0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:04 > 0:00:08- Have you visited Tregaron - many times, like myself...
0:00:09 > 0:00:12- ..and sat on the square...
0:00:12 > 0:00:16- ..only to be faced - with the bottom of a famous man?
0:00:16 > 0:00:20- This is a statue, - just like any other statue.
0:00:20 > 0:00:24- There's a mature man, - with a chiselled beard...
0:00:25 > 0:00:27- ..and he's holding some papers.
0:00:28 > 0:00:33- Oh, but wait a minute. The word - 'peace' is inscribed on them.
0:00:33 > 0:00:37- He's an educated, boring man - from the distant past.
0:00:37 > 0:00:41- A dreary minister - or a forgotten professor.
0:00:42 > 0:00:45- Is that who we have in front of us?
0:00:45 > 0:00:51- Is it a 19th century man who - is irrelevant in today's world...
0:00:51 > 0:00:56- ..or is this one of the most - prominent Welshmen in history...
0:00:57 > 0:01:01- ..who opposed war - in every shape and form...
0:01:01 > 0:01:04- ..and was ahead of his time?
0:01:05 > 0:01:08- It's Henry Richard, - the Apostle of Peace.
0:01:09 > 0:01:11- We must exhibit war - in its true colours.
0:01:12 > 0:01:15- It concludes that Iraq - has chemical weapons.
0:01:15 > 0:01:17- 6 million spent on weapons.
0:01:17 > 0:01:19- Within 45 minutes.
0:01:19 > 0:01:21- Within 45 minutes.- - War breeds war.
0:01:21 > 0:01:23- The day of your liberation is near.
0:01:24 > 0:01:25- Defensive war is legal.
0:01:26 > 0:01:28- ..to acquire - nuclear weapons capability.
0:01:34 > 0:01:41- 'Henry Richard - The Apostle of Peace'
0:01:48 > 0:01:53- The statue of Henry Richard, the - Apostle of Peace sits in Tregaron...
0:01:53 > 0:01:57- ..near the site of his birth - over two centuries ago.
0:01:57 > 0:02:01- Car parks are a great place - for historians, Huw.
0:02:01 > 0:02:04- They have certainly - hit the press recently...
0:02:04 > 0:02:08- ..thanks to the excavation - of Richard III's body.
0:02:08 > 0:02:12- In Wales, this was the site - of Henry Richard's home.
0:02:12 > 0:02:15- This is where - he was born and raised.
0:02:16 > 0:02:19- He was the main force - of the British peace movement.
0:02:19 > 0:02:22- What was his mother's house like?
0:02:22 > 0:02:27- It was a traditional Welsh - thatched cottage called Ty Gwyn.
0:02:27 > 0:02:31- This is where he spent - the first three years of his life.
0:02:32 > 0:02:37- The house is no longer here - and a car park stands here today.
0:02:37 > 0:02:41- Ty Gwyn stood in this area - of the car park.
0:02:44 > 0:02:48- The growing family - built a new house...
0:02:48 > 0:02:50- ..on the opposite side of the town.
0:02:51 > 0:02:55- Henry Richard's family was given a - lifetime lease on a plot of land...
0:02:55 > 0:02:58- ..by John Jones from Deri Ormond.
0:02:58 > 0:03:01- He was a wealthy cousin - of Henry's mother.
0:03:01 > 0:03:03- Tell me about his parents.
0:03:04 > 0:03:09- His mother, Mary, was from - a privileged, middle-class family.
0:03:09 > 0:03:13- Ebenezer, his father, - was a Methodist minister.
0:03:14 > 0:03:19- It's rumoured that his mother's - family were unhappy with the match.
0:03:19 > 0:03:21- Was he socially inferior?
0:03:21 > 0:03:24- Was he socially inferior?- - Yes, when compared to Mary's family.
0:03:25 > 0:03:26- When did they move here?
0:03:26 > 0:03:29- When did they move here?- - They moved here when he was three.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33- They left Ty Gwyn on the other side - of the River Brennig...
0:03:33 > 0:03:35- ..and moved to Prospect House.
0:03:36 > 0:03:39- It was an educated home - with no shortage of books.
0:03:40 > 0:03:44- He received his early education - at home, taught by his mother...
0:03:44 > 0:03:49- ..before attending Llangeitho - Grammar School and Aberystwyth.
0:03:49 > 0:03:52- Did his father show any interest - in his son's education?
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- His father was a passionate preacher - who taught him to speak publically.
0:03:58 > 0:04:04- He also instilled in him that any - form of violence was inexcusable.
0:04:05 > 0:04:08- Ebenezer Richard, Henry's father...
0:04:08 > 0:04:12- ..was a much sought-after - guest minister.
0:04:12 > 0:04:14- He was highly respected - in Tregaron...
0:04:15 > 0:04:18- ..as the minister - of Bwlchgwynt Chapel.
0:04:19 > 0:04:24- After an apprenticeship as a tailor - in Carmarthen and Aberystwyth...
0:04:24 > 0:04:28- ..Henry Richard chose to follow - in his father's footsteps...
0:04:29 > 0:04:30- ..and enter the ministry.
0:04:31 > 0:04:34- When he was an apprentice - in Aberystwyth...
0:04:34 > 0:04:37- ..he attended - Aberystwyth Tabernacle Chapel...
0:04:38 > 0:04:41- ..and heard S R - preaching in the chapel.
0:04:41 > 0:04:46- Samuel Roberts from Llanbrynmair - was an ardent pacifist.
0:04:48 > 0:04:54- Henry chose to enter the ministry - but insisted on a college education.
0:04:54 > 0:05:00- The Presbyterians in Carmarthen - trained all the ministers...
0:05:00 > 0:05:05- ..for the Baptists, Nonconformists, - Methodists and Unitarians.
0:05:06 > 0:05:09- I suspect his father feared - that Henry Richard...
0:05:10 > 0:05:14- ..was heavily influenced - by the radicalism of S R.
0:05:14 > 0:05:19- As a result, he was sent - to Highbury Congregational College.
0:05:21 > 0:05:24- In 1830, Henry Richard left Wales...
0:05:25 > 0:05:29- ..and moved to London where he was - to live for the rest of his life.
0:05:32 > 0:05:38- Two days later, after a long journey - on the stagecoach...
0:05:38 > 0:05:40- ..he arrived in London.
0:05:45 > 0:05:50- Henry lived in Cripplegate, at - the heart of this commercial city.
0:05:50 > 0:05:53- The area was traditionally - known for its immigrants.
