0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:25 > 0:00:33- In the 19th century, Wales and the - world saw amazing industrial growth.
0:00:33 > 0:00:38- Despite the economic prosperity, - society had its faults.
0:00:39 > 0:00:44- There was no welfare state - of course, no health service...
0:00:45 > 0:00:47- ..or social security benefits.
0:00:47 > 0:00:51- True, trade unions were - established in the 1820s.
0:00:51 > 0:00:56- But they weren't very influential - for some time after that.
0:00:57 > 0:00:59- The main reason for that...
0:00:59 > 0:01:04- ..was that the vast majority - of workers were members...
0:01:05 > 0:01:07- ..of friendly societies.
0:01:08 > 0:01:12- These societies worked - as a kind of insurance company...
0:01:12 > 0:01:17- ..helping their members by paying - for treatment if they were ill.
0:01:20 > 0:01:25- There were 10,000 friendly - societies in Britain in 1802.
0:01:25 > 0:01:30- By 1815, one in every twelve - workers was a member of one.
0:01:31 > 0:01:34- The successors of the early - friendly societies...
0:01:35 > 0:01:36- ..can be seen in our high streets.
0:01:37 > 0:01:40- Words like mutual and friendly...
0:01:40 > 0:01:44- ..seen in some of their - literature, reveal their origins.
0:01:45 > 0:01:49- At first, they were local, - independent clubs...
0:01:49 > 0:01:54- ..within a specific profession, like - gardeners, foresters or sailors.
0:01:54 > 0:01:59- The Buffaloes Benefit Order - was founded to help actors.
0:01:59 > 0:02:03- There was a branch - in Pembroke Dock, of all places.
0:02:04 > 0:02:06- Although there were many of them...
0:02:06 > 0:02:10- ..most of the early clubs' - foundations were quite shaky.
0:02:11 > 0:02:16- But here in Wrexham, one group was - much more stable and influential.
0:02:16 > 0:02:18- Thanks.
0:02:19 > 0:02:24- Its name was the Ivorites, - or to give its full title...
0:02:24 > 0:02:28- ..the Philanthropic Order - Of True Ivorites.
0:02:28 > 0:02:30- By the way, I've come to this pub...
0:02:31 > 0:02:35- ..for totally valid - historical reasons.
0:02:37 > 0:02:39- In 1836...
0:02:39 > 0:02:42- ..when the Ivorites were founded...
0:02:42 > 0:02:46- ..this pub was - called the Three Tuns.
0:02:46 > 0:02:52- Apparently, one of the first - Ivorite lodges met here monthly.
0:02:52 > 0:02:57- The Ivorites' lodges - met in taverns.
0:02:58 > 0:03:00- And why not?
0:03:00 > 0:03:06- Where else offered a ready-made - meeting place, like this?
0:03:06 > 0:03:11- The friendly societies' structure - had a strong social element...
0:03:12 > 0:03:14- ..as well as a practical one.
0:03:14 > 0:03:18- Meeting in pubs - promoted fraternity...
0:03:18 > 0:03:22- ..and solidarity between Ivorites.
0:03:23 > 0:03:28- It wasn't a secret society, - like the Freemasons.
0:03:28 > 0:03:32- But there were similar aspects.
0:03:32 > 0:03:37- They published a booklet - of specific "grips" and "signs"...
0:03:37 > 0:03:43- ..that every member had to learn, - to prepare for various situations.
0:03:45 > 0:03:48- "A member greeting officials - when arriving at the Lodge.
0:03:48 > 0:03:51- "To recognize a brother - without talking to him.
0:03:51 > 0:03:54- "The brother's response.
0:03:54 > 0:03:56- "Warning a brother of danger.
0:03:56 > 0:04:01- "Ensuring a brother of safety - without speaking to him.
0:04:01 > 0:04:04- "The sign of the Blue Grade."
0:04:05 > 0:04:07- They invented a secret code...
0:04:07 > 0:04:12- ..which the members had to learn, - to communicate with each other...
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- ..on certain occasions.
0:04:15 > 0:04:17- For example, what does this say?
0:04:19 > 0:04:20- No?
0:04:22 > 0:04:25- What it says is "Prysor's pint".
0:04:25 > 0:04:27- Here's my pint.
0:04:27 > 0:04:29- The Ivorites' secret code.
0:04:31 > 0:04:35- Although the code book - is very valuable...
