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0:00:17 > 0:00:22- THE GOLDEN AGE
0:00:34 > 0:00:39- Nowadays, the small harbours of - Wales are mainly tourist centres.
0:00:39 > 0:00:42- But, originally, - they were trade centres.
0:00:43 > 0:00:47- Exporting slate was the main - activity of Bangor's Port Penrhyn.
0:00:49 > 0:00:53- Dilwyn Morgan and I wanted - a taste of Welsh seamanship...
0:00:54 > 0:00:56- ..during the 19th century.
0:00:59 > 0:01:02- Twenty years ago, Dilwyn and I, - and a few others...
0:01:03 > 0:01:05- ..sailed around - the Welsh coastline...
0:01:05 > 0:01:08- ..and on to Ireland, - on 'The Soren Larsen'.
0:01:08 > 0:01:11- This was a sailing ship - from the turn of the last century.
0:01:15 > 0:01:20- It was a chance for us - to sail together once again.
0:01:20 > 0:01:23- This time, - we were on board 'The Vilma'.
0:01:24 > 0:01:26- Originally a fishing boat...
0:01:26 > 0:01:31- ..she had adopted the guise of - a late 19th century Welsh schooner.
0:01:36 > 0:01:40- Similar ships transported goods - all over the Welsh coastline.
0:01:41 > 0:01:44- At least Dilwyn and I - agreed about that.
0:01:45 > 0:01:49- We'll have to do something, - before we land on Beaumaris quay!
0:01:49 > 0:01:51- I'll let go, you pull.
0:01:52 > 0:01:54- Girls weren't captains - in the olden days...
0:01:54 > 0:01:56- ..so don't start handing out orders!
0:01:56 > 0:02:00- But the captain's wife - could accompany him.
0:02:00 > 0:02:03- I'm sure it was a miserable life - for them.
0:02:04 > 0:02:06- Women also gave birth at sea.
0:02:06 > 0:02:07- Women also gave birth at sea.- - Exactly.
0:02:07 > 0:02:08- Women also gave birth at sea.
0:02:08 > 0:02:10- What should we do with the sails?
0:02:10 > 0:02:12- What should we do with the sails?- - If we stay on course they're OK.
0:02:15 > 0:02:17- This is how it was years ago.
0:02:18 > 0:02:21- No winches, or anything - that we're familiar with.
0:02:21 > 0:02:25- It makes you realise - how hard they worked...
0:02:25 > 0:02:29- ..even on the small boats, - sailing along the coast.
0:02:29 > 0:02:31- A small crew of youngsters.
0:02:32 > 0:02:34- Boys as young as 12 went to sea.
0:02:36 > 0:02:38- We're properly kitted-out.
0:02:38 > 0:02:42- In those days, they just spread - a little coal tar on their coats.
0:02:43 > 0:02:45- It's an amazing experience.
0:02:45 > 0:02:48- I marvel at how they managed.
0:02:49 > 0:02:52- You ran away to sea, too - almost! - How old were you?
0:02:52 > 0:02:56- When I was sixteen, - I worked for the P & O company.
0:02:57 > 0:02:59- In a way, I ran away to sea.
0:03:00 > 0:03:02- Since then I've researched - my family tree...
0:03:02 > 0:03:06- ..on my grandmother's side, - from Borth-y-Gest.
0:03:06 > 0:03:10- They say salt water's in your blood. - It's definitely true about me.
0:03:10 > 0:03:12- For how long were you sailor?
0:03:12 > 0:03:17- I left after four years' - apprenticeship as a second mate.
0:03:17 > 0:03:19- I missed my home.
0:03:20 > 0:03:23- But you remained close to water - - sailing in Glan-llyn on Bala Lake.
0:03:24 > 0:03:26- The call of the sea! - Sailing in Glan-llyn...
0:03:27 > 0:03:31- ..and twice around - the coastline of Britain.
0:03:32 > 0:03:37- Two years ago, I sailed around - the Azores Islands on my own.
0:03:38 > 0:03:40- I'd always wanted to do that.
0:03:41 > 0:03:43- I had the opportunity and I went.
0:03:43 > 0:03:45- What was it like to sail solo?
0:03:46 > 0:03:49- An experience! - I enjoyed it, looking back.
0:03:49 > 0:03:52- There were times when I thought, - 'What am I doing here on my own?'
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- But coming back to seafaring life - in the last century...
0:03:58 > 0:04:03- ..the lads of Porthmadog, Lleyn and - Llangrannog sailed to Australia.
0:04:05 > 0:04:08- It took them four to five months - to get there.
0:04:08 > 0:04:12- They didn't have the charts, maps or - GPS satellite system that you had.
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- They didn't have anything.
0:04:15 > 0:04:20- The old sea captains sailed - having learnt from other captains.
0:04:20 > 0:04:24- They would enquire about prevailing - winds. That's how it worked.
0:04:24 > 0:04:28- This just makes their achievement - more incredible.
0:04:28 > 0:04:30- I admire them greatly.
0:04:31 > 0:04:34- Was the boat on automatic pilot - while you slept?
0:04:35 > 0:04:39- That was the plan. - Technology's great - when it works.
0:04:39 > 0:04:43- The electronics failed - after a fortnight - nothing worked.
0:04:43 > 0:04:45- I had to steer myself.
0:04:46 > 0:04:50- I tried to develop a contraption - made of chord and elastic...
0:04:50 > 0:04:53- ..which allowed me - to get some sleep.
0:04:53 > 0:04:57- In the old days, someone - was at the helm 24 hours a day.
0:04:59 > 0:05:03- In a caravan, you can pull - into a lay-by when you're fed up.
0:05:04 > 0:05:07- You have to- sail- all the time.
0:05:08 > 0:05:11- How long were you at sea - on your own?
0:05:11 > 0:05:12- Five weeks.
0:05:13 > 0:05:16- Did you say 'never again' - when you returned home?
0:05:16 > 0:05:18- For a while.
0:05:19 > 0:05:23- It took a good month - to recover from lack of sleep...
0:05:24 > 0:05:26- ..and being isolated - from other people.
0:05:26 > 0:05:31- The company of people after - five weeks on your own is scary!
0:05:31 > 0:05:34- I didn't want to be with people.
0:05:34 > 0:05:37- But two years have passed.
0:05:38 > 0:05:42- I feel the call of the sea - once more.
