:06 > 0:28:11- The new governor had unfinished - business in north-west Wales...
0:28:12 > 0:28:14- ..the domain of the Ordovices.
0:28:14 > 0:28:18- This fierce tribe - was constantly rebelling...
0:28:18 > 0:28:21- ..from its stronghold on Anglesey.
0:28:21 > 0:28:26- After one attack in particular, - when the Ordovices overcame...
0:28:26 > 0:28:29- ..a cavalry squadron - on the mainland...
0:28:29 > 0:28:33- ..Agricola decided - revenge was the only option.
0:28:33 > 0:28:35- He retaliated with some force.
0:28:37 > 0:28:42- It happened in late summer, - an unusual tactic by the Romans.
0:28:42 > 0:28:46- Romans would normally - only attack in spring and summer.
0:28:47 > 0:28:51- They would live in their winter - quarters from September onwards.
0:28:52 > 0:28:55- Agricola decided to proceed - right away.
0:28:55 > 0:29:00- He reached the banks of the Menai - to face the Ordovices rebellion.
0:29:02 > 0:29:07- A fierce, bloody battle - was fought against the Ordovices...
0:29:07 > 0:29:10- ..and Agricola - gained many successes.
0:29:10 > 0:29:17- He decided to capitalize on - this success by attacking Anglesey.
0:29:17 > 0:29:21- Agricola's tactics - on the banks of the Menai...
0:29:21 > 0:29:23- ..were skilful and unrelenting.
0:29:24 > 0:29:27- He had no boats - - he had rushed to north Wales.
0:29:27 > 0:29:33- He sent a troop of soldiers - who could swim straight across...
0:29:33 > 0:29:39- ..from Lavan Sands where - the channel is narrower on low tide.
0:29:39 > 0:29:42- According to historian Tacitus...
0:29:42 > 0:29:47- ..the Ordovices were so surprised - by the Romans' audacity...
0:29:47 > 0:29:51- ..they decided to surrender - the island immediately.
0:29:52 > 0:29:58- Despite the surrender, Agricola's - soldiers sought their revenge.
0:29:58 > 0:30:02- The people who lived in Gwynedd - and on Anglesey...
0:30:03 > 0:30:06- ..including the Druids, - were exterminated.
0:30:06 > 0:30:08- There is little evidence - to suggest...
0:30:09 > 0:30:12- ..that there was any life on - Anglesey in the years that followed.
0:30:15 > 0:30:20- The response to the threat - of the Ordovices was phenomenal...
0:30:21 > 0:30:26- ..but Governor Agricola - preferred peaceful policies.
0:30:26 > 0:30:30- Through him, - Rome offered a better life...
0:30:30 > 0:30:33- ..for those who obeyed - the Roman order.
0:30:34 > 0:30:38- Not long after the Roman Conquest...
0:30:39 > 0:30:44- ..people were in a hurry - to live like Romans.
0:30:44 > 0:30:49- They felt they were privileged - to live like Romans.
0:30:49 > 0:30:52- This is how every empire works.
0:30:53 > 0:30:55- Establish an order...
0:30:55 > 0:30:59- ..and persuade the population - to follow its values.
0:30:59 > 0:31:03- This is what's happening - in America today...
0:31:03 > 0:31:06- ..with the so-called - coca-colonization.
0:31:07 > 0:31:11- By the second generation - after the conquest...
0:31:11 > 0:31:15- ..the beginning - of the second century...
0:31:15 > 0:31:22- ..the Romans had attracted the elite - leaders from most of the tribes...
0:31:22 > 0:31:25- ..to enjoy the fineries of Rome...
0:31:26 > 0:31:31- ..the luxuries that existed - within a large empire...
0:31:31 > 0:31:34- ..the general wealth and affluence.
0:31:34 > 0:31:37- Tacitus notes this in his work.
0:31:37 > 0:31:43- "And so the Britons were gradually - led on to the amenities...
0:31:44 > 0:31:46- "..that make vice agreeable.
0:31:47 > 0:31:51- "Arcades, baths - and sumptuous banquets.
0:31:51 > 0:31:56- "They spoke of such novelties - as civilisation...
0:31:56 > 0:32:01- "..when really, they were only - a feature of enslavement."
0:32:04 > 0:32:05- Over the next 150 years...
0:32:06 > 0:32:09- ..the policies of Agricola - and his successors...
