0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:04 > 0:00:07- On 4 November 1839...
0:00:07 > 0:00:12- ..over 5,000 workers from Gwent - marched on Newport.
0:00:12 > 0:00:18- They wanted the vote and - were willing to die for democracy.
0:00:18 > 0:00:20- A vote for every man...
0:00:20 > 0:00:22- A vote for every man...- - ..over 21.
0:00:22 > 0:00:24- A vote for every man...
0:00:24 > 0:00:26- A vote for every man...- - ..over 21.
0:00:27 > 0:00:33- For two centuries, the Welsh - have fought for the right to vote.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38- These common folk were tortured, - imprisoned and executed.
0:00:39 > 0:00:44- But how many of us know about the - bloodshed in this corner of Wales...
0:00:44 > 0:00:47- ..all in the name of democracy?
0:00:56 > 0:00:59- The people of Newport and Gwent...
0:00:59 > 0:01:03- ..are aware of their role - in British politics.
0:01:03 > 0:01:07- Every November, - at the Westgate Hotel in the city...
0:01:07 > 0:01:11- ..they remember the sacrifice - of the Chartists...
0:01:11 > 0:01:16- ..and their stance on democracy - and the right to vote.
0:01:16 > 0:01:21- In 1839 on 4 November...
0:01:21 > 0:01:24- ..at least 5,000 people...
0:01:24 > 0:01:28- ..marched down Stow Hill - and into this square.
0:01:28 > 0:01:33- People disagree as to whether - it was a protest or a riot.
0:01:34 > 0:01:38- Most of the men were from - the industrial valleys of Gwent...
0:01:38 > 0:01:41- ..and were led by three local men.
0:01:41 > 0:01:46- The most famous of the leaders - was a man called John Frost.
0:01:46 > 0:01:50- He was a local - who worked as a draper in Newport.
0:01:50 > 0:01:54- You had Zephaniah Williams - from the Heads of the Valleys...
0:01:55 > 0:01:56- ..and William Jones...
0:01:57 > 0:02:01- ..who organized all the events - in the Pontypool area.
0:02:06 > 0:02:08- It was a brief, yet brutal attack.
0:02:09 > 0:02:13- Over 50 men were injured - in this battle for democracy.
0:02:13 > 0:02:16- The soldiers killed 20 men...
0:02:16 > 0:02:21- ..including 15-year-old George - Shell, a carpenter from Pontypool.
0:02:22 > 0:02:24- He wrote to his parents.
0:02:24 > 0:02:29- "Tonight, I'll take part - in a glorious battle for freedom.
0:02:29 > 0:02:32- "If God sees fit to save my life...
0:02:33 > 0:02:35- "..then I shall see you soon.
0:02:35 > 0:02:38- "But if not, do not mourn for me.
0:02:38 > 0:02:42- "I will have fallen - for a wonderful cause."
0:02:44 > 0:02:49- The tradition of both organized - protest and disorganized protest...
0:02:50 > 0:02:52- ..dates back - to the mid 18th century.
0:02:53 > 0:02:58- We have the corn protests - where people ran out of food.
0:03:00 > 0:03:04- After the French Revolution, - the protests multiply...
0:03:05 > 0:03:08- ..because the country is also at war - with France.
0:03:08 > 0:03:12- You have the first - of the miners' strikes.
0:03:12 > 0:03:15- There's the miners' strike in Neath - in 1795.
0:03:15 > 0:03:18- In the same year...
0:03:18 > 0:03:24- ..300 miners marched orderly - into the town of Monmouth.
0:03:24 > 0:03:26- They told the local mayor...
0:03:26 > 0:03:31- ..that they would sell - cheese and butter...
0:03:31 > 0:03:34- ..at a cheap price - for those who needed it.
0:03:34 > 0:03:37- They returned and caused no trouble.
0:03:43 > 0:03:48- The economic protests - of the 18th century...
0:03:48 > 0:03:51- ..continued well into - the new century.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55- The 1830s was a time - economic depression.
0:03:56 > 0:03:58- It was the worst - of the 19th century.
0:03:59 > 0:04:04- As a result, the building - of these docks was left on half.
0:04:04 > 0:04:10- Friars Fields on the River Usk - became a slum awash with poverty.
0:04:15 > 0:04:20- This was a period of great poverty - and austerity.
0:04:21 > 0:04:26- The crisis was in full force in 1839 - and it continued into the 1840s.
0:04:27 > 0:04:29- These were years of famine.
0:04:29 > 0:04:32- Monmouthshire's industrial workers - lacked hope.
0:04:33 > 0:04:35- Their families were suffering.
0:04:35 > 0:04:41- The 1832 Reform Act failed - to give democracy or the vote...
0:04:41 > 0:04:44- ..to those who didn't own land.
0:04:44 > 0:04:48- The workers - didn't have a political voice.
0:04:48 > 0:04:50- Parliament was corrupt.
0:04:50 > 0:04:56- The power, authority and influence - were in the hands of the elite.
0:04:57 > 0:04:58- What's changed?
0:05:02 > 0:05:05- There was an increased awareness...
0:05:05 > 0:05:09- ..that they fought for more - than just their daily bread.
0:05:09 > 0:05:14- They fought for the basic right - to live in a dignified manner.
0:05:14 > 0:05:17- They didn't expect - to be totally equal...
0:05:17 > 0:05:20- ..but to be able to live - on what they earned.
0:05:23 > 0:05:29- The workers turned to societies such - as the Working Men's Associations...
0:05:29 > 0:05:33- ..and Chartist ideology, - which meant democracy...
0:05:33 > 0:05:38- ..the right to vote, a wage for - Members of Parliament and so on.
0:05:38 > 0:05:44- The demands were composed by liberal - members of the middle class...
0:05:44 > 0:05:48- ..such as the former mayor - of Newport, John Frost.
0:05:48 > 0:05:53- John Frost belonged to the - Working Men's Association in London.
0:05:53 > 0:05:58- He often went to London to meet - people from all over the country...
0:05:58 > 0:06:03- ..such as Birmingham, Manchester - and even Scotland.
0:06:03 > 0:06:07- He also met people from South Wales - and Carmarthen...
0:06:07 > 0:06:13- ..such as Hugh Williams who designed - the banner for the chartists.