0:04:35 > 0:04:39- ..not much archival - material has survived.
0:04:39 > 0:04:42- Wrexham was important - in the history of Ivorism.
0:04:42 > 0:04:47- I'm sure the local museum's stores - will reveal more treasures.
0:04:47 > 0:04:50- Nia Jones, a librarian from Mold...
0:04:50 > 0:04:54- ..has studied the early - days of the movement.
0:04:55 > 0:04:56- Here it is.
0:04:56 > 0:04:57- Here it is.- - Right.
0:04:58 > 0:05:00- What we have here, as you see...
0:05:01 > 0:05:06- ..are the Rules And Regulations - Of The Society Of True Ivorites.
0:05:06 > 0:05:12- This goes back to the date - the Ivorites were founded, 1836.
0:05:13 > 0:05:14- It looks like it too.
0:05:14 > 0:05:15- It looks like it too.- - Yes.
0:05:15 > 0:05:17- It shows the marks of much use.
0:05:17 > 0:05:19- It's very fragile.
0:05:19 > 0:05:24- On the cover is the logo, - the two hands...
0:05:24 > 0:05:29- ..depicting the society's aims, - to support one another.
0:05:29 > 0:05:34- It was a good thing, - in the absence of a health service.
0:05:35 > 0:05:36- It was a hard time.
0:05:36 > 0:05:38- Especially here, in the coal mines.
0:05:38 > 0:05:39- Especially here, in the coal mines.- - Exactly.
0:05:40 > 0:05:43- TR Jones founded the society.
0:05:43 > 0:05:45- He was a cobbler by trade.
0:05:45 > 0:05:49- He came from Llanefydd, - near Denbigh.
0:05:49 > 0:05:52- It's typical of the age.
0:05:52 > 0:05:56- Artisans and craftsmen - led the way in reform...
0:05:56 > 0:05:58- ..and in helping people.
0:05:59 > 0:06:04- They were striving to think - of ways to improve their world...
0:06:04 > 0:06:08- ..and to help people - in their communities too.
0:06:09 > 0:06:12- It was an idea - that caught on at the time.
0:06:12 > 0:06:15- People with similar ideals - agreed with him.
0:06:15 > 0:06:22- They began in this area, - but they spread all over Wales.
0:06:24 > 0:06:26- Because of its early popularity...
0:06:27 > 0:06:31- ..from 1840, branches were - founded in all the old counties.
0:06:31 > 0:06:36- By the end of the century, - the membership in Glamorgan...
0:06:36 > 0:06:38- ..leapt up to 14,000.
0:06:39 > 0:06:42- There were even lodges in the USA.
0:06:46 > 0:06:47- Right!
0:06:48 > 0:06:53- I've got something to show you, - if I can find it.
0:06:57 > 0:07:00- The journey to find - traces of the movement...
0:07:00 > 0:07:05- ..has led me to the old cemetery - of Capel Y Pil, near Kenfig Hill.
0:07:11 > 0:07:13- Ah, here it is.
0:07:15 > 0:07:17- It's fine writing.
0:07:18 > 0:07:21- "This monument was laid...
0:07:21 > 0:07:23- "..on the grave of Isaac Williams...
0:07:25 > 0:07:31- "..by the Llywelyn Ab Ifor - Lodge Of True Ivorites...
0:07:31 > 0:07:36- "..which met at the Prince - Of Wales, Kenfig Hill...
0:07:36 > 0:07:40- "..as a sign of respect - to his memory...
0:07:40 > 0:07:44- "..as a loyal, peaceful Ivor...
0:07:45 > 0:07:50- "..and a true and honest - Secretary to the Lodge...
0:07:50 > 0:07:52- "..for 16 years."
0:07:53 > 0:07:55- Isn't that nice?
0:07:55 > 0:07:58- It's a worthy memorial to him...
0:07:58 > 0:08:02- ..from his brothers - in the fraternity...
0:08:03 > 0:08:06- ..for his service - to the lodge over the years.
0:08:07 > 0:08:09- It doesn't mention his wife.
0:08:09 > 0:08:13- We're not sure - if they paid for the funerals...
0:08:14 > 0:08:19- ..of members' wives and family, - but they paid for members' funerals.
0:08:19 > 0:08:24- Every member of a lodge - had to go to the funeral...