0:32:09 > 0:32:14- ..Romanizing the Britons, - were followed enthusiastically.
0:32:14 > 0:32:17- Many of the tribal leaders - were Romanized.
0:32:17 > 0:32:22- The greatest weapon - they had to attract rural people...
0:32:22 > 0:32:24- ..was the new civic way of life.
0:32:26 > 0:32:31- For the Romans, the cities with all - their resources and excitement...
0:32:31 > 0:32:34- ..were the places to live.
0:32:34 > 0:32:36- By building new cities...
0:32:36 > 0:32:41- ..Rome showed that the empire's way - of doing things...
0:32:41 > 0:32:44- ..was more beneficial - than rural life.
0:32:44 > 0:32:46- Two cultures collided...
0:32:46 > 0:32:52- ..in the new towns and suburbs - around the Roman forts.
0:32:52 > 0:32:58- This process attracted people - who had accepted Romanization.
0:32:58 > 0:33:04- They were attracted to the values, - culture and language of Rome.
0:33:06 > 0:33:09- As we all know, - Rome wasn't built in a day.
0:33:09 > 0:33:14- It would take many years - to build cities on an island...
0:33:14 > 0:33:16- ..as remote as Britain.
0:33:16 > 0:33:20- Boudica and her followers - had destroyed the towns...
0:33:20 > 0:33:22- ..which had been established.
0:33:23 > 0:33:25- Rome was determined - to change things.
0:33:25 > 0:33:27- Over the next century...
0:33:28 > 0:33:33- ..Romans built city after city, - town after town...
0:33:33 > 0:33:36- ..changing the British landscape.
0:33:36 > 0:33:38- These weren't all new towns.
0:33:38 > 0:33:42- The towns destroyed - during Boudica's rebellion...
0:33:42 > 0:33:44- ..were rebuilt.
0:33:45 > 0:33:48- Camulodunum - Colchester - - was rebuilt.
0:33:48 > 0:33:53- This time, the roads were wider - and the buildings were grander.
0:33:53 > 0:33:56- Every town was surrounded - by a solid wall.
0:33:57 > 0:34:00- Better late than never.
0:34:04 > 0:34:07- Parts of the wall - can still be seen today...
0:34:08 > 0:34:10- ..as well as this solid entrance.
0:34:10 > 0:34:15- However, finding evidence - of other buildings constructed...
0:34:15 > 0:34:19- ..during this revolutionary era - is rather more difficult.
0:34:24 > 0:34:28- Cities such as London, which - was rebuilt during this time...
0:34:28 > 0:34:31- ..have grown so much since then.
0:34:32 > 0:34:35- Almost all the Roman buildings - have disappeared.
0:34:35 > 0:34:38- For a clearer view - of the construction work...
0:34:38 > 0:34:41- ..we have to leave - eastern Britain...
0:34:41 > 0:34:43- ..and head west.
0:34:44 > 0:34:46- Where is our first port of call?
0:34:46 > 0:34:50- There's nowhere more suitable - than the ancient city of Bath.
0:34:50 > 0:34:54- You can find exceptional - architecture wherever you look...
0:34:55 > 0:34:58- ..but the most exceptional - is found at the place...
0:34:58 > 0:35:02- ..that gives its name to the city - - the Roman baths.
0:35:02 > 0:35:04- It's hard to believe...
0:35:04 > 0:35:08- ..that some of these buildings - are 2,000 years old.
0:35:08 > 0:35:12- This is my first visit to the baths, - and it's an incredible location.
0:35:12 > 0:35:15- It's a holistic - and religious centre...
0:35:15 > 0:35:18- ..in addition to being - a tourist attraction.
0:35:19 > 0:35:23- The construction work began - 15 years after Boudica's rebellion.
0:35:23 > 0:35:29- The baths and the temple were - completed by the second century...
0:35:29 > 0:35:34- ..and this was a meeting place for - Romans for the next three centuries.
0:35:34 > 0:35:39- Visitors from around the world - visit the baths to this day...
0:35:39 > 0:35:42- ..almost 2,000 years later.
0:35:44 > 0:35:48- People travelled from the - far reaches of the Roman Empire...
0:35:49 > 0:35:54- ..to worship in the temple - or bathe in the warm waters.
0:35:54 > 0:35:58- It was also an attraction - for Britons.
0:35:59 > 0:36:04- The Romans encouraged - the Britons to visit...