0:05:43 > 0:05:49- Being on this boat today - has revived all those feelings.
0:05:53 > 0:05:56- Although he started out - as a merchant seaman...
0:05:56 > 0:06:00- ..sailing is how Dilwyn relaxes - - he doesn't do it for a living.
0:06:01 > 0:06:04- The same is true about many others.
0:06:08 > 0:06:14- Dilwyn and I enjoyed being sailors - for a day on board 'The Vilma'.
0:06:14 > 0:06:17- It reminded us of days gone by...
0:06:17 > 0:06:20- ..and how things have changed - over the years.
0:06:21 > 0:06:23- For better, or for worse.
0:06:26 > 0:06:30- When my father was a young lad, - sailors earned a good living.
0:06:31 > 0:06:35- He belonged to a seafaring tradition - dating back centuries.
0:06:35 > 0:06:38- It played a central role in the - lives of the Welsh in coastal areas.
0:06:42 > 0:06:45- But very few of my generation - went to sea...
0:06:45 > 0:06:48- .."to bear witness - to God's miracles and treasures".
0:06:55 > 0:06:58- The Golden Age of Welsh seamanship - dates back many centuries.
0:07:00 > 0:07:03- It started in earnest in - the latter part of the 18th century.
0:07:04 > 0:07:07- It continued - for most of the 20th century.
0:07:08 > 0:07:11- The little harbours, - as well as the bigger ones...
0:07:12 > 0:07:15- ..were a key element in the growth - of seafaring industries.
0:07:19 > 0:07:22- These smaller centres - sustained life on the coast...
0:07:22 > 0:07:25- ..bringing work to small villages...
0:07:25 > 0:07:29- ..and connecting the people of - west Wales with the wider world.
0:07:32 > 0:07:36- The historian J Geraint Jenkins - was born into a family of sailors.
0:07:37 > 0:07:40- He has written a book - charting our seafaring tradition.
0:07:44 > 0:07:47- I sailed with him - to his birthplace, Llangrannog.
0:07:47 > 0:07:50- The village - has a rich seafaring tradition.
0:07:59 > 0:08:01- It's mainly a holiday village today.
0:08:02 > 0:08:04- But in the 18th century...
0:08:04 > 0:08:07- ..the area's residents - were smallholders and fishermen.
0:08:08 > 0:08:11- The main catch - was salted or smoked herring.
0:08:13 > 0:08:17- That's how the seafaring tradition - began in this part of the world.
0:08:18 > 0:08:23- My great-great-great-grandfather, - Dafydd Jenkins was a farmer.
0:08:24 > 0:08:30- He owned about five acres of land. - He kept a cow and a pig, perhaps.
0:08:30 > 0:08:37- But during summer and autumn, - he fished for herring.
0:08:38 > 0:08:42- This is how a writer - once described Cardigan Bay.
0:08:43 > 0:08:47- "Enclosed with a hedge of herrings." - There were so many of them.
0:08:52 > 0:08:56- Many Welshmen fished for them.
0:08:56 > 0:08:59- They were full of goodness - and easy to catch.
0:08:59 > 0:09:03- In fact, they were slightly - too easy to catch at times.
0:09:03 > 0:09:07- Often, tonnes of the fish - were brought to shore...
0:09:07 > 0:09:10- ..more than enough - to feed the local population.
0:09:11 > 0:09:12- Rather than waste them...
0:09:13 > 0:09:18- ..gardeners used the herring instead - of manure, to fertilise the land.
0:09:21 > 0:09:25- In the beginning, the fishermen - of west Wales were part time.
0:09:25 > 0:09:29- But as they became - more confident and experienced...
0:09:29 > 0:09:33- ..boats came to play a more - prominent part in their lives.
0:09:36 > 0:09:39- Local boats sailed along the coast.
0:09:40 > 0:09:42- 'Coastal trade' as it was known.
0:09:42 > 0:09:45- That was incredibly important - to this village.
0:09:46 > 0:09:51- They brought lime for agricultural - use. There were six lime kilns here.
0:09:51 > 0:09:53- They also carried household fuel.
0:09:53 > 0:09:58- People burnt small pieces - of anthracite...
0:09:59 > 0:10:02- ..mixed with clay and water.
0:10:02 > 0:10:05- That kept the fires going - in this area.
0:10:06 > 0:10:08- It was incredibly important.
0:10:08 > 0:10:11- They would bring it here - from three ports.
0:10:12 > 0:10:14- Hook, in Pembrokeshire.
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- Pembrey in Carmarthen Bay.
0:10:17 > 0:10:20- If you wanted the best quality, - you'd go to Swansea.
0:10:21 > 0:10:27- The village sailors - supplied the village with fuel...
0:10:28 > 0:10:30- ..in the spring and summer months.
0:10:36 > 0:10:41- Llangrannog sailors sailed mostly - around the Welsh coast.
0:10:43 > 0:10:47- Boats regularly sailed - between west Wales and Ireland.
0:10:47 > 0:10:49- But up until - the mid-eighteenth century...
0:10:49 > 0:10:53- ..the Irish were mainly responsible - for that trade.
0:10:55 > 0:11:00- Suddenly, a Welshman realised - we could do this job ourselves.
0:11:02 > 0:11:04- They began to export.
0:11:05 > 0:11:10- Gradually, trade and seamanship in - this part of the world flourished.
0:11:12 > 0:11:19- Farm manure was exported - from Llangrannog to Ireland.
0:11:20 > 0:11:24- They thought Cardiganshire manure - was the best for growing potatoes.
0:11:27 > 0:11:32- Substantial ships were needed - to sail the treacherous Irish Sea.
0:11:32 > 0:11:37- The small coastal fishing boats - were too basic.
0:11:39 > 0:11:43- My great-great-great-grandfather - built his own boat - 'The Blessing'.
0:11:44 > 0:11:46- It was 24 tonnes.
0:11:46 > 0:11:53- 'The Blessing' sailed regularly from - Penbryn Bay to Wicklow in Ireland.
0:11:54 > 0:11:56- He brought back a wife with him!
0:11:56 > 0:11:59- Hannah Christmas was my - great-great-great-grandmother.
0:12:01 > 0:12:04- Today, we're amazed to find - that shipbuilding...
0:12:05 > 0:12:08- ..was common all along - the west Wales coast.
0:12:11 > 0:12:15- Some of those yards - in Porthmadog - and New Quay - are well known.