0:06:13 > 0:06:16- Hugh Williams - is an interesting figure...
0:06:17 > 0:06:22- ..who used the French Revolution - and other influences...
0:06:22 > 0:06:24- ..in the Chartist Movement.
0:06:25 > 0:06:28- He was a great friend - of William Lovett.
0:06:28 > 0:06:32- He led the Working Men's Association - in Carmarthen.
0:06:32 > 0:06:38- He also went on to be - leader of the Chartists...
0:06:38 > 0:06:40- ..in South Wales.
0:06:42 > 0:06:45- Hugh Williams' friend, - William Lovett...
0:06:45 > 0:06:49- ..established the Working Men's - Association in London.
0:06:49 > 0:06:54- The association aimed to promote - education for the working class.
0:06:54 > 0:06:59- In 1838, Lovett and others - drafted a parliamentary measure...
0:06:59 > 0:07:03- ..asking for democratic rights - for the workers.
0:07:03 > 0:07:07- This would be the basis - of the People's Charter.
0:07:07 > 0:07:11- It's interesting - that one of the original demands...
0:07:11 > 0:07:14- ..was for a vote for women.
0:07:16 > 0:07:21- The Chartist ideology was from - the period of the French Revolution.
0:07:21 > 0:07:23- They fought for human rights.
0:07:24 > 0:07:29- At the same time, there were women - who fought for women's rights...
0:07:29 > 0:07:31- ..and the vote for women.
0:07:31 > 0:07:36- Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication - of the Rights of Woman...
0:07:36 > 0:07:38- ..was published in 1792.
0:07:39 > 0:07:44- We certainly know about - the wives of the leaders.
0:07:44 > 0:07:46- The wife of John Frost...
0:07:46 > 0:07:51- ..established the - Female Chartist Association...
0:07:51 > 0:07:53- ..in the Newport area.
0:07:53 > 0:07:58- The wife of Zephaniah Williams - did the same in the Valleys.
0:07:58 > 0:08:03- There were other leaders' wives, - including the wives of landlords.
0:08:03 > 0:08:08- We know about the landlord of - the Coach and Horses in Blackwood.
0:08:08 > 0:08:10- His wife was Esther Pugh.
0:08:10 > 0:08:16- She was very active in the writing - of the charter for Blackwood.
0:08:17 > 0:08:20- Despite being loyal to the cause...
0:08:20 > 0:08:26- ..the men dismissed the idea - about the vote for women.
0:08:26 > 0:08:32- Some thought it was too radical - and the movement would suffer.
0:08:32 > 0:08:37- The People's Charter - was published on 8 May 1838.
0:08:38 > 0:08:41- It was compiled - by six Members of Parliament.
0:08:41 > 0:08:45- The same number of voters - in each constituency.
0:08:45 > 0:08:47- And six ordinary men.
0:08:48 > 0:08:51- You don't need to own land - to stand as a MP.
0:08:51 > 0:08:53- The charter had six demands.
0:08:54 > 0:08:54- A secret ballot.
0:08:54 > 0:08:56- A secret ballot.- - A wage for MPs.
0:08:56 > 0:08:58- An annual election.
0:08:58 > 0:09:01- A vote for every man - over the age of 21.
0:09:01 > 0:09:06- In May, some 150,000 attended - a rally at Glasgow Green...
0:09:07 > 0:09:11- ..to show their support - for democracy and the right to vote.
0:09:11 > 0:09:15- The crowd wanted a petition - to support the Charter.
0:09:15 > 0:09:21- Two months later, a Working Men's - Association was founded in Newport.
0:09:21 > 0:09:26- In October, John Frost had a meeting - at the Parrot Inn in Newport...
0:09:26 > 0:09:32- ..to promote the People's Charter - and win support for the petition.
0:09:32 > 0:09:37- It's important that the petition was - available in both Welsh and English.
0:09:38 > 0:09:43- It was signed by thousands of people - across Wales.
0:09:44 > 0:09:49- The Chartist Movement - sent a representative to London...
0:09:49 > 0:09:54- ..to present the petition about - the Charter to the House of Commons.
0:09:55 > 0:09:58- I've spent most of my life - in South Wales...
0:09:58 > 0:10:02- ..so visiting London - is always a shock to the system.
0:10:03 > 0:10:08- This is where you find - the wealth and luxury of the city.
0:10:08 > 0:10:11- You also find power and money.
0:10:11 > 0:10:15- And this is where the heart - of the government is beating.
0:10:16 > 0:10:21- Many had signed the petition - and it was three miles long.
0:10:25 > 0:10:30- The petition was put in a cart and - the representatives followed it...
0:10:30 > 0:10:34- ..as it slowly moved - towards Parliament.
0:10:36 > 0:10:40- The petition - had over a million signatures.
0:10:40 > 0:10:44- Many were women - with over 20% in some areas.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48- At the time, it was the - biggest petition ever to be seen.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52- But the government - dismissed the petition...
0:10:52 > 0:10:54- ..with ridicule and contempt.
0:10:55 > 0:11:00- The dismissal of the petition was - a massive blow for the Chartists.
0:11:00 > 0:11:04- Until that time, they tried - to change the constitution...
0:11:05 > 0:11:08- ..using constitutional - and peaceful means.
0:11:08 > 0:11:11- But many chartists - started to question...
0:11:12 > 0:11:15- ..the need to change their methods.
0:11:17 > 0:11:18- .
0:11:33 > 0:11:37- The Chartists failed - to persuade the House of Commons...
0:11:38 > 0:11:43- ..to consider the demands of the - Charter and their right to vote.
0:11:43 > 0:11:46- But the cause was gaining support...
0:11:47 > 0:11:49- ..and growing as a political power.
0:11:50 > 0:11:55- Gwyn Alf Williams said that Chartism - was like an underwater Atlantis.
0:11:55 > 0:11:59- It needed one person or one thing...
0:11:59 > 0:12:02- ..to stir the waters - and bring it to the surface.
0:12:02 > 0:12:06- He believed - that Henry Vincent was that man.
0:12:06 > 0:12:09- He was an eloquent speaker...
0:12:09 > 0:12:13- ..and a very charismatic man.
0:12:13 > 0:12:16- He became one of - the prominent speakers...