0:05:56 > 0:06:01- His brother, Edward, was already - in London studying to be a doctor.
0:06:01 > 0:06:06- I think Henry was jealous because - he wanted to study in the city.
0:06:06 > 0:06:11- He moved to Jewin Crescent - with his brother...
0:06:11 > 0:06:13- ..and studied at Highbury College.
0:06:13 > 0:06:15- Was it a ministerial college?
0:06:15 > 0:06:18- Yes, Highbury - was a dissenting college.
0:06:18 > 0:06:21- He had to preach for the first time - in English.
0:06:22 > 0:06:23- What was it like for him?
0:06:23 > 0:06:27- It was a different - and dreary style for him...
0:06:27 > 0:06:30- ..but he got to grips with it.
0:06:37 > 0:06:41- "I will not relate the story - of how I was accepted at Highbury.
0:06:41 > 0:06:45- "Somehow, I managed to pass - with the little knowledge I had.
0:06:45 > 0:06:49- "After the terrifying experience - of preaching to the committee...
0:06:49 > 0:06:50- "..and the examination...
0:06:51 > 0:06:54- "..I was allowed immediately - to enter the Academy."
0:06:56 > 0:06:57- This is it.
0:06:58 > 0:07:02- Edward arranged for Henry - to stay with him at Chapel House.
0:07:02 > 0:07:06- It was on Jewin Crescent, - which is here.
0:07:06 > 0:07:07- Does it say "Welsh chapel?"
0:07:07 > 0:07:10- Does it say "Welsh chapel?"- - Yes, that's the old Jewin chapel.
0:07:12 > 0:07:14- The old chapel is long gone.
0:07:14 > 0:07:19- Cripplegate sustained extensive - bombing during World War II.
0:07:19 > 0:07:25- It's ironic when you think of Henry - Richard's lifetime stance on peace.
0:07:27 > 0:07:32- The Welsh chapel was rebuilt - in the wasteland of the Barbican.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38- "Mr Thomas and myself - would attend the Welsh chapels.
0:07:39 > 0:07:43- "To us, the English ministry - was cold and formal...
0:07:43 > 0:07:48- "..compared to the warm eloquence - of our fellow countrymen.
0:07:49 > 0:07:51- "In those days...
0:07:51 > 0:07:56- "..the pulpit at Jewin hosted the - great preachers of the Principality.
0:07:56 > 0:08:01- "John Elias, Ebenezer Richard, - my father and Henry Rees.
0:08:01 > 0:08:04- "Those whom I believed - and still believe...
0:08:04 > 0:08:08- "..to be the incomparable masters - of religious eloquence."
0:08:08 > 0:08:11- It was important - to retain his Welshness...
0:08:12 > 0:08:16- ..and attend Welsh chapels, - including Jewin Chapel.
0:08:16 > 0:08:22- He would stay out late on a Sunday - to attend preaching festivals...
0:08:22 > 0:08:25- ..and only just - made it home in time...
0:08:25 > 0:08:28- ..before they locked - the college gates at 10.00pm.
0:08:29 > 0:08:33- The conservative Methodism - of his childhood...
0:08:33 > 0:08:38- ..was less appealing than the - radicalism of his fellow students.
0:08:39 > 0:08:41- He started a college magazine...
0:08:41 > 0:08:44- ..and formed a students' union...
0:08:44 > 0:08:47- ..for the four Nonconformist - academies in London.
0:08:47 > 0:08:50- He was quite a rebel.
0:08:53 > 0:08:58- His father sent him to London in the - hope he'd forget about radicalism.
0:08:59 > 0:09:05- However, he went straight from - the frying pan and into the fire!
0:09:05 > 0:09:11- After college, he was called to be - minister of Marlborough Chapel.
0:09:11 > 0:09:15- It was an Independent chapel - on the Old Kent Road.
0:09:16 > 0:09:20- It was quite a feat to be appointed - minister of such a large chapel.
0:09:21 > 0:09:26- It was also a chapel - with sizeable debt.
0:09:26 > 0:09:29- He worked exceptionally hard - to clear the debt...
0:09:30 > 0:09:32- ..and built a Sunday School.
0:09:33 > 0:09:38- He also helped to establish - British schools in the area.
0:09:38 > 0:09:42- He transformed the chapel, - built a vestry...
0:09:42 > 0:09:45- ..and increased the membership.
0:09:47 > 0:09:51- Those early years in London - made an important impact...
0:09:51 > 0:09:55- ..on Henry Richard's spiritual - and intellectual development.
0:09:55 > 0:09:59- He found friends - who shared similar beliefs...
0:09:59 > 0:10:03- ..including the pacifists, - Richard Cobden and Joseph Sturge.
0:10:04 > 0:10:08- He took more of an interest - in social and political matters...
0:10:08 > 0:10:13- ..and was forward in airing his - views on the day's burning issues.
0:10:15 > 0:10:19- He increasingly felt that - the English were totally ignorant.
0:10:19 > 0:10:21- They knew nothing of Wales...
0:10:21 > 0:10:24- ..and needed to be educated - on the topic.
0:10:25 > 0:10:28- Many spoke about Wales - in the Welsh press...
0:10:28 > 0:10:32- ..but by writing for English papers - in English...
0:10:33 > 0:10:36- ..Henry Richard became - the voice of Wales in London.
0:10:39 > 0:10:44- He started writing - a series of articles about Wales.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48- It was his aim - to educate the English...
0:10:48 > 0:10:53- ..about the nation who were their - neighbours and he did just that.
0:10:53 > 0:10:57- It was a turbulent time in Wales.
0:10:57 > 0:11:00- The Rebecca Rioters attacked - tollgates in the west...
0:11:01 > 0:11:05- ..and Chartists fought - for workers' rights in the east.
0:11:05 > 0:11:10- Henry Richard did not advocate - any form of violence.
0:11:10 > 0:11:14- He wrote an article - redeeming the Rebecca Rioters...
0:11:14 > 0:11:16- ..and defending the Welsh.
0:11:17 > 0:11:21- "No other nation has given - the authorities so little trouble.
0:11:22 > 0:11:25- "There have been two considerable - exceptions to this rule.
0:11:25 > 0:11:30- "The first was the Chartist outbreak - in Newport in 1839.
0:11:31 > 0:11:35- "The Rebecca disturbances - differed widely.
0:11:35 > 0:11:39- "They broke out in the very heart - of the Welsh population...
0:11:40 > 0:11:43- "..but their character - has been misunderstood in England."