0:12:15 > 0:12:20- But ships were also built - in small villages like Llangrannog.
0:12:24 > 0:12:27- The seafaring industry existed - in dozens of minor harbours...
0:12:27 > 0:12:29- ..along the coast of Wales.
0:12:33 > 0:12:36- But in the closing years - of the 18th century...
0:12:36 > 0:12:40- ..the harbour towns became - more of an attraction to sailors.
0:12:41 > 0:12:45- Surprisingly, perhaps, Cardigan - was Wales' most important harbour...
0:12:45 > 0:12:48- ..at the beginning - of the 19th century.
0:12:48 > 0:12:52- There were seven times more boats - in Cardigan than in Cardiff.
0:12:54 > 0:12:57- When the University was - being built in Bangor in 1907...
0:12:58 > 0:13:03- ..they used the green slate of - Cilgerran, exported from Cardigan...
0:13:03 > 0:13:06- ..rather than the blue slate - of Caernarfonshire...
0:13:06 > 0:13:09- ..much to the chagrin - of Gwynedd quarrymen.
0:13:16 > 0:13:20- But Cardigan's importance - as a harbour was short-lived.
0:13:21 > 0:13:25- By the mid-19th century, - the tide had turned.
0:13:27 > 0:13:31- The main reason - was that the river silted over.
0:13:33 > 0:13:36- To this day, the Teifi estuary - is difficult to navigate.
0:13:39 > 0:13:42- Industry was sparse and Cilgerran - slate quarry was an exception.
0:13:42 > 0:13:47- By the 19th century, the importance - of Cardigan as a harbour diminished.
0:13:48 > 0:13:50- The tide was turning.
0:13:59 > 0:14:01- 888
0:14:08 > 0:14:12- A little over 200 years ago, Wales' - economy changed dramatically.
0:14:13 > 0:14:18- Wales would become - a major international...
0:14:18 > 0:14:20- ..industrial and economic centre.
0:14:26 > 0:14:30- A variety of industries - produced all sorts of goods...
0:14:31 > 0:14:34- ..from woollen socks - to steel and copper.
0:14:35 > 0:14:38- The south west, the natural - territory of herring fishermen...
0:14:39 > 0:14:41- ..had its own industrial ports.
0:14:47 > 0:14:50- In Pembrokeshire, the Porthgain - brick works was built by the sea...
0:14:50 > 0:14:54- ..so the owners could distribute - their produce by sea.
0:14:59 > 0:15:02- Porthgain harbour is rarely used - commercially nowadays.
0:15:02 > 0:15:07- But it was once a bustling harbour, - full of sailing and steam ships...
0:15:07 > 0:15:10- ..exporting stones and bricks.
0:15:13 > 0:15:15- When we consider - Wales' industrial history...
0:15:16 > 0:15:20- ..it's all too easy to forget - the minor industries and harbours.
0:15:22 > 0:15:27- It's a myth that the sole industry - of rural Wales was agriculture.
0:15:27 > 0:15:30- Quite the opposite. Industries - and industrial harbours...
0:15:30 > 0:15:33- ..were common in several areas - of rural Wales...
0:15:33 > 0:15:36- ..from Flintshire to Anglesey - to Pembrokeshire.
0:15:43 > 0:15:47- But there's no denying that one area - of Wales dominated the country...
0:15:48 > 0:15:51- ..industrially and economically.
0:15:54 > 0:15:57- Wales witnessed great changes - at the end of the 18th century.
0:15:58 > 0:16:01- Thousands of people moved - from the rural areas to the towns...
0:16:01 > 0:16:04- ..especially to the towns - of south east Wales.
0:16:05 > 0:16:08- The coal and steel industries - were growing rapidly.
0:16:08 > 0:16:13- Sailors moved there - - not to work in the industries...
0:16:13 > 0:16:18- ..but to export products - from Wales world-wide.
0:16:24 > 0:16:25- From the 1780s onwards...
0:16:26 > 0:16:29- ..the steel industry grew around - Merthyr, Rhymney and Blaenavon.
0:16:30 > 0:16:35- By the early 1800s, - the Glamorgan canal opened.
0:16:37 > 0:16:41- The canal was a direct link between - Merthyr Tydfil and Cardiff docks.
0:16:44 > 0:16:50- By the 1840s, the canal made way - for the Taff Vale Railway.
0:16:50 > 0:16:54- This was the main link - between the valleys and the docks.
0:16:54 > 0:16:58- It heralded the most prosperous era - in the history of the Welsh economy.
0:16:59 > 0:17:04- By the 1850s, the economy - of south Wales was transformed.
0:17:05 > 0:17:10- The foundation of the industry - shifted from steel to coal.
0:17:11 > 0:17:15- There was enormous demand - for Welsh coal throughout the world.
0:17:16 > 0:17:22- Coal exports from Cardiff - reached their peak in 1913.
0:17:23 > 0:17:26- 10 million tonnes of coal - were exported out of Cardiff.
0:17:27 > 0:17:32- 4 million tonnes went from Penarth, - and 11 million from Barry.
0:17:33 > 0:17:39- To give you an idea of the amount - of coal that was exported...
0:17:40 > 0:17:45- ..it would have filled - the Millennium Stadium 27 times.
0:17:46 > 0:17:50- That's a lot of coal! - It would be hard to produce today!
0:17:53 > 0:17:56- The huge demand for coal - turned Cardiff...
0:17:57 > 0:18:00- ..into one of the world's - busiest and most important harbours.
0:18:00 > 0:18:05- An insignificant fishing village - became a prosperous city.
0:18:09 > 0:18:14- The commercial opportunities in - 19th century Cardiff were enormous.
0:18:15 > 0:18:18- But local residents - didn't seize the opportunity.
0:18:18 > 0:18:23- Immigrants from north and west - Wales, Devon and Cornwall...
0:18:23 > 0:18:27- ..established - shipping companies here.
0:18:28 > 0:18:31- Just before WW1, the biggest - shipping company in Cardiff...
0:18:31 > 0:18:34- ..was - Evan Thomas Radcliffe and Company.
0:18:34 > 0:18:37- The company's roots were - in Aberporth and Merthyr Tydfil.
0:18:37 > 0:18:41- There were other Welsh companies - - Jenkins Brothers from Aberporth...
0:18:41 > 0:18:44- ..Owen Watkin Williams from Lleyn...
0:18:44 > 0:18:46- ..and John Mathias and Sons - from Aberystwyth.