0:12:16 > 0:12:21- ..who were sent to spread the word - about Chartism.
0:12:21 > 0:12:25- Henry Vincent - came to Wales in the spring.
0:12:25 > 0:12:28- He held small meetings - at public houses...
0:12:28 > 0:12:34- ..and larger events that attracted - thousands from across Monmouthshire.
0:12:34 > 0:12:37- People worshipped him.
0:12:37 > 0:12:43- It's said that he was young and - handsome with a good singing voice.
0:12:43 > 0:12:47- He certainly appealed to the ladies.
0:12:47 > 0:12:50- You could say he was a pin-up - of his day.
0:12:51 > 0:12:56- There are reports of him - attending large meetings...
0:12:56 > 0:13:02- ..then speaking with small groups of - women in a back room in Pontypool.
0:13:03 > 0:13:08- His diary speaks of the cheers and - warm welcome he received from them.
0:13:08 > 0:13:12- They were happy - to listen to his message.
0:13:12 > 0:13:16- He thought that women - had a role to play in Chartism.
0:13:16 > 0:13:22- I think he played on that and - built up a following as a result.
0:13:22 > 0:13:27- Thousands of Gwent's Chartists - attended public meetings...
0:13:27 > 0:13:31- ..and met in taverns - across the county.
0:13:31 > 0:13:34- The Welsh Oak at Rogerstone.
0:13:34 > 0:13:38- The Prince of Wales - and Parrot Inn at Newport.
0:13:38 > 0:13:40- The Masons Arms in Monmouth.
0:13:40 > 0:13:42- Bristol House at Pontypool.
0:13:43 > 0:13:45- The Royal Oak at Nant-y-glo.
0:13:45 > 0:13:48- The Coach and Horses - and Greyhound in Blackwood.
0:13:48 > 0:13:51- Across the border in Glamorgan...
0:13:51 > 0:13:56- ..the Chartists met in a lodge - near my current home.
0:13:56 > 0:13:59- Yes, it's known as - The Rowan Tree today.
0:13:59 > 0:14:04- There's nothing to state that this - was formerly the Colliers Arms.
0:14:05 > 0:14:09- Chartists from the Gelligaer, - Llanfabon and Llancaiach mines...
0:14:10 > 0:14:13- ..met here before the attack - on Newport.
0:14:23 > 0:14:27- This landscape lacks - any suggestion that these woods...
0:14:27 > 0:14:32- ..house remnants of railway lines - that carried coal to the canal.
0:14:33 > 0:14:35- Here, in these beautiful trees...
0:14:35 > 0:14:39- ..entire families - worked in atrocious conditions.
0:14:40 > 0:14:44- Young children worked in the dark - to earn some extra pennies.
0:14:45 > 0:14:48- It's no wonder - parents came to the Colliers Arms...
0:14:49 > 0:14:54- ..to hear Morgan Morgans telling - them how to improve their lives...
0:14:54 > 0:14:56- ..by joining the Chartists.
0:14:59 > 0:15:04- Both sides - were planning and scheming.
0:15:04 > 0:15:09- Soldiers were posted in - British towns, including Newport.
0:15:12 > 0:15:15- The government - had a network of spies...
0:15:15 > 0:15:19- ..and agent provocateur - across the country.
0:15:19 > 0:15:25- They aimed to join and penetrate - the Chartist groups in their lodges.
0:15:31 > 0:15:36- On the right, we have - the site of the Royal Oak Inn.
0:15:36 > 0:15:39- It was owned by Zephaniah Williams.
0:15:41 > 0:15:46- The Royal Oak Inn - at Coalbrookdale...
0:15:46 > 0:15:50- ..was one of the lodges - where the Chartists would meet...
0:15:51 > 0:15:53- ..to discuss various issues.
0:15:55 > 0:15:59- Zephaniah Williams - was born at Argoed near Blackwood.
0:15:59 > 0:16:03- He not only owned the Royal Oak Inn - at Nant-y-glo...
0:16:03 > 0:16:07- ..but was a coal agent and miner - in the Sirhowy Valley.
0:16:07 > 0:16:12- This was a Welsh speaking community.
0:16:12 > 0:16:17- Zephaniah Williams was obviously - fluent in both Welsh and English.
0:16:18 > 0:16:24- He could read and write - in both languages too.
0:16:25 > 0:16:31- It's said that the Chartists used - Welsh as an underground language.
0:16:31 > 0:16:34- This meant that the spies...
0:16:34 > 0:16:39- ..who were posted at the inns and - local valleys by Thomas Phillips...
0:16:39 > 0:16:42- ..couldn't understand - what was being said.
0:16:43 > 0:16:49- Welsh was the language for scheming - and not for every day use.
0:16:49 > 0:16:55- The Chartists' message of democracy - in their secret language...
0:16:55 > 0:16:59- ..undermined and challenged - the authorities.
0:16:59 > 0:17:01- It spread like wildfire.
0:17:02 > 0:17:06- The Chartists were gaining - more and more support...
0:17:06 > 0:17:10- ..and that hundreds - of workers in Glamorgan...
0:17:10 > 0:17:15- ..followed the charismatic, - Dr William Price.
0:17:18 > 0:17:22- My great-grandmother - knew Dr William Price.
0:17:22 > 0:17:24- He was her family doctor.
0:17:24 > 0:17:27- Some 14 children on Craig Las Farm.
0:17:27 > 0:17:32- She thought the world of him - because he didn't charge her a lot.
0:17:32 > 0:17:37- He charged the wealthy and the poor - paid next to nothing for their care.
0:17:43 > 0:17:45- Price was a bit of a reformer.
0:17:45 > 0:17:48- He definitely supported the workers.
0:17:48 > 0:17:52- The workers paid him - when they were feeling healthy...
0:17:52 > 0:17:56- ..and he cared for them for free - when they were ill.
0:17:56 > 0:18:00- The workers were from the iron - and tinworks in Treforest.
0:18:01 > 0:18:06- The Brown Lenox factory that made - chains was near Pontypridd.
0:18:06 > 0:18:08- Price was their doctor.
0:18:08 > 0:18:11- He was such a local hero...
0:18:11 > 0:18:15- ..that people would do anything - for Dr William Price.
0:18:16 > 0:18:21- John Frost had heard - of this local hero in Pontypridd...