0:08:24 > 0:08:29- ..as a sign of friendship - and fraternity.
0:08:29 > 0:08:35- When you think about it, that is, - or that was, the Ivorites' motto.
0:08:35 > 0:08:38- Friendship, love and truth.
0:08:54 > 0:08:59- In Carmarthenshire, - Ivorism was very deeply rooted.
0:08:59 > 0:09:05- At its height, there were 76 lodges, - each with its own name.
0:09:07 > 0:09:10- In Cil-y-cwm, - a village near Llandovery...
0:09:10 > 0:09:14- ..the William Williams - Pantycelyn Lodge was founded.
0:09:14 > 0:09:21- The members met every month - in the pub, the Neuadd Fawr Arms.
0:09:24 > 0:09:26- Another pub.
0:09:26 > 0:09:30- Ah, well, I'd better - maintain the tradition.
0:09:31 > 0:09:35- To tell us about the Ivorite - lodges' organization...
0:09:36 > 0:09:40- ..is Dr Steven Thompson, an expert - on welfare provision in this period.
0:09:41 > 0:09:42- I've got a pint for you.
0:09:42 > 0:09:45- I've got a pint for you.- - Thanks. Will the lodge pay?
0:09:45 > 0:09:47- Cheers.
0:09:47 > 0:09:52- Can you tell us about - the friendly societies' membership?
0:09:52 > 0:09:56- Most of the friendly societies' - members in the 19th century...
0:09:56 > 0:09:59- ..came from the working class.
0:09:59 > 0:10:03- They worked in coal mines, - iron works or the railways.
0:10:03 > 0:10:05- In a rural area like this...
0:10:06 > 0:10:11- ..they were farmers, agricultural - labourers and other craftsmen...
0:10:11 > 0:10:14- ..like cobblers, weavers and so on.
0:10:14 > 0:10:20- So these people were in charge - of the box in each lodge.
0:10:20 > 0:10:21- Ah! I see you have a box.
0:10:21 > 0:10:23- Ah! I see you have a box.- - This is the Cil-y-cwm Lodge box.
0:10:24 > 0:10:27- It's full of the lodge's papers.
0:10:27 > 0:10:30- There are three keyholes.
0:10:30 > 0:10:32- Why was that?
0:10:32 > 0:10:34- In the time before chip and pin...
0:10:35 > 0:10:37- ..boxes like this were needed.
0:10:37 > 0:10:42- Every friendly society had a similar - box, with three different keys.
0:10:42 > 0:10:47- The keys were kept by the society's - president, the treasurer...
0:10:47 > 0:10:49- ..and the pub landlord too.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52- So a lot of money was kept in it.
0:10:52 > 0:10:54- But today, it's documents.
0:10:54 > 0:10:59- Minutes, rules, accounts. - There are all kinds of documents.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03- Like accounts - of each member's payments.
0:11:03 > 0:11:05- There was an initial fee...
0:11:06 > 0:11:10- ..ten or fifteen shillings, - depending on age.
0:11:10 > 0:11:13- You paid more if you were older.
0:11:13 > 0:11:16- Then there was - a weekly or monthly fee.
0:11:16 > 0:11:20- Here in Cil-y-cwm, they paid - one shilling and two pence a month.
0:11:21 > 0:11:25- The documents also - show the benefits paid.
0:11:25 > 0:11:28- Sickness benefits, funeral expenses.
0:11:28 > 0:11:33- Here, members received - seven shillings a week.
0:11:34 > 0:11:37- It was quite a risk - for friendly societies.
0:11:37 > 0:11:42- In the mid 19th century, newspapers - in Merthyr Tydfil reported...
0:11:42 > 0:11:47- ..that many friendly societies - failed after a cholera epidemic.
0:11:48 > 0:11:52- What else did they pay for? - Did they employ doctors?
0:11:53 > 0:11:56- Doctors were very important - to the societies.
0:11:56 > 0:12:01- A doctor was paid to certify - that a person was healthy enough...
0:12:01 > 0:12:03- ..to be a lodge member.
0:12:03 > 0:12:05- That makes sense!
0:12:05 > 0:12:12- The doctor was also paid to state - that a claimant really was ill...
0:12:12 > 0:12:14- ..so he could receive benefits.
0:12:14 > 0:12:19- What about the friendly societies' - relationship with the state?
0:12:19 > 0:12:24- The 19th century was an age - of laissez-faire government.