0:18:47 > 0:18:53- The village of Appledore in Devon - made a huge contribution to Cardiff.
0:18:53 > 0:18:57- It was the birthplace of Sir William - Reardon Smith and W J Tayton...
0:18:57 > 0:18:59- ..who later became Lord Glan Ely.
0:19:00 > 0:19:03- He spent his life working - for a shipping company.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07- They say there were two ways - into the shipping business.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10- 'Either through the counting house, - or through the wheel house.'
0:19:11 > 0:19:16- That was certainly true of Cardiff.
0:19:16 > 0:19:18- Partnerships were forged...
0:19:18 > 0:19:21- ..between those with - practical seafaring experience...
0:19:21 > 0:19:23- ..and those with on-shore - accounting skills.
0:19:24 > 0:19:30- It's only during the 20th century - that the people of Cardiff...
0:19:31 > 0:19:34- ..followed the example - of the immigrants.
0:19:34 > 0:19:38- Without exception, those people - came from a seafaring background.
0:19:38 > 0:19:42- Until the 1870s, Cardiff attracted - many sailors from West Wales.
0:19:42 > 0:19:45- They went there to work - for the shipping companies.
0:19:45 > 0:19:49- The Commodore Master Reardon Smith - Line in the '70s...
0:19:49 > 0:19:51- ..had its roots in New Quay, - Cardiganshire.
0:19:52 > 0:19:54- There have always been close ties...
0:19:54 > 0:19:56- ..between the coastal areas - and Cardiff.
0:19:56 > 0:19:58- Not just ship owners...
0:19:58 > 0:20:03- ..but sailors, people who had worked - on ships and in shipping offices.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06- It's similar to the association - between north Wales and Liverpool.
0:20:22 > 0:20:26- Cardiff's geographical position - ensured the growth of its port.
0:20:27 > 0:20:29- There were huge coalfields nearby.
0:20:30 > 0:20:34- But important industries - were located throughout Wales.
0:20:38 > 0:20:41- Many coastal areas - were industrial centres.
0:20:42 > 0:20:45- There were hundreds of lead, - copper and silver works...
0:20:45 > 0:20:48- ..in the hills overlooking - Cardigan Bay.
0:20:49 > 0:20:52- It was the same story - throughout Wales.
0:20:54 > 0:20:57- Areas without produce to export - were extremely rare.
0:21:01 > 0:21:04- The steam ship - wasn't the only device...
0:21:04 > 0:21:08- ..that depended on the special coal - of south Wales.
0:21:10 > 0:21:12- By the mid-19th century...
0:21:13 > 0:21:17- ..railways transported goods - all over the country.
0:21:18 > 0:21:21- But the trains often worked - side by side with the ships.
0:21:22 > 0:21:24- They did not replace them - entirely.
0:21:29 > 0:21:31- Proof of this partnership...
0:21:31 > 0:21:34- ..can be seen in the quarrying areas - of north west Wales.
0:21:34 > 0:21:42- Tracks and tunnels connect the - train, the quarry and the harbour.
0:21:44 > 0:21:49- Bangor's Port Penrhyn was built - to export Penrhyn Quarry slate.
0:21:51 > 0:21:55- That's where I met Dr Dafydd Roberts - from the Llanberis Slate Museum.
0:21:56 > 0:21:58- There are two tunnels.
0:21:58 > 0:22:01- One was for a narrow-gauge railway, - built in 1801.
0:22:01 > 0:22:04- The other was for a fairly - standard-gauge railway...
0:22:04 > 0:22:08- ..which arrived in the 1850s. - In 1801, the narrow-gauge railway...
0:22:09 > 0:22:12- ..was the earliest to service - all of north Wales' quarries.
0:22:13 > 0:22:17- Similar railways serviced - the Dinorwig Quarry in 1824...
0:22:17 > 0:22:19- ..and the Nantlle Vale Quarries - in 1828.
0:22:20 > 0:22:22- That was of great benefit - to the local people.
0:22:22 > 0:22:27- The quarry enjoyed 25 years of - continuous and successful trading.
0:22:28 > 0:22:32- The slate was loaded onto the ships - in the harbour.
0:22:32 > 0:22:35- They were transported from - the narrow line to the bigger line.
0:22:35 > 0:22:37- The two options were possible.
0:22:37 > 0:22:39- Exporting slate by sea - to British ports...
0:22:40 > 0:22:43- ..or on the main railway line - to markets in central England.
0:22:46 > 0:22:50- Port Penrhyn was a crucial link - in the transport cycle...
0:22:51 > 0:22:54- ..that stretched to the rest - of Britain and the world.
0:22:56 > 0:23:01- In addition, Port Penrhyn - was a centre for producing goods.
0:23:03 > 0:23:06- This building - is extremely interesting.
0:23:06 > 0:23:09- A factory here produced - writing slates for schools...
0:23:09 > 0:23:11- ..from the 18th-century.
0:23:11 > 0:23:15- Eventually, dozens of factories - sprung up in the quarrying areas.
0:23:16 > 0:23:19- In their heyday, - they increased the value of slate.
0:23:19 > 0:23:23- They could use roof tiles - for other purposes.
0:23:24 > 0:23:28- These writing slates were still - being used until the 1960s...
0:23:29 > 0:23:32- ..by a Liverpool shipping company.
0:23:33 > 0:23:37- They used the slate to record - the ships' schedules.
0:23:41 > 0:23:44- All sorts of activities - took place in the harbour.
0:23:45 > 0:23:47- Those also depended on the quarry.
0:23:47 > 0:23:51- But exporting slate from one - of the world's largest quarries...
0:23:51 > 0:23:53- ..was the main role of Port Penrhyn.
0:23:53 > 0:23:56- This is how the harbour evolved.
0:23:58 > 0:24:01- The present harbour remains - unchanged since the 1850s.
0:24:02 > 0:24:06- It was developed and extended four - times, from the 1790s onwards...
0:24:06 > 0:24:10- ..as a result of the demand - for slate.
0:24:11 > 0:24:14- It shows the harbour at its busiest.
0:24:14 > 0:24:18- Sailing ships queued - to take on cargos of slate.
0:24:19 > 0:24:23- Trading in Caernarfon and Porthmadog - was slightly different.
0:24:24 > 0:24:29- They tended to export slate - to Europe and beyond.