0:18:21 > 0:18:24- ..who was very influential.
0:18:24 > 0:18:29- He held large meetings for hundreds - of people near the Rocking Stone.
0:18:29 > 0:18:35- He could certainly influence - an army of local workers...
0:18:36 > 0:18:41- ..to possibly march on Newport - according to John Frost's wishes.
0:18:42 > 0:18:44- We know that Price...
0:18:44 > 0:18:50- ..held Welsh language courses - at a local inn.
0:18:50 > 0:18:55- He took them to the top of the hill - to teach them to shoot guns.
0:18:55 > 0:19:00- The soldiers searched his home - at Porthyglo farmhouse in Treforest.
0:19:00 > 0:19:05- They entered the house and - found seven pieces of a large canon.
0:19:06 > 0:19:10- It seems that the local workers - in these factories...
0:19:10 > 0:19:12- ..had built the canon for him.
0:19:12 > 0:19:14- Price was a militant.
0:19:15 > 0:19:18- John Frost and William Price - grew apart...
0:19:19 > 0:19:22- ..because of differences - in their ideologies.
0:19:22 > 0:19:24- The major bone of contention...
0:19:25 > 0:19:29- ..was whether they should use - violence and physical power or not.
0:19:29 > 0:19:34- When John Frost refused to share - his plans for Newport with Price...
0:19:35 > 0:19:40- ..the pair argued and William Price - told his men to withdraw.
0:19:42 > 0:19:48- The first Chartist rebellion - in Wales wasn't in South East Wales.
0:19:48 > 0:19:51- It was in the market town - of Llanidloes.
0:19:55 > 0:19:57- Hiya, Penri. How are you?
0:19:57 > 0:19:59- Hiya, Penri. How are you?- - Very well, thank you.
0:19:59 > 0:20:02- What happened here on Long Bridge?
0:20:02 > 0:20:07- The Chartists and their supporters - gathered at Long Bridge.
0:20:07 > 0:20:12- A speaker often stood on the bridge - and addressed the crowd...
0:20:12 > 0:20:16- ..that was in the park - next to the River Severn.
0:20:21 > 0:20:24- This is where - the Chartists would meet...
0:20:24 > 0:20:30- ..to discuss and complain about - their life and working conditions.
0:20:30 > 0:20:34- This is where - many of the seeds were sown...
0:20:34 > 0:20:39- ..that promoted Chartism - in Llanidloes and Newtown.
0:20:40 > 0:20:44- This town was quite radical.
0:20:44 > 0:20:49- Llanidloes was at the heart - of the woollen industry...
0:20:50 > 0:20:55- ..and the working conditions - were quite terrible.
0:20:55 > 0:20:59- It was the catalyst of the events - that took place here.
0:21:00 > 0:21:01- Chartism was taking hold.
0:21:02 > 0:21:07- Only 3% of the town had the vote so - the common folk started to protest.
0:21:07 > 0:21:11- The town's gentry and dignitaries...
0:21:11 > 0:21:15- ..had sensed - that problems were afoot.
0:21:15 > 0:21:19- T E Marsh, the former mayor - of the town, was very influential.
0:21:20 > 0:21:22- He asked the government - for assistance.
0:21:23 > 0:21:27- Three policemen were - eventually sent here from London.
0:21:27 > 0:21:29- This didn't calm the waters...
0:21:29 > 0:21:33- ..but caused major unrest.
0:21:33 > 0:21:36- They arrested - three of the leaders...
0:21:37 > 0:21:39- ..and held them - at the Trewythen Hotel.
0:21:40 > 0:21:43- The Chartists - who met at the Long Bridge...
0:21:43 > 0:21:48- ..learnt that Lewis Humphreys, - Abraham Owen and Thomas Jerman...
0:21:48 > 0:21:52- ..were being held in the hotel - so they released them.
0:21:52 > 0:21:55- It all flared up so quickly.
0:21:55 > 0:21:58- The crowd marched towards - the Trewythen Hotel...
0:21:59 > 0:22:02- ..where 50 constables...
0:22:02 > 0:22:06- ..T E Marsh and the - three London officers were waiting.
0:22:06 > 0:22:12- There were rumours that T E Marsh - was an agent provocateur...
0:22:12 > 0:22:17- ..who pleaded with the government - for support from the army.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20- They say - that he threw the first stone.
0:22:21 > 0:22:25- The town was free for - a very short period of five days.
0:22:25 > 0:22:29- I'm told it was totally peaceful.
0:22:29 > 0:22:35- The Chartists policed the town - and kept the peace.
0:22:35 > 0:22:38- Some 200 soldiers - were posted in the town.
0:22:38 > 0:22:44- Two leaders were rearrested and - 30 others, including three women.
0:22:44 > 0:22:46- Most were sent to jail.
0:22:47 > 0:22:51- The leaders were sentenced - with transportation to Australia.
0:22:51 > 0:22:55- But Thomas Jerman - escaped and fled to America...
0:22:55 > 0:22:59- ..where he lived - for the remainder of his life.
0:22:59 > 0:23:03- Less than a month - after the events in Llanidloes...
0:23:03 > 0:23:05- ..Henry Vincent was arrested.
0:23:06 > 0:23:09- He stood trail - in the court in Monmouth.
0:23:10 > 0:23:12- On 2 August, he was found guilty...
0:23:13 > 0:23:16- ..of participating - in a riotous assemblage.
0:23:16 > 0:23:20- Vincent was sentenced to a year - in Monmouth Gaol.
0:23:20 > 0:23:24- Many historians feel that the - imprisonment of Henry Vincent...
0:23:25 > 0:23:31- ..sparked the feelings and gave - focus to those who were meeting.
0:23:31 > 0:23:33- After their imprisonment...
0:23:34 > 0:23:39- ..the Chartists - turned to more violent means.
0:23:40 > 0:23:44- They started amassing weapons - and held drills...
0:23:44 > 0:23:49- ..and chose to devise - a more specific attack.
0:23:49 > 0:23:55- Many chartists felt the need - to do more than just talk.
0:23:55 > 0:24:01- On 1 November, the leaders met at - the Coach and Horses in Blackwood...
0:24:01 > 0:24:04- ..to organize the march on Newport.