0:36:05 > 0:36:08- ..by dedicating the baths - to Sulis Minerva...
0:36:08 > 0:36:11- ..a half-Roman, - half-Brythonic God...
0:36:11 > 0:36:15- ..a god who had been created - to convey a message...
0:36:15 > 0:36:20- ..that there was no longer animosity - between the Romans and Britons.
0:36:20 > 0:36:23- Rather, that the Romans - and Britons were united.
0:36:23 > 0:36:27- Think of yourselves - as part of the new Britannia.
0:36:28 > 0:36:28- .
0:36:34 > 0:36:34- 888
0:36:34 > 0:36:36- 888- - 888
0:36:39 > 0:36:41- Bath isn't the only place - in Britain...
0:36:42 > 0:36:45- ..where the Romans tried - to influence the Britons.
0:36:46 > 0:36:48- A chain of towns were established...
0:36:49 > 0:36:52- ..to try and encourage them - to live like Romans.
0:36:54 > 0:36:58- The remains of some of those towns - can still be seen today.
0:36:58 > 0:37:02- I've travelled to Shropshire - to see one of the locations...
0:37:03 > 0:37:07- ..near the village of Wroxeter, - or Caerwrygion.
0:37:07 > 0:37:11- In Roman times, - it was called Viroconium.
0:37:13 > 0:37:18- Viroconium was one of the civitates - which were established...
0:37:18 > 0:37:21- ..in a number of locations - in southern Britain...
0:37:22 > 0:37:25- ..or anywhere where the locals - agreed not to rebel...
0:37:25 > 0:37:28- ..and to live in peace - with the Romans.
0:37:28 > 0:37:33- These locations became - governing centres for many years.
0:37:35 > 0:37:40- When Viroconium was a flourishing - town in the second century...
0:37:40 > 0:37:43- ..it was spread over 200 acres.
0:37:43 > 0:37:46- 6,000 people lived here...
0:37:46 > 0:37:50- ..all enjoying the benefits - of city life.
0:37:50 > 0:37:55- There was a forum, or market, - hotels, shops, public houses...
0:37:56 > 0:37:58- ..a Roman bath and a temple.
0:37:58 > 0:38:03- Imagine the dramatic change - in the lives of the Britons.
0:38:03 > 0:38:08- Their forefathers - lived harsh and primitive lives.
0:38:08 > 0:38:09- Here they were...
0:38:10 > 0:38:15- ..living in a town where some people - slept in beds with lavish covers.
0:38:15 > 0:38:18- They drank continental wine, - added olive oil to their food...
0:38:18 > 0:38:21- ..and were kept warm - by a central heating system.
0:38:22 > 0:38:26- Of course, the majority of people - didn't live like this...
0:38:26 > 0:38:29- ..but they knew that life existed...
0:38:29 > 0:38:32- ..and dreamt - of living the life one day.
0:38:33 > 0:38:39- However, some of the Brythonic - tribes didn't enjoy this life.
0:38:39 > 0:38:43- This was true of the Ordovices - in north Wales.
0:38:44 > 0:38:50- The appeal of this new way - of life was so strong for some...
0:38:50 > 0:38:55- ..it surpassed the old feelings - of anger towards their conquerors.
0:38:55 > 0:38:59- The greatest testament to this - can be seen in Monmouthshire...
0:38:59 > 0:39:01- ..in Caerwent.
0:39:03 > 0:39:07- The village has grown around - the remains of a Roman town.
0:39:07 > 0:39:10- The remains can still be seen - in some parts...
0:39:10 > 0:39:14- ..evidence of the solid nature - of these structures.
0:39:14 > 0:39:19- This location, along with - Viroconium, was a civitas...
0:39:19 > 0:39:23- ..the primary town of a tribe which - had accepted the Roman way of life.
0:39:24 > 0:39:27- It may be a surprise to learn - the identity of this tribe.
0:39:28 > 0:39:30- We know the name of the tribe.
0:39:30 > 0:39:35- A century ago, archaeologists - found an old foundation stone.
0:39:35 > 0:39:39- It can be seen - in the parish church of Caerwent.
0:39:44 > 0:39:49- You could easily pass this stone - without noticing it.
0:39:49 > 0:39:52- It's a very significant stone.
0:39:52 > 0:39:56- It's part of a larger statue...
0:39:56 > 0:40:00- ..and the inscriptions tell us - who once lived here.