0:24:31 > 0:24:36- Here in Penrhyn, slate was sold - to harbours in the United Kingdom...
0:24:36 > 0:24:39- ..Northern Ireland, - and the Isle of Man.
0:24:39 > 0:24:44- Slate was exported all over - the world, but through Liverpool.
0:24:44 > 0:24:47- In Liverpool, slate bound - for Australia or South America...
0:24:48 > 0:24:50- ..were loaded onto larger ships.
0:24:50 > 0:24:55- Did this alter the characters - of Caernarfon and Porthmadog?
0:24:56 > 0:24:58- Yes, I suppose so.
0:24:58 > 0:25:03- There would have been a connection - between Porthmadog and Germany.
0:25:04 > 0:25:07- We know that some ships sailing - between Porthmadog and Germany...
0:25:08 > 0:25:13- ..were named after the wives - of slate merchants in Germany.
0:25:13 > 0:25:17- Porthmadog folk knew what - was happening on the continent.
0:25:18 > 0:25:21- This wasn't true of the people - of Penrhyn and Bangor.
0:25:22 > 0:25:25- Their trading was more local.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33- The harbours themselves - were a hive of activity.
0:25:34 > 0:25:37- This in turn created more activity.
0:25:39 > 0:25:43- Everything associated with - a busy harbour happened here.
0:25:43 > 0:25:48- Dozens of ships were built here, - from the 1820s onwards.
0:25:48 > 0:25:53- A Bangor-based company insured - the ships.
0:25:53 > 0:25:55- Sailors were trained here.
0:25:55 > 0:26:02- Local companies produced sails, - ropes, rigging and masts...
0:26:02 > 0:26:06- ..everything that was required - to maintain a busy harbour.
0:26:10 > 0:26:14- It wasn't just industrial goods - that came through Bangor.
0:26:17 > 0:26:23- People sailed on ships and boats - from Bangor.
0:26:23 > 0:26:26- They departed - from where the pier is today.
0:26:27 > 0:26:30- The steamer, Prince Jaja, - was a famous example.
0:26:30 > 0:26:34- It sailed regularly every week - from Bangor to Liverpool.
0:26:34 > 0:26:37- The voyage took about 12 hours.
0:26:37 > 0:26:41- It brought back travellers, - goods and the latest fashions.
0:26:43 > 0:26:47- Unlike the coal industry, - some of the quarries are still busy.
0:26:48 > 0:26:50- This is also true of Port Penrhyn.
0:26:53 > 0:26:56- Some of the quarry-linked harbours - have become marinas.
0:26:57 > 0:27:00- There are pleasure boats here. - But it's still a working harbour.
0:27:01 > 0:27:04- There's a busy and noisy scrapyard - here.
0:27:04 > 0:27:07- There are fishing boats here. - Mussel fishing is still important.
0:27:08 > 0:27:10- Until fairly recently...
0:27:11 > 0:27:15- ..Penrhyn Quarry exported - dust and slate to Scandinavia.
0:27:15 > 0:27:19- The association with - the slate industry has continued.
0:27:30 > 0:27:32- 888
0:27:38 > 0:27:41- Wales was one of the world's - first industrial countries.
0:27:42 > 0:27:46- This has shaped - the nation's modern day history.
0:27:47 > 0:27:50- Ships from Wales exported goods - all over the world.
0:27:51 > 0:27:52- Unlike Ireland...
0:27:53 > 0:27:57- ..industry sustained hundreds - of thousands of people in Wales.
0:27:57 > 0:28:00- But there's another side - to the story.
0:28:00 > 0:28:02- As well as providing a living...
0:28:02 > 0:28:05- ..the produce of the steel furnaces - was deadly.
0:28:12 > 0:28:15- Britain's ships - were the backbone of the Empire.
0:28:17 > 0:28:22- From the beginning of the 19th - century to the early 20th century...
0:28:23 > 0:28:27- ..Wales produced the weapons that - enabled Britannia to rule the waves.
0:28:31 > 0:28:34- Welshmen served in that Navy.
0:28:40 > 0:28:43- There were 30 Welshmen on board HMS - Victory in the Battle of Trafalgar.
0:28:45 > 0:28:50- Gruffydd Griffiths from Caernarfon - was a bearer at Nelson's funeral...
0:28:51 > 0:28:53- ..in 1805.
0:28:58 > 0:29:02- Welsh mine and smelter workers - contributed to the fleet's success.
0:29:03 > 0:29:06- Copper from Parys Mountain, - Anglesey...
0:29:06 > 0:29:08- ..copper-plated the navy's fleet.
0:29:09 > 0:29:14- Cannons and cannon balls were made - from Cyfarthfa and Wrexham steel.
0:29:22 > 0:29:28- 263 war ships were built - in Pembroke Dock shipping yard.
0:29:31 > 0:29:34- The series of forts - on the mouth of the Cleddau river...
0:29:35 > 0:29:38- ..testified - to its maritime importance.
0:29:47 > 0:29:51- A Pembroke Dock tower has been - restored to its original state.
0:29:52 > 0:29:56- That's where I met the historian - and archaeologist, Paul Sambrook.
0:29:58 > 0:30:01- He took me around - this amazing building.
0:30:03 > 0:30:05- What happened here?
0:30:05 > 0:30:08- This was one of the tower's - most important rooms.
0:30:09 > 0:30:13- The magazine is where the cannon - shells were charged with powder.
0:30:14 > 0:30:16- They obviously had - very strict rules.
0:30:17 > 0:30:20- This was an incredibly dangerous - place, full of gunpowder.
0:30:21 > 0:30:25- The men who worked here - wore special clothes and shoes.
0:30:26 > 0:30:31- You can imagine the effects - of sparks in a room full of powder.
0:30:33 > 0:30:38- Anyone caught smoking would - immediately be thrown into prison...
0:30:39 > 0:30:41- ..such was the seriousness - of the offence.
0:30:41 > 0:30:44- There are two entrances here.
0:30:45 > 0:30:47- It's a very narrow space.
0:30:47 > 0:30:52- In the heat of battle, - people would be rushing around.
0:30:53 > 0:30:55- It was important to know - where everyone else was going.
0:30:55 > 0:30:58- There was one set of stairs - going up and another coming down.
0:30:59 > 0:31:02- That way, they didn't collide.
0:31:13 > 0:31:15- Why did they build the towers?
0:31:16 > 0:31:19- To understand that, we have - to go back to Napoleon's time.
