0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:12 > 0:00:16- I've been portraying - a very special man for five years.
0:00:17 > 0:00:20- A man who has become - an integral part of me.
0:00:20 > 0:00:24- The man responsible - for the Theory of Evolution...
0:00:24 > 0:00:27- ..and the Origin of Species.
0:00:27 > 0:00:32- Quite possibly, the most - revolutionary discovery of all time.
0:00:34 > 0:00:37- So who was this special man?
0:00:38 > 0:00:39- Charles Darwin.
0:00:39 > 0:00:41- Charles Darwin.
0:00:42 > 0:00:43- Charles Darwin.
0:00:43 > 0:00:45- Charles Darwin.
0:00:45 > 0:00:48- Charles Darwin.
0:00:48 > 0:00:50- Charles Darwin.
0:01:02 > 0:01:04- Good evening.
0:01:04 > 0:01:07- What a beautiful balmy evening.
0:01:07 > 0:01:09- I didn't need a jacket.
0:01:09 > 0:01:13- But you can never be too sure. - It's better to come prepared.
0:01:13 > 0:01:18- I've fond memories of this country, - though I've travelled far and wide.
0:01:18 > 0:01:20- I feel I'm being called back...
0:01:21 > 0:01:23- ..to be reminded - of where it all started.
0:01:23 > 0:01:26- Forgive me - for not introducing myself.
0:01:26 > 0:01:29- Wallace is the name.
0:01:29 > 0:01:31- A-R-W.
0:01:32 > 0:01:34- Alfred Russel Wallace.
0:01:38 > 0:01:42- It's 1 July 1858.
0:01:43 > 0:01:46- In London's Piccadilly, - the era's prominent scientists...
0:01:47 > 0:01:50- ..are urgently convening - at the Linnean Society...
0:01:50 > 0:01:53- ..to discuss a new theory - in the world of nature.
0:02:01 > 0:02:05- At the end of the meeting, - a new theory is published.
0:02:05 > 0:02:10- Darwin and Wallace's theory - of evolution by natural selection.
0:02:10 > 0:02:14- Neither Charles Darwin - nor Alfred Wallace are present.
0:02:14 > 0:02:19- Within half a century, - Wallace's name starts to disappear.
0:02:19 > 0:02:22- This programme reveals - why Darwin's name...
0:02:22 > 0:02:26- ..shouldn't have been - associated with it at all.
0:02:36 > 0:02:40- Nowadays, some scientists - are starting to acknowledge...
0:02:40 > 0:02:45- ..that in 1858, Wallace was wronged - by the scientific establishment...
0:02:45 > 0:02:49- ..and that the injustice - has continued for over 150 years.
0:02:50 > 0:02:53- Carefully compress - the thorax from below...
0:02:54 > 0:02:59- Wallace has since - received publicity for his work.
0:02:59 > 0:03:04- Theatr na nOg's production - has toured Wales and beyond...
0:03:04 > 0:03:08- ..to tell the story - of this self-effacing man...
0:03:08 > 0:03:10- ..who died in November 1913.
0:03:15 > 0:03:19- One scientist who suspects - there is more to this story...
0:03:19 > 0:03:21- ..is Professor Deri Tomos...
0:03:22 > 0:03:26- ..from Bangor University's - School of Biological Sciences.
0:03:26 > 0:03:31- For a century, we've been led - to believe that Charles Darwin...
0:03:31 > 0:03:36- ..founded these ideas during his - voyages aboard HMS Beagle in 1836...
0:03:36 > 0:03:39- ..after visits to the Galapagos - and so on.
0:03:39 > 0:03:45- That's when the theory of evolution - by natural selection was formulated.
0:03:47 > 0:03:53- But it's believed that this young - naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace...
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- ..had been working in the background - and sending Darwin letters...
0:03:58 > 0:04:02- ..prompting Darwin - to prematurely publish the theory.
0:04:02 > 0:04:07- But according to the story, - Wallace is only a peripheral figure.
0:04:07 > 0:04:12- It was claimed that Darwin was - reluctant to publish his findings...
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- ..for fear of upsetting the Church.
0:04:22 > 0:04:27- Some Cardiff University scientists - believe Wallace has been wronged.
0:04:27 > 0:04:32- Among them is former student - and biomedical scientist...
0:04:33 > 0:04:35- ..Dr Catrin Williams.
0:04:35 > 0:04:39- It's true that Wallace - had been ignored in the past.
0:04:39 > 0:04:44- Wallace insisted - that Darwin publish his work...
0:04:44 > 0:04:48- ..although Darwin - wasn't ready to do so at the time.
0:04:48 > 0:04:53- Not because he was afraid to, but - because his theory was incomplete.
0:04:53 > 0:04:55- There is reason to believe...
0:04:55 > 0:04:59- ..that Darwin - didn't fully understand the concept.
0:05:00 > 0:05:03- But more than that, - I believe there is evidence....
0:05:04 > 0:05:08- ..to suggest that Darwin and friends - lied to cover up what happened.
0:05:11 > 0:05:15- Damning research into Darwin - and the scientific community...
0:05:15 > 0:05:18- ..was carried out - by former journalist...
0:05:18 > 0:05:22- ..and documentary maker - Roy Davies from Pontycymer...
0:05:23 > 0:05:26- ..who wrote a book - chronicling 15 years of research.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31- The academic world has been slow - to accept his opinion...
0:05:32 > 0:05:36- ..but recently, the Linnean Society - itself published an article...
0:05:36 > 0:05:38- ..exploring his evidence.
0:05:39 > 0:05:41- My research convinces me totally...
0:05:42 > 0:05:45- ..that Darwin - took material from Wallace...
0:05:45 > 0:05:49- ..sent to him innocently - from the other side of the world...
0:05:49 > 0:05:53- ..and Darwin used that material - to give himself the advantage...
0:05:54 > 0:05:58- ..of claiming that he understood - the theory of evolution.
0:05:58 > 0:06:01- But it was Wallace - who came up with this, not Darwin.
0:06:03 > 0:06:06- So, who was Alfred Russel Wallace...
0:06:06 > 0:06:10- ..and why isn't his name associated - with the theory of evolution...
0:06:11 > 0:06:15- ..which is heralded as the most - important discovery in our history?
0:06:15 > 0:06:20- He was born in Kensington Cottage - on the outskirts of Usk.
0:06:20 > 0:06:24- The family moved there due to - his father's financial problems.