0:11:44 > 0:11:48- The Treachery of the Blue Books came - at the end of the Rebecca Riots.
0:11:48 > 0:11:51- Three English commissioners...
0:11:51 > 0:11:55- ..compiled a damning report - on education in Wales.
0:11:56 > 0:12:00- It accused the Welsh of being - uneducated and uncivilised...
0:12:00 > 0:12:03- ..because they could not - speak English.
0:12:03 > 0:12:04- He was furious.
0:12:05 > 0:12:10- He was due to deliver a lecture - at Crosby Hall in London...
0:12:10 > 0:12:14- ..but launched an attack - on the Blue Books instead.
0:12:14 > 0:12:20- He spoke for two and a half hours - to a spellbound audience.
0:12:21 > 0:12:24- It was the first - the English had heard of it.
0:12:25 > 0:12:29- He used this - to his political advantage...
0:12:29 > 0:12:31- ..in a way that only he could.
0:12:32 > 0:12:35- He became the hero of the nation - as a result.
0:12:35 > 0:12:35- .
0:12:40 > 0:12:40- Subtitles
0:12:40 > 0:12:42- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:12:47 > 0:12:49- Don't arm Syria!
0:12:50 > 0:12:53- I don't understand - how arming more people...
0:12:53 > 0:12:56- ..and entering countries - to bring order...
0:12:57 > 0:13:00- ..will solve any problems.
0:13:02 > 0:13:06- I don't think war - is the answer to anything.
0:13:06 > 0:13:10- Hands off the Middle East. - No justice, no peace.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13- Hands off the Middle East.
0:13:13 > 0:13:16- A just war. A defensive war.
0:13:16 > 0:13:21- These reasons have been used - in favour of war for centuries.
0:13:21 > 0:13:26- People waged war on other countries - and traded weapons with the world.
0:13:26 > 0:13:31- Since the two World Wars, the common - man has protested against war.
0:13:32 > 0:13:34- They have spoken out against it.
0:13:34 > 0:13:38- If Henry Richard was alive today...
0:13:38 > 0:13:41- ..he would be in our midst - right now.
0:13:45 > 0:13:50- We gather in our tens, - hundreds and sometimes thousands...
0:13:50 > 0:13:54- ..to speak out against war - and weapons.
0:13:54 > 0:13:58- Over the decades, the opposition - of pacifists in Wales...
0:13:59 > 0:14:02- ..has been extraordinary - and steadfast.
0:14:02 > 0:14:05- The movement has developed - over the years.
0:14:05 > 0:14:09- The roots of the pacifism that - affected the young Henry Richard...
0:14:10 > 0:14:15- ..are linked - to our nation's nonconformity.
0:14:15 > 0:14:19- Henry Richard came out of - that tradition of nonconformity.
0:14:20 > 0:14:25- I think most were pacifists coming - from Wales and against violence.
0:14:25 > 0:14:31- They were affected by the American - attitude to war after Napoleon...
0:14:31 > 0:14:33- ..and after the American Civil War.
0:14:34 > 0:14:37- As a Christian, pacifism was normal.
0:14:38 > 0:14:41- His faith - was his greatest influence.
0:14:41 > 0:14:47- He repeatedly professes that war - is not a trait of Christianity.
0:14:48 > 0:14:53- A Christian cannot raise a weapon - against their fellow-man.
0:14:53 > 0:14:57- He cannot use a weapon - against his brother.
0:14:59 > 0:15:04- In his opinion, - war was the weapon of the devil.
0:15:05 > 0:15:10- In the 19th century, you first saw - organised peace movements.
0:15:11 > 0:15:15- That didn't exist - in the 16th, 17th and 18th century.
0:15:15 > 0:15:18- In these societies, - you had these tensions...
0:15:18 > 0:15:21- ..between absolute pacifists...
0:15:21 > 0:15:26- ..who would never defend themselves - against anything, with anything...
0:15:26 > 0:15:32- ..and you had peacemakers, who were - unhappy with the term, pacifist.
0:15:32 > 0:15:35- Henry was able - to bring them all together...
0:15:36 > 0:15:39- ..and work together - at the British Peace Society.
0:15:40 > 0:15:43- The London Peace Society - was founded in 1815...
0:15:44 > 0:15:48- ..by the Welshman from Neath, - Joseph Tregelles Price.
0:15:48 > 0:15:53- It later became - the International Peace Society.
0:15:53 > 0:15:58- It appealed to Henry Richard and - his friends' broadminded radicalism.
0:15:58 > 0:16:00- In the spring of 1848...
0:16:00 > 0:16:04- ..Henry was appointed - as secretary of the movement.
0:16:04 > 0:16:08- The spring - may not convey pure peace...
0:16:08 > 0:16:11- ..but it gives us - the idea of hope and birth...
0:16:11 > 0:16:15- ..and that something new is afoot.
0:16:15 > 0:16:21- This season's name can be used - to convey a conflict or a rebellion.
0:16:21 > 0:16:25- There was - the Prague Spring of 1968....
0:16:25 > 0:16:28- ..and the great Arab Spring of 2011.
0:16:29 > 0:16:31- It started in North Africa...
0:16:31 > 0:16:36- ..and spread like wildfire across - the Middle East and into Syria.
0:16:36 > 0:16:42- In 1848, it was Europe's turn - to experience the Spring of Nations.
0:16:44 > 0:16:48- A wave of revolutions - spread across Europe.
0:16:48 > 0:16:52- France was in the midst - of the Second Republic...
0:16:52 > 0:16:55- ..so the Peace Society - had to think twice...
0:16:55 > 0:16:59- ..about staging - their first conference in Paris.
0:16:59 > 0:17:03- The society set their sights - on Brussels.
0:17:05 > 0:17:11- It attracted a lot of people - from America, Britain and Europe.
0:17:11 > 0:17:13- They all came together.
0:17:15 > 0:17:19- Henry Richard - gave his first speech.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23- "We must exhibit war - in its true colours.
0:17:23 > 0:17:27- "We must have the courage - to tear the mask from its face.
0:17:28 > 0:17:32- "We must present it to the world - as it truly is...
0:17:32 > 0:17:37- "..a gigantic murder, - drunk with ambition and lust...
0:17:37 > 0:17:41- "..stained with the blood - of its myriad victims."
0:17:43 > 0:17:46- The congress and Henry Richard's - speech in particular...
0:17:47 > 0:17:48- ..was a sweeping success.
0:17:49 > 0:17:50- From this point onwards...
0:17:51 > 0:17:55- ..he was known as - the Apostle of Peace.