0:31:19 > 0:31:22- There was a real danger - France would attack Britain.
0:31:23 > 0:31:26- We know about - the attack on Fishguard.
0:31:26 > 0:31:33- A series of towers were built along - the south and east English coast.
0:31:34 > 0:31:37- This was in the early 1800s.
0:31:37 > 0:31:41- They realised that there - was a threat to Milford Haven.
0:31:41 > 0:31:43- That's why towers were built here, - too.
0:31:44 > 0:31:46- Why the name, Martello?
0:31:46 > 0:31:52- It's an interesting story. It's - a misnomer of Mortella in Corsica.
0:31:53 > 0:31:57- The British fleet failed - to seize one of their towers.
0:31:58 > 0:32:03- Impressed they decided to build - similar towers in Wales.
0:32:05 > 0:32:07- This tower, - and others like it in the area...
0:32:08 > 0:32:10- ..shows the strategic importance - of Pembroke Dock.
0:32:10 > 0:32:11- Certainly.
0:32:11 > 0:32:16- Pembroke Dock is situated on one of - the world's best natural harbours.
0:32:16 > 0:32:20- The Navy realised - its importance a century ago.
0:32:21 > 0:32:24- They wanted to defend what they had.
0:32:24 > 0:32:30- That's why a series of towers - can be found here to this day.
0:32:31 > 0:32:34- It's fortunate that one remains - in such good condition...
0:32:35 > 0:32:37- ..so we can understand more - about them.
0:32:39 > 0:32:45- The most important ships - of their day were built here.
0:32:45 > 0:32:49- It's strange to think - that during the 19th century...
0:32:49 > 0:32:53- ..over 250 war ships - were built here.
0:32:54 > 0:32:57- Five royal ships were built here.
0:32:58 > 0:33:02- It's hard to imagine today - how busy these docks were.
0:33:03 > 0:33:07- But in its day, - this was the heart of the Navy.
0:33:10 > 0:33:14- The fort of Pembroke Dock was built - on Lord Palmerston's command.
0:33:14 > 0:33:18- He was the Minister for War - in the mid-19th century.
0:33:18 > 0:33:22- Although Martello Tower is the - official name of these forts...
0:33:23 > 0:33:26- ..many call them - 'Palmerston's Follies'.
0:33:27 > 0:33:29- There's a very good reason for that.
0:33:30 > 0:33:32- The towers were completed by 1851...
0:33:32 > 0:33:35- ..but the cannons hadn't arrived - by the end of that year.
0:33:35 > 0:33:39- Within two years, this tower - was turned into a storeroom.
0:33:40 > 0:33:43- It was built for a reason - - to defend the area.
0:33:43 > 0:33:46- But once France and Napoleon - poised no threat...
0:33:47 > 0:33:50- ..these places - were surplus to requirements.
0:33:50 > 0:33:53- They were used as stores - for a long time.
0:33:53 > 0:33:56- But some were used again during WW2.
0:33:56 > 0:34:01- There were guns - on this defence tower.
0:34:02 > 0:34:05- ACAC guns were located here.
0:34:06 > 0:34:10- They defended the area - from the Luftwaffe.
0:34:34 > 0:34:37- # His parents worried,
0:34:39 > 0:34:41- # His sister, - and all his friends worried
0:34:44 > 0:34:48- # That he'd never see Solva again
0:34:50 > 0:34:53- # If he went to the end - of the world. #
0:34:54 > 0:34:58- We usually regard the growth - of Welsh industry as a blessing.
0:34:58 > 0:35:01- The Pembroke dockyard, - like other dockyards...
0:35:02 > 0:35:04- ..are an important part - of that growth.
0:35:05 > 0:35:08- But Pembroke Dock reminds us - that there was a price to pay.
0:35:10 > 0:35:13- It's a symbol of the dark side - of the growth of industry in Wales.
0:35:14 > 0:35:18- War on land or sea - can be a lucrative business.
0:35:18 > 0:35:22- It puts money in the pockets of - soldiers and ordinary workers...
0:35:22 > 0:35:26- ..as well as generals - and owners of steelworks.
0:35:27 > 0:35:30- But, of course, - war is a bloody business.
0:35:31 > 0:35:35- Many Welshmen lost their lives - at sea over the centuries.
0:35:36 > 0:35:40- Remembering how we profited - from places like Pembroke Dock...
0:35:40 > 0:35:45- ..it's appropriate also - to remember the human loss.
0:35:48 > 0:35:51- # Walter died at sea,
0:35:53 > 0:35:56- # He died for his country.
0:35:58 > 0:36:01- # Hurry, we must leave,
0:36:03 > 0:36:06- # Longing fills my heart.
0:36:09 > 0:36:12- # But today we'll go on The Tarpan,
0:36:14 > 0:36:17- # Deep beneath the waves.
0:36:19 > 0:36:22- # Deep beneath the waves.
0:36:25 > 0:36:27- # Deep beneath the waves. #
0:36:32 > 0:36:34- 888
0:36:40 > 0:36:44- The sailor is often the last link - in the industrial chain.
0:36:45 > 0:36:49- His ship transports goods - to the markets...
0:36:49 > 0:36:51- ..as well as raw material.
0:36:53 > 0:36:56- Train and lorry drivers - do their share.
0:36:57 > 0:36:59- But even today, - in the age of air travel...
0:37:00 > 0:37:03- ..ships are crucial to the process - of transporting goods...
0:37:03 > 0:37:06- ..all over the world.
0:37:08 > 0:37:10- For over 150 years...
0:37:10 > 0:37:14- ..the majority of British sailors - have been disciplined men.
0:37:14 > 0:37:18- They've been thoroughly trained - in seafaring ways.
0:37:18 > 0:37:22- The London government ensures - that Merchant Navy sailors...
0:37:22 > 0:37:25- ..receive the necessary training.
0:37:30 > 0:37:33- In 1851, - the Merchant Ship Act was passed.
0:37:34 > 0:37:39- Ship owners were obliged to ensure - their crews were trained sailors.
0:37:41 > 0:37:45- A group of ship owners decided - to establish a training school.
0:37:46 > 0:37:49- This was 'The HMS Conway', - which was anchored in Liverpool.
0:37:53 > 0:37:55- As the demand for places onboard - increased...
0:37:55 > 0:37:59- ..it became apparent that - the original 'Conway' was too small.