0:06:24 > 0:06:28- Poverty was a major problem - during Wallace's upbringing.
0:06:31 > 0:06:36- Someone who has studied the life - and work of the genius from Usk...
0:06:36 > 0:06:41- ..is the author and former - biology lecturer Dr Elwyn Hughes.
0:06:41 > 0:06:44- He didn't receive - an academic education.
0:06:44 > 0:06:48- He left school in his early teens.
0:06:48 > 0:06:51- He didn't continue - in higher education...
0:06:51 > 0:06:56- ..although he attended - evening classes.
0:06:56 > 0:07:00- He didn't have - any influential friends...
0:07:00 > 0:07:03- ..in the establishment at the time.
0:07:03 > 0:07:07- From the outset, - he had to fully rely...
0:07:07 > 0:07:09- ..on his own ideas...
0:07:10 > 0:07:13- ..and his own methods - of tackling life.
0:07:15 > 0:07:18- Darwin was born - into a wealthy Shrewsbury family...
0:07:18 > 0:07:21- ..with many influential contacts.
0:07:21 > 0:07:25- His maternal grandfather, - Josiah Wedgwood...
0:07:25 > 0:07:27- ..became famous for his pottery.
0:07:27 > 0:07:32- His paternal grandfather, - Erasmus Darwin, was a scholar.
0:07:32 > 0:07:34- He began studying medicine...
0:07:34 > 0:07:38- ..but converted - to theology at Cambridge.
0:07:41 > 0:07:45- Put it this way, Wallace and Darwin - were like chalk and cheese.
0:07:45 > 0:07:47- He lived in a very grand house...
0:07:48 > 0:07:51- ..and was born - into an affluent family.
0:07:51 > 0:07:55- At the time, he had friends - in the English establishment.
0:07:56 > 0:07:58- He owned - an impressive reading library.
0:08:00 > 0:08:05- He excelled at university, most - notably Cambridge and Edinburgh.
0:08:05 > 0:08:08- In 1831...
0:08:08 > 0:08:12- ..he embarked on a five-year voyage - aboard HMS Beagle.
0:08:12 > 0:08:16- Although Wallace - later travelled the world...
0:08:16 > 0:08:19- ..his formative years - were very different.
0:08:22 > 0:08:24- After spending time in London...
0:08:24 > 0:08:28- ..Wallace decided...
0:08:28 > 0:08:31- ..it was time to get to work.
0:08:31 > 0:08:33- He went to live with his brother...
0:08:34 > 0:08:38- ..and became an apprentice surveyor.
0:08:39 > 0:08:43- Wallace then moved - to the Neath area.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51- He lived there for five years - and wrote later...
0:08:52 > 0:08:55- ..that moving to the area - was a turning point in his life.
0:08:55 > 0:09:00- Here, his passion for nature grew.
0:09:02 > 0:09:06- He and his brother - founded the Mechanics' Institute...
0:09:06 > 0:09:09- ..which cost 500 - to build at the time.
0:09:09 > 0:09:13- It still stands and is currently - home to the Antiquarian Society.
0:09:27 > 0:09:30- There wasn't always work - to occupy the two brothers...
0:09:30 > 0:09:35- ..so Wallace spent his time - pursuing his main interest...
0:09:35 > 0:09:39- ..which involved searching, - collecting and marvelling at nature.
0:09:40 > 0:09:43- He spent a lot of time - at the Crymlyn Burrows...
0:09:43 > 0:09:46- ..an area between Neath and Swansea.
0:09:46 > 0:09:50- His upbringing in Wales - greatly influenced him...
0:09:50 > 0:09:52- ..in a number of ways.
0:09:55 > 0:10:01- Wallace's main influences - at the time...
0:10:01 > 0:10:05- ..were institutions - like the Philosophical Society.
0:10:06 > 0:10:09- Due to its proximity to Neath...
0:10:09 > 0:10:13- ..there were plenty - of similar pursuits in Swansea.
0:10:13 > 0:10:16- There were evening lectures...
0:10:16 > 0:10:20- ..and what later became known - as the Royal Institution.
0:10:21 > 0:10:25- He also ensured that when he - went about his surveying duties...
0:10:26 > 0:10:30- ..he collected - an array of species...
0:10:30 > 0:10:34- ..that were of interest - to a naturalist like himself.
0:10:35 > 0:10:37- Mainly beetles, in Wallace's case.
0:10:37 > 0:10:40- In a couple of years...
0:10:40 > 0:10:44- ..he had amassed - an impressive collection...
0:10:44 > 0:10:46- ..of beetles.
0:10:46 > 0:10:51- In the back of his mind, - there was this feeling...
0:10:51 > 0:10:55- ..that classification - was very important too.
0:10:55 > 0:10:59- The fate of the Welsh language - was also of importance to him.
0:11:00 > 0:11:05- Something significant - struck him about the area.
0:11:05 > 0:11:10- The way in which - the Welsh language...
0:11:10 > 0:11:15- ..suddenly disappeared - under English influence.
0:11:15 > 0:11:18- He later used this template...
0:11:19 > 0:11:24- ..as a model to formulate - his theory of evolution.
0:11:26 > 0:11:29- In a collection - of Wallace's drawings...
0:11:30 > 0:11:32- ..at the Natural History Museum...
0:11:32 > 0:11:38- ..is a sketch entitled in Welsh, - "A Welsh woman carrying water."
0:11:38 > 0:11:41- He certainly - made an effort to learn Welsh.
0:11:41 > 0:11:44- The people he met - through his work...
0:11:44 > 0:11:46- ..farmers, for instance...
0:11:46 > 0:11:48- ..could only speak Welsh.
0:11:48 > 0:11:54- He also attended Welsh-language - services in the local chapels...
0:11:54 > 0:11:58- ..and each time - he took up lodgings with a family...
0:11:58 > 0:12:01- ..he chose to lodge - with Welsh-speakers.
0:12:02 > 0:12:06- Knowing that, I'd say he had - a grasp of the Welsh language.
0:12:06 > 0:12:10- Darwin and Wallace's backgrounds - are completely different.
0:12:10 > 0:12:13- Darwin was privileged - while Wallace was poor.
0:12:14 > 0:12:18- But both were seeking the answer - to the same question.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- Why was there - such a diversity in nature?
0:12:21 > 0:12:27- Why has Darwin's name remained - and Wallace's name disappeared?
0:12:27 > 0:12:31- Was there a conspiracy - by the strong against the weak?
