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0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:22 > 0:00:24- On this week's Darn Bach O Hanes...
0:00:25 > 0:00:30- ..Lisa Gwilym looks at photographs - of a famous protest from the 1980s.
0:00:31 > 0:00:34- I'll be explaining - how Splott got its name...
0:00:34 > 0:00:40- ..and Rhodri Morgan enjoys - a Victorian prison's hospitality.
0:00:44 > 0:00:48- To keep fit, - I like walking in the mountains.
0:00:48 > 0:00:52- There are plenty around Ffestiniog.
0:00:52 > 0:00:55- As well as keeping down - the blood pressure...
0:00:56 > 0:01:01- ..it's the perfect excuse - to visit remote historical sites.
0:01:03 > 0:01:06- I pass Bryn-y-Castell quite often.
0:01:09 > 0:01:13- It's a hill fort - above Cwm Teigl, Llan Ffestiniog.
0:01:14 > 0:01:17- Sophisticated dating tests show...
0:01:17 > 0:01:21- ..that it dates back - to the end of the Iron Age.
0:01:21 > 0:01:25- It's typical of hill forts - in Wales from that period...
0:01:25 > 0:01:29- ..but it does have - a few unusual features.
0:01:33 > 0:01:36- First, there are traces - of two round huts.
0:01:36 > 0:01:39- This is where the door used to be.
0:01:40 > 0:01:42- The entrance postholes were here.
0:01:42 > 0:01:44- It's hard to see now...
0:01:44 > 0:01:48- ..but there was one hut here - and another one over here.
0:01:49 > 0:01:52- These are traces - of the wall's foundation.
0:01:52 > 0:01:54- These huts are special.
0:01:54 > 0:01:58- They were the first huts - discovered in Snowdonia...
0:01:58 > 0:02:03- ..that were made of thin stakes - bound by withies.
0:02:03 > 0:02:08- This little hill fort - has another rare feature too.
0:02:08 > 0:02:10- It's this way.
0:02:15 > 0:02:17- Look at this building.
0:02:17 > 0:02:19- It's shaped like a snail...
0:02:19 > 0:02:25- ..to stop the wind putting out - the fire that burnt here daily.
0:02:25 > 0:02:29- It was a smithy - where iron was smelted and worked.
0:02:29 > 0:02:33- When this site was excavated - over 30 years ago...
0:02:33 > 0:02:37- ..all kinds of tools - to work iron were found.
0:02:37 > 0:02:43- A stone anvil, stone hammers, - whetstones, polishing stones...
0:02:43 > 0:02:46- ..and over a tonne of this stuff.
0:02:46 > 0:02:48- Waste slag.
0:02:48 > 0:02:51- That's a sign - of great activity here.
0:02:51 > 0:02:55- Bryn-y-Castell's main purpose - was to produce iron.
0:02:55 > 0:02:59- But to make iron in the first place, - you need raw materials.
0:03:00 > 0:03:04- The ancient folk didn't find it - in the rocks around us up here.
0:03:04 > 0:03:07- They got it down there, in the bog.
0:03:08 > 0:03:13- Locating the hill fort - near a peat bog was deliberate.
0:03:13 > 0:03:17- All the materials - to make iron were nearby.
0:03:17 > 0:03:20- Iron ore deposits in the peat...
0:03:20 > 0:03:24- ..clay to build furnaces - and trees to make charcoal.
0:03:24 > 0:03:29- Rhodri ap Dafydd is an expert - on this kind of habitat.
0:03:29 > 0:03:35- He'll tell me how this landscape - evolved over the centuries.
0:03:36 > 0:03:40- This was a peat bog long ago, - I've been told.
0:03:40 > 0:03:42- What would you call it now?
0:03:42 > 0:03:45- That's a very interesting question.
0:03:45 > 0:03:50- There are many words in Welsh - for habitats based on peat.
0:03:50 > 0:03:54- Peat bog, marsh, moor, wet moor, - and possibly the wettest, swamp.
0:03:55 > 0:04:00- The vegetation shows - that human activity occurred here.
0:04:00 > 0:04:02- It's drier than a blanket bog...
0:04:03 > 0:04:07- ..which suggests - that some peat has been removed.
0:04:07 > 0:04:12- What are the qualities of peat - that makes it retain minerals?
0:04:13 > 0:04:17- Water doesn't flow - through this habitat.
0:04:17 > 0:04:21- It depends on rainwater. - The water is stagnant.
0:04:21 > 0:04:26- Vegetation doesn't rot suddenly, - it stays where it is.
0:04:27 > 0:04:31- Minerals, like the vegetation, - tend to accumulate.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33- That's what forms the peat.