0:24:04 > 0:24:10- This is Bwlch-y-garn that is almost - at the summit of Carn-y-Cefn.
0:24:10 > 0:24:13- It's an important site for Chartism.
0:24:14 > 0:24:18- Yes, this is where the chartists - gathered on their way to Newport.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23- People came from Nant-y-glo - and Blaenau to this mountain.
0:24:24 > 0:24:27- There were men and women. - Thousands of them.
0:24:27 > 0:24:31- Yes, and Zephaniah Williams was - waiting on this hill for them.
0:24:32 > 0:24:34- Zephaniah blew a horn to call them.
0:24:35 > 0:24:38- They all gathered on this spot.
0:24:38 > 0:24:41- Zephaniah gave a short address.
0:24:42 > 0:24:45- The weather was worse - than what we have today.
0:24:45 > 0:24:49- Yes, it was very windy and raining.
0:24:49 > 0:24:54- They descended the hill to meet - those from Ebbw Vale and Sirhowy.
0:24:55 > 0:24:58- And they made their way to Newport - to that riot.
0:24:58 > 0:25:01- Yes, let's follow - in their footsteps.
0:25:04 > 0:25:08- The Welsh language and landscape - were important factors...
0:25:08 > 0:25:12- ..in the Chartists' battle - for democracy.
0:25:12 > 0:25:13- Henry Vincent said...
0:25:14 > 0:25:18- "I can't help but think of the - defensiveness of this country.
0:25:18 > 0:25:20- "If she was attacked...
0:25:21 > 0:25:26- "..a few thousand men on the hills - could easily protect her.
0:25:26 > 0:25:30- "Wales would make - an excellent republic."
0:25:33 > 0:25:34- .
0:25:41 > 0:25:44- On Sunday 3 November 1839...
0:25:45 > 0:25:49- ..the Gwent Chartists - started their march to Newport.
0:25:52 > 0:25:56- John Frost led the group from - the Rhymney and Sirhowy Valleys.
0:25:56 > 0:26:01- Zephaniah Williams led from Ebbw - Vale, Tredegar and Blaenau Gwent.
0:26:01 > 0:26:06- William Jones led from Pontypool and - the eastern valleys of the county.
0:26:07 > 0:26:08- It was a terrible night.
0:26:08 > 0:26:13- The men were exhausted after walking - through the wind and heavy rain.
0:26:13 > 0:26:16- There was no sign of William Jones.
0:26:17 > 0:26:20- Some of the people - lacked discipline...
0:26:20 > 0:26:23- ..and had gone to the pubs - and drank a lot.
0:26:23 > 0:26:25- Discipline was terrible.
0:26:26 > 0:26:30- The Chartists aimed to reach Newport - at nightfall...
0:26:30 > 0:26:35- ..and take control of the town - whilst the soldiers were sleeping.
0:26:35 > 0:26:40- The troublesome journey meant - they didn't arrive until morning.
0:26:40 > 0:26:43- The town's Chartists - had been arrested...
0:26:43 > 0:26:46- ..and were imprisoned - in the Westgate Hotel.
0:26:47 > 0:26:50- The Westgate Hotel - housed some soldiers...
0:26:50 > 0:26:54- ..special constables and the mayor, - Thomas Phillips.
0:26:55 > 0:27:00- The Chartists marched down Stow Hill - towards the hotel...
0:27:00 > 0:27:04- ..to insist that the prisoners - were released.
0:27:04 > 0:27:10- Some of the men outside were armed - and someone fired a musket.
0:27:10 > 0:27:14- The mayor, Thomas Phillips - was shot in his left arm.
0:27:15 > 0:27:18- The soldiers - opened fire in retaliation.
0:27:23 > 0:27:28- The battle for the Westgate Hotel - was over in 20 minutes.
0:27:28 > 0:27:30- It was a quick battle.
0:27:30 > 0:27:33- Bodies lay scattered - over the square.
0:27:33 > 0:27:38- Some were still alive - but bleeding to death.
0:27:39 > 0:27:42- John Frost escaped.
0:27:43 > 0:27:45- Zephaniah also disappeared.
0:27:45 > 0:27:49- When William Jones and his group - learnt of the massacre...
0:27:49 > 0:27:53- ..they turned and fled too.
0:27:56 > 0:27:59- Newport Museum - houses an exhibition...
0:27:59 > 0:28:02- ..of weapons used - by the Chartists that night.
0:28:08 > 0:28:12- In the corner, sits the guns found - on John Frost when he was arrested.
0:28:12 > 0:28:15- None of them had been fired.
0:28:16 > 0:28:19- Frost later said...
0:28:19 > 0:28:25- "As soon as I saw the blood, - I was terrified and I fled."
0:28:27 > 0:28:32- The authorities offered - a large reward for the leaders.
0:28:32 > 0:28:36- It was 100 a head - which was a fortune in those days.
0:28:36 > 0:28:40- John Frost - was caught on that very night...
0:28:40 > 0:28:45- ..as he enjoyed bread and cheese - with his friend, John Partridge.
0:28:45 > 0:28:48- William Jones - was on the run for a week...
0:28:48 > 0:28:51- ..before he was caught near Crumlin.
0:28:51 > 0:28:53- What of Zephaniah Williams?
0:28:53 > 0:28:57- Zephaniah Williams - almost escaped to Portugal...
0:28:57 > 0:29:02- ..but was caught on the ship - as it set sail from Cardiff.
0:29:03 > 0:29:08- The Newport Reference Library - houses the witness statements...
0:29:08 > 0:29:10- ..collected before the court case.
0:29:11 > 0:29:13- I'm looking - for one man in particular.
0:29:14 > 0:29:15- Israel Firman.
0:29:15 > 0:29:20- He was a colourful character - who was well into his nineties.
0:29:21 > 0:29:26- I'm looking for the list of - eyewitnesses but one in particular.
0:29:26 > 0:29:28- Here he is.
0:29:28 > 0:29:32- It's Israel Firman - who turned against the Chartists.
0:29:32 > 0:29:35- He was a supporter - who betrayed them.
0:29:35 > 0:29:38- Page 94.
0:29:39 > 0:29:42- Here it is. Israel Firman.
0:29:42 > 0:29:47- "During that night, I went - to a place called the Welsh Oak.
