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0:00:22 > 0:00:28- Coming up, Rhys Mwyn reveals - how clean water came to Caernarfon.
0:00:28 > 0:00:33- Manon Steffan looks back - at Tywyn cinema's golden age...
0:00:34 > 0:00:37- ..and Rhodri Morgan - realizes a childhood dream.
0:00:41 > 0:00:44- But first, - I've come to Chepstow Castle...
0:00:44 > 0:00:49- ..the scene of a 1910 tale - of conspiracy and deception.
0:00:54 > 0:00:59- Deception is a trait - that seeps into all aspects of life.
0:00:59 > 0:01:02- In literature, - there are two types of deception.
0:01:02 > 0:01:04- The first is plagiarism.
0:01:05 > 0:01:09- Stealing someone else's work - and passing it off as your own.
0:01:09 > 0:01:13- The motives of the second type - of deception are more ambiguous.
0:01:13 > 0:01:18- Writing something and passing it off - as the work of someone else.
0:01:19 > 0:01:25- The most famous literary example - of this is probably the claim...
0:01:25 > 0:01:29- ..that William Shakespeare - didn't write his plays.
0:01:29 > 0:01:31- Oh! Woe!
0:01:34 > 0:01:38- There are many theories - about who wrote the plays.
0:01:38 > 0:01:42- Was it Christopher Marlowe, - William Stanley...
0:01:43 > 0:01:46- ..or the Earl of Oxford, - Edward de Vere?
0:01:47 > 0:01:52- In 1910, Dr Orville Ward Owen, - an American physician...
0:01:52 > 0:01:57- ..excavated in Chepstow Castle - and on the banks of the Wye...
0:01:57 > 0:01:59- ..to prove another theory.
0:02:00 > 0:02:05- That the real author was scientist - and philosopher Francis Bacon.
0:02:07 > 0:02:11- According to Owen, Bacon - had mercantile links with the area.
0:02:11 > 0:02:14- His father-in-law lived locally.
0:02:15 > 0:02:20- Owen believed that manuscripts - confirming the theory...
0:02:20 > 0:02:23- ..were buried - under the castle walls.
0:02:24 > 0:02:29- Chepstow Museum houses diagrams - of Dr Owen's excavation.
0:02:29 > 0:02:34- They reveal Owen's effort - and dedication to prove his theory.
0:02:35 > 0:02:39- I don't think Cadw - would allow this to happen today.
0:02:41 > 0:02:45- The venture proved futile and costly - for Dr Owen.
0:02:45 > 0:02:50- He wasted a fortune and sacrificed - a promising career digging here.
0:02:50 > 0:02:56- English literature's major supposed - deception remains a mystery...
0:02:56 > 0:02:59- ..but its Welsh counterpart - has been solved.
0:02:59 > 0:03:03- To find out how, why - and who was involved...
0:03:03 > 0:03:07- ..I'm leaving Chepstow - and heading for Aberystwyth.
0:03:09 > 0:03:12- We'll continue this story later.
0:03:18 > 0:03:22- I'm Manon Steffan Ros.
0:03:22 > 0:03:27- Tywyn cinema plays a big part - in my family's history.
0:03:29 > 0:03:33- Even though I come from Rhiwlas, - near Bethesda...
0:03:33 > 0:03:37- ..I now live in Pennal, - not far from Tywyn.
0:03:37 > 0:03:42- Moving here felt like coming home. - It's great to be back.
0:03:46 > 0:03:52- I feel at home. - I've seen all sorts of films here.
0:03:56 > 0:04:01- In 1893, one of my ancestors - was among the cinema's founders.
0:04:01 > 0:04:05- Back then, it was known - as the Assembly Rooms.
0:04:06 > 0:04:08- His name was on a plaque outside.
0:04:08 > 0:04:10- When Taid queued to come in...
0:04:11 > 0:04:14- ..he was always thrilled - to see the Price family name.
0:04:18 > 0:04:23- More importantly, - Nain and Taid met in the cinema.
0:04:23 > 0:04:28- Nain always says she remembers - where she sat, just behind us here.
0:04:28 > 0:04:32- Nain and Taid - were separated by an empty seat.
0:04:33 > 0:04:38- She couldn't concentrate on the film - because Taid was so good-looking!
0:04:45 > 0:04:51- The cinema is an integral part - of Tywyn's history.
0:04:52 > 0:04:56- Many army camps opened nearby - during World War II.
0:04:58 > 0:05:03- Taid remembers how the cinema - screened two films a day.