0:12:34 > 0:12:34- .
0:12:37 > 0:12:37- Subtitles
0:12:37 > 0:12:39- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:12:40 > 0:12:44- For over a century, - people from all over the world...
0:12:44 > 0:12:48- ..attribute the Theory of Evolution - to Charles Darwin.
0:12:48 > 0:12:51- But there is also a Welshman - in the frame.
0:12:51 > 0:12:55- Alfred Russel Wallace - should be deserving of praise.
0:12:55 > 0:12:57- They both wanted to explain...
0:12:57 > 0:13:01- ..why there was such a diversity - of plants and animals on Earth.
0:13:01 > 0:13:06- Charles Darwin became famous because - of his visit to the Galapagos...
0:13:06 > 0:13:08- ..while he was on the Beagle.
0:13:08 > 0:13:11- Charles Darwin - claimed he understood...
0:13:11 > 0:13:16- ..the idea of natural selection - from the animals he found there.
0:13:16 > 0:13:19- It was only because of colleagues...
0:13:19 > 0:13:22- ..to whom - he'd given all these examples...
0:13:22 > 0:13:26- ..that they then told him - years later of what he had.
0:13:26 > 0:13:31- It was only then that he said he'd - found this proof on the Galapagos.
0:13:48 > 0:13:50- After he returned from his voyage...
0:13:51 > 0:13:55- ..Darwin rarely left his home, - Down House in Kent.
0:13:55 > 0:13:59- He never studied animals in the wild - ever again.
0:13:59 > 0:14:03- It was Wallace's turn - to go travelling...
0:14:03 > 0:14:06- ..as a professional - insect collector.
0:14:07 > 0:14:12- Wallace went to the South American - jungle and the Malay Archipelago...
0:14:13 > 0:14:18- ..in order to survey the wildlife - and formulate his own opinions...
0:14:18 > 0:14:21- ..about the existence - of certain species.
0:14:21 > 0:14:25- He began his research in 1848...
0:14:25 > 0:14:30- ..and eventually - discovered 5,000 new species.
0:14:30 > 0:14:34- There were 17,000 islands - to study...
0:14:34 > 0:14:37- ..from Borneo in the west - to New Guinea in the east.
0:14:38 > 0:14:44- Ultimately, he named - about 200 new species after himself.
0:14:47 > 0:14:50- Wallace and Darwin - worked in different ways.
0:14:50 > 0:14:55- Darwin spent his time at home, - experimenting in his laboratory...
0:14:55 > 0:14:57- ..pondering results...
0:14:57 > 0:15:00- ..while Wallace - was out there in the field.
0:15:00 > 0:15:02- His livelihood depended on it.
0:15:03 > 0:15:06- From 1848 onwards...
0:15:06 > 0:15:10- ..he spent time - in the Malay Archipelago and Borneo.
0:15:10 > 0:15:13- He'd already spent time - in the Amazon prior to that.
0:15:13 > 0:15:16- He went to Borneo...
0:15:16 > 0:15:18- ..to collect animals...
0:15:18 > 0:15:22- ..insects and animal skins.
0:15:22 > 0:15:25- He had to prepare the insects...
0:15:25 > 0:15:28- ..and would then - send them back to London.
0:15:28 > 0:15:32- He had an agent - who would sell them...
0:15:32 > 0:15:35- ..to provide - his only source of income.
0:15:35 > 0:15:38- He was a professional naturalist - in that sense.
0:15:39 > 0:15:42- At the same time, - he amassed a personal collection.
0:15:42 > 0:15:47- More importantly, he collected ideas - which he'd developed...
0:15:47 > 0:15:51- ..to explain the origin - of all these species...
0:15:51 > 0:15:54- ..and why there was - such a diversity.
0:15:55 > 0:16:00- Wallace lived in the jungle in the - Malay Archipelago for eight years...
0:16:01 > 0:16:04- ..and travelled - thousands of miles alone.
0:16:04 > 0:16:07- The area is better known to us - as Indonesia...
0:16:07 > 0:16:12- ..to which the islands - of Bali and Borneo belong.
0:16:12 > 0:16:15- These were islands - with amazing wildlife.
0:16:16 > 0:16:20- It was an opportunity to formulate - ideas and jot them down on paper.
0:16:21 > 0:16:23- While Wallace was in the jungle...
0:16:24 > 0:16:28- ..he collected important data - about the natural world...
0:16:28 > 0:16:31- ..sketching pictures - and studying his surroundings.
0:16:32 > 0:16:35- Darwin, on the other hand, - was studying at home...
0:16:35 > 0:16:39- ..and was a long way - from publishing any kind of theory.
0:16:40 > 0:16:45- Wallace was an avid collector - who kept very detailed records.
0:16:46 > 0:16:51- A collection of his work can be seen - at the Natural History Museum.
0:16:51 > 0:16:56- Drawings of everything he found - such as animals, plants and trees.
0:16:56 > 0:16:59- His journals - are full of detailed facts...
0:17:00 > 0:17:02- ..written in neat handwriting...
0:17:03 > 0:17:06- ..crossing the page twice - to save paper.
0:17:08 > 0:17:12- While Wallace was in the jungle, - he started formulating ideas.
0:17:12 > 0:17:16- He realized that animals and plants - change over time...
0:17:19 > 0:17:21- ..and that species varied.
0:17:21 > 0:17:24- The biggest thing he realized...
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- ..was that varieties - of certain species...
0:17:28 > 0:17:31- ..can exist in different places...
0:17:31 > 0:17:34- ..although wherever they exist...
0:17:34 > 0:17:37- ..it was his belief...
0:17:38 > 0:17:42- ..that ancient versions of them - had existed back in time...
0:17:42 > 0:17:45- ..but had since disappeared.
0:17:45 > 0:17:49- What he found were descendants - of those ancient species.
0:17:49 > 0:17:53- Different species reflected - varieties of the same species...
0:17:53 > 0:17:55- ..though the original was extinct.
0:17:56 > 0:18:00- He used a butterfly as an example - to prove his findings.
0:18:00 > 0:18:05- The birdwing butterfly - is a very dramatic species.
0:18:05 > 0:18:10- He collected this butterfly - in different areas.
0:18:10 > 0:18:13- He noticed that those from Borneo...
0:18:14 > 0:18:19- ..were completely different from - the ones 1,000 miles to the east...
0:18:20 > 0:18:22- ..and 1,000 miles to the south.
0:18:22 > 0:18:27- He realized they came from - the same original species...