0:04:34 > 0:04:38- To make a kilogram of iron, - you need 100kg of charcoal.
0:04:39 > 0:04:44- To make 100kg of charcoal, - you need a tonne of wood.
0:04:44 > 0:04:46- I don't see many trees!
0:04:46 > 0:04:49- I agree - it does look bare...
0:04:49 > 0:04:54- ..but an interesting feature of peat - is that we can study it...
0:04:55 > 0:05:01- ..to see what grew here at any point - since the end of the last Ice Age.
0:05:01 > 0:05:05- It was followed by the Pre-Boreal - and the Boreal Periods...
0:05:05 > 0:05:10- ..when pines grew in a landscape - that looked very much like tundra.
0:05:10 > 0:05:15- When the hill fort was active, - it was the Atlantic Period.
0:05:16 > 0:05:21- It was a little warmer and wetter, - with trees like alder and oak.
0:05:21 > 0:05:24- So this area - would have been covered with trees?
0:05:25 > 0:05:28- Most of Wales, - to a certain altitude...
0:05:28 > 0:05:31- ..would have had trees - growing there.
0:05:31 > 0:05:35- Unfortunately, man always - affects the environment...
0:05:35 > 0:05:39- ..be it through agriculture, - or in this case, ironworking.
0:05:39 > 0:05:43- Yes, although some of us try - our best to protect these places.
0:05:43 > 0:05:46- Thank goodness, we need a balance.
0:05:49 > 0:05:53- If you want to visit - this striking hill fort...
0:05:54 > 0:05:58- ..you'll find directions - and grid references...
0:05:58 > 0:06:02- ..on our Facebook page - after the programme.
0:06:10 > 0:06:12- On 27 August 1981...
0:06:12 > 0:06:17- ..a group of 36 women began to walk - from Cardiff to Greenham Common...
0:06:17 > 0:06:23- ..to protest against the proposed - arrival of 96 US cruise missiles.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26- At the height of the protest...
0:06:26 > 0:06:31- ..some 70,000 people formed - a human chain around the base.
0:06:31 > 0:06:34- Buses went there - from all over Wales...
0:06:35 > 0:06:39- ..taking women and men - from every social background.
0:06:39 > 0:06:43- Some of the buses - went from Dolgellau.
0:06:43 > 0:06:46- # There's a woman in Great Britain
0:06:46 > 0:06:48- # Bridget Evans is her name
0:06:49 > 0:06:54- # And she's out on Greenham Common, - and things will never be the same #
0:06:54 > 0:07:00- Although the protest failed to stop - the missiles being based there...
0:07:01 > 0:07:05- ..the camp at Greenham Common - was there for 19 years, until 2000.
0:07:06 > 0:07:11- It was a symbol of peaceful, - non-violent protest by women.
0:07:11 > 0:07:16- One of those inspired by the protest - was Elen Thomas of Dolgellau.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- She went to the big protest - in December 1982.
0:07:20 > 0:07:24- Luckily for us, she took her camera - to record the event.
0:07:24 > 0:07:26- When did you first go there?
0:07:27 > 0:07:32- Way back in 1982.
0:07:32 > 0:07:34- It was very cold.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38- The Greenham Common women...
0:07:38 > 0:07:42- ..who had been there - for over a year, I think...
0:07:42 > 0:07:47- ..wanted to embrace the base, - as they called it.
0:07:48 > 0:07:52- What were your first impressions - of the place?
0:07:53 > 0:07:56- We'd never seen anything like it.
0:07:56 > 0:08:02- We saw the site, - the soldiers and the fence.
0:08:03 > 0:08:08- On one side, we saw - where the women had been living...
0:08:08 > 0:08:13- ..and where some of them - would live for many years.
0:08:14 > 0:08:16- We saw their living conditions.
0:08:16 > 0:08:19- It made us feel very humble.
0:08:19 > 0:08:25- Are these pictures a reflection - of the type of woman...
0:08:25 > 0:08:28- ..who went to Greenham Common?
0:08:29 > 0:08:33- Without the fence - and possibly the cups...
0:08:33 > 0:08:37- ..you might think - it was a Merched y Wawr trip!
0:08:37 > 0:08:43- These women are perhaps a little - more smartly dressed than most.
0:08:43 > 0:08:47- They're certainly smarter - than the women who lived there.
0:08:48 > 0:08:52- It's clear - they're there for the day.
0:08:52 > 0:08:55- The next photo is of the same women.
0:08:56 > 0:08:58- This is my favourite.
0:08:58 > 0:09:01- The picture tells the story.