0:12:24 > 0:12:29- Voluntary work by friendly societies - was very important in this context.
0:12:29 > 0:12:33- Many friendly society - officials weren't happy...
0:12:33 > 0:12:36- ..about state intervention - in economic and social matters.
0:12:37 > 0:12:40- For example, early - in the 20th century...
0:12:40 > 0:12:44- ..Lloyd George introduced - the National Insurance Act.
0:12:44 > 0:12:48- The friendly societies - weren't happy for the state...
0:12:48 > 0:12:50- ..to take over these matters.
0:12:50 > 0:12:54- Thank you. It's been - very interesting.
0:12:54 > 0:12:59- There are secret handshakes, but - we'll shake hands as we usually do.
0:13:00 > 0:13:01- LAUGHTER
0:13:02 > 0:13:05- Later, I continue to make friends.
0:13:05 > 0:13:11- And I see the feminine side to Ivor, - in another pub, of course.
0:13:11 > 0:13:11- .
0:13:17 > 0:13:17- Subtitles
0:13:17 > 0:13:19- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:13:22 > 0:13:27- I'm learning about the Philanthropic - Order Of True Ivorites...
0:13:27 > 0:13:31- ..a 19th century - Welsh friendly society.
0:13:31 > 0:13:35- Although Ivorites shared - the same social ideals...
0:13:35 > 0:13:39- ..as other friendly - societies of the day...
0:13:39 > 0:13:41- ..one aspect set them apart.
0:13:42 > 0:13:44- That was their Welsh origins.
0:13:44 > 0:13:49- And even more importantly, - their support of Welsh literature.
0:13:49 > 0:13:52- This is shown - in their choice of name.
0:13:53 > 0:13:57- They chose Ivorites after - Ifor Hael, the chief patron...
0:13:57 > 0:14:01- ..of Wales's greatest poet in - the 14th century, Dafydd ap Gwilym.
0:14:01 > 0:14:05- Sponsoring, supporting - and protecting Welsh culture...
0:14:05 > 0:14:09- ..was quintessential - to the Ivorites' ethos.
0:14:09 > 0:14:14- This can be seen in the opening - paragraph of their handbook.
0:14:14 > 0:14:16- "The Society Of The True Ivorites...
0:14:17 > 0:14:20- "..wishes to preserve - the Welsh language...
0:14:20 > 0:14:24- "..to preserve its members - from need as far as possible...
0:14:25 > 0:14:30- "..and to unite every Welshman, - to aid one another."
0:14:31 > 0:14:35- One leading cultural figure - in the movement was Evan James...
0:14:35 > 0:14:39- ..the author of our national - anthem, of course.
0:14:39 > 0:14:43- James had written - a poem for the Ivorites...
0:14:43 > 0:14:46- ..which is similar - to the anthem in style and content.
0:14:47 > 0:14:51- "Our dear ancestors - were a peaceful nation
0:14:51 > 0:14:54- "Who suffered long tyranny - under foreign hands
0:14:55 > 0:14:58- "Patriotism fires our hearts
0:14:58 > 0:15:01- "We cannot forget - the feats of ancient times
0:15:01 > 0:15:05- "Will we neglect - our forefathers' sweet language?
0:15:05 > 0:15:10- "No, never, - say all the Ivorites"
0:15:13 > 0:15:17- But the Ivorites - weren't a political movement.
0:15:17 > 0:15:22- Many of the friendly societies - had political agendas.
0:15:22 > 0:15:26- The Ivorites' politics - were conservative...
0:15:27 > 0:15:30- ..that is, conservative - with a small "c".
0:15:33 > 0:15:38- As the Rebecca Riots swept across - Carmarthenshire in 1842 and 1843...
0:15:38 > 0:15:41- ..the movement expressed opposition.
0:15:42 > 0:15:46- The Talog Lodge, near Carmarthen, - passed regulations to ensure...
0:15:46 > 0:15:51- ..that any member found to take part - in the riot was to be expelled.
0:15:51 > 0:15:55- No, what was really important - to the Ivorites was Welshness...
0:15:56 > 0:15:58- ..and promoting Welsh education.
0:15:58 > 0:16:03- In the beginning, speaking - English in meetings was banned.
0:16:04 > 0:16:08- The movement founded - dozens of local eisteddfodau...