0:18:27 > 0:18:29- ..but had changed over time.
0:18:29 > 0:18:34- It's important to remember that - naturalists, including Darwin...
0:18:34 > 0:18:39- ..thought that God had created - all species that existed on Earth.
0:18:40 > 0:18:43- While God was creating - all these different species...
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- ..they stayed the same - and didn't change.
0:18:47 > 0:18:49- When a species became extinct...
0:18:49 > 0:18:52- ..God created a new species - in its place.
0:18:53 > 0:18:56- Wallace, on the other hand, - had very different ideas.
0:18:56 > 0:19:01- Wallace realized that species - belonged to one another.
0:19:01 > 0:19:06- This was very different from - the notion of divine creation...
0:19:06 > 0:19:11- ..in which every species - was created separately.
0:19:11 > 0:19:14- This was completely revolutionary...
0:19:14 > 0:19:17- ..in terms of Christian thinking - at the time.
0:19:17 > 0:19:19- He wrote a paper...
0:19:20 > 0:19:24- ..describing it - as a descent with modification.
0:19:24 > 0:19:29- It meant that species - evolved over a period of time.
0:19:29 > 0:19:31- It basically explained...
0:19:32 > 0:19:36- ..that there was no need for - a god to create different species.
0:19:36 > 0:19:40- It was revolutionary thinking - for its time.
0:19:40 > 0:19:44- It became known - as the Sarawak paper at the time...
0:19:44 > 0:19:48- ..because he was working in Sarawak - when he wrote it.
0:19:48 > 0:19:50- It was integral to his ideology.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53- He sent the paper to London in 1855.
0:19:53 > 0:19:56- It was essentially...
0:19:57 > 0:20:00- ..a description...
0:20:00 > 0:20:02- ..of the evolutionary process.
0:20:02 > 0:20:08- Wallace was somewhat concerned that - it hadn't received due attention.
0:20:08 > 0:20:10- He told a few people...
0:20:10 > 0:20:14- ..that it was a pity - that the Sarawak paper...
0:20:14 > 0:20:18- ..hadn't received - adequate publicity.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- But one man did notice.
0:20:22 > 0:20:25- His name was Charles Lyell...
0:20:25 > 0:20:28- ..the author - of a very important book on geology.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31- Lyell realized - there were new ideas in the paper...
0:20:32 > 0:20:35- ..and drew Darwin's attention to it.
0:20:35 > 0:20:38- Charles Lyell - was Charles Darwin's mentor.
0:20:41 > 0:20:46- Just as Wallace's papers - were arriving...
0:20:46 > 0:20:50- ..and his papers - first began to be published...
0:20:50 > 0:20:54- ..Lyell became - more and more anxious...
0:20:54 > 0:20:59- ..that Wallace - was going to overtake Darwin...
0:20:59 > 0:21:01- ..in the evolutionary race.
0:21:01 > 0:21:04- He expressed his concerns to Darwin.
0:21:07 > 0:21:11- It was during this time - that Darwin started to worry...
0:21:11 > 0:21:13- ..about the man in the jungle...
0:21:13 > 0:21:17- ..who sent ideas - back to London to be published.
0:21:17 > 0:21:23- Lyell wrote to Darwin, urging him - to publish something immediately.
0:21:25 > 0:21:29- "Publish some fragment of your data - - pigeons, if you please...
0:21:29 > 0:21:31- "..and so out with the theory...
0:21:31 > 0:21:35- ".. and let it take date - and be cited and understood."
0:21:37 > 0:21:41- Darwin was no closer to publishing - his work at the time...
0:21:41 > 0:21:46- ..since he had no evidence - to support his theories.
0:21:46 > 0:21:51- But Lyell persuaded him - to write the Big Species Book...
0:21:51 > 0:21:53- ..with a view to publishing it.
0:21:55 > 0:21:58- Later, Wallace sent another article - from the jungle...
0:21:59 > 0:22:01- ..this time about birds.
0:22:01 > 0:22:05- He discovered that the bones - in the feet of hornbills...
0:22:05 > 0:22:09- ..and the feet of hummingbirds - were identical...
0:22:10 > 0:22:12- ..apart from their size.
0:22:12 > 0:22:16- Wallace classified them - in the same family...
0:22:16 > 0:22:21- ..and explained their descent from - species that had become extinct.
0:22:21 > 0:22:24- Wallace's paper emerges...
0:22:24 > 0:22:28- ..and we know - that it was during this time...
0:22:28 > 0:22:31- ..that Darwin's ideas - start to change too...
0:22:32 > 0:22:36- ..in a way that echoed...
0:22:37 > 0:22:40- ..Wallace's thinking.
0:22:40 > 0:22:44- It was during this time...
0:22:44 > 0:22:48- ..that Wallace wrote a series - of detailed letters to Darwin.
0:22:57 > 0:22:57- .
0:23:03 > 0:23:03- Subtitles
0:23:03 > 0:23:05- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:23:11 > 0:23:14- In October 1856, Alfred - Russel Wallace wrote a letter...
0:23:15 > 0:23:18- ..that would change everything.
0:23:19 > 0:23:22- While he was - in the jungle in Indonesia...
0:23:22 > 0:23:25- ..he wrote a letter - to Charles Darwin.
0:23:25 > 0:23:28- He was keen to hear - this important man's opinion...
0:23:28 > 0:23:31- ..about the ideas he had formulated.
0:23:31 > 0:23:35- As far as we know, - Wallace's letter has vanished.
0:23:35 > 0:23:38- It's not - in Darwin's personal collection.
0:23:39 > 0:23:42- Darwin collected most things.
0:23:42 > 0:23:47- But what is available is a copy - of Darwin's response to Wallace.
0:23:47 > 0:23:50- It's possible - to read between the lines...
0:23:50 > 0:23:54- ..and assume - what was in the original letter.
0:23:54 > 0:23:59- It would have been full of facts - about various birds and creatures.
0:23:59 > 0:24:01- More importantly...
0:24:01 > 0:24:04- ..it would have mentioned...
0:24:04 > 0:24:08- ..a brand-new and astounding - geographical phenomenon.
0:24:09 > 0:24:12- Whilst travelling - from island to island...
0:24:12 > 0:24:17- ..he chronicled all the details - about the animals and plants.
0:24:17 > 0:24:19- He saw patterns emerge.
0:24:19 > 0:24:25- But when he reached the island - of Lombok, he was in for a shock.