0:29:48 > 0:29:50- "There were some hundreds.
0:29:50 > 0:29:56- "Some from the Greyhound, Blackwood, - Tredegar and some called Blainers.
0:29:56 > 0:30:00- "They were coming to Newport - and armed.
0:30:00 > 0:30:03- "Some with muskets, some with pikes.
0:30:03 > 0:30:05- "Several had pistols.
0:30:06 > 0:30:10- "Edwin Edmonds of The Greyhound - was with Mr Frost.
0:30:10 > 0:30:13- "I heard him say, 'come men.'
0:30:13 > 0:30:15- "I saw it all.
0:30:15 > 0:30:20- "I must never show my face - in that country again."
0:30:21 > 0:30:22- He goes on to say...
0:30:22 > 0:30:26- "I saw the prisoner - and heard all the words of command.
0:30:27 > 0:30:28- "Mr Frost was one.
0:30:28 > 0:30:30- "The prisoner cried out.
0:30:31 > 0:30:34- "All you with muskets come forward."
0:30:34 > 0:30:38- "I said, 'Gentlemen, - let me pass you, if you please.
0:30:38 > 0:30:40- "I want some beer to drink."
0:30:41 > 0:30:44- By the start of the case...
0:30:44 > 0:30:50- ..the prosecution claimed that - Firman's evidence was unreliable.
0:30:50 > 0:30:53- He wasn't called as a witness.
0:30:56 > 0:31:01- This statue of Henry V - on Agincourt Square in Monmouth...
0:31:01 > 0:31:05- ..reminds us of his battle - against the French.
0:31:06 > 0:31:10- But here, at the County Hall - in December 1839...
0:31:11 > 0:31:15- ..another battle was about to start.
0:31:17 > 0:31:19- You had the Chartists.
0:31:20 > 0:31:26- Ordinary, Welsh speaking men from - the valleys of Glamorgan and Gwent.
0:31:26 > 0:31:32- They faced the might of the Crown, - the factory owners and works...
0:31:32 > 0:31:35- ..and rich landowners - of South-East Monmouth.
0:31:36 > 0:31:40- They were English speakers, - full of power and influence.
0:31:41 > 0:31:43- The working class spoke Welsh...
0:31:44 > 0:31:46- ..whilst English was the language...
0:31:47 > 0:31:51- ..of the wealthy, educated - and influential classes.
0:31:51 > 0:31:53- This became apparent...
0:31:54 > 0:31:58- ..when the common man - came face to face with the law.
0:31:58 > 0:32:02- There are many examples of this - in the 1830s.
0:32:02 > 0:32:05- We have one incident - in Tredegar in 1838.
0:32:05 > 0:32:11- Thomas Phillips, a Justice of the - Peace told a Welsh speaking man...
0:32:11 > 0:32:14- .."Speak English - or you will not be heard here."
0:32:15 > 0:32:21- One defendant in the court case - that followed the Newport Rising...
0:32:21 > 0:32:23- ..was John Rees.
0:32:23 > 0:32:27- He spoke Welsh in court - and asked for a translator...
0:32:27 > 0:32:30- ..despite being fluent in English.
0:32:30 > 0:32:33- It points towards his opposition.
0:32:34 > 0:32:39- The main charge against the leaders - and eleven other men...
0:32:39 > 0:32:43- ..was high treason.
0:32:44 > 0:32:47- This would be the last court case - in Britain...
0:32:48 > 0:32:52- ..where so many were accused - of this charge at the same time.
0:32:57 > 0:33:01- A horn was blown - on the final day of 1839...
0:33:01 > 0:33:04- ..to mark the start of the case.
0:33:06 > 0:33:09- Many wanted to be in the court.
0:33:09 > 0:33:14- Entry was only allowed by ticket - that were sold to the public.
0:33:16 > 0:33:21- At 9.00am, the Chartists - reached the town hall in chains.
0:33:21 > 0:33:25- They were taken to the cells - underneath the courtroom.
0:33:25 > 0:33:30- In a cell that was two-foot wide - and four-foot long...
0:33:30 > 0:33:33- ..a space smaller than a grave...
0:33:33 > 0:33:37- ..was where the prisoners - awaited their fate.
0:33:45 > 0:33:49- It's easy to imagine how they felt - as they climbed these steps.
0:33:50 > 0:33:54- If the charge was treason...
0:33:54 > 0:33:56- ..there could only be one ruling.
0:33:58 > 0:34:00- Execution.
0:34:03 > 0:34:07- John Frost was first - to face the court.
0:34:07 > 0:34:09- The crowd expected a blackguard...
0:34:10 > 0:34:13- ..but were stunned - to see a respectable man.
0:34:14 > 0:34:18- Sir Frederick Pollock, - John Frost's defence attorney...
0:34:18 > 0:34:23- ..spent five hours giving his case - in favour of the defendant.
0:34:23 > 0:34:26- Despite his efforts, - the jury was biased...
0:34:26 > 0:34:30- ..and decided John Frost's fate - within 30 minutes.
0:34:30 > 0:34:32- He was found guilty.
0:34:32 > 0:34:34- In the days that followed...
0:34:34 > 0:34:39- ..Zephaniah Williams and William - Jones were also found guilty.
0:34:39 > 0:34:41- On 16 January...
0:34:41 > 0:34:47- ..Sir Nicholas Tindal, the Lord - Chief Justice passed the sentence.
0:34:48 > 0:34:52- He wore his black cap - before stating the three leaders...
0:34:53 > 0:34:57- ..would be taken for execution.
0:34:58 > 0:35:03- They were to be hanged and then - cut into four pieces and a head.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06- Hanged, drawn and quartered.
0:35:06 > 0:35:11- Today, this sentence resembles - something from the Middle Ages.
0:35:11 > 0:35:15- It's amazing - that such a barbaric act...
0:35:15 > 0:35:19- ..existed in Wales in 1840...
0:35:19 > 0:35:22- ..during the Victorian era.
0:35:23 > 0:35:26- They made an example - of these leaders.
0:35:26 > 0:35:29- Of the other men - facing the same charge...
0:35:29 > 0:35:32- ..four were found not guilty - and released.
0:35:33 > 0:35:35- The five who pleaded guilty...
0:35:35 > 0:35:39- ..were sentenced to transportation - to Tasmania.