0:09:01 > 0:09:06- What's on the other side - of the fence is what is important.
0:09:06 > 0:09:11- He's a young soldier with a gun, - protecting the missiles.
0:09:12 > 0:09:14- I remember thinking...
0:09:14 > 0:09:19- ..that the soldier's mother - could have been someone like this.
0:09:19 > 0:09:23- He hadn't been trained - to deal with an enemy like this.
0:09:24 > 0:09:28- A large group of women, - acting peacefully.
0:09:28 > 0:09:30- Here's another photo.
0:09:32 > 0:09:34- This is another ordinary sight.
0:09:34 > 0:09:39- These people came for the day - and brought a picnic with them.
0:09:40 > 0:09:44- They wore their badges and hats.
0:09:44 > 0:09:47- There was fun and singing.
0:09:47 > 0:09:52- To some extent, - we were all amazed at ourselves...
0:09:54 > 0:10:00- ..that we as women had got together - to create this big event.
0:10:03 > 0:10:05- It was a source of amazement.
0:10:06 > 0:10:11- Did you take the camera with you - on purpose to record it all?
0:10:11 > 0:10:17- I took the camera because I felt - that history was being made.
0:10:17 > 0:10:23- There must have been something - in my subconscious that told me...
0:10:24 > 0:10:29- ..that Greenham was important and - would be a historic event one day.
0:10:29 > 0:10:33- Something was happening - that would be worth recording.
0:10:34 > 0:10:40- # And she's out on Greenham Common, - and things will never be the same #
0:10:47 > 0:10:49- # I had a girlfriend in Splott
0:10:49 > 0:10:51- # Her name was Lot
0:10:52 > 0:10:54- # Her name was Lot #
0:10:55 > 0:10:56- Splott.
0:10:56 > 0:10:58- It's a great name, isn't it?
0:10:59 > 0:11:01- But why Splott? Why the name?
0:11:01 > 0:11:06- There are two main theories, - both associated with two farms...
0:11:06 > 0:11:11- ..that were here centuries ago, - before these houses were built...
0:11:11 > 0:11:13- ..called Splott and Pengam.
0:11:13 > 0:11:18- According to some, Splott - comes from an Old English word...
0:11:19 > 0:11:23- ..meaning speck, - a small area of agricultural land.
0:11:23 > 0:11:25- That's the first theory.
0:11:26 > 0:11:28- I'm not quite sure about that.
0:11:31 > 0:11:36- The second theory is that the farms - were on church land...
0:11:36 > 0:11:40- ..and that Splott - was an abbreviation of God's plot.
0:11:40 > 0:11:43- I'm not too sure - about that one either.
0:11:43 > 0:11:46- Whatever the name means, I love it.
0:11:47 > 0:11:48- Splott.
0:11:49 > 0:11:49- .
0:11:54 > 0:11:54- Subtitles
0:11:54 > 0:11:56- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:11:58 > 0:12:03- Prisons are now an integral part - of our criminal justice system.
0:12:04 > 0:12:06- But that wasn't always the case.
0:12:08 > 0:12:12- The practice of incarceration - goes back a very long way.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17- But prison - as an institution - - is a comparatively new development.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- It's about 200 years old, - not long at all...
0:12:21 > 0:12:26- ..when you consider that people - have offended since time immemorial.
0:12:29 > 0:12:34- Before 1800, prisons did exist - in populated areas...
0:12:34 > 0:12:36- ..like London's Newgate Prison.
0:12:37 > 0:12:42- But in less peopled areas, - the medieval system still existed.
0:12:42 > 0:12:47- The aim was to catch criminals - and punish them quickly...
0:12:47 > 0:12:52- ..in the stocks, with the lash - or on the gallows.
0:12:55 > 0:12:58- But at the end - of the 18th century...
0:12:58 > 0:13:03- ..fundamental, - far-reaching changes were made...
0:13:03 > 0:13:07- ..to the appearance - and the organization of prisons...
0:13:07 > 0:13:12- ..that made them the cornerstone - of law and order in Wales.
0:13:19 > 0:13:21- The man behind the changes...
0:13:21 > 0:13:25- ..was the reformer - and philanthropist John Howard.
0:13:26 > 0:13:31- In 1774, Howard convinced - the House of Commons to pass laws...
0:13:32 > 0:13:37- ..to protect prisoners from corrupt - wardens and insanitary conditions.
0:13:38 > 0:13:43- As well as reforming prison routines - and living conditions...
0:13:43 > 0:13:48- ..this led to improvements - in prison design and architecture.
0:13:48 > 0:13:53- These improvements continued - far into the 19th century.