0:24:25 > 0:24:27- In one short journey...
0:24:28 > 0:24:30- ..all the animals had changed.
0:24:30 > 0:24:34- Only 20 miles - separate Bali and Lombok...
0:24:35 > 0:24:38- ..but the animals - are completely different.
0:24:38 > 0:24:44- From Bali to India, you'll find - the same animals indigenous to Asia.
0:24:45 > 0:24:50- But in Lombok, you'll find animals - native to Australia.
0:24:50 > 0:24:54- Animals similar to kangaroos - that were associated with Australia.
0:24:54 > 0:24:58- That boundary stretches - 1,000 miles to Australia.
0:24:59 > 0:25:02- The way I learnt - about Wallace at school...
0:25:02 > 0:25:05- ..was through The Wallace Line.
0:25:05 > 0:25:10- I remember drawing a red line on - the map between Bali and Lombok...
0:25:10 > 0:25:13- ..to show where Asian animals...
0:25:13 > 0:25:17- ..and Australian animals met.
0:25:17 > 0:25:20- This was - more than likely detailed...
0:25:20 > 0:25:24- ..in the letter - Wallace sent to Darwin.
0:25:24 > 0:25:29- He posted it - on the last day of October 1856.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33- This letter - is one piece of evidence...
0:25:33 > 0:25:36- ..that proves - Wallace had been wronged.
0:25:37 > 0:25:39- Over a period of 18 years...
0:25:39 > 0:25:42- ..Roy Davies - has tirelessly researched...
0:25:42 > 0:25:46- ..into the postal records - of letters sent to London...
0:25:46 > 0:25:49- ..and to Darwin's house in Kent.
0:25:49 > 0:25:54- He has trawled through - the Colindale Newspaper Library...
0:25:54 > 0:26:00- ..the British Museum and here - at the Royal Mail Archive in London.
0:26:00 > 0:26:02- The catalyst for his research...
0:26:03 > 0:26:07- ..was when he noticed that Darwin's - ideas were starting to change.
0:26:09 > 0:26:14- Shortly after I started work - on this, I came to realize...
0:26:15 > 0:26:18- ..that Darwin - understood divergence...
0:26:18 > 0:26:22- ..and the principle of divergence - very late on.
0:26:22 > 0:26:24- He discovered it...
0:26:25 > 0:26:28- ..around the same time - Wallace sent him a letter.
0:26:29 > 0:26:32- Nobody else - had actually dug into this.
0:26:32 > 0:26:36- This was a very practical way of - finding out exactly what happened.
0:26:37 > 0:26:42- When I started researching, I went - for the pathway of the letters...
0:26:42 > 0:26:45- ..from the Far East back to London.
0:26:45 > 0:26:48- When they left, - when they would have arrived...
0:26:48 > 0:26:53- ..and put that against Darwin's own - recollection of when he got letters.
0:26:54 > 0:26:58- Back then, the postal service - was meticulously recorded...
0:26:58 > 0:27:02- ..and provided a reliable source, - even with overseas mail.
0:27:03 > 0:27:06- The letters were kept in - sealed boxes during the journey...
0:27:07 > 0:27:10- ..and there's a record - of every ship and port...
0:27:10 > 0:27:12- ..and their arrival in London.
0:27:13 > 0:27:17- Any letter that went missing - or was delayed was noted.
0:27:18 > 0:27:20- A Royal Navy officer - was always on board...
0:27:21 > 0:27:23- ..to ensure the post - reached London safely.
0:27:24 > 0:27:26- In 1857...
0:27:26 > 0:27:32- ..Royal Mail records show that only - one letter was delayed that year...
0:27:32 > 0:27:36- ..and it was being delivered - to a house in Holland.
0:27:36 > 0:27:40- Post was delivered - to Down House four times a day...
0:27:40 > 0:27:44- ..and there is no evidence - to show that any of these letters...
0:27:44 > 0:27:47- ..were delayed in 1857.
0:27:48 > 0:27:53- Wallace posted the letter - on 31 October 1856 from Makassar.
0:27:54 > 0:27:57- It travelled to Batavia, - then Singapore...
0:27:57 > 0:28:00- ..before boarding a steamer at Galle - bound for Aden.
0:28:01 > 0:28:05- It went by train to Alexandria - before being shipped to Southampton.
0:28:05 > 0:28:08- It reached Darwin's house - on 12 January 1857.
0:28:10 > 0:28:15- Darwin claimed he'd received it - almost four months later.
0:28:15 > 0:28:17- On 1 May 1857.
0:28:18 > 0:28:22- Between the time - Darwin received Wallace's letter...
0:28:22 > 0:28:25- ..and the time - he claims he received it...
0:28:26 > 0:28:29- ..he added new material - to his Big Species Book...
0:28:29 > 0:28:32- ..on the principle of divergence.
0:28:32 > 0:28:36- This is something - he'd never referred to before...
0:28:36 > 0:28:40- ..so where did this new data - come from if it wasn't from Wallace?
0:28:40 > 0:28:45- In the period between the time - the letter should have arrived...
0:28:46 > 0:28:49- ..and the time - Darwin claimed it did arrive...
0:28:49 > 0:28:54- ..he entered in his private papers - two formidable concepts.
0:28:54 > 0:28:57- One was - the principle of divergence...
0:28:57 > 0:29:00- ..and the second one - was that new species...
0:29:00 > 0:29:03- ..are only - strongly marked varieties.
0:29:03 > 0:29:05- Those were Wallace's ideas.
0:29:06 > 0:29:08- When Darwin responded to Wallace...
0:29:09 > 0:29:14- ..he told him they were thinking - along the same lines, as it were.
0:29:14 > 0:29:17- A fortnight later...
0:29:18 > 0:29:20- ..Darwin sends a letter to Hooker...
0:29:20 > 0:29:24- ..one of the curators - of Kew Gardens...
0:29:24 > 0:29:26- ..who was a close friend...
0:29:26 > 0:29:29- ..telling him that new species...
0:29:29 > 0:29:32- ..were merely - strongly marked varieties...
0:29:33 > 0:29:37- ..to make it appear that he had come - to the same conclusion as Wallace.
0:29:38 > 0:29:40- He sent the letter to Hooker...
0:29:40 > 0:29:43- ..but there was - no supporting evidence...
0:29:43 > 0:29:47- ..to show how - he had reached this conclusion.
0:29:48 > 0:29:53- As a conscientious scientist, - Hooker was dubious about this.