0:16:08 > 0:16:13- ..with the aim of promoting - Welsh culture and the language.
0:16:14 > 0:16:18- I've come to Ammanford - to meet Dana Edwards.
0:16:18 > 0:16:22- Dana works for the Eisteddfodau - Of Wales Society...
0:16:23 > 0:16:27- ..which shares the same - cultural ideals as the Ivorites.
0:16:27 > 0:16:31- The Ivorites certainly did - fine work for eisteddfodau.
0:16:32 > 0:16:36- They wanted to organize events - in Welsh to attract more members.
0:16:37 > 0:16:42- But they also saw the influx of - people to Wales who spoke no Welsh.
0:16:43 > 0:16:46- They saw a threat to the Welsh - language and way of life.
0:16:47 > 0:16:50- They organized eisteddfodau - to counter the threat.
0:16:50 > 0:16:53- We do the same thing, - 150 years later.
0:16:53 > 0:16:55- With many people moving in...
0:16:55 > 0:17:00- ..we try to do something - to restore Welsh in our communities.
0:17:01 > 0:17:06- We've come to the former site - of the Ivorite Hall.
0:17:06 > 0:17:11- The hall was so impressive, - they changed the street name.
0:17:11 > 0:17:16- It's Hall Street now, - formerly Chapel Street.
0:17:16 > 0:17:22- It was a really huge hall, which - could seat around 1,600 people.
0:17:22 > 0:17:24- It's long gone now.
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- They also tried holding - peripatetic eisteddfodau.
0:17:28 > 0:17:30- They did. This was in 1840...
0:17:31 > 0:17:35- ..20 years before the National - Eisteddfod became peripatetic.
0:17:35 > 0:17:38- I don't know how successful it was.
0:17:38 > 0:17:41- They had more success - with the local eisteddfodau...
0:17:42 > 0:17:44- ..with thousands in the audiences.
0:17:44 > 0:17:49- An eisteddfod held in a tent near - the Red Cow tavern in Llandybie...
0:17:49 > 0:17:51- ..had an audience of 900.
0:17:51 > 0:17:53- We'd be very happy with that today.
0:17:54 > 0:17:57- I wonder, was the eisteddfod - the attraction, or the Red Cow?!
0:17:57 > 0:17:59- The eisteddfod, I think!
0:17:59 > 0:18:04- Eisteddfodau were held on holidays, - like New Year's Day...
0:18:04 > 0:18:09- ..or even Christmas, - so that workers could attend.
0:18:09 > 0:18:14- As a child, long ago in Trawsfynydd, - I did well in art competitions.
0:18:14 > 0:18:19- I won small sums of pocket money, - up to a pound, as a prize.
0:18:19 > 0:18:24- You offer prizes. - Did the Ivorites too?
0:18:24 > 0:18:29- In 1936, the Ivorites offered - a prize of half a guinea...
0:18:29 > 0:18:34- ..for a poem to celebrate - their centenary.
0:18:34 > 0:18:36- That was a worthwhile prize.
0:18:36 > 0:18:37- Indeed. A lot of money.
0:18:37 > 0:18:39- Indeed. A lot of money.- - It was.
0:18:41 > 0:18:45- Right then! We know about - their social conscience...
0:18:46 > 0:18:48- ..and their love of culture.
0:18:48 > 0:18:53- But the society was progressive - in another direction too.
0:18:53 > 0:18:56- There was a branch for women.
0:18:57 > 0:18:59- To tell us about the Ivoresses...
0:18:59 > 0:19:03- ..Professor Gwennan Schiavone - has lured me to another pub...
0:19:03 > 0:19:05- ..this time in Porth-y-rhyd.
0:19:06 > 0:19:07- Why have you brought me to this pub?
0:19:07 > 0:19:09- Why have you brought me to this pub?- - It's a special pub.
0:19:09 > 0:19:11- Back in 1843...
0:19:11 > 0:19:16- ..it was known - as the Saxe-Coburg Tavern.
0:19:16 > 0:19:18- Aha! Presently the Prince Of Wales.
0:19:18 > 0:19:19- Aha! Presently the Prince Of Wales.- - Exactly.
0:19:20 > 0:19:25- The Society Of The Ivoresses - set out in a procession from here.
0:19:25 > 0:19:30- They went to a nearby chapel for a - sermon then returned here for lunch.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34- They had a business meeting, - then a celebration.