0:05:03 > 0:05:07- There were queues outside.
0:05:07 > 0:05:10- It was always full of young men.
0:05:10 > 0:05:15- Busloads of girls - came from Aberystwyth and Dolgellau.
0:05:15 > 0:05:19- The cinema was a focal point - for the community.
0:05:21 > 0:05:25- Coming here with Nain - is a brilliant experience.
0:05:26 > 0:05:29- She recalls how things used to be.
0:05:30 > 0:05:35- In the old days, the toilets - were either side of the screen.
0:05:36 > 0:05:40- You had to walk on stage - to go to the toilets.
0:05:40 > 0:05:42- No-one ever went!
0:05:46 > 0:05:51- I'd come during the school holidays - when I stayed with Nain and Taid.
0:05:52 > 0:05:55- There were cut-outs - of the Marx Brothers...
0:05:55 > 0:05:59- ..Charlie Chaplin - and Laurel and Hardy on the walls.
0:06:00 > 0:06:02- Harpo Marx scared me.
0:06:02 > 0:06:07- I didn't want to sit - too close to it!
0:06:10 > 0:06:13- The town is fairly quiet now...
0:06:13 > 0:06:16- ..but the cinema is an echo...
0:06:16 > 0:06:20- ..of a time when it was lively.
0:06:33 > 0:06:37- I've come to the National Library - of Wales in Aberystwyth...
0:06:37 > 0:06:42- ..to research Iolo Morganwg, - an audacious literary forger.
0:06:42 > 0:06:47- He forged the works of one of our - greatest bards, Dafydd ap Gwilym.
0:06:49 > 0:06:53- In Iolo's day, Dafydd ap Gwilym was - Welsh literature's brightest star.
0:06:54 > 0:06:58- Iolo himself was one - of his most ardent admirers.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02- He was such an admirer - that he forged poems...
0:07:02 > 0:07:08- ..which he gave to the publishers - of a new anthology of Dafydd's work.
0:07:08 > 0:07:12- Harmless fun or something bigger? - Who knows.
0:07:14 > 0:07:18- Professor Mary-Ann Constantine - is an expert on Iolo's antics.
0:07:19 > 0:07:24- Her latest publication - is a detailed study of the story.
0:07:25 > 0:07:29- The fascinating collection - appeared in 1789.
0:07:30 > 0:07:32- For the first time...
0:07:32 > 0:07:37- ..an attempt was made - to collect Dafydd's poems...
0:07:37 > 0:07:40- ..and create a picture of the bard.
0:07:40 > 0:07:43- People knew quite a lot about him.
0:07:44 > 0:07:49- For the first time, Owen Jones - and William Owen Pughe...
0:07:50 > 0:07:54- ..invested time and money - to collect the poems...
0:07:55 > 0:08:00- ..that were scattered among - Welsh libraries and stately homes.
0:08:01 > 0:08:07- Iolo wrote to them - to say he'd found a poem...
0:08:07 > 0:08:11- ..but that he couldn't be sure - it was an original.
0:08:12 > 0:08:17- They were thrilled to imagine - reading a new poem about Morfudd.
0:08:18 > 0:08:22- He eventually started - sending the poems to them.
0:08:23 > 0:08:29- People enjoyed his poems - more than the originals!
0:08:29 > 0:08:32- Maybe people enjoyed - the personal snippets.
0:08:32 > 0:08:36- That's often true - with literary forgeries.
0:08:36 > 0:08:38- Take the Hitler Diaries.
0:08:38 > 0:08:41- People want to know - Hitler's final thoughts.
0:08:42 > 0:08:46- In Wales, everybody wanted to know - more about Dafydd ap Gwilym.
0:08:46 > 0:08:49- Little is known - about the medieval poet.
0:08:49 > 0:08:53- Iolo created a fake biography - for him...
0:08:53 > 0:08:57- ..including his premature birth - outdoors in a storm.
0:08:59 > 0:09:03- This is presented in the volume - and becomes a fact.
0:09:03 > 0:09:08- We must recognize - that he was a skilled forger.
0:09:09 > 0:09:14- I don't like using the term forgery, - because it sounds cold.
0:09:15 > 0:09:19- Iolo lived it and he became - Dafydd ap Gwilym's voice.
0:09:19 > 0:09:22- He saw himself in the material.
0:09:23 > 0:09:26- His dream was to create history.
0:09:27 > 0:09:32- He'd convinced himself that he was - rescuing the truth from the past.
0:09:32 > 0:09:36- He believed his version - of the past to be true...