0:29:53 > 0:29:59- Darwin and Hooker corresponded - regularly every other week...
0:29:59 > 0:30:03- ..but Hooker didn't respond...
0:30:03 > 0:30:07- ..or at least there's no record - of him corresponding...
0:30:07 > 0:30:09- ..for over three months.
0:30:12 > 0:30:17- Roy Davies discovered that Darwin - was writing to his friends...
0:30:17 > 0:30:21- ..telling them - he had new ideas but no evidence.
0:30:22 > 0:30:26- He even sent one to Asa Gray, - a world-famous scientist at Harvard.
0:30:27 > 0:30:30- A letter that was significant - to the ensuing conspiracy.
0:30:30 > 0:30:34- He wrote to him telling him - he had made a new discovery.
0:30:35 > 0:30:38- The principle of divergence.
0:30:38 > 0:30:40- Once again in the letter...
0:30:40 > 0:30:43- ..there isn't - a single scrap of evidence...
0:30:44 > 0:30:48- ..to prove how he had discovered - these new principles.
0:30:48 > 0:30:54- He doesn't elaborate on how - he has reached this conclusion.
0:30:55 > 0:30:59- In a later letter to Asa Gray...
0:30:59 > 0:31:02- ..Darwin responds - to Gray's comments...
0:31:03 > 0:31:08- ..agreeing that his principle - was "grievously hypothetical."
0:31:08 > 0:31:13- In addition to this, he also remarks - that his biggest mistake...
0:31:13 > 0:31:19- ..was reaching conclusions - with little supporting evidence.
0:31:23 > 0:31:27- Wallace was still in the jungle, - researching his ideas.
0:31:28 > 0:31:31- He was completely unaware - of the furore back home.
0:31:32 > 0:31:35- Perhaps he was questioning - why his research...
0:31:35 > 0:31:38- ..hadn't attracted more attention.
0:31:38 > 0:31:41- But Darwin - had previously written to him...
0:31:41 > 0:31:45- ..telling him they were - thinking along the same lines.
0:31:45 > 0:31:49- So this might have - quelled his anxiety a little.
0:31:51 > 0:31:56- Wallace didn't realize - how new his ideas were.
0:31:57 > 0:32:00- At the same time, - Hooker, Lyell and Asa Gray...
0:32:00 > 0:32:05- ..were concerned about the lack of - evidence to back up Darwin's ideas.
0:32:06 > 0:32:09- But then, - something significant happened...
0:32:09 > 0:32:14- ..that spurred Darwin and his - friends to conspire against Wallace.
0:32:16 > 0:32:16- .
0:32:24 > 0:32:24- Subtitles
0:32:24 > 0:32:26- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:32:31 > 0:32:33- In late February 1858...
0:32:33 > 0:32:37- ..Wallace was suffering - with a bout of malaria.
0:32:37 > 0:32:39- He was struggling to sleep.
0:32:40 > 0:32:45- He began thinking about the work - of Thomas Robert Malthus.
0:32:45 > 0:32:50- Some years earlier, Malthus had - discussed European populations...
0:32:50 > 0:32:54- ..and how populations in different - countries increased constantly...
0:32:55 > 0:32:59- ..but the food they consumed, - the agricultural produce...
0:32:59 > 0:33:01- ..couldn't cope - with the population growth.
0:33:02 > 0:33:03- As a result, people died.
0:33:04 > 0:33:06- Wallace wondered - what would happen to animals?
0:33:06 > 0:33:10- The animal population - was increasing faster...
0:33:10 > 0:33:12- ..than the increase in their food.
0:33:12 > 0:33:14- As a result, animals would die.
0:33:15 > 0:33:18- He wondered what factors - would influence...
0:33:18 > 0:33:21- ..which animals would live - and which would die.
0:33:21 > 0:33:23- That's when he realized...
0:33:23 > 0:33:28- ..that the subtle variations - he'd been studying...
0:33:28 > 0:33:31- ..were the dominant factor.
0:33:32 > 0:33:35- All that was required - was a specific modification...
0:33:35 > 0:33:38- ..to provide a slight advantage...
0:33:38 > 0:33:43- ..that would result in success, - and life or failure, and death.
0:33:43 > 0:33:46- This was the idea - that came to Wallace.
0:33:46 > 0:33:49- A few days later, - he had written it all down.
0:33:49 > 0:33:53- This was his eureka moment.
0:34:01 > 0:34:02- Over the next two nights...
0:34:02 > 0:34:05- ..after Wallace - had recovered from malaria...
0:34:06 > 0:34:09- ..he wrote a paper - to reflect all his ideas.
0:34:09 > 0:34:12- Instead of sending his paper - to be published...
0:34:12 > 0:34:14- ..as he should have done...
0:34:15 > 0:34:18- ..he sent the paper to Darwin - and suggested...
0:34:18 > 0:34:23- ..that he should send it to Lyell - if he thought it was good enough.
0:34:25 > 0:34:30- Had Wallace sent his paper - directly to The Annals...
0:34:30 > 0:34:35- ..it's likely that our story - would have been different.
0:34:35 > 0:34:41- The Theory of Evolution would be - credited to Wallace, not Darwin.
0:34:41 > 0:34:43- But that wasn't the case.
0:34:44 > 0:34:50- Wallace posted the paper - to Darwin on 9 March 1858.
0:34:50 > 0:34:55- He sent a letter to his friend, - Frederick Bates, at the same time.
0:34:56 > 0:35:01- The fact that Wallace sent Bates - a letter on the same day is crucial.
0:35:02 > 0:35:07- It helps prove what times both - letters reached different ports...
0:35:07 > 0:35:13- ..along their journey, - on ships such as the Nubia and Pera.
0:35:13 > 0:35:18- We can track the letters to London - and identify the times they arrived.
0:35:18 > 0:35:22- They were both stamped - with the date 2 June.
0:35:22 > 0:35:27- Some years ago, an American academic - called John Brooks...
0:35:27 > 0:35:30- ..started investigating - these letters.
0:35:30 > 0:35:33- More recently, Roy Davies - has dedicated a lot of time...
0:35:34 > 0:35:36- ..researching the details - of this story.
0:35:36 > 0:35:41- In my opinion, his work over - the past 18 years is very damning.
0:35:43 > 0:35:48- Roy Davies followed the journey - taken by Wallace's letters...
0:35:49 > 0:35:52- ..from Ternate to Darwin and Bates.