0:38:01 > 0:38:04- A new ship was bought in 1860...
0:38:05 > 0:38:07- ..and again in 1876.
0:38:08 > 0:38:11- The name was transferred - from ship to ship.
0:38:12 > 0:38:16- When German bombs were - dropped on Liverpool in WW2...
0:38:16 > 0:38:18- ..'HMS Conway' was moved to Wales.
0:38:21 > 0:38:27- It was berthed at Bangor pier, - between 1941 and 1949.
0:38:28 > 0:38:32- After that, it was moved - to Plas Newydd, Anglesey.
0:38:34 > 0:38:38- My father was a student on board - the ship during its time in Bangor.
0:38:39 > 0:38:43- He was proud of the fact that he was - one of 'The Conway's' lads.
0:38:45 > 0:38:48- The ship engineer, Leslie Bowles, - was also proud to work on her.
0:38:51 > 0:38:53- We were a crew of eight.
0:38:53 > 0:38:58- The crew was on board - for 48 hours before she set sail.
0:38:58 > 0:39:00- It was 'all hands' there.
0:39:00 > 0:39:03- We couldn't go to shore, or go home.
0:39:04 > 0:39:07- We were in bed by ten o'clock, - on the dot.
0:39:08 > 0:39:13- I switched the generators off - at quarter past ten.
0:39:14 > 0:39:16- Everyone on board slept.
0:39:17 > 0:39:21- But very often, Captain Hewitt - would appear, and say...
0:39:21 > 0:39:25- .."Keep the generators going until - I tell you to switch them off."
0:39:25 > 0:39:30- He was quite a pompous man. - His wife was watching television!
0:39:30 > 0:39:33- That's why the generators - weren't switched off.
0:39:34 > 0:39:37- I thought it was high time - she left the ship.
0:39:38 > 0:39:42- That happened often. - We called her 'Ma Hewitt'.
0:39:44 > 0:39:49- Captain Hewitt was promoted in 1949, - after Captain Goddard retired.
0:39:50 > 0:39:54- Goddard was renowned for his ability - to read the seas.
0:39:54 > 0:39:57- He steered the ship - from Bangor to Plas Newydd.
0:39:58 > 0:40:01- By 1953, - 'HMS Conway' was in need of repair.
0:40:03 > 0:40:07- After all, she was built - almost 130 years earlier.
0:40:10 > 0:40:13- She went to Liverpool - to be overhauled.
0:40:13 > 0:40:15- She leaked like a basket.
0:40:16 > 0:40:19- We needed to pump gallons - of water from her hull everyday.
0:40:20 > 0:40:25- They decided to take her - to Liverpool's Alfred Halt quay...
0:40:25 > 0:40:27- ..to be with your Dad, Sian!
0:40:30 > 0:40:35- Her course to Liverpool was through - the Menai Straits 'swellies'.
0:40:36 > 0:40:40- These dangerous waters are between - the Menai and Britannia bridges.
0:40:43 > 0:40:46- To ensure the safe passage of ships - through the Menai Straits...
0:40:46 > 0:40:50- ..tugboats and pilots - were on call to assist.
0:40:51 > 0:40:54- But there was bad feeling - between 'The HMS Conway' captain...
0:40:54 > 0:40:56- ..and the pilot.
0:40:56 > 0:40:59- Their biggest worry - was navigating the Cheese Rock.
0:41:00 > 0:41:02- There was only two feet of water...
0:41:02 > 0:41:04- ..between - the cheese rock and the hull.
0:41:05 > 0:41:07- That's why they refused to take her.
0:41:07 > 0:41:11- "No. We stay here 'til 9.20," - said Captain Hewitt.
0:41:11 > 0:41:16- "I'm in command of the ship. I'll - say when we go," he told the pilot.
0:41:16 > 0:41:20- The pilot almost cried and begged - him to leave half an hour earlier.
0:41:20 > 0:41:22- They wouldn't listen to him.
0:41:24 > 0:41:27- If they'd left half an hour earlier, - they would have made it.
0:41:29 > 0:41:33- The effort to lead the ship - through the swellies was a failure.
0:41:33 > 0:41:39- Leslie Bowles was on board - 'HMS Conway' when she hit the rocks.
0:41:41 > 0:41:46- The tide went down about - an hour after she hit the rocks.
0:41:47 > 0:41:52- You could hear planks bursting, - just like a gun going off.
0:41:52 > 0:41:58- It was terrible. She was folding - against the rocks and breaking up.
0:41:59 > 0:42:03- We knew it was goodbye - and that she'd never leave.
0:42:05 > 0:42:08- I was one of the last to leave.
0:42:08 > 0:42:11- The tide went out.
0:42:11 > 0:42:15- About ten o'clock at night, - we all decided to go home.
0:42:16 > 0:42:18- We were back at six in the morning.
0:42:19 > 0:42:22- I left with Captain Hewitt - and his mates.
0:42:22 > 0:42:24- You left her on the rocks.
0:42:24 > 0:42:27- Yes, we left her there. - No-one could move her.
0:42:28 > 0:42:30- She was half-filled with water.
0:42:31 > 0:42:34- Leslie didn't leave - 'The Conway' empty-handed.
0:42:34 > 0:42:38- The sugar bowls - had 'The HMS Conway' crest.
0:42:39 > 0:42:42- There was one on the table - in our office.
0:42:43 > 0:42:46- They emptied the ship.
0:42:47 > 0:42:50- I asked Captain Hewitt, "Any chance - of having that for a souvenir?"
0:42:50 > 0:42:54- "Take it," he replied. - It was in my shed for fifty years.
0:42:55 > 0:43:00- I put it on e-bay, and made 80. - That was worth having!
0:43:03 > 0:43:06- Fifty years after - the loss of 'HMS Conway'...
0:43:06 > 0:43:10- ..Leslie Bowles still feels - close to the ship.
0:43:11 > 0:43:14- I think about her every day, - bless her!
0:43:17 > 0:43:20- To think that I've been able - to come ashore...
0:43:20 > 0:43:26- ..and to say today that I sailed - on the 'wooden walls of England'.
0:43:27 > 0:43:29- Not many can say that.
0:43:30 > 0:43:34- We'd only sailed 4 miles, but it - didn't matter. We had sailed on her.
0:43:34 > 0:43:38- That was quite something.
0:43:44 > 0:43:49- Four anchors kept 'HMS Conway' - in place at Plas Newydd, Anglesey.