0:17:58 > 0:18:03- A year later, Henry Richard and the - Peace Congress travelled to Paris.
0:18:04 > 0:18:09- The enthusiasm that made Brussels - a success was alive and well.
0:18:11 > 0:18:15- The second congress was held - at the Salle Sainte Cecile...
0:18:15 > 0:18:17- ..a famous concert hall...
0:18:17 > 0:18:22- ..that saw performances of the works - of the era's greatest composers.
0:18:23 > 0:18:27- It is now only a distant memory.
0:18:30 > 0:18:34- Unfortunately, the hall was totally - destroyed by Napoleon III...
0:18:34 > 0:18:38- ..after the fall - of the Second Republic.
0:18:38 > 0:18:41- How did the congress go?
0:18:41 > 0:18:43- Many people came here.
0:18:44 > 0:18:45- There was 600 Britons...
0:18:46 > 0:18:51- ..and large numbers from America, - Holland, Belgium and France.
0:18:52 > 0:18:54- Victor Hugo - agreed to be its president...
0:18:54 > 0:18:58- ..and he opened the congress - with an inspirational speech.
0:19:00 > 0:19:04- Victor Hugo, author of the - popular novel, Les Miserables...
0:19:04 > 0:19:06- ..had a warm welcome from the crowd.
0:19:08 > 0:19:11- "The day will come - when France, Russia, Italy...
0:19:11 > 0:19:13- "..England and Germany...
0:19:13 > 0:19:16- "..without losing - their unique identities...
0:19:17 > 0:19:22- "..will melt into a larger unit, - into an European brotherhood.
0:19:22 > 0:19:25- "The day will come - when there are no battlefields...
0:19:26 > 0:19:30- "..but open markets for trade - and minds that are open to ideas.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34- "The day will come - when bullets and shells...
0:19:34 > 0:19:36- "..are replaced - by the people's vote."
0:19:37 > 0:19:41- It's the first speech - that foresaw an European Union.
0:19:42 > 0:19:46- The Union was partly responsible - for keeping peace in Europe...
0:19:46 > 0:19:49- ..since World War II.
0:19:49 > 0:19:54- Today, it is under threat from those - who oppose its very existence.
0:19:54 > 0:19:57- We're currently talking about...
0:19:57 > 0:20:01- ..fragmenting the union - that Victor Hugo foresaw.
0:20:02 > 0:20:06- The international feelings - towards peace were on the rise...
0:20:06 > 0:20:09- ..and affecting movements - across Europe...
0:20:09 > 0:20:12- ..making them - international movements.
0:20:12 > 0:20:15- Henry Richard left the ministry...
0:20:15 > 0:20:18- ..in order to dedicate himself - to the Peace Society.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- Suddenly, everything came to an end.
0:20:23 > 0:20:26- In October 1853...
0:20:26 > 0:20:31- ..the Ottoman Empire in Turkey - declared war on Russia.
0:20:32 > 0:20:35- Tsar Nicholas I of Russia...
0:20:35 > 0:20:39- ..occupied the land around the - Danube between Russia and Turkey...
0:20:39 > 0:20:42- ..and set his sights on Istanbul.
0:20:42 > 0:20:46- As opposed to supporting Russia, - as the Tsar had expected...
0:20:46 > 0:20:50- ..Britain, Sardinia and France - chose to support Turkey...
0:20:50 > 0:20:56- ..and attacked Russia in the - Black Sea and the Crimean Peninsula.
0:20:58 > 0:21:02- When war breaks out, - as was the case in the Crimea...
0:21:02 > 0:21:04- ..it's my country, right or wrong.
0:21:05 > 0:21:08- It was an horrific time...
0:21:08 > 0:21:11- ..and pacifists were persecuted.
0:21:11 > 0:21:15- Henry Richard - was speaking in Cardiff.
0:21:15 > 0:21:19- He spent two hours - trying to calm the crowds...
0:21:20 > 0:21:22- ..amidst a torrent of jibes.
0:21:22 > 0:21:27- Many said that Henry Richard - was a representative of the Tsar...
0:21:27 > 0:21:31- ..but Henry said he represented - the Prince of Peace!
0:21:31 > 0:21:36- It's very difficult to show your - opposition at the start of a war.
0:21:37 > 0:21:41- Proof of this is found - in the War in Afghanistan...
0:21:41 > 0:21:44- ..which was very popular - at the start.
0:21:44 > 0:21:49- People expressed their doubts prior - to the start of the Iraq War...
0:21:49 > 0:21:53- ..but these were quelled - as soon as the war began.
0:21:54 > 0:22:00- During World War II, people were - vilified, mocked and scorned.
0:22:00 > 0:22:03- Many vicious things - were said about them.
0:22:06 > 0:22:11- This was the mindset - that Henry Richard fought against.
0:22:11 > 0:22:15- He was extremely brave in - his opposition to the common stance.
0:22:16 > 0:22:19- He was lonely.
0:22:20 > 0:22:22- He returned to Tregaron.
0:22:22 > 0:22:26- Tregaron, Wales - and the Welsh language...
0:22:26 > 0:22:31- ..were his refuge - when he was feeling destitute.
0:22:34 > 0:22:39- One million men were killed during - the war, including 20,000 Brits.
0:22:43 > 0:22:48- The International Peace Society - failed to stop the Crimean War...
0:22:49 > 0:22:52- ..but Henry Richard - remained indefatigable...
0:22:52 > 0:22:58- ..and he came here, in 1856, - to influence the Treaty of Paris.
0:22:59 > 0:23:02- The Treaty of Paris...
0:23:02 > 0:23:06- ..brought together the forces - involved in the Crimean War...
0:23:06 > 0:23:08- ..to agree on terms of peace.
0:23:08 > 0:23:11- Henry Richard saw his opportunity...
0:23:11 > 0:23:14- ..to have a declaration - within the treaty...
0:23:15 > 0:23:18- ..that encouraged arbitration.
0:23:18 > 0:23:20- As opposed to going - straight to war...
0:23:21 > 0:23:25- ..the two opposing countries - consulted a third nation...
0:23:25 > 0:23:29- ..and attempted to reach - an agreement that suited both sides.
0:23:31 > 0:23:34- Henry Richard, and his friend, - the Quaker, Joseph Sturge...
0:23:34 > 0:23:39- ..insisted on having an audience - with the representatives in Paris...
0:23:39 > 0:23:42- ..in order to promote their cause.
0:23:44 > 0:23:46- They were successful.