0:19:35 > 0:19:37- It sounds quite a shindig.
0:19:37 > 0:19:42- Not what you'd expect - of a crowd of women, after chapel.
0:19:42 > 0:19:47- There was quite a lot of pomp - involved in these processions.
0:19:47 > 0:19:52- Did bands take part in the march, - with music and flags?
0:19:53 > 0:19:58- It's difficult to be - precise about the march.
0:19:58 > 0:20:00- But they very often had bands...
0:20:00 > 0:20:05- ..or they paid musicians - to take part in ceremonies.
0:20:05 > 0:20:07- But they did have a banner.
0:20:07 > 0:20:11- Banners were important - in the friendly societies.
0:20:11 > 0:20:13- It was a visual symbol...
0:20:13 > 0:20:18- ..with images that were - significant for their society.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- In a way, it was a symbol - of the society's identity.
0:20:23 > 0:20:27- I'm not suggesting that - women are dangerous in a pub!
0:20:27 > 0:20:29- But were there rules?
0:20:29 > 0:20:34- If someone wanted to speak, - they had to wait for silence.
0:20:34 > 0:20:37- The fact that there were rules...
0:20:37 > 0:20:42- ..suggests that people needed to - be told how to behave in meetings.
0:20:42 > 0:20:48- In the same way, rules about - drunkenness and misbehaviour...
0:20:48 > 0:20:52- ..suggests there was some revelry.
0:20:52 > 0:20:54- It must have been an escape...
0:20:55 > 0:20:59- ..from the daily grind, - and from the problems of the age.
0:20:59 > 0:21:01- I'm sure it was.
0:21:02 > 0:21:06- And they felt they - were doing something...
0:21:06 > 0:21:11- ..to improve their lives - and the lives of others...
0:21:11 > 0:21:17- ..as part of a movement where - they could depend on each other.
0:21:17 > 0:21:21- That was the appeal, - certainly for women.
0:21:21 > 0:21:26- I like this idea, that it belonged - to everyone in the community.
0:21:26 > 0:21:30- Women could participate - and have a day out in the pub.
0:21:30 > 0:21:32- On that note, I'll buy you a drink.
0:21:33 > 0:21:35- I've been waiting quite a long time.
0:21:35 > 0:21:37- I've been waiting quite a long time.- - Sorry!
0:21:39 > 0:21:44- Defenders of social welfare, - Welsh culture and women's rights.
0:21:44 > 0:21:46- That's quite a list.
0:21:46 > 0:21:48- But what was the end of the story...
0:21:49 > 0:21:52- ..for the Philanthropic - Order Of True Ivorites?
0:21:52 > 0:21:59- The movement was at its apogee - in 1878, with 22,401 members.
0:22:00 > 0:22:04- Subsequently, membership - gradually declined.
0:22:04 > 0:22:08- In 1955, the year - of the last report...
0:22:08 > 0:22:12- ..the total had fallen to 1,348.
0:22:12 > 0:22:17- Compare that with the hundreds of - thousands of workers in Wales...
0:22:17 > 0:22:22- ..and the seven million trade - union members in Britain in 1939.
0:22:23 > 0:22:27- They were the voice - of the workers by that time.
0:22:27 > 0:22:30- Ivorism had run its course.
0:22:35 > 0:22:38- Between 1908 and 1911...
0:22:38 > 0:22:42- ..the government passed - a series of important acts...
0:22:42 > 0:22:47- ..that created the foundations - of our modern welfare state.
0:22:48 > 0:22:52- A century later, some people - are starting to question...
0:22:52 > 0:22:54- ..the future of that welfare state.
0:22:55 > 0:23:00- TR Jones and the founders - of other friendly societies...
0:23:00 > 0:23:05- ..felt they couldn't depend - on the state in times of need.
0:23:05 > 0:23:07- Will the current economic climate...
0:23:08 > 0:23:13- ..affect the government's - ability to care for us?
0:23:13 > 0:23:16- Will Cameron's plans - for a "big society"...
0:23:16 > 0:23:21- ..where responsibility - is devolved to community level...
0:23:22 > 0:23:26- ..bring about an era - and a social model...
0:23:26 > 0:23:32- ..that will once more create the - need for a new order of Ivorites?
0:23:48 > 0:23:50- S4C Subtitles by Gwead
0:23:50 > 0:23:51- .