0:35:44 > 0:35:47- From their cell in Monmouth Gaol...
0:35:47 > 0:35:50- ..Frost, Williams and Jones...
0:35:50 > 0:35:55- ..heard the workers - building the gallows.
0:35:57 > 0:36:02- But Sir Nicholas Tindal doubted - the evidence against the Chartists.
0:36:03 > 0:36:07- He aired his doubts - to the Home Secretary.
0:36:08 > 0:36:11- At midnight on 1 February...
0:36:11 > 0:36:15- ..news broke that the - Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne...
0:36:15 > 0:36:18- ..deferred their sentences.
0:36:18 > 0:36:24- The executions would be commuted - to transportation for life.
0:36:30 > 0:36:32- They were severely punished.
0:36:32 > 0:36:37- But what happened to the Chartists - who were killed?
0:36:37 > 0:36:39- What's this?
0:36:39 > 0:36:42- The records - from St Woolos Cathedral.
0:36:42 > 0:36:45- It shows those - who were buried there.
0:36:45 > 0:36:47- Most are individuals.
0:36:47 > 0:36:49- No, here they are.
0:36:49 > 0:36:52- "Ten men, names unknown.
0:36:52 > 0:36:55- "Shot by a party - of the 45th Regiment of Foot...
0:36:55 > 0:37:00- "..in the Chartist Insurrection - before the Westgate Inn.
0:37:00 > 0:37:02- "Age not known."
0:37:03 > 0:37:05- Goodness me. Goodness me.
0:37:13 > 0:37:17- Nobody knows the location - of the bodies of the Chartists.
0:37:17 > 0:37:22- The soldiers dumped the bodies here - at the dead of night...
0:37:23 > 0:37:27- ..in nameless graves - as if they had the plague.
0:37:27 > 0:37:30- All the ten who are buried here...
0:37:30 > 0:37:33- ..in the records, - they are anonymous...
0:37:33 > 0:37:37- ..except this one person, - George Shell.
0:37:37 > 0:37:42- The only reminder of their plight - is the memorial on this wall...
0:37:42 > 0:37:44- ..that tells their story.
0:37:47 > 0:37:51- Over 20 Chartists or - campaigners for democracy were shot.
0:37:52 > 0:37:55- Ten were buried in this cemetery.
0:37:58 > 0:37:58- .
0:38:09 > 0:38:13- Despite the disturbing outcome - of the 1839 riot...
0:38:13 > 0:38:16- ..the Chartists - retained a lot of support.
0:38:17 > 0:38:22- In May 1842, another petition - was taken to the House of Commons.
0:38:23 > 0:38:28- This time, over three million - had signed the petition.
0:38:28 > 0:38:33- That's a third of the population - in Britain at that time.
0:38:33 > 0:38:35- The response was the same.
0:38:35 > 0:38:38- The petition - was dismissed once again.
0:38:39 > 0:38:41- But times were changing.
0:38:41 > 0:38:46- After many attempts - to bring democracy to Britain...
0:38:46 > 0:38:49- ..the Chartists' dreams - slowly came true.
0:38:49 > 0:38:54- By 1918, the Representation - of the People Act...
0:38:54 > 0:38:58- ..had given the vote to every man - over 21 and women over 30.
0:38:59 > 0:39:02- Five of the six original demands - of the Chartists...
0:39:03 > 0:39:05- ..had become common law.
0:39:05 > 0:39:10- The annual general elections was - the only demand that was ignored.
0:39:10 > 0:39:16- The demands of the charter may sound - like common sense and reasonable...
0:39:16 > 0:39:22- ..this is because they have been - common law for almost a century.
0:39:25 > 0:39:30- What was the fate of those - who fought for democracy?
0:39:30 > 0:39:32- Frost, Williams and Jones?
0:39:32 > 0:39:35- After a period of transportation...
0:39:35 > 0:39:39- ..all three were offered - a royal pardon in 1856.
0:39:40 > 0:39:44- William Jones and Zephaniah Williams - stayed in Tasmania.
0:39:44 > 0:39:48- Williams made his fortune - by mining and selling coal.
0:39:48 > 0:39:54- Frost returned and lived - in Bristol until his death.
0:39:59 > 0:40:04- This bust of John Frost was donated - to Newport Museum in 1914.
0:40:04 > 0:40:10- It shows a change in attitude - to his reputation and remembrance.
0:40:13 > 0:40:15- At the turn of the century...
0:40:15 > 0:40:20- ..the riots outside the - Westgate Hotel were an age away.
0:40:20 > 0:40:24- The violence was forgotten - to some extent.
0:40:25 > 0:40:28- There was always doubt...
0:40:28 > 0:40:33- ..as to whether John Frost was - to blame for the violent events.
0:40:40 > 0:40:45- Today, Newport and the Gwent Valleys - defend the Chartists...
0:40:45 > 0:40:47- ..and celebrate their success.
0:40:48 > 0:40:54- It's good to see people - marching down Stow Hill...
0:40:54 > 0:40:58- ..waving banners - demanding a vote for all...
0:40:58 > 0:41:01- ..and a wage - for Members of Parliament...
0:41:01 > 0:41:05- ..which is an issue - that is close to my heart.
0:41:08 > 0:41:12- People understand - that something dramatic took place.
0:41:12 > 0:41:18- They also remember - the true meaning of sacrifice.
0:41:19 > 0:41:22- It's part of the development - of democracy.
0:41:22 > 0:41:24- CHEERING
0:41:25 > 0:41:27- CHEERING
0:41:28 > 0:41:33- Monmouthshire's children aren't - the only ones who like to dress up.
0:41:33 > 0:41:37- In 1989, Paul Flynn was admitted - to the Gorsedd of Bards.
0:41:37 > 0:41:39- His bardic name is Paul y Siartiwr.
0:41:40 > 0:41:43- I'm happy with my bardic name - of Paul y Siartiwr.
0:41:43 > 0:41:50- Paul y Siartiwr has a new charter - for the 21st century.
0:41:50 > 0:41:52- Once again, it has six demands.
0:41:52 > 0:41:58- The most important being a vote - for everyone aged 16 or over.
0:41:58 > 0:42:04- Young people should have the right - to vote as they do in Scotland.