0:23:46 > 0:23:49- There was a declaration - within the Treaty...
0:23:49 > 0:23:54- ..that called upon the nations - to consult a third party...
0:23:55 > 0:23:58- ..who would help them - to reach an agreement.
0:23:58 > 0:24:00- This became the precedent...
0:24:01 > 0:24:07- ..for the Hague Peace Conference - of 1899.
0:24:07 > 0:24:11- His act became - a very important event.
0:24:11 > 0:24:14- The Treaty wasn't perfect...
0:24:14 > 0:24:19- ..and pacifists would have preferred - something more definite.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23- However, the readiness of the - nations to support these ideas...
0:24:24 > 0:24:25- ..was a massive step forward.
0:24:26 > 0:24:31- Henry Richard had achieved - another important feat for peace.
0:24:35 > 0:24:40- In 1878, some 30 years after - the first congress in Paris...
0:24:40 > 0:24:46- ..the Exposition Universelle or - World's Fair held the next congress.
0:24:46 > 0:24:48- Peace societies flocked to Paris.
0:24:49 > 0:24:52- In their midst was the - Workmen's Peace Association.
0:24:52 > 0:24:55- I'm sure Henry Richard would say...
0:24:55 > 0:24:59- ..that workers from different - countries have more in common...
0:24:59 > 0:25:03- ..than a worker and manager - from the same country.
0:25:04 > 0:25:09- A manager sends his workers, - like soldiers, to the battlefield.
0:25:10 > 0:25:14- European countries - were highly equipped...
0:25:14 > 0:25:19- ..and it had been a period of the - most bloody wars in world history.
0:25:19 > 0:25:22- Henry Richard - was not a man to feel dejected.
0:25:23 > 0:25:27- His recommended system - of arbitration was bearing fruit...
0:25:27 > 0:25:32- ..and had stopped 20 wars - in the previous 40 years.
0:25:33 > 0:25:35- Henry viewed this as a success.
0:25:36 > 0:25:36- .
0:25:41 > 0:25:41- Subtitles
0:25:41 > 0:25:43- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:25:50 > 0:25:54- Henry Richard's work - for the Peace Society...
0:25:55 > 0:25:58- ..took him all across Europe.
0:25:58 > 0:26:01- Despite all his efforts...
0:26:01 > 0:26:05- ..five years after - the Paris Peace Treaty was signed...
0:26:05 > 0:26:08- ..another bloody war - was about to erupt.
0:26:08 > 0:26:12- This time, - the problem didn't lie in Europe.
0:26:13 > 0:26:19- In 1861, following Abraham Lincoln's - election to the presidency...
0:26:19 > 0:26:22- ..the American Civil War broke out.
0:26:27 > 0:26:30- Civil war disrupts - a peaceful society.
0:26:30 > 0:26:36- Many favoured the north as it was - seen as a war against slavery.
0:26:36 > 0:26:41- Those close to Henry Richard, - such as Cobden and Bright...
0:26:41 > 0:26:45- ..supported the north because - they viewed it as a just war.
0:26:46 > 0:26:49- Henry Richard - disagreed with this stance.
0:26:49 > 0:26:52- He stated that you cannot justify - any kind of war.
0:26:52 > 0:26:56- Evil should not be used - to combat evil.
0:26:59 > 0:27:04- Many believe that this conflict - was a war against slavery...
0:27:04 > 0:27:09- ..but Abraham Lincoln stated - that the main aim of the war...
0:27:09 > 0:27:13- ..was to retain the unity - of the United States.
0:27:14 > 0:27:18- Henry Richard - fought tirelessly...
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- ..to keep Britain out of the war.
0:27:21 > 0:27:27- Many historians claim Prince Albert, - the husband of Queen Victoria...
0:27:27 > 0:27:30- ..stopped Britain from going to war.
0:27:30 > 0:27:31- I totally disagree.
0:27:32 > 0:27:36- I believe the Peace Society, - and more directly, Henry Richard...
0:27:37 > 0:27:39- ..kept Britain out of the war.
0:27:43 > 0:27:48- Henry Richard and the Peace Society - were highly praised...
0:27:49 > 0:27:52- ..and many thought - the Apostle of Peace...
0:27:52 > 0:27:56- ..should set his sights - on Parliament.
0:27:56 > 0:28:01- Samuel Roberts wanted to find a seat - for Henry Richard...
0:28:02 > 0:28:06- ..so he could represent Wales - and pacifism in Parliament.
0:28:06 > 0:28:09- On many occasions, - Edward Miall said to him...
0:28:09 > 0:28:14- ..that he wished Henry represented - Caernarfon or had another seat...
0:28:14 > 0:28:18- ..so that he had a companion - in the House of Commons.
0:28:18 > 0:28:21- A companion - is just what Henry needed.
0:28:22 > 0:28:28- During this period, he lost two - people who were very dear to him.
0:28:29 > 0:28:33- The first was his old friend, - Richard Cobden...
0:28:33 > 0:28:35- ..and within six weeks...
0:28:36 > 0:28:39- ..Edward, his brother, passed away.
0:28:44 > 0:28:48- During his grief, he grew closer - to another old friend...
0:28:49 > 0:28:52- ..Augusta Matilda Farley.
0:28:53 > 0:28:56- How are you related to him?
0:28:56 > 0:28:58- This is your family tree.
0:28:58 > 0:29:00- Alan Griffiths is my father.
0:29:00 > 0:29:05- His grandfather, Dr Ebenezer Evans, - was the nephew of Henry Richard.
0:29:06 > 0:29:10- We can see Henry Richard - and Augusta Farley.
0:29:10 > 0:29:13- They got married later in life.
0:29:14 > 0:29:18- Yes, they were in their fifties - but were close friends...
0:29:18 > 0:29:21- ..and eventually married.
0:29:21 > 0:29:25- These are the letters - he wrote to her.
0:29:26 > 0:29:29- They are very affectionate - and start with "My Darling!"
0:29:30 > 0:29:31- It's very loving.
0:29:32 > 0:29:34- These were sent from Merthyr.
0:29:34 > 0:29:39- How long were they married before - he became a Member of Parliament?
0:29:39 > 0:29:41- It was about two years.
0:29:41 > 0:29:43- What do we have here?
0:29:43 > 0:29:48- These are photographs - of the pair taken later in life.
0:29:49 > 0:29:52- I haven't seen - a photograph of her before.
0:29:52 > 0:29:55- She looks like a kind woman.
0:29:55 > 0:29:57- Are there any from their youth?