0:09:36 > 0:09:40- ..even if the evidence wasn't there.
0:09:41 > 0:09:44- Iolo fooled academics - for more than a century.
0:09:45 > 0:09:49- In a 1926 publication...
0:09:49 > 0:09:53- ..Professor G J Williams - exposed Iolo's transgression.
0:09:54 > 0:09:57- He spotted lines - from original Dafydd poems...
0:09:57 > 0:10:02- ..which Iolo had adapted, - as well as grammatical errors.
0:10:02 > 0:10:06- But fair play, we can't deny - Iolo's craft or audacity.
0:10:06 > 0:10:10- In that respect, he was a winner.
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0:10:16 > 0:10:16- Subtitles
0:10:16 > 0:10:18- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:10:26 > 0:10:28- Every gravestone tells a story.
0:10:28 > 0:10:31- At St Peblig's Church, Caernarfon...
0:10:31 > 0:10:36- ..one story links 146 gravestones.
0:10:37 > 0:10:43- It's a sad story of an outbreak - of cholera 145 years ago.
0:10:44 > 0:10:49- Disease on an epidemic scale - was nothing new to the Victorians.
0:10:49 > 0:10:54- But the most frightening disease - of them all was cholera.
0:10:55 > 0:11:01- In 1832, 1849 and 1866, cholera - spread mercilessly through Wales.
0:11:03 > 0:11:05- It thrived in standing water....
0:11:06 > 0:11:09- ..that was contaminated - by human and animal waste.
0:11:10 > 0:11:14- Slums in large towns, - especially Merthyr...
0:11:14 > 0:11:19- ..were a breeding ground - for a disease that killed thousands.
0:11:21 > 0:11:24- When we think of Victorian slums...
0:11:24 > 0:11:27- ..Caernarfon doesn't necessarily - spring to mind.
0:11:28 > 0:11:32- London's East End, maybe, - but there were many slums here.
0:11:33 > 0:11:37- In 1801, Caernarfon's population - was a mere 3,500.
0:11:38 > 0:11:42- By the 1861 Census, - that figure had grown to 10,000.
0:11:43 > 0:11:48- Unless more houses were built, - the situation would pose problems.
0:11:48 > 0:11:52- Quite simply, there weren't - enough houses in Caernarfon.
0:12:02 > 0:12:05- Unscrupulous landlords - saw an opportunity.
0:12:06 > 0:12:10- This is a traditional - terraced house.
0:12:11 > 0:12:16- These landlords would cut a path - between two houses.
0:12:16 > 0:12:20- This made - the existing houses smaller.
0:12:20 > 0:12:23- These paths led to the slums - at the rear...
0:12:23 > 0:12:28- ..where people lived - in crowded, filthy conditions.
0:12:28 > 0:12:32- These became known in Caernarfon - as the courts.
0:12:33 > 0:12:37- It makes today's landlords - seem like saints!
0:12:48 > 0:12:49- Imagine it.
0:12:49 > 0:12:55- Boot Court was behind - these shops on Bangor Street.
0:12:55 > 0:12:59- It was the scene of the first - outbreak of cholera in 1866.
0:12:59 > 0:13:03- We have to picture - narrow and dark streets...
0:13:03 > 0:13:08- ..where people lived - alongside their pigs and cattle.
0:13:08 > 0:13:12- No-one cleared the waste.
0:13:12 > 0:13:15- It's no surprise - that cholera took hold.
0:13:16 > 0:13:21- In 1867, a man called Dr Seaton - was sent here to write a report.
0:13:21 > 0:13:26- He had already written a report - on London's East End slums.
0:13:27 > 0:13:30- This is what he said - about Caernarfon's courts.
0:13:30 > 0:13:33- "Never in all my experience...
0:13:33 > 0:13:38- "..have I witnessed anything so bad - as the undrained portions of town...
0:13:38 > 0:13:42- "..more especially, - the crowded courts...
0:13:42 > 0:13:47- "..which were indescribably - abominable sinks of disease."
0:13:53 > 0:13:57- To understand how the disease - spread through town...
0:13:57 > 0:14:00- ..I've come to Gwynedd Archives.
0:14:01 > 0:14:05- We know that the courts - were a breeding ground for diseases.
0:14:05 > 0:14:09- But there's another reason - why cholera spread...
0:14:09 > 0:14:11- ..and that's to do with water.
0:14:12 > 0:14:16- There was a lack of clean water.
0:14:17 > 0:14:21- At the time, Caernarfon - didn't have a piped water supply.