0:42:04 > 0:42:09- A number of people - have signed the petition...
0:42:10 > 0:42:12- ..and voted for it.
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- It was an excellent result - in terms of democracy.
0:42:19 > 0:42:25- The democratic process in a healthy - community isn't something static.
0:42:25 > 0:42:28- It's something - that grows and develops...
0:42:28 > 0:42:33- ..from year to year, decade - to decade and century to century.
0:42:35 > 0:42:41- The Scottish Referendum was - a once in a lifetime opportunity.
0:42:41 > 0:42:47- They voiced their opinions about - an issue they were passionate about.
0:42:47 > 0:42:51- We've never seen anything like it - in Britain before.
0:42:52 > 0:42:56- Those aged 16 and over - were allowed to vote in Scotland.
0:42:56 > 0:43:00- Will this affect young people's - attitudes to voting?
0:43:00 > 0:43:02- It's revolutionary.
0:43:02 > 0:43:07- People can join the army, get - married and be company directors.
0:43:07 > 0:43:10- They can make - these important decisions...
0:43:11 > 0:43:15- ..so why can't they contribute - to the electoral system?
0:43:15 > 0:43:17- It's a bone of contention...
0:43:17 > 0:43:21- ..for Labour, SNP, Plaid Cymru - and the Liberal Democrats.
0:43:21 > 0:43:26- In Scotland, over 100,000 - young people registered to vote.
0:43:26 > 0:43:32- A high percentage of them formed - part of the overall electorate.
0:43:33 > 0:43:37- I had to wait until I was 21 - before I could vote.
0:43:37 > 0:43:41- I don't know about you, - but I really wanted to vote.
0:43:41 > 0:43:44- I remember feeling proud...
0:43:44 > 0:43:48- ..when I reached the age - to take part in political life.
0:43:50 > 0:43:53- What about - the young people of Wales today?
0:43:54 > 0:43:58- I asked the pupils - of Ysgol Gyfyn Gwynllyw...
0:43:58 > 0:44:02- ..about democracy - and being able to vote at 16.
0:44:02 > 0:44:05- It's important - for young people to vote.
0:44:06 > 0:44:09- I don't think people younger than me - should vote...
0:44:09 > 0:44:14- ..as schools don't teach politics - before you reach A level age.
0:44:15 > 0:44:20- You should know about the issues in - politics if you're going to vote.
0:44:20 > 0:44:24- I think young people - can be easily swayed...
0:44:24 > 0:44:27- ..by celebrities and our families.
0:44:28 > 0:44:32- Yes, but the older generation - can be easily swayed too.
0:44:32 > 0:44:36- I agree that young children - are easily influenced.
0:44:36 > 0:44:40- As you age and mature...
0:44:40 > 0:44:46- ..celebrities, television and - the media become less influential.
0:44:46 > 0:44:50- What would make you vote? - Is there a certain cause?
0:44:50 > 0:44:52- If the party in power...
0:44:52 > 0:44:56- ..makes poor decisions - that go against my beliefs...
0:44:56 > 0:44:58- ..I'd vote against them.
0:44:59 > 0:45:05- I'd rebel, vote against them - and hope to achieve what I want.
0:45:05 > 0:45:10- What would make you vote - in favour of something?
0:45:10 > 0:45:14- Anyone who truly believes - in what they are saying.
0:45:14 > 0:45:17- They have a strong opinion...
0:45:17 > 0:45:21- ..and will not be swayed by power - or money.
0:45:21 > 0:45:26- Only a small percentage - of our population cast a vote...
0:45:26 > 0:45:31- ..but over 80% voted - in the recent Scottish Referendum.
0:45:32 > 0:45:33- Why do you think that is?
0:45:34 > 0:45:38- There was a high percentage - of voters in Scotland...
0:45:38 > 0:45:43- ..because they were voting on the - important issue of independence.
0:45:43 > 0:45:46- Those aged 16 and 17 could vote.
0:45:46 > 0:45:50- This boosted - the overall percentage of voters.
0:45:50 > 0:45:55- The first thing in the morning, - I asked Mam about the results.
0:45:55 > 0:46:01- It's interesting to learn - about the future of Scotland.
0:46:01 > 0:46:05- It was a huge step to take - to become independent.
0:46:05 > 0:46:11- I've never been interested in - politics but this was very exciting.
0:46:11 > 0:46:17- People used Twitter to reveal - the results of the referendum.
0:46:17 > 0:46:19- It was really exciting...
0:46:19 > 0:46:23- ..because everyone felt part of it.
0:46:23 > 0:46:28- The Chartists died for their beliefs - and for the vote.
0:46:28 > 0:46:32- What would you give your life for?
0:46:32 > 0:46:37- I share the same feelings - as those Chartists in the riots.
0:46:37 > 0:46:41- They died for their beliefs...
0:46:41 > 0:46:45- ..such as having the right to vote - and be free.
0:46:45 > 0:46:50- People cannot take away - your vote or your opinion.
0:46:50 > 0:46:54- It's the basic right - of any person in any country.
0:46:54 > 0:46:59- I'd definitely be willing to die - for my own opinions.
0:46:59 > 0:47:02- That shook me to my very core.
0:47:02 > 0:47:07- I was looking forward to chatting - with these young people.
0:47:08 > 0:47:12- I didn't expect the young people - of Monmouthshire today...
0:47:12 > 0:47:15- ..to be so passionate - about democracy.
0:47:15 > 0:47:18- It's heart-warming to hear them.
0:47:20 > 0:47:26- They died on this street in the dirt - outside the Westgate Hotel.
0:47:27 > 0:47:30- This was a site...
0:47:30 > 0:47:34- ..where people made a stand - against the government...
0:47:34 > 0:47:37- ..and a stand against injustice.
0:47:37 > 0:47:39- These people wanted justice.
0:47:40 > 0:47:44- Less than a century - after the Newport Rising...
0:47:44 > 0:47:49- ..almost every demand from - the Chartists has become common law.
0:47:50 > 0:47:54- Today, the privileges - they fought and died for...
0:47:54 > 0:47:56- ..have become our own rights.
0:47:57 > 0:48:02- They were passionate but do we have - the same passion to protect them?
0:48:21 > 0:48:24- S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis
0:48:24 > 0:48:24- .