0:29:57 > 0:29:59- Are there any from their youth?- - Yes, I have them here.
0:29:59 > 0:30:02- This is when she was younger.
0:30:03 > 0:30:06- There's also a photograph - of the pair of them.
0:30:07 > 0:30:10- It was taken on one of their visits - to Berlin.
0:30:10 > 0:30:11- She was very brave to go.
0:30:11 > 0:30:14- She was very brave to go.- - It wasn't an easy time to travel.
0:30:14 > 0:30:16- They still look elderly.
0:30:16 > 0:30:19- Were they too old to have children?
0:30:19 > 0:30:20- Were they too old to have children?- - Yes.
0:30:20 > 0:30:24- She was from a wealthy - and affluent family.
0:30:25 > 0:30:27- Yes, and this was a great help...
0:30:28 > 0:30:31- ..because he was able to continue - with his work.
0:30:31 > 0:30:37- At that time, MPs were not paid - so he needed money from somewhere.
0:30:38 > 0:30:41- Yes, so it was a great help to him.
0:30:44 > 0:30:47- He was settled - in his personal life...
0:30:47 > 0:30:49- ..and with Augusta's support...
0:30:49 > 0:30:54- ..Henry Richard was elected as a MP - for the Liberal Party.
0:30:55 > 0:31:00- The original aim was to stand for - the Ceredigion seat in West Wales...
0:31:00 > 0:31:04- ..but news broke that an extra seat - had been created...
0:31:04 > 0:31:08- ..some 60 miles to the south east.
0:31:09 > 0:31:15- His ideal was the rural, - Welsh-speaking area of Tregaron.
0:31:15 > 0:31:18- However, - his politics and radicalism...
0:31:18 > 0:31:21- ..was perfect - for the people of Merthyr.
0:31:21 > 0:31:26- Most of the people of the area - at that time were Welsh speakers...
0:31:27 > 0:31:31- They were Nonconformists and - understood Henry Richard's stance.
0:31:35 > 0:31:39- Hello, Hefin. - It's lovely to see you.
0:31:41 > 0:31:44- Why did Henry Richard - come to Merthyr?
0:31:44 > 0:31:49- We must step back to 1867 and the - Representation of the People Act.
0:31:49 > 0:31:53- It gave many working class citizens - the right to vote.
0:31:53 > 0:31:58- In Merthyr Tydfil, the number of - voters leapt from 1,000 to 14,000.
0:31:58 > 0:32:00- Those voting for the first time...
0:32:01 > 0:32:04- ..were eager to elect someone - who represented them...
0:32:04 > 0:32:07- ..as opposed to their current MP, - Henry Bruce.
0:32:08 > 0:32:11- He was an influential - and wealthy local man...
0:32:12 > 0:32:16- ..but he wasn't the man for them, - unlike Henry Richard.
0:32:16 > 0:32:18- Henry Richard - was the unexpected winner.
0:32:18 > 0:32:23- Yes, he won more votes than the - combined number of his opponents.
0:32:23 > 0:32:25- Henry Bruce lost his seat...
0:32:25 > 0:32:29- ..and Henry Richard was MP - for Merthyr Tydfil until his death.
0:32:29 > 0:32:30- Let's see his portrait.
0:32:32 > 0:32:34- He won!
0:32:34 > 0:32:38- He was head and shoulders - above his opponents in the poll.
0:32:38 > 0:32:42- Henry Austin Bruce, - the close friend of Gladstone...
0:32:42 > 0:32:44- ..was at the bottom of the poll.
0:32:44 > 0:32:48- He was the first - Nonconformist democrat...
0:32:48 > 0:32:50- ..to be elected as a MP for Wales.
0:32:59 > 0:33:04- It's a portrait of a sedate man but - what was he like as a campaigner?
0:33:04 > 0:33:06- He was an intelligent campaigner.
0:33:07 > 0:33:11- His own principles were important - to him and to his audience.
0:33:12 > 0:33:18- He was a Nonconformist and so too - were the majority of his audience.
0:33:18 > 0:33:22- This defined his politics - to some extent.
0:33:22 > 0:33:24- Did he address them in Welsh?
0:33:24 > 0:33:28- Yes, they were Welsh speaking, - working class citizens.
0:33:28 > 0:33:32- He was clever enough to address them - in their own language.
0:33:33 > 0:33:37- Wales was a nation - of Nonconformists.
0:33:37 > 0:33:41- Their faith was expressed in Welsh - so it fell under the same bracket.
0:33:44 > 0:33:49- "What of the people who speak - the language, read the literature...
0:33:49 > 0:33:51- "..who claim this history?
0:33:52 > 0:33:56- "Have they not the right to insist: - we are the Welsh nation?
0:33:56 > 0:34:00- "Have they not the right to reproach - the landowning privileged...
0:34:00 > 0:34:03- "..we, not you, - are the Welsh nation?
0:34:03 > 0:34:06- "We, not you, own this land.
0:34:06 > 0:34:11- "It is our right that our principles - and desires should be represented...
0:34:12 > 0:34:14- "..in the House of Commons."
0:34:16 > 0:34:21- He expressed the wishes - and aspirations...
0:34:21 > 0:34:23- ..of the Welsh nation.
0:34:23 > 0:34:26- He viewed them - as a Nonconformist nation...
0:34:26 > 0:34:30- ..and this is why he found - the Welsh nation to be important.
0:34:30 > 0:34:33- The country's expectations - were stupendous.
0:34:33 > 0:34:37- Wales saw his success - as a victory for the nation.
0:34:38 > 0:34:43- Henry Richard was the man - to represent the country.
0:34:43 > 0:34:48- From this moment on, - the Apostle of Peace...
0:34:48 > 0:34:51- ..was now being acclaimed also - as the Member for Wales.
0:34:52 > 0:34:52- .
0:34:58 > 0:34:58- Subtitles
0:34:58 > 0:35:00- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:35:04 > 0:35:08- In September 1868...
0:35:08 > 0:35:14- ..Henry Richard, the Member for - Wales, reached the House of Commons.
0:35:14 > 0:35:16- He entered Parliament...
0:35:17 > 0:35:22- ..and it was noted - that Wales had now found its voice.
0:35:22 > 0:35:25- He didn't fear - expressing his opinion...
0:35:25 > 0:35:29- ..or making a stand for Wales - and her language.
0:35:31 > 0:35:36- He was the first to speak out - and analyse the situation.
0:35:36 > 0:35:41- In all honesty, he was the man - who put Wales on the map...