0:14:22 > 0:14:26- People had to fetch their water.
0:14:26 > 0:14:32- W H Jones wrote about the town's - two sources of drinking water.
0:14:32 > 0:14:35- One was inside the town walls.
0:14:36 > 0:14:39- John Speed's map - dates back to 1610.
0:14:40 > 0:14:44- I've enlarged it - to make it easier to see.
0:14:45 > 0:14:50- The letter I appears on the corner - of Market Street and High Street.
0:14:50 > 0:14:52- It refers to The Conduite.
0:14:52 > 0:14:53- What exactly was that?
0:14:53 > 0:14:57- What exactly was that?- - A water trough.
0:14:57 > 0:15:01- There was no well - and therefore no clean water.
0:15:02 > 0:15:06- On the outskirts of town, - near St Peblig's Church...
0:15:07 > 0:15:10- ..there is a well.
0:15:12 > 0:15:17- A well by a graveyard - wasn't an ideal place to get water!
0:15:18 > 0:15:21- Especially not a well - downhill from the graveyard!
0:15:22 > 0:15:24- These were the only two locations.
0:15:24 > 0:15:28- People probably collected rainwater.
0:15:28 > 0:15:34- That certainly wouldn't have been - the cleanest water.
0:15:34 > 0:15:39- That was definitely one reason - why the disease spread.
0:15:41 > 0:15:43- The story has a happy ending.
0:15:44 > 0:15:49- The 1866 epidemic finally spurred - the town council to act.
0:15:49 > 0:15:52- Led by the mayor, Llewelyn Turner...
0:15:53 > 0:15:58- ..in 1867, work began to pipe - clean water into Caernarfon.
0:15:58 > 0:16:04- This was commemorated by a fountain, - which was erected on the Maes.
0:16:09 > 0:16:15- In summer, this new fountain is full - of children in bathing costumes.
0:16:15 > 0:16:21- In 1866, people would have come here - with buckets to get water.
0:16:21 > 0:16:27- It just proves how much we take - such a natural resource for granted.
0:16:42 > 0:16:47- A number of dubious things - appeared in the 1980s.
0:16:47 > 0:16:50- Stonewashed jeans, - yuppies, mullets.
0:16:51 > 0:16:53- Oh, and another thing.
0:16:53 > 0:16:58- The C5, which became the butt - of several jokes in the press.
0:16:59 > 0:17:01- But was this bad press justified?
0:17:05 > 0:17:10- The Sinclair C5 is a new power - in personal transport.
0:17:11 > 0:17:14- When the C5 appeared in 1985...
0:17:14 > 0:17:17- ..it immediately became - a target for criticism...
0:17:18 > 0:17:20- ..and an object of derision.
0:17:20 > 0:17:24- The Sinclair C5, 399.
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- Just dial 100 - and ask for Freefone C5 now.
0:17:31 > 0:17:34- Llandrindod's - National Cycle Exhibition...
0:17:35 > 0:17:38- ..features all sorts of bikes...
0:17:38 > 0:17:41- ..from a penny-farthing - to a boneshaker.
0:17:41 > 0:17:47- But surely there's some mistake? - A C5 is among the exhibits.
0:17:48 > 0:17:51- The handbook says, "Congratulations!
0:17:51 > 0:17:55- "You're among the first owners - of the remarkable Sinclair C5...
0:17:56 > 0:17:59- "..the world's first - practical personal transport...
0:18:00 > 0:18:02- "..powered by electricity."
0:18:02 > 0:18:05- No mention of a bike, - but that's what it was.
0:18:06 > 0:18:07- An electric tricycle.
0:18:10 > 0:18:14- Historian David Williams is an - expert on all types of machines.
0:18:15 > 0:18:20- What is under the C5's bonnet, - or should I say mudguard?
0:18:20 > 0:18:26- This is what the C5 looks like - in all its glory!
0:18:27 > 0:18:29- Yes, in all its constituent parts.
0:18:30 > 0:18:35- The pedals might reveal - why it's classed as a bike.
0:18:36 > 0:18:40- There's no doubt - when we see them, no.
0:18:40 > 0:18:43- But everything else - is very new and different.
0:18:43 > 0:18:47- How pioneering was the C5, - technologically?
0:18:47 > 0:18:53- Quite pioneering, but Sinclair - did overcomplicate things.
0:18:53 > 0:18:57- There were wires - to connect everything.
0:18:57 > 0:19:00- You can see how many there were.
0:19:00 > 0:19:04- There were a lot of things - to go wrong.