0:40:01 > 0:40:03- The two words - Civit Silurum.
0:40:03 > 0:40:06- This is the city of the Silures.
0:40:06 > 0:40:11- When you remember the history of the - Silures, this is quite a surprise.
0:40:13 > 0:40:15- The words are incredible.
0:40:15 > 0:40:19- The Silures were no ordinary tribe.
0:40:19 > 0:40:22- Long before the Iceni - and Trinovantes rebellion...
0:40:22 > 0:40:28- ..the Silures had been a real - thorn in the side of the empire.
0:40:28 > 0:40:32- In partnership with Cartacus, - Rome's chief enemy in Britain...
0:40:33 > 0:40:35- ..the Silures - had attacked the Romans.
0:40:37 > 0:40:42- They overcame three Roman units - in one day...
0:40:42 > 0:40:45- ..and gained a victory - over an entire legion.
0:40:46 > 0:40:51- It's hard to believe - that a tribe of warriors...
0:40:51 > 0:40:56- ..had settled here - and accepted the Roman way of life.
0:40:56 > 0:41:01- However, this stone - proves that this was the case.
0:41:01 > 0:41:05- The Latin word 'civitates' - suggests that the natives...
0:41:06 > 0:41:08- ..some of them at least...
0:41:08 > 0:41:12- ..in Caerwent had been drawn in - to this new way of life...
0:41:12 > 0:41:15- ..the Roman way of life.
0:41:16 > 0:41:19- The Romans - not only conquered nations...
0:41:19 > 0:41:22- ..but they also rewarded them...
0:41:23 > 0:41:27- ..and encouraged them - to adopt Roman customs.
0:41:27 > 0:41:31- Soon after the process - of conquering was complete...
0:41:32 > 0:41:37- ..they realized that they needed - the powers of persuasion...
0:41:37 > 0:41:40- ..beyond the use of their weaponry.
0:41:43 > 0:41:46- This is a traditional - Silures area...
0:41:46 > 0:41:51- ..a tribe which had opposed - the Romans so vehemently.
0:41:51 > 0:41:55- Within a century, it's a town, - and later a city...
0:41:56 > 0:41:58- ..a Silures city.
0:41:58 > 0:42:07- Caerwent was surrounded - by high, extravagant, thick walls.
0:42:07 > 0:42:12- These were the defences of Britain's - greatest city at the time.
0:42:12 > 0:42:17- Today, those defences - are still in excellent condition.
0:42:19 > 0:42:23- Taming the Silures tribe - was very significant.
0:42:24 > 0:42:25- Why?
0:42:25 > 0:42:30- Charming them with - the sophisticated resources...
0:42:30 > 0:42:35- ..which once existed here - - the shops, taverns and offices...
0:42:35 > 0:42:38- ..was further evidence - for the Romans...
0:42:38 > 0:42:42- ..that they didn't need to use - brute force to achieve their goals.
0:42:42 > 0:42:45- Well, not in all cases, anyway.
0:42:47 > 0:42:52- The Silures surrendered - around 75 AD.
0:42:53 > 0:42:56- Some tribes - had still not surrendered...
0:42:56 > 0:43:00- ..but most tribes in southern - Britain surrendered soon after...
0:43:00 > 0:43:02- ..and accepted the new Roman order.
0:43:03 > 0:43:07- Before the end - of the first century AD...
0:43:07 > 0:43:09- ..all lands in southern Britain...
0:43:10 > 0:43:12- ..lived under Pax Romana - - Roman peace.
0:43:13 > 0:43:16- There would be no more rebellions - in this part of Britain.
0:43:18 > 0:43:23- However, the situation was different - in the northern half of the country.
0:43:23 > 0:43:28- The Pict tribes lived in the country - we now know as Scotland.
0:43:28 > 0:43:32- They fought against - the Roman military machine...
0:43:32 > 0:43:34- ..for another 350 years.
0:43:35 > 0:43:39- Time after time, - Rome sent large armies north.
0:43:39 > 0:43:43- They sent their best generals - with them.
0:43:43 > 0:43:47- Sometimes, the armies were led - by Roman emperors...
0:43:47 > 0:43:51- ..but despite all their efforts, - they failed to win the war.
0:43:52 > 0:43:54- They could not conquer Scotland.
0:43:54 > 0:43:59- Rome's most astute leaders - were well aware of this.
0:43:59 > 0:44:03- This is why one of the best leaders, - Emperor Hadrian...