0:35:52 > 0:35:57- They were sent on the Ambon - to Java on 9 March.
0:35:57 > 0:36:00- On the Koningen der Nederlanden - to Batavia and Singapore...
0:36:00 > 0:36:05- ..where they were stamped, before - reaching Galle on the Bombay.
0:36:05 > 0:36:09- Then on to Aden and Suez on the - Nubia, on a train to Alexandria...
0:36:09 > 0:36:11- ..before being loaded - onto the Pera...
0:36:12 > 0:36:14- ..which docked in Southampton - on 2 June.
0:36:14 > 0:36:20- They reached the post office - at 6.30pm that afternoon.
0:36:20 > 0:36:23- Both letters - were stamped with the date...
0:36:23 > 0:36:27- ..and they both reached - their destinations...
0:36:27 > 0:36:29- ..the homes of Bates and Darwin - on 3 June.
0:36:30 > 0:36:34- On 18 June, - Charles Darwin wrote to Lyell...
0:36:35 > 0:36:39- ..stating - "He has today sent me the enclosed".
0:36:40 > 0:36:43- If Darwin received - Wallace's letter on 3 June...
0:36:43 > 0:36:46- ..and in his letter to Lyell - on 18 June said...
0:36:46 > 0:36:49- ..that he'd only received it - that day...
0:36:49 > 0:36:54- ..then Darwin had to be lying about - when the letter arrived at his home.
0:36:54 > 0:36:57- The wording was, - "Your words have come true.
0:36:57 > 0:37:00- "I never saw - a more striking coincidence.
0:37:00 > 0:37:04- "He could never have come up - with a better short abstract.
0:37:04 > 0:37:07- "All my originality - will be smashed."
0:37:08 > 0:37:12- Darwin would have been concerned - after receiving the letter.
0:37:13 > 0:37:18- It outlined clearly - Wallace's theory of evolution.
0:37:20 > 0:37:25- On 8 June, five days after - Darwin received Wallace's paper...
0:37:25 > 0:37:31- ..Darwin wrote to Hooker - stating his conclusions...
0:37:31 > 0:37:37- ..that the principle of divergence, - along with natural selection...
0:37:37 > 0:37:42- ..were the keystones of his theory.
0:37:42 > 0:37:47- He'd come to this conclusion without - any additional evidence whatsoever.
0:37:47 > 0:37:51- At about the same time, it seems...
0:37:51 > 0:37:57- ..Darwin added 66 pages - to his Big Species Book.
0:37:58 > 0:38:01- You can still read these - to this day.
0:38:01 > 0:38:04- The book - is in one of Cambridge's libraries.
0:38:04 > 0:38:08- These pages are written - on different paper...
0:38:08 > 0:38:10- ..to the rest of the book.
0:38:10 > 0:38:15- Originally, - Darwin wrote three pages...
0:38:16 > 0:38:18- ..on the principle of divergence.
0:38:18 > 0:38:20- He removed one page...
0:38:20 > 0:38:25- ..but added 41 pages - written on different paper.
0:38:25 > 0:38:30- You can still see evidence - of that today.
0:38:30 > 0:38:33- Four days later, - Darwin wrote in his diary...
0:38:33 > 0:38:39- ..that he'd concluded his review - of the chapter on natural selection.
0:38:39 > 0:38:44- Twenty-five pages, - written on the different paper...
0:38:44 > 0:38:47- ..were then added to the chapter - on natural selection.
0:38:47 > 0:38:50- A total of 66 additional pages.
0:38:51 > 0:38:55- It can be argued - that Darwin had lied...
0:38:55 > 0:38:59- ..stating that he received - Wallace's letter on the 18th...
0:38:59 > 0:39:05- ..and not on 3 June, the day - it seems that he did receive it.
0:39:05 > 0:39:08- The following week, - he sent another letter to Lyell...
0:39:08 > 0:39:15- ..asking how he would secure - precedence to these theories.
0:39:16 > 0:39:20- Well, the outcome happens - 12 days later...
0:39:21 > 0:39:27- ..when Darwin's colleagues organized - a meeting at the Linnean Society...
0:39:27 > 0:39:31- ..and Darwin achieved the fame - that he still has today.
0:39:40 > 0:39:42- July 1858 in London.
0:39:42 > 0:39:45- A hastily arranged meeting - of the Linnean Society...
0:39:45 > 0:39:49- ..deprived a butterfly collector - from Usk...
0:39:49 > 0:39:52- ..of his rightful claim - to be named...
0:39:52 > 0:39:55- ..as the author - of the Theory of Evolution.
0:39:55 > 0:39:58- The two scientists - who presented the claim...
0:39:59 > 0:40:03- ..were Hooker and Lyell, - two of Darwin's closest friends.
0:40:03 > 0:40:08- They named both Darwin and Wallace - as authors of the theory.
0:40:08 > 0:40:11- My dear sir, - the accompanying papers...
0:40:11 > 0:40:14- ..which we have the honour - of communicating...
0:40:14 > 0:40:19- ..to the Linnean Society contain - the results of the investigations...
0:40:19 > 0:40:21- ..of two indefatigable - naturalists...
0:40:22 > 0:40:24- ..Mr Charles Darwin - and Mr Alfred Wallace.
0:40:25 > 0:40:28- These gentlemen having independently - and unknown to one another...
0:40:28 > 0:40:30- ..conceived - the same ingenious theory.
0:40:31 > 0:40:35- But neither of them - having published his work...
0:40:35 > 0:40:38- ..although Mr Darwin has, - for many years past...
0:40:38 > 0:40:40- ..been urged by us to do so.
0:40:40 > 0:40:45- Since they had no evidence to - present to support Darwin's work...
0:40:45 > 0:40:49- ..they read selections of - his old essays and personal letters.
0:40:49 > 0:40:53- Taken in order of their dates, - they are as follows.
0:40:53 > 0:40:56- An abstract - from the manuscript Species...
0:40:57 > 0:41:01- ..written by Mr Charles Darwin - in 1839, copied in 1844.
0:41:01 > 0:41:03- The copy read by Joseph Hooker.
0:41:03 > 0:41:05- The contents of this essay...
0:41:06 > 0:41:10- ..don't correspond to the ideas - that Darwin published later.
0:41:10 > 0:41:15- An abstract from a personal letter - from Mr Charles Darwin...
0:41:15 > 0:41:19- ..to Professor Asa Gray - of Boston, US, in October 1857...