0:19:04 > 0:19:06- What about the motor?
0:19:06 > 0:19:09- There was speculation at the time...
0:19:09 > 0:19:12- ..about a link - with Merthyr's Hoover factory.
0:19:12 > 0:19:17- It was said the C5 was powered - by a washing machine motor.
0:19:17 > 0:19:22- That was an urban myth. - I'm afraid it wasn't true.
0:19:22 > 0:19:28- That would be impossible - because it had a 12 volt DC motor.
0:19:28 > 0:19:33- Washing machines - had 240 volt AC motors.
0:19:34 > 0:19:37- It was manufactured - by an Italian company.
0:19:38 > 0:19:41- It's quite powerful - and a clever design.
0:19:41 > 0:19:43- Many companies contributed.
0:19:44 > 0:19:48- Possibly the most famous - was the car company Lotus.
0:19:48 > 0:19:51- They were famous - for their sports cars.
0:19:51 > 0:19:55- They designed the backbone - of the C5.
0:19:56 > 0:20:02- It's light and strong, - which was Lotus's speciality.
0:20:02 > 0:20:05- The name Lotus - is synonymous with style.
0:20:06 > 0:20:09- What about the body and design - of the C5 itself?
0:20:09 > 0:20:13- It tries to be aerodynamic.
0:20:13 > 0:20:19- But most people - didn't think it was cool at all.
0:20:19 > 0:20:24- They weren't a common sight on roads - or much of a commercial success.
0:20:24 > 0:20:25- Have you been in one?
0:20:25 > 0:20:28- Have you been in one?- - I've never had the privilege.
0:20:40 > 0:20:44- We've taken two for a spin - around the lake.
0:20:45 > 0:20:47- How does it feel?
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- Quite comfortable, once I sat in it.
0:20:51 > 0:20:55- But I'm six foot plus - and have long legs.
0:20:55 > 0:20:58- I can't adjust the seat.
0:20:58 > 0:21:02- The steering is strange. - The handlebars are under our legs.
0:21:03 > 0:21:05- It's unfamiliar.
0:21:05 > 0:21:08- But there's a motor - and I can accelerate!
0:21:09 > 0:21:12- Wait!
0:21:12 > 0:21:16- The acceleration is impressive!
0:21:16 > 0:21:19- Let's turn around.
0:21:19 > 0:21:22- I'll go in the opposite direction.
0:21:24 > 0:21:27- That was hard work!
0:21:27 > 0:21:28- Yes!
0:21:30 > 0:21:32- What was his vision?
0:21:32 > 0:21:35- He was ahead of his time.
0:21:35 > 0:21:39- I'd suggest that the vehicle - is only half the story.
0:21:40 > 0:21:42- If you go to any European city...
0:21:43 > 0:21:47- ..there are networks for cyclists.
0:21:47 > 0:21:51- Something like the C5 could work.
0:21:52 > 0:21:54- Is Sinclair's dream still alive?
0:21:54 > 0:21:55- Is Sinclair's dream still alive?- - Yes, definitely.
0:21:56 > 0:21:59- He still hopes - to answer the world's problems.
0:21:59 > 0:22:05- I don't think my backside can take - much more of this. I'll see you!
0:22:05 > 0:22:07- Onwards!
0:22:19 > 0:22:22- Last week, - I asked you to identify this.
0:22:23 > 0:22:27- It's an unusual artefact from - St Fagans National History Museum.
0:22:27 > 0:22:32- It's a busk, a piece of carved wood - placed in a woman's corset...
0:22:32 > 0:22:38- ..from the 17th century onwards, - to flatten the wearer's stomach.
0:22:40 > 0:22:44- Some women would use it - as a playful weapon...
0:22:44 > 0:22:50- ..to defend themselves from a lover - or husband's amorous advances.
0:22:50 > 0:22:53- This one was discovered in 1967...
0:22:53 > 0:22:57- ..while demolishing Cadwgan Hall - near Denbigh.
0:22:58 > 0:23:01- Here's this week's object. - Thanks, Ger.
0:23:02 > 0:23:06- It's made of wood - and resembles the back of a chair.
0:23:07 > 0:23:11- But why has a strip of metal - been nailed into it?
0:23:12 > 0:23:15- Was it used to dry something? - What is it?
0:23:16 > 0:23:19- Send your suggestions - via Facebook...
0:23:19 > 0:23:22- ..and I'll give you - the answer next week.
0:23:38 > 0:23:40- S4C Subtitles by Gwead
0:23:40 > 0:23:41- .