0:44:03 > 0:44:05- ..built his famous wall.
0:44:06 > 0:44:10- When building work - was completed, in 130 AD...
0:44:11 > 0:44:15- ..the wall frightened everyone - who saw it.
0:44:15 > 0:44:20- It was 73 miles long, - six metres high...
0:44:20 > 0:44:24- ..and it was there as a testament - to Rome's power and strength.
0:44:25 > 0:44:29- The wall was also an efficient way - to control the people.
0:44:29 > 0:44:33- It was used as a customs post - for trade taxation.
0:44:33 > 0:44:37- Hadrian's Wall also marked - the border of the empire...
0:44:38 > 0:44:43- ..to show that Rome had conceded - their aim of conquering Britain.
0:44:44 > 0:44:49- To the north of the wall, a new - breed of warrior would emerge...
0:44:49 > 0:44:53- ..to oppose the Romans - for the next few centuries.
0:44:53 > 0:44:59- To the south of the wall, Britain - was at peace for almost 300 years.
0:45:00 > 0:45:04- I'm in Segontium, - the Roman fort in Caernarfon.
0:45:04 > 0:45:08- The original fort - was built in 77 AD.
0:45:08 > 0:45:13- It was rebuilt in stone in 140 AD...
0:45:13 > 0:45:16- ..a few years - after Hadrian's Wall was built.
0:45:16 > 0:45:19- It was home - to around 100 soldiers...
0:45:19 > 0:45:23- ..and also an important - administrative centre...
0:45:23 > 0:45:27- ..collecting taxes and coordinating - the local mining activities.
0:45:29 > 0:45:35- This location housed Roman soldiers - for around 250 years.
0:45:35 > 0:45:38- Archaeologists - have found many artefacts here...
0:45:38 > 0:45:42- ..including coins - and pieces of pottery.
0:45:45 > 0:45:49- On the whole, - this was a peaceful age.
0:45:49 > 0:45:52- The Romans ruled for centuries...
0:45:52 > 0:45:57- ..and they influenced the culture - and society of the Brythonic tribes.
0:45:59 > 0:46:05- As the years passed, a large number - of tribal leaders and heads...
0:46:05 > 0:46:10- ..came to accept and welcome - the Roman way of life.
0:46:11 > 0:46:15- However, - as some enjoyed their new lives...
0:46:15 > 0:46:18- ..others were cast aside - by the Romans.
0:46:18 > 0:46:21- The smaller forts - visible across Wales...
0:46:21 > 0:46:24- ..are testament - to the number of soldiers needed...
0:46:25 > 0:46:26- ..to control the country.
0:46:27 > 0:46:31- Some forts have disappeared, - others are slowly disappearing...
0:46:31 > 0:46:33- ..such as this one near Llandovery.
0:46:33 > 0:46:38- This one near Brecon - is in excellent condition.
0:46:39 > 0:46:44- We can try to identify areas - where there was a boundary.
0:46:44 > 0:46:48- These were areas which had to be - defended by garrisons.
0:46:48 > 0:46:51- These weren't - the fertile lowlands...
0:46:52 > 0:46:55- ..in south-east Britain - and the Midlands.
0:46:55 > 0:47:00- They were in the mountainous areas - of the west and north of Britain.
0:47:00 > 0:47:04- Most of the Roman soldiers...
0:47:04 > 0:47:08- ..were stationed - in the mountainous areas.
0:47:08 > 0:47:11- This suggests a division - in Britain...
0:47:11 > 0:47:15- ..between the civic, - or civilian, areas...
0:47:16 > 0:47:19- ..and areas under military rule.
0:47:20 > 0:47:24- These not only included - the legionary fortresses...
0:47:24 > 0:47:28- ..but also a network - of smaller forts across Wales.
0:47:29 > 0:47:34- Life could be very difficult - under Roman rule.
0:47:34 > 0:47:39- The Roman Golden Age in Britain - meant very little to the slaves...
0:47:40 > 0:47:42- ..who had to mine for that gold.
0:47:42 > 0:47:47- What could be won - and what could be lost...
0:47:47 > 0:47:49- ..under the Pax Romana.
0:47:50 > 0:47:54- That's a question I'll be asking in - the final programme of the series.
0:48:22 > 0:48:25- S4C Subtitles by Simian 04 Cyf.
0:48:25 > 0:48:25- .