0:41:19 > 0:41:22- ..in which Mr Charles Darwin - repeats his views...
0:41:23 > 0:41:28- ..and which proves - that they remained unaltered...
0:41:28 > 0:41:30- ..between 1839 and 1857.
0:41:30 > 0:41:33- But there was no sign - of Darwin's letter to Asa Grey...
0:41:33 > 0:41:37- ..agreeing with him that the theory - was "grievously hypothetical".
0:41:37 > 0:41:41- After presenting the case, - to support Darwin precedence...
0:41:42 > 0:41:46- ..the two men read Wallace's - comprehensive paper on evolution.
0:41:47 > 0:41:49- The one he had sent to Darwin - in the post.
0:41:50 > 0:41:53- We therefore feel it desirable...
0:41:53 > 0:41:56- ..that while - the scientific world awaits...
0:41:56 > 0:41:59- ..for the publication - of Mr Darwin's complete works...
0:42:00 > 0:42:03- ..that the leading results - of his labours...
0:42:03 > 0:42:06- ..as well as those of his - able correspondent Mr Wallace...
0:42:07 > 0:42:10- ..should together be laid - before the Linnean.
0:42:11 > 0:42:13- Hooker and Lyle - presented the evidence...
0:42:14 > 0:42:16- ..to ensure precedence for Darwin.
0:42:16 > 0:42:20- Wallace wasn't even aware - that meeting was being held.
0:42:21 > 0:42:26- None of us were present - on that day, July 1 1858.
0:42:27 > 0:42:29- I was still searching - for new species.
0:42:29 > 0:42:33- Charles Darwin was at home, - at Down House.
0:42:34 > 0:42:38- But it is a great honour to know - that I will now be acknowledged...
0:42:39 > 0:42:43- ..alongside the immortal - Charles Darwin himself forever...
0:42:44 > 0:42:46- ..on a theory that some will call...
0:42:46 > 0:42:50- ..the most influential - ever to strike mankind.
0:42:50 > 0:42:54- Just over a year later...
0:42:54 > 0:42:58- ..Darwin had written a book, - On The Origin Of Species.
0:42:59 > 0:43:02- There were no references to the - joint Darwin and Wallace theory.
0:43:02 > 0:43:08- He referred to Wallace only - four times in over 500 pages...
0:43:08 > 0:43:14- ..but on 57 occasions, - he wrote "my theory".
0:43:14 > 0:43:19- Soon, the book, and Darwin's name - only, were world-famous.
0:43:28 > 0:43:32- In the acting world, - there's a phrase that refers...
0:43:32 > 0:43:35- ..to getting - under the skin of a character.
0:43:36 > 0:43:40- Something has happened during - my portrayal of this character...
0:43:40 > 0:43:42- ..which has taken me - beyond that idea.
0:43:43 > 0:43:47- It's an integral part of the way - I look at the world around me.
0:43:47 > 0:43:51- Society, neighbours, information...
0:43:52 > 0:43:55- ..and the way I deal - with any daily events.
0:43:56 > 0:43:58- For the rest of his days...
0:43:58 > 0:44:02- ..Wallace showed only respect - for Darwin.
0:44:02 > 0:44:05- The feelings were mutual.
0:44:05 > 0:44:08- If Darwin encountered a problem...
0:44:08 > 0:44:11- ..he would advise people - to consult Wallace...
0:44:11 > 0:44:15- ..because he would be able - to provide an explanation.
0:44:15 > 0:44:19- Darwin used his influence...
0:44:19 > 0:44:24- ..to secure a state pension - for Wallace.
0:44:24 > 0:44:27- However, - towards the end of his life...
0:44:27 > 0:44:31- ..there are suggestions - in some letters...
0:44:31 > 0:44:33- ..that Wallace sent...
0:44:33 > 0:44:36- ..that he was starting to feel...
0:44:36 > 0:44:40- ..that he should have had...
0:44:41 > 0:44:46- ..a little more recognition - by the general public...
0:44:46 > 0:44:51- ..in discussions - about the Theory of Evolution.
0:44:51 > 0:44:54- My feelings towards Mr Darwin - have changed greatly.
0:44:55 > 0:44:59- In terms of history and the books - I read in school and college...
0:44:59 > 0:45:02- ..Charles Darwin - was the prominent figure.
0:45:02 > 0:45:05- That was the only - available information.
0:45:05 > 0:45:10- I would have accepted information - about an event 100 years ago...
0:45:10 > 0:45:13- ..that was written in a book - as fact.
0:45:14 > 0:45:18- I must admit that I've started - to change my perspective.
0:45:18 > 0:45:23- I must say, I am more wary now...
0:45:23 > 0:45:26- ..of the material I read - in history books.
0:45:27 > 0:45:30- It seems likely - that the establishment plotted...
0:45:30 > 0:45:33- ..to promote one of their own....
0:45:33 > 0:45:37- ..and erased Wallace's name - from the history books.
0:45:38 > 0:45:42- I'm not sure - how he would have reacted...
0:45:42 > 0:45:44- ..to the injustice done to him.
0:45:44 > 0:45:48- I'm sure he would have been - very disappointed.
0:45:48 > 0:45:53- He would have felt isolated against - the power of the establishment...
0:45:54 > 0:45:56- ..that worked against him.
0:45:56 > 0:46:02- This unassuming man from Llanbadog - who had worked in Neath...
0:46:02 > 0:46:06- ..probably felt - that he was on the outside.
0:46:06 > 0:46:12- What happened here - on July 1 1858 was a travesty.
0:46:12 > 0:46:17- It actually allowed three - upper-middle-class gentlemen...
0:46:17 > 0:46:20- ..to find a way of taking away...
0:46:21 > 0:46:24- ..from an ordinary - working-class labourer...
0:46:24 > 0:46:25- ..of his claim to be the man...
0:46:26 > 0:46:29- ..who first thought up - the Theory of Evolution.
0:46:30 > 0:46:35- Today, we are reluctant to remove - Darwin from his pedestal...
0:46:35 > 0:46:40- ..but I wonder if we should - consider the possibility...
0:46:40 > 0:46:44- ..that he used Wallace's theories...
0:46:44 > 0:46:49- ..because he failed to organize - his own thoughts properly.
0:46:55 > 0:46:59- There is definitely a place - in history for Wallace.
0:46:59 > 0:47:04- The question is, shouldn't he be - the one on the pedestal?
0:48:18 > 0:48:20- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:48:20 > 0:48:20- .