0:13:58 > 0:14:03- One prison that benefited - from the reforms was Ruthin Gaol.
0:14:04 > 0:14:06- In 1865, a new wing was built.
0:14:06 > 0:14:11- Ruthin Gaol was modelled - on London's Pentonville Prison.
0:14:11 > 0:14:13- Innovative developments there...
0:14:14 > 0:14:20- ..were individual cells - and the separate system.
0:14:20 > 0:14:23- Victorian prisoners - were expected to be quiet.
0:14:24 > 0:14:27- Communicating between prisoners - was prohibited.
0:14:28 > 0:14:34- Ruthin Gaol is now a museum, - and its curator is Margaret Barr.
0:14:36 > 0:14:39- What were the features - of the silent system?
0:14:39 > 0:14:44- It was necessary to have - a building that was big enough...
0:14:45 > 0:14:49- ..so that prisoners - had individual cells.
0:14:49 > 0:14:52- The aim was to give them time...
0:14:52 > 0:14:56- ..to sit and work in the cell...
0:14:57 > 0:15:02- ..and to think - about what they had done.
0:15:02 > 0:15:08- So the prisoners were separated - in individual cells.
0:15:08 > 0:15:09- That was part of the punishment?
0:15:09 > 0:15:11- That was part of the punishment?- - Yes.
0:15:11 > 0:15:17- The authorities also thought - it would help reform the prisoners.
0:15:17 > 0:15:23- What was the daily routine - for the Victorian prisoner?
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- He was in the cell all day.
0:15:28 > 0:15:33- He only left for an hour, - to exercise in the yard.
0:15:33 > 0:15:39- They walked around the yard, - holding a rope...
0:15:39 > 0:15:42- ..wearing a hat like this.
0:15:42 > 0:15:44- This is the hat?
0:15:44 > 0:15:47- The Scotch cap.
0:15:48 > 0:15:54- As you see, he couldn't talk - to anyone when he wore the cap.
0:15:57 > 0:15:59- The silent system - was still in operation.
0:16:00 > 0:16:02- It may improve my appearance...
0:16:02 > 0:16:06- ..but I'm not sure - it would help my mental state.
0:16:06 > 0:16:09- Was the silent system effective?
0:16:11 > 0:16:14- They used the system for 50 years.
0:16:15 > 0:16:19- By the end of the century, - they decided it didn't work.
0:16:20 > 0:16:22- What about prison food?
0:16:23 > 0:16:24- It was terrible.
0:16:24 > 0:16:29- If you were Category 1, - in for a week...
0:16:29 > 0:16:33- ..you'd only get gruel and bread.
0:16:33 > 0:16:39- In Category 2, - between a week and a month...
0:16:39 > 0:16:41- ..you'd get potatoes too.
0:16:42 > 0:16:46- To have meat, you'd have to be in - for more than a month.
0:16:46 > 0:16:49- So you had to be very bad - to deserve meat?
0:16:49 > 0:16:50- Yes.
0:16:51 > 0:16:53- That's an interesting way - to look at it!
0:16:54 > 0:16:58- I suppose long-term prisoners - needed a better diet.
0:16:58 > 0:17:01- They had to maintain a balance.
0:17:01 > 0:17:05- They had to keep - the prisoners healthy...
0:17:06 > 0:17:11- ..but they didn't want the food - to be so tasty...
0:17:11 > 0:17:15- ..that people would want - to be imprisoned.
0:17:16 > 0:17:19- Well, Margaret, - I'm not here to eat...
0:17:19 > 0:17:25- ..but to sample some hospitality, - Victorian style.
0:17:26 > 0:17:31- I've agreed to spend an hour - in the cell.
0:17:31 > 0:17:32- I've heard there's a dark cell here.
0:17:32 > 0:17:34- I've heard there's a dark cell here.- - Yes, it's very dark.
0:17:35 > 0:17:35- Where is it?
0:17:35 > 0:17:36- Where is it?- - Downstairs.
0:17:36 > 0:17:37- Right.
0:17:40 > 0:17:43- The dark cell was a punishment cell.
0:17:43 > 0:17:47- Prisoners were sent there - if they broke prison rules.
0:17:49 > 0:17:50- It is dark!
0:17:50 > 0:17:52- It is dark!- - In you go.
0:17:52 > 0:17:54- An hour, OK?
0:17:59 > 0:18:01- DOOR SLAMS SHUT
0:18:08 > 0:18:09- OK.
0:18:11 > 0:18:13- Here we are.
0:18:13 > 0:18:15- My heart is thumping.