0:35:41 > 0:35:44- ..in terms of Parliament.
0:35:44 > 0:35:49- It wasn't child's play that he was - known as the Member for Wales.
0:35:49 > 0:35:51- There was something new - in the air...
0:35:51 > 0:35:56- ..and Henry Richard came here - to represent Wales as it stood.
0:35:56 > 0:35:58- A nation of Nonconformists.
0:35:58 > 0:36:02- A nation with its own language - and identity.
0:36:02 > 0:36:05- A nation with different demands - to the rest of Britain.
0:36:05 > 0:36:09- In Parliament, - there was finally a person...
0:36:09 > 0:36:12- ..who was willing to fight - for Wales.
0:36:15 > 0:36:20- His fellow Members of Parliament - thought that he was rather odd!
0:36:22 > 0:36:24- He was a Welsh democrat...
0:36:24 > 0:36:28- ..who belonged to the bourgeoisie - by that time.
0:36:29 > 0:36:31- He wasn't a socialist at all.
0:36:31 > 0:36:36- He opposed socialism and chartism.
0:36:36 > 0:36:38- He was an excellent speaker...
0:36:38 > 0:36:43- ..and influenced many with his - addresses in the House of Commons.
0:36:45 > 0:36:49- He persuaded the House of Commons - to do many things.
0:36:50 > 0:36:53- Some of those issues - counteracted their own beliefs...
0:36:54 > 0:36:59- ..such as the International - Arbitration Resolution.
0:37:01 > 0:37:07- Henry seized the opportunity - to present an arbitration bill...
0:37:07 > 0:37:10- ..before Parliament.
0:37:11 > 0:37:15- At 9.00pm on 8th July 1873...
0:37:16 > 0:37:21- ..he rose to his feet - to address the House of Commons.
0:37:21 > 0:37:24- He was shrewd in the way - he weighed up the options...
0:37:25 > 0:37:30- ..as to when to present this bill - so that it would be passed.
0:37:30 > 0:37:35- There were not many members - in the House when he began speaking.
0:37:36 > 0:37:40- The bill stated that Parliament - accepted arbitration....
0:37:40 > 0:37:43- ..as a legitimate procedure.
0:37:44 > 0:37:49- This came as quite a shock - to the members who were present.
0:37:51 > 0:37:54- The Prime Minister, Gladstone, - rose to his feet.
0:37:54 > 0:37:58- He claimed it was not the time - for such a resolution...
0:37:58 > 0:38:02- ..and urged Henry - to withdraw his motion.
0:38:03 > 0:38:04- BELL TOLLS
0:38:05 > 0:38:07- He refused.
0:38:08 > 0:38:12- The motion was carried by ten votes.
0:38:12 > 0:38:16- It was considered - a sweeping success.
0:38:17 > 0:38:20- I suspect it finally led - to the United Nations.
0:38:20 > 0:38:24- It was a violent period - in British history...
0:38:25 > 0:38:27- ..that saw one war after the next.
0:38:27 > 0:38:31- However, he persuaded the House - to carry his motion.
0:38:31 > 0:38:37- It showed strength in the way - he addressed an audience.
0:38:38 > 0:38:43- The news of his success - spread across Europe like wildfire.
0:38:43 > 0:38:47- The press on the continent - were full of praise.
0:38:48 > 0:38:52- If you want to succeed, it's - pointless going to the chiefs...
0:38:52 > 0:38:56- ..but you should approach - the common politicians.
0:38:56 > 0:39:02- These are the people - who influence the Prime Minister.
0:39:02 > 0:39:06- To celebrate his success - and spread his message...
0:39:06 > 0:39:10- ..Henry Richard - and his wife, Augusta Matilda...
0:39:10 > 0:39:14- ..embarked on a grand European tour.
0:39:17 > 0:39:22- "The room was tastefully decorated - with flags and flowers.
0:39:22 > 0:39:26- "At one end, there was a picture - of myself in an elaborate frame.
0:39:27 > 0:39:31- "The frame contained the words, - 'Peace on Earth' in Dutch...
0:39:32 > 0:39:35- "..and the date of my victory - in the House of Commons.
0:39:35 > 0:39:41- "The room was full and after my - address, I was given a certificate.
0:39:41 > 0:39:47- "I felt uneasy when I saw - 'Sir Henry Richard' written on it."
0:39:48 > 0:39:50- He received an incredible welcome.
0:39:51 > 0:39:55- He had succeeded in persuading - this imperial parliament...
0:39:55 > 0:39:59- ..that was the greatest power - at the time...
0:39:59 > 0:40:01- ..to accept this motion.
0:40:03 > 0:40:07- Other countries, such as Italy, - wanted to imitate this...
0:40:07 > 0:40:12- ..and wanted their governments - to follow suit.
0:40:12 > 0:40:17- This was definitely - his greatest political achievement.
0:40:20 > 0:40:22- After touring Europe for 25 years...
0:40:23 > 0:40:28- ..Henry Richard portrayed harmony - between the various nations.
0:40:28 > 0:40:32- He wanted people - to look beyond their boundaries...
0:40:32 > 0:40:36- ..and view their neighbours - as brothers and sisters.
0:40:36 > 0:40:39- He praised the ideology - of the Peace Society.
0:40:39 > 0:40:44- When he heard the xenophobic - comments of those in London...
0:40:44 > 0:40:47- ..about the people of France - and Russia...
0:40:47 > 0:40:50- ..and their hypocrisy about Wales...
0:40:50 > 0:40:52- ..he was very sharp-tongued.
0:40:57 > 0:41:00- "I, myself, - belong to an oppressed nation.
0:41:00 > 0:41:06- "The Member for Newcastle, with - a face full of wrath, once said...
0:41:06 > 0:41:12- "..that Russia stopped Poland - using Polish in a court of law...
0:41:12 > 0:41:15- "..and forced them to use Russian.
0:41:15 > 0:41:18- "I asked my honourable friend...
0:41:18 > 0:41:24- "..if he was aware that the British - do exactly the same in Wales!"
0:41:25 > 0:41:28- Henry Richard - was a kind-hearted Welshman.
0:41:28 > 0:41:33- He supported the Welsh culture - and her language.
0:41:33 > 0:41:39- However, there was a strange duality - to his personality.
0:41:39 > 0:41:41- He was a staunch Welshman...
0:41:42 > 0:41:45- ..who also admired the English.
0:41:46 > 0:41:49- He viewed England - as the home of freedom.
0:41:50 > 0:41:54- England was the first state - to abolish slavery.