0:43:49 > 0:43:52- The two smaller anchors - can be seen during low tide...
0:43:52 > 0:43:55- ..on the shores of the river. This - is one of the two bigger anchors.
0:43:56 > 0:43:59- The other is outside - Caernarfon's Maritime Museum.
0:44:03 > 0:44:06- The location of the two anchors - confirms the important connection...
0:44:07 > 0:44:10- ..between Liverpool harbour - and the harbours of north Wales.
0:44:10 > 0:44:15- The best symbol of that connection - was The Alfred Halt company.
0:44:15 > 0:44:17- The Blue Funnel Line.
0:44:19 > 0:44:23- When it was time for 'The Conway' - to be repaired in 1937...
0:44:23 > 0:44:26- ..the Blue Funnel Line - carried out the work.
0:44:27 > 0:44:31- For the rest of her life, the ship - was the company's responsibility.
0:44:32 > 0:44:34- After being a cadet on - 'The Conway'...
0:44:34 > 0:44:36- ..my father was one - of dozens of Welshmen...
0:44:36 > 0:44:39- ..who worked on board - the Blue Funnel ships.
0:44:39 > 0:44:43- It had so many Welsh sailors - that the ship was known as...
0:44:43 > 0:44:45- ..'the Welsh navy'.
0:44:47 > 0:44:50- Tony Jones was another Welshman - who sailed with them.
0:44:51 > 0:44:55- He's a sailor to this day. But he - started on board 'the Welsh navy'.
0:44:57 > 0:45:01- Tommy Gwelfor, - as we knew him as children...
0:45:02 > 0:45:05- ..was a Blue Funnel bosun - for many years.
0:45:05 > 0:45:07- He worked for Blue Funnel - throughout his life.
0:45:08 > 0:45:10- He filled in - the application form for me!
0:45:10 > 0:45:13- I couldn't read it in Welsh, - let alone English!
0:45:15 > 0:45:17- I attended an interview - in Birkenhead.
0:45:17 > 0:45:21- That's when I first saw - three Blue Funnel ships in a row.
0:45:21 > 0:45:23- They were painted - and ready to sail.
0:45:23 > 0:45:27- The interviewer remarked, - "D'you know what?
0:45:28 > 0:45:32- "I'd never send you - on a shopping errand.
0:45:33 > 0:45:36- "You'd have no idea - how much change to expect!"
0:45:36 > 0:45:38- That was after the arithmetic test.
0:45:38 > 0:45:42- They weren't looking for - accountants - they wanted sailors.
0:45:44 > 0:45:48- My first deep sea voyage - was on 'The Perseus'.
0:45:49 > 0:45:53- We sailed through the Panama Canal, - to Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore...
0:45:54 > 0:45:56- ..and home around the Cape.
0:45:56 > 0:45:59- I did three similar trips - before I was eighteen.
0:46:01 > 0:46:03- I was a young lad, from Lleyn.
0:46:03 > 0:46:07- I thought it was infinitely better - than picking potatoes!
0:46:08 > 0:46:10- And more dangerous, too!
0:46:11 > 0:46:14- A sailor's life is dangerous - if you don't know what you're doing.
0:46:15 > 0:46:18- We were taken under - the bosun's wing.
0:46:18 > 0:46:24- My first bosun was Willie Thomas, - from Amlwch. He was a nice man.
0:46:24 > 0:46:28- He died a long time ago - but he was a unique character!
0:46:29 > 0:46:31- We knew how to tie a knot.
0:46:32 > 0:46:34- He taught us the correct terms.
0:46:35 > 0:46:37- The language at sea is different.
0:46:38 > 0:46:41- The ceiling is known - as the deckhead.
0:46:41 > 0:46:44- Deck, deckhead. - A wall is a bulkhead.
0:46:44 > 0:46:47- You'd get funny looks - if you said 'wall' at sea.
0:46:51 > 0:46:54- The Blue Funnel Line closed in 1967.
0:46:54 > 0:46:58- The company was taken over - by Ocean Transport and Trading.
0:46:58 > 0:47:00- But Tony still works on the ships.
0:47:00 > 0:47:04- A sailor's life has changed - considerably since he started.
0:47:05 > 0:47:07- Everything is much more serious now.
0:47:07 > 0:47:11- You have to wear a helmet, - gloves and safety boots.
0:47:12 > 0:47:15- You can't wear short-sleeved shirts.
0:47:16 > 0:47:18- The boiler-suits do up - right to the top.
0:47:18 > 0:47:24- But during my life at sea, - I only wore flip-flops and shorts...
0:47:24 > 0:47:28- ..and a handkerchief on my head to - stop sweat from getting in my eyes!
0:47:29 > 0:47:31- I didn't hear - of anyone getting hurt.
0:47:31 > 0:47:36- We meet today to evaluate the risks, - before tying a ship up.
0:47:38 > 0:47:41- I think it's an affront to ask me - to attend a meeting.
0:47:41 > 0:47:45- I've been tying up ships - for almost 40 years.
0:47:46 > 0:47:50- I still have - all my fingers and toes!
0:47:58 > 0:48:00- Tony Jones - is a rare creature nowadays.
0:48:01 > 0:48:04- Of the thousands of Welshmen - of his generation who went to sea...
0:48:04 > 0:48:07- ..very few are still sailors.
0:48:08 > 0:48:13- But once the sea salt is in your - blood, it's hard to get rid of it.
0:48:20 > 0:48:24- Once her nose is in, - we'll move to that corner.
0:48:25 > 0:48:27- Long after he retired - as a captain...
0:48:27 > 0:48:30- ..my father was still - drawn to the sea.
0:48:30 > 0:48:34- He was one of the enthusiastic crew - who restored The Seiont...
0:48:35 > 0:48:37- ..a small steamer, - known locally as the 'mud boat'...
0:48:38 > 0:48:40- ..and one of Caernarfon's boats.
0:48:40 > 0:48:45- # Why can't I go straightaway
0:48:48 > 0:48:53- # Overseas and sail back - to Caernarfon? #
0:48:55 > 0:48:59- Whilst Wales exists, - the sea as well as the mountains...
0:48:59 > 0:49:02- ..will be a part of our identity - as well as our heritage.
0:49:03 > 0:49:09- # And all the boats loading - in the harbour. #
0:49:32 > 0:49:34- S4C Subtitles by GWEAD