0:18:16 > 0:18:19- # I am a foolish lad #
0:18:30 > 0:18:31- Ha!
0:18:35 > 0:18:36- Right.
0:18:36 > 0:18:40- I'm sure the hour is over.
0:18:42 > 0:18:45- OK, I'm ready to come out now.
0:18:48 > 0:18:49- Margaret?
0:18:55 > 0:18:57- Margaret!
0:19:06 > 0:19:08- I'm Dafydd Whiteside Thomas.
0:19:08 > 0:19:12- I work part-time - in Caernarfon Record Office.
0:19:12 > 0:19:17- I've written a local history column - in Eco'r Wyddfa for 30 years.
0:19:17 > 0:19:20- We're at Rhos y Marchlyn...
0:19:20 > 0:19:24- ..scene of an extraordinary dispute - 200 years ago.
0:19:28 > 0:19:32- It was an ancient custom - to walk parish boundaries...
0:19:32 > 0:19:35- ..in order to remember them.
0:19:35 > 0:19:41- Cairns were placed - along these desolate moors...
0:19:41 > 0:19:43- ..to mark the boundaries.
0:19:44 > 0:19:50- The parishioners of Llanddeiniolen, - on the left, walked up this way.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53- The parishioners of Llandegai - did the same thing.
0:19:54 > 0:19:59- They all agreed - about the location of the cairns...
0:19:59 > 0:20:05- ..until they reached this spot - on Rhos y Marchlyn.
0:20:05 > 0:20:08- This was the watershed.
0:20:08 > 0:20:11- There was a special stone here.
0:20:11 > 0:20:16- It was called Carreg Esgob - or Carreg Hetar.
0:20:16 > 0:20:20- It was shaped - like an old-fashioned clothes iron.
0:20:20 > 0:20:22- This is the front of the iron.
0:20:23 > 0:20:27- The water was divided, - left to Llanddeiniolen...
0:20:27 > 0:20:31- ..and right, - which is dry now, to Llandegai.
0:20:34 > 0:20:37- It fed two water mills - on two different streams.
0:20:40 > 0:20:44- Then, in 1820, trouble erupted.
0:20:44 > 0:20:47- The miller at Felin Hen...
0:20:47 > 0:20:52- ..accused Felin Pentir's miller - of stealing water.
0:20:52 > 0:20:57- He claimed that Llanddeiniolen folk - had turned the stone...
0:20:57 > 0:21:02- ..so that more water flowed - towards Llanddeiniolen...
0:21:02 > 0:21:04- ..than towards Llandegai.
0:21:06 > 0:21:10- At the time, Lord Penrhyn - was developing Penrhyn Quarry.
0:21:11 > 0:21:14- He needed water for the quarry.
0:21:14 > 0:21:19- The dispute escalated - into a court case.
0:21:19 > 0:21:24- Penrhyn paid Felin Hen's miller - to bring the case.
0:21:25 > 0:21:29- A total of 35 witnesses - were called to support Llandegai.
0:21:32 > 0:21:37- The verdict was that the stone - had to divide the water in half.
0:21:37 > 0:21:42- A year after the court case, - a certain Mr Baxter came up here...
0:21:42 > 0:21:47- ..along with the parishioners, - to reposition the stone.
0:21:47 > 0:21:52- Lord Penrhyn paid - to build a boundary wall...
0:21:53 > 0:21:58- ..from the stone, along the moor, - all the way up to the lake.
0:21:59 > 0:22:05- The iron-shaped stone was forgotten, - and we only found it recently.
0:22:05 > 0:22:08- It's hiding in a stone wall.
0:22:16 > 0:22:18- Last week, I asked you what this is.
0:22:18 > 0:22:23- It's another unusual object from - St Fagans National History Museum.
0:22:23 > 0:22:29- It's actually a wooden frame - used to dry oat cakes by the fire.
0:22:30 > 0:22:34- It can be seen at St Fagans - in Llainfadyn cottage.
0:22:35 > 0:22:40- It was once a quarryman's home - in Rhostryfan near Caernarfon.
0:22:41 > 0:22:44- This week, we have this tool.
0:22:44 > 0:22:46- What is it?
0:22:46 > 0:22:48- It opens and closes like scissors.
0:22:49 > 0:22:54- It's made of steel, with string - around the finger holes.
0:22:54 > 0:22:56- To protect your fingers, maybe?
0:22:57 > 0:23:00- Send your answers in on Facebook.
0:23:00 > 0:23:03- I'll give you the correct answer - next week.
0:23:18 > 0:23:20- S4C Subtitles by Gwead
0:23:20 > 0:23:21- .