0:41:54 > 0:41:57- England exported freedom - to the world...
0:41:58 > 0:42:01- ..by establishing free communities - across the world.
0:42:02 > 0:42:06- I doubt the natives - of some countries agreed with him!
0:42:08 > 0:42:12- In 1878, the British Empire...
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- ..was locked in a power struggle - with the Russian Empire...
0:42:16 > 0:42:21- ..over strategical supremacy - in Central Asia.
0:42:21 > 0:42:25- For Britain, the spread of - Russian power across Central Asia...
0:42:25 > 0:42:30- ..threatened Britain's greatest - asset in the area, namely India.
0:42:31 > 0:42:34- Once again, this was a case - of British interference.
0:42:34 > 0:42:39- They looked upon Afghanistan - as a country that bridged India...
0:42:40 > 0:42:44- ..which was of great interest to - Britain and part of their empire...
0:42:44 > 0:42:46- ..with Russia.
0:42:47 > 0:42:49- When a mission from Moscow - visited Kabul...
0:42:49 > 0:42:55- ..Britain insisted that Afghanistan - accepted a British mission too.
0:42:55 > 0:42:57- The Brits were refused entry.
0:42:58 > 0:43:01- Before the matter - was raised in Parliament...
0:43:01 > 0:43:04- ..the Prime Minister, - Benjamin Disraeli, raced into war.
0:43:08 > 0:43:13- A Prime Minister - can enter into a war on his own...
0:43:14 > 0:43:16- ..without the support - of his cabinet.
0:43:17 > 0:43:22- The Prime Minister makes his - decision on behalf of the empire.
0:43:23 > 0:43:26- Henry Richard - emphasised the importance...
0:43:26 > 0:43:30- ..of discussing any issue - publically in the House of Commons.
0:43:31 > 0:43:36- He opposed Disraeli's decision - to go to war in Afghanistan.
0:43:37 > 0:43:40- He certainly would have opposed - Tony Blair's decision...
0:43:41 > 0:43:46- ..to enter Afghanistan and Iraq - in recent years.
0:43:49 > 0:43:52- It concludes that Iraq has chemical - and biological weapons...
0:43:53 > 0:43:56- ..which could be activated - in 45 minutes...
0:43:56 > 0:44:00- ..and that is actively trying to - acquire nuclear weapons capability.
0:44:01 > 0:44:04- Those events remind us of today...
0:44:05 > 0:44:09- ..in the way Britain and America - has interfered in Afghanistan.
0:44:09 > 0:44:11- It stems back to that period.
0:44:11 > 0:44:15- You even find the same placenames - of Helmand and Kabul.
0:44:15 > 0:44:21- Henry Richard - once said that war breeds war.
0:44:21 > 0:44:25- He argued - that we should not interfere...
0:44:25 > 0:44:28- ..in the wars of other countries.
0:44:28 > 0:44:30- We should not attack - other countries.
0:44:31 > 0:44:33- History shows that he was right.
0:44:37 > 0:44:41- "If we admit - that a defensive war is legal...
0:44:41 > 0:44:44- "..then everything - becomes justified."
0:44:45 > 0:44:47- I think he would be - totally fed up...
0:44:48 > 0:44:53- ..with the way in which we've been - at war in so many unnecessary wars.
0:44:53 > 0:44:57- He would think it was a betrayal - of the United Nations charter.
0:44:57 > 0:45:01- He would have been pleased - about the charter, but not the wars.
0:45:03 > 0:45:07- He dedicated his life to achieving - world peace...
0:45:07 > 0:45:11- ..and fought hard for this cause - throughout his career.
0:45:11 > 0:45:14- Looking back at his life...
0:45:14 > 0:45:20- ..he could not avoid the fact that - 73 wars were fought in his lifetime.
0:45:20 > 0:45:24- This was during a period - of supposed peace.
0:45:25 > 0:45:28- He was an absolutely marvellous man.
0:45:28 > 0:45:31- For him to be forgotten in history - is awful.
0:45:32 > 0:45:34- In April 2013...
0:45:34 > 0:45:38- ..some 200 years after the London - Peace Society was established...
0:45:39 > 0:45:42- ..the United Nations - Arms Trade Treaty was passed.
0:45:42 > 0:45:46- It's the first time international - trade in conventional arms...
0:45:46 > 0:45:48- ..has been regulated.
0:45:49 > 0:45:54- Is this classed as a success - because it has finally happened...
0:45:54 > 0:46:00- ..or is it a failure - because it took so long to pass?
0:46:02 > 0:46:05- "In terms of my own contribution - to these things...
0:46:06 > 0:46:10- "..if I do not live to see success, - I will not feel dismayed.
0:46:10 > 0:46:13- "In some campaigns, - there is more glory in failure...
0:46:14 > 0:46:17- "..than to be found in success."
0:46:20 > 0:46:23- He was a great pragmatist...
0:46:23 > 0:46:27- ..who took small steps - towards achieving his goal.
0:46:27 > 0:46:30- If there was - any kind of agreement...
0:46:30 > 0:46:34- ..that ensured the tempering - of military practices...
0:46:35 > 0:46:37- ..no matter how big or small...
0:46:37 > 0:46:42- ..he would show his support - and endorse that agreement.
0:46:44 > 0:46:47- He stood for - international nationalism.
0:46:47 > 0:46:53- He played a pivotal role - at that time and for us today.
0:46:55 > 0:46:57- He was uncompromising.
0:46:57 > 0:47:02- His message is as relevant today - as it was during his life.
0:47:04 > 0:47:07- He was the prince - of the Peace Society...
0:47:07 > 0:47:11- ..the prince of Welsh radicalism - and Member for Wales.
0:47:11 > 0:47:15- All these encapsulate Henry Richard - to the core.
0:47:17 > 0:47:21- The Welsh are often unaware - of its own heritage.
0:47:21 > 0:47:25- He was a great man in Welsh history - and he should be remembered.
0:47:27 > 0:47:31- Henry Richard was ahead of his time - 200 years ago.
0:47:31 > 0:47:36- If he was with us today, I fear - he would still be a forward thinker.
0:47:36 > 0:47:38- However, - he knew the time would come...
0:47:39 > 0:47:41- ..when we would resolve - our disagreements...
0:47:41 > 0:47:44- ..not through war - but through debate.
0:47:44 > 0:47:46- Until that time comes...
0:47:46 > 0:47:51- ..the story of his life - will challenge us to persevere.
0:48:25 > 0:48:27- S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis
0:48:27 > 